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omagnet LtI'Vo
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(1) BLACK, H.S., 1953, Modulation Theory (D. Van Nostrand Co.), chap.1. m~l:l-1'
(2) Telephone Almanac, New York, 1924, pp.9.
(3) FRIEND, G.E., 1984, Understanding Data Communication (Howard W.Sam & Co.), chap.1. 'l1\1.~t1J
(4) ADAMSON, TA, 1988, Electronic Communications (Delmar) chap.2.
(5) STREMLER, F.G., 1971, Introduction to Communication Systems (Addison-Wesley), chap.1. ,
~'U~~I.

(6) CANNON, 0.1., 1984, Understanding Communication System (Howard W. Sam & Co.), chap.1. ml:l-1t'\'
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261.63 523.75 1046.50 4186.00

32.70
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2 30-300 Hz Extremely-low ELF Megametric wave

frequency
3 300-3000 Hz Voice frequency VF
4 3-30 KHz Very-low frequency VLF Myriametric wave
5 30-300 KHz Low frequency LF Kilometric wave
6 300-3000 KHz Medium frequency MF Hectrometric wave
7 3-30 MHz High frequency HF Decametric wave
8 30-300 MHz Very-high frequency VHF Metric wave
9 300-3000MHz Ultra-high UHF Decimetric wave
frequency
10 3-30 GHz Super-high SHF Centimetric wave
frequency
4186.00 11 30-300 GHz Extremely-high EHF Millimetric wave
frequency
12 300-3000 GHz Decimillimetric wave

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(1) COMRIE,A., 1986, Understanding Antennas (Prentice-Hall) chap.2.

(2) ADAMSON, TA, 1988, Electronic Communications (Delmar) chap.tO.
(3) STREMLER, F.G., 1971, Introduction to Communication Systems (Addison-Wesley), chap.5.
(4) TERMAN, F.E., 1943, Radio Engineers'Handbook (McGraw-Hili), section 10 ..
(5) BARKER, F., 1987, Communication Electronic System (Prentice-Hall), chap.6.
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~ m ':i1.j{VI\41EJL~<aL1J~'~ ~n'll EJlEJi'EJeJeJnt il L~eJl.j{Liiu VI\41 mhV\f1J'r~fil':i~(i)1Jril~"l'lJf)"l~qjtlJlm '

~1 'tJ~1 EJ~-.lril~"l'lltl-.l~tlJtlJlm,x u m'OJOJ~Luuril ~"l'lJtl-.l~tlJtlJlm ~qilLLVI\4"l1~qilLLVI\4"lVl~"l'lJeJ-.lJ~1J1JmJ

~eJ~l J ~"l LTl ril ~"l~UL OJeJ~ n'~ n1J'lJ EllEJi'EJ(i)-.ln~11d"';lt~l~ EJm"'EJ1 n f)~"';l rrrs LtJ~EJ1JLViEJ1Jril~"l'lleJ"l
~
~qjqjlm,xun1JJ~(i)1Jril~-.leJl"l~-.lfill~f11Vl~-J ~EJeJ~'funUeJ~Ltlu~1'ilTlS1U~ln~ ~"l':i~(i)1JeJl-.lfl"l~i1.EJ~

nUeJ~~1'tJf11Vl~-.lfif) 1 mW LL~~L~tlL~f1U~1'u't~TIl f11L~<aL1J~~ril~"l1.j{eJ~,xufitlf11L~<aL1J~ ~,~

~ ~ ~
'OJlnmJLtJ;EJ1JLViEJ1Jril~-.l p n1JJ~(i)1J~l~-.leJl-.l~-J 1 mW ~-.lt~.j{ermf':i "m" ~eJEJll4:il"lVl~-.l dB LtiU
dB ~"ldL~mtluLf1~eJ-.l'Vl~lEJ1~¥1laruhll'l1e)'ilTlril~-J'lIEJlEJ VI~eJril~-.lm':i'i1~Y1eJu LLctl'VllmtlUf1l'lJeJ-.l
m ~
Til ~"ltiJJ~ EJ1Jn1J f1l eJl"l~-.l 1 mW
~1~1 t tJ~ LtJ;EJ1JLVi

dBm (4-4)
J~(i)1Jril~"l'lJeJ-.l~tlJtlJlm .p = 1010g10 (~)

1 mW

vrn (4-4) 'OJ~L{;ut~11~tlJtlJlm~ijf1l 100 mV 1JUml~rii'lUY11U 75 lm,~ VI~eJijril~"l 0.133 mW

,xu ~eJf)~1UVl\41EJ'lItl"l ea, 'OJ~ijf11L'Yhn1J
-8.76 dBm rl1ULf1~eJ-.lVl~lEJ- Ltlu~"l~1J-.l1JeJn1~fh
~ J~(i)1J

fil~"l'lJeJ"l~tlJtlJlm,xUeJ~c;iln11':i~(i)1JeJl-.l~-.l 1 mW L'Yhn1J 8.76 dB

VI\41EJ'lJeJ"lmTI~fil~~Y1eJu~'l.j{nueJ~~neJ~1-.lVl~-.l fieJ "~\UtJ8~" (neper) ~-.lHern1f':i~eJ11

Nep VI~eJ Np LULtJeJ{LtlUVl\41EJ~ijf1m~~,jq;f1~lEJn1JVI\41m~<aL1J~ fimtluVI\41EJ~Ln~'OJlnmJf)~f11~tln
Au"
•
.1':; . orr ~."a
(logarithm) LVI~tlUnU LL'ilY111LULlJeJJuu~nmVlU~'lJU~~EJmJ~'lim~tlnS1U e:
Nap (4-5)
er'ilTlrl1U'lJtl"lfil~-.l~qjqjlm = ~ loge (:~)

l~EJmJLtJ~EJ1JLViEJ1J (4-1) n1J (4-5) "';1'l~i11 1 Nep = 8.686 dB

1'1,1,
4-2 fi'f\~~1JslJlli1
.iii"
~~a~fi'fl~~"iiulli1lJJiHIS'U&f.uit'Ua.l1m
• " ·C", ~'ty.JYJl ctltl i

m'J1 Lf1Tl~~~m~~,jq;Y11-.lt Vh~l'lJtl"l~l EJcl-.l~tlJqjlm,x U L~tl..:lOJln~lEJcl-.l~qjqjlmijml~EJ11~ln

constant) ~ i
~tlf)~ LViEJ1Jn1Jml~EJ11f1~U'lltl"l~tlJtlJlm ~cl-.lt tJ1Um EJ,xU ~1 EJLVI~d LTl~-.lhi~l~lJt1~'OJ~ 1.j{Y1tl1f~Y11-.l
 33

1.J"ild'1.'l"lY1l
L~e:J\I~U
TI'j'jaJ'lIl L'liU n.{;]'l.IeJ'l1e],~3-J
fl.{;]'lJEI'l
L'i'lEl~e]'WW "11;1"1 3-Jl'Yiln1TIL'i'ld1:::~G11
tJ'i'i'l~qJqJlrn

1l;1t1Cil'j.J'1.<Ji'
vY\ldLVmdl Ylr]1f~1\1'OJ'j'1.
'l"loWlL~€l\l~W.t~ iHJfJG13-J~cii~lW-Jl~'Jmrn~l\1 "1 ~'l.1.l3-Jlt1'j:::nfJ1J
(4-3)
dJW:J.J'OJd,xu
';J:::~fJ'lLtlu~n1frn:::'lJfJ\I~t1mmn~m1aJ (lumped element) LVIl,xu LL~rll'V1'~'1JmTIL'i'l'j1:::~

'1'llt1~.J~'l!'l!lrn,xu m'OJ~~€l\lfi'll11G11tJ'i'i\l~'l!'l!lrn LtlU~t1mrn'l\i'1.~m:::-O;)ltJ (distributed element) n~11

1'j'VI1f1l ril ~'l'l.ltll tI
t:t ~EJ 11ltllUG11t1~\I'OJ:::j':jml3-J~lUYllU
(resistance) ml3-JL'VIiim'l.1.1Onductance) LL~~ ml3-J~'t'WY11(capaci-
cade) 'Y1\1~L'Ym~
tance) m:::'OJlt1'1l~Ci1~€l'llG11t1,x,"
~\IL~t1U1\1';J'G1aJ3;!~~(equivalent circuit) LLYl~G11t1'i'i\lLLK1';J:::t1'j~aJlrn
'Y1'j11Jf1lril~\I'i1mtl
LiJ'"'t<Ji'~\ILL"'lI\llu~t1 4-1

-' •• U I
~'Y1aJm~\I'l.1~mJ
L'Y11

3 dB LL~~~t1~lt1
.I...
"~'lLL~1 L'r1n;;)~
.. R. L

J,I oA. '" I .:

...
:'tI!)~W1\1n~11~m\l

11~'l'il!)\I~qjqj1m G •••
••
'~\I't1tl\l'j~1J1Jm,
R L

••••II A ..i .•
i~~1Jm\ltl\l'Y1~tlaJ , .•• (f' ,
UV1'Wt1lWmJJ1\1l'el'i\1lV 1 11'W1£Jfl11lJ£Jl1
1f11L~;aL1J~ ~'t~

dB
~1\1'V1'~'\1 LiJ,"

LLf;]'VI1n
LtI~f11"l1!)\1

(4-4)
I _
s
r-C:::::=================
1.- ::= ::
Jril"'~ 0.133 ::::::::-=

~{,
mW
J!)nl~TI1
"
'~~1J 1
v.

~\I1~eln1f,~!)':h ~
1';J1nm'f1~fl1~!)n
A , •• II x ••
X=Q

(4-5)

, :t,
t1
L~~
t~,...
4-1 U 'i'l1 R, G, L LL~~ C ,"ULU,"'i'l1 mlaJCi11,"Yl1~ mlaJ~l
. ..I.
mlaJL'VI~m,"l LL~~mlaJ

~'ty.jYh "1
f;]€l'VI;l\l'VI"btlmlaJm1'i1'1l\l~lt1Ci113J~1~1J f11~1\1 L'VIcl1dj':j~m~t1ml fi'fIl~~1.l!lIIJQ(primary
Constant) 'l.I€l\l~lt1~\I~t},It},Ilm L;l!)\I';JlnarULtlUf11L~!)\I~~~j':j'1l~t1'j~'OjlG11t1 LL~~ 1~~hwn.Jf11'U1m'VI1f11
34

-=='..ci do v= I I 'I.' tJ ..at •• v

fl.JYle:JU"1''If.J'OJ:;lJeJn~rn'G'l~lJ\1Wn.J
"1 'lJeJ.J'G'lltl'G'l.J'G'lryrylrnuu liu fllfl.JYl1ll'HW1'YIilU (attenuation con- ~l3-JY1lJl\11(

stant) 'lJe:J.J'G'llti"1G'l"1Ciie:JhJ ~1'rIJl'1ryq

rl:;Ylf)un~
l~m'il nld1lml:;~'G'l1 t1~'l~ryrylrn 1~t1'G'l~~~11~ryt1!1ru. ~'l4f,x UdJUfl~U 11.tl"lf-UllG'l:;'G'l1
tJ~\1

~ryrylru.,xuSlml~mlt~~u~~~1l~11.J 4-2 ll~l l'n'OJ:;tcJlml~~~~UTII:;'Vdl.Jm:;ll'G'l 11G'll\11'OJllG'l:;fll

fl.J~Ciil.J "1 'lJe:J.J'G'lltl~.J~ryrylrn~.J.u~e:J

V(x) := Vs cosh (l'x) - Is Zosinh ('Yx) (4-6)

I(x) := Iscosh ("/x) - Vs sinh ("/x) (4-7)

Zo
x ~ e:J1:;t1:;Yll.J~1~'OJl n~~~'G'll t1~.J~ryrylru.Cii e:Je:J~ nlJ II'Vl~.Jril Lil.~~ryrylru.~l fJ\I
.." 'T
'OJ~Yl
LJl\11e:J.JnlIYlJllJfllL1G'lL~'OJlL~:m'i:;LL'G'l
,
V(x) Ll~:; I(x) ~milLV.JL"lfe:J~(phasor) '1Je:J.J11~l~'OJLL~:;m:;LLrl~I:;t1:;Yll.J x:= 0

'Y = a + jJ3 = (R + jwl) (G + jwC) (4-8)

Zo = R + jwl (4-9)
G+jwC

'1u~.u w = 2711~e:J f ~B~l.ml~rl'lJB.J~tl!tl!lru.~U~Yl il~B11 "fhf\4;1'!184m'~fIl'8'14~

'" ••.i, , .I
'!I84f\a'l4" (propagational constant) Ll~:; a ~'liml "f\1f1l4"m,afl"8'14" (attenuation constant)

Sl'Vl'I,l"'Jmtlulul1.JB~CiiB'Vllitltlml~tIl1'lJe:J.J'G'llti ~1U J3 il~e:Jl1 "fi1f\4;1'!184m'~i1itlJ'I4~y,\if" (phase

constant) Sl'Vllbmtlll.l'il<iitill. (radian) CiiB'Vlt.i.1t1ml~ml'lJB.J'G'llti a ,xU'OJ:;ltlll.<1l1lJe:JfY),ril~.J'1Je:J.J"~ll.

~tcJl~.Jt1.J~l~rll t1~.J,xll.~n~~Yle:Jut1.J'l urll t1~.J~tl!tl!lrnCiie:J'i:;t1:;'r11.JSj~ln,"B myh'l~ ll~:; J3 'OJ:;ltlll.<1l1

lmnl1 fl~ll.~mf1~e:Jll. ~hn Urlltl~.J~rytl!lru.,x ll.ll~l 'OJ:;Sl~llvJ'G'l'1JB.J~tl!rylru.~l~I:;t1:;Yll.Jqil.J"1 L1.J~t1ll.

hJmll.Jh ~.J,xll.~mJlfj'OJ1'iru.l'l11<iiLL~lLJl'OJ:;Liill.l1 J3 Sjml~~~~utinlJml~tJl1fl~U ~ ~.J~tlttl

ti ••
UflB
J3 = 21T
(4-10)
x l: ••••
0 ll.Unf1Bfldl),J
~.JUL'WJldl 'i:;t1:;'r11.J~Yil'll1fl~U~tl!tl!lnl.L1.J~t1ULy.J~ht1.cJl 360 'VliB 21T

~l "{ a J3 Ll~:; Zo ,xll.qil.J~nril'Vluffil~B fi1f1l4~~lIIJjj (secondary constant) '1Jtl\lfflU

~.J~tl!tl!lrn

4-3 n"it~~8"4ni'1J'lJ8~"~\Ul'lJt"4it'lJiiullYlY,mLLa~ SWR

ill L'il~.Jf1~ll.t1J\11UI~l t1~m11~~ll.~~ f1~ll.n~m.J'OJ:; Lf1~e:Jll.~\111~~1 t1,xll.11J L~BtI '1 L~£l
~'OJ:;l1.l~1J~ltlrll
••
t1iinoih.J'Vl\\.J LLCii
L-nB.J'OJlnrllt1~ml~m11~~ll.~~ ,.
fl~ll.~.Jl~il1Bnlrl'OJ:; L"~Bll. ~L1Jn~
(S

1J~lEJ~l t1tcJl L'WJl:;%:;,xll."~ll.,x ll.~.J'Vl~~1Bnl~~'OJ:;~:;Y1Bll.n~lJeJ tlll. mll.~ll.~l\111~~l EJlcJliin LLCii

~B'lli1fl
 35

ttenuation con- q]13J~~11~~~lEJ'tVi'jjml~m1';;,hn~ b~~1~m~11m:; (load) ZR l1ieH'ihn'lJtlmtJ~ltJ~~~e:Je:Jn,x'l,l, b~f)l-i{dj'l,l,

q]1f1J~tl!qjlrn ~.:Jb~~~.:J't 'U~tl 4- 3 b11'<il:;~1J' ..h ~f)f1~'l,l,b~'UYll\1~lii,J ZR bb~1 n~\If1.:Jjjfl~'U'lJl\lci1'U

'4_'" •• •• .I ...d
A '" •.. '4.I~ it X '''''''.1'' 1.
blJ b'U~lEJe:Jn 'If\lu1mrn'lJf)\If1~'U Yl~:;Yle:J'Un~'lJru b'U~lEJ'U -O;}:;'1J'Uf)~n'lJmit3J1J'::it"fim,
~::;Yfe:J'Un~'lJ
jhiit~~"'-1~~l EJci\l
if~8\lomr'1J 'T Zo Lb~:; ZR
~\Iril'V1'U~;'l~'<illnf11'1Jf).:J
l;m~<1l'<il LL"'-1:;f11

(4-6)

(4~7)
I'" • I
5
1 -

1:;'r1l.:J x = 0

(4-8)

(4-9)

"al14"
•• "j

'!IiHIfl1, ••

ation constant)

~••~if" (phase
I ." .-Ii
n m~.:J'lJe:J.:JfI~'l,l,

iJ •..
fie:J el'mlm'l,l, '1Jf).:Ju~~lrn~tl!tlflrn~~:;.;re:J'l,l,n~'lJhn 'l,l,~lEJ l1ie:Jtl~~lrn'1Je:J\I~tl!tl!lrn~bfl~m,,,
."'-1:;13 'OJ:;L'l,l,m
~3Jlii.:Jq]"'J11l'i:;tt'l,l,f11'1Jf)\1 ~1~11t1fil'l,l,"'Jrn1~'OJln~~m'il1ie:J1tl~fitl
'l ~tl~EJ~
Yll.:Jlfll.:J

i~ x ~.:J1fle:J1tl
(4-11)

z;
~....
<1l1~ (4-11) m-O;):;~'lJ11 LSie:JZR = tt'l,l, -o;):;hJjjm'i~:;Yfe:J'l,l,n~'lJ'lJe:J.:JfI~'l,l,Ln~~'UL~EJ
~~.:J.:Jl'l,l,
(4-10)
. 'lla.:JfI~'l,l,~.:J'VI~~'OJ:;t1nf'lJ
L4;,1tfl'l,l,~'"Um:;'<il'l,l,V1~~~'l,l,~ LiJ'l,l,b'l1'l,l,
Ue:Jn'lJ1EJ1~EJ1.'i~'VIq]~~~lEJ
'1 1~11 tll'VIln
"mnfle:Jml~ ~ ,
,
""!.JEJ1"'J13Jij~~'l,l,~~Lb"""'JLL~L~'OJ:;~~~lEJ~.:J~~lbb'VIU.:J1~fiq]1~ ci"'J'l,l,~b'VI~e:J'lJe:J.:J~lEJfi~.:JfI.:Jijml~t.mt3J
I( ,.... •.. t .i "''4_ '" ..J..I.. t.. " .• .••• ,~
"'''''~~e:J~b'VI~e:J'l,l,L~~~.:J'l,l,'l,l,~m~~e:J.:JL'lJlblJ~'l,l,~lEJn"'J'l,l,Ylb'VI~e:J'l,l,'l,l,
n-O;}:;~'lJ11 me:J'l,l,~Yle:J~~Lb~'l,l,'lf'l,l,'l,l,

~f11bYiln'lJ~~YiLb~'l,l,'J1U'i:;'<iil~lEJ L~~e:J z;
1u b~~:;~:;tt'l,l,tll b'ilW1~ft~EJci.:J~tl!tl!lrne)e:Jn Lb"""'J bmWl111l'i:;
..,.et ::
•••• I A ~,

'ii.:J~fI1e:J~~bb~'l,l,'lfZR = z, I J,I..i d -. Ad" t

q]m'lJ1YlU~lEJftlEJ'l,l,'l,l,LL~1~m"'J~lYlfl~'l,l,LfI~e:J'l,l,Yl~l~'lJmlm:;'l,l,'l,l,
.i
f1ft'l,l,'OJ:;

·hJL~""m'ibu~EJ'l,l,Lbu~.:J1~ '11 'l,l,~m'l,l,m~Yll.:J1 wvh bftEJ f1~'l,l,ET.:JfI.:J

Li1'l,l,~m'l,l,m~~b'VI~e:J'l,l,n'lJ~m'l,l,11l~

'lla.:J""EJ~ijml~EJl"'J13J~'l,l,ft~tl~
, ~ b<ifl1tfl'l,l,G111m:;~.:Jijf11bYlln'lJ Zo
f1~'l,l,~.:Jbfl~e:J'l,l,~ tt'l,l,~.:J'VI~~1~EJ13Jij

m1ft:;.;re:J'l,l,n~'lJ1tfl 'l,l,ftlEJ5m~EJ ~,mu~ml~5nuEJ'VId.:J1~11 ~~.:J.:Jl'l,l,'lJtl.:JfI~'l,l,~.:J'VI~~'<il:;t1n1-rttfl

'l,l,G11
~
1ll'i:;1~tl~1.:Jft~'lJ'itii,t'l,l,Ltl.:J bL~~e:J1~fiq]1~ ~~111l'i:; ZR ijf11~1.:J1tl'OJln Zo Lb""1 fi-o;}:;Yh1~ij~~.:J.:Jl'l,l,
~
••• I J,I IV ~" ~ ..,~ l:; A , ~.., •.• .., 't ..,
"1tl~~e:JEJ 'l L~e:J 'lJa.:JfI~'l,l,'lJNft"'J'l,l,ft:;Yltl'l,l,n~'lJ
bUEJ.:JftlEJci.:J
b~e:Jn b~'il :;~:;'l,l,'l,l, ~tl b~U'i:;~.:JfI'<il:; b'VIm11l'i:;w~tl!tl!lrnb~
, ..1'4" 't Vi'ijf11a'l,l,~Yl
-O;}:;~f1~e:J'l,l,Yl
bUm ~~~~LL""1 ~'iln"OJ:;qJe:J.:Je:J
e:JnLL'lJ'lJ
~f1~e:J.:Jfu , ~~YiLL~'l,l,'J1~Yil
nUf11 a~YiLL~'l,l,'J1tl'i:;';hftlEJci.:J
~ t
.d~ '"
~5n LLIfl~e:J1~n nI'\Jtl!lrnYlb'l!''l,l,
'l,l,
 36
V77J7J 4
1Jdln~m'iru.~rl1flqj5n1J'i:m1"iVli\\l~dl~'lJ'U·mm~\ln~eJ ~eJ ZR =/= Zo LL-lllf1~W~'m~{j:3hm

n~'lJlJl 'U{j1tJ~Wil~L{j~~n'U 'VI1eJini\1\ln'Un'lJfI~'U ~ri1~\lLfI~eJ'U ~

~ L-ii1m~\lZR ~\l~'UeJ~n'lJm1~Cii1\l
Ly.j{j

'lJeJ\lfl~wvT\l{jeJ\l~'UYi1t~Ln~~'fI~"v'lTIdj'UfI~'U~~m1~LL"i\l~lnil1\lii:m.nJl\l<m~'i~tJ~Yl1\lCii1\l1
'lJ'U{j1tJ~\l SWR

~qjqj1ru~'U t 'Umm ~~qjqj1ru ~t ~~\leJ~LiJ'UfI~'U

11J'1.6Jlit
~lm1~LL 'i\l'lJeJ\lfl~'U~'fI~"v'lTI~
Ln~~lnfl~'U.;{\l
~ ,.." •I X ofl. I •• ..i ofl .~ ,~
{jeJ\l'U
Wm~"i~ tJ~Yl1\l<il1\l1~~~mLL'U'UeJ'U LL'fI~lJ'i1nD'lI'U'fI\l
LlJ'U
1lJfI'fI'UYlLlJ'U x
Y'l\ln·o'U'lJeJ\l"i~tJ~Yl1\l
1: 1
LoWtJ\leJ~l\lL~m
hJ~'Un'lJ~m'fl1 t L'fItJ'i1JfI~'U~Ln~~'U1~tJ'1.~~m'iL1J~tJ'ULL1J'fI-:J'1.1Jn'lJnm
L{j~eJ'Un'lJl1
~
~'ULiJ'U~l~£j'U(stand) eJ~1J'i~-;j1<il1~lii1LLVlt.l.\lCii1\l"
'lJ'U{j1tJ~'UeJ~<il'fleJ~L1m
~\I'1.WI~m1
"standing wave"
~ I ~ 1.05: 1
LL'fI~
t 'Umm ~{j1 tJ~-:Jftqjqj1ru ~~lfl\l~m'i'fl~YleJ'U~qjqjlru ~ii:£ltJ~ln~'U{j1~1'itWl~~-:J'1.1J'1.WI
VI~eJ~
L~tJn
1.1: 1
n"dl "if'lI~"f1"nm"i\1Q!~lI"Ooseless line) ~'U f11e)<ildl~1'U'lJeJ\lm1~LL'i\l
'lJeJ\lfI~'U'lJim\4lii1LLv\'U-:J
1.2: 1
~LL~\I~{j~ CiieJm1~LL'i-:J<il'i-:Jlii1LLVlt.l.\l~~ml~LL~-:J'lJeJ\lfI~'UUeJtJ~{j~~'U
~~m~tJnl1 "standing wave 1.5 : 1
• •
ratio" ~-:JL~tJ'U~£l111SWR LL'fI~tl1Vl1nfl~'U~LdlH£l~~'ULij'U~qjqj1ru11m<il~LdlfiL~tJn f11e)<ildl~1'U

~'Ul1 "voltage standing wave ratio" ~-:JL~tJ'U~eJ

111 VSWR LL'fI~~m~H~qjqj~n1tttmYl'UWl1t1 (J 2: 1

'Vl~£lm'iJ~1'U1ru'1.WI~ln 3: 1
Vmax
(J =-

(4-12)
(J
1 +1 TI
= __ liilLL'Vlt.l.\lCii1\
1 -IT 1
'1.1JCiil\l
""]'Ul'

I ~\ILL{j~\lhl
~1 VSWR ULU'U'Wldlij L<il£lfY1
Ldl,"tJ~HLUw;11'lf1mL{j~-:J'lJ£lnt,.,
LdlTIl
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