Nama: Farida Tania

Speaker: Professor Yu Lin Kuo ID: A10703025

Chemical Looping Combution
Climate Change and Global Warming Climate change, Global warming is a big issue in the
world today. One big thing is the Greenhouse Effect. The Greenhouse Effect is the capturing of the
sun's warmth in the planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to
visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation given off from the planet's surface.
Greenhouse gases affect the temperature here on Earth by sunlight hitting the Earth. Then, carbon
dioxide reflects the heat from the sun and traps the heat, keeping it on the Earth causing a rise in
temperature.

Figure 1. Illustration sunlight hitting the Earth [1}

Global climate change means that there is a rise in temperatures on Earth. the Earth's average
temperature has increased about 2 degrees Fahrenheit during the 20th century. Two degrees may
sound like a small amount, but it's an unusual event in our planet's recent history. Earth's climate
record, preserved in tree rings, ice cores, and coral reefs, shows that the global average temperature
is stable over long periods of time. Furthermore, small changes in temperature correspond to
enormous changes in the environment many extreme weather conditions have been recorded
recently. A lot of this temperature change has been more within the last 50 years. There are a lot of
effects that global warming has on citizens in our world. Global warming affects agriculture,
infrastructure, how we consume energy, cropping yields, food processing, transportation, storage,
and the list goes on .Scientists have high confidence that global temperatures will continue to rise
for decades to come, largely due to greenhouse gases produced by human activities. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),forecasts a temperature rise of 2.5 to 10
degrees Fahrenheit over the next century.
Emission of greenhouse gases (in particular CO2, CH4, and N2O) is the main contributor
to global warming, with CO2 being the most prevalent of these gases. CO2 emissions resulting
from human activity have led to an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration from a pre-
industrial level of 280 to 360−400 ppmv. Carbon dioxide causes about 20 percent of Earth’s
greenhouse effect; water vapor accounts for about 50 percent; and clouds account for 25 percent.
The rest is caused by small particles (aerosols) and minor greenhouse gases like methane. Water
vapor concentrations in the air are controlled by Earth’s temperature. Warmer temperatures
evaporate more water from the oceans, expand air masses, and lead to higher humidity. Cooling
causes water vapor to condense and fall out as rain, sleet, or snow.
Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, remains a gas at a wider range of atmospheric
temperatures than water. Carbon dioxide molecules provide the initial greenhouse heating needed
to maintain water vapor concentrations. while carbon dioxide contributes less to the overall
greenhouse effect than water vapor, scientists have found that carbon dioxide is the gas that sets
the temperature. Carbon dioxide controls the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and thus
the size of the greenhouse effect. Rising carbon dioxide concentrations are already causing the
planet to heat up. At the same time that greenhouse gases have been increasing.

Figure 2. Global carbon emissions

There are several ways to decrease levels of CO2 first is measuring carbon footprint by
assessing how much pollution an organization's actions generate, you can begin to see how
changing a few policies here, and there can significantly reduce the overall carbon foot print. A
carbon footprint can be measured by undertaking a Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions assessment.
Once the size of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to reduce it, e.g., by
technological developments, better process and product management, changed Green Public or
Private Procurement (GPP), carbon capture, consumption strategies, and others. Second is with
Investing in Renewables If undertaking new energy-efficient building initiatives is out of the
question, or an organization simply can’t afford to put solar panels on buildings, there are
alternatives. The mitigation of carbon footprints through the development of alternative projects,
such as solar or wind energy or reforestation, represents one way of reducing a carbon footprint
and is often known as carbon offsetting.
Combustion capture, pre-combustion decarbonization, and oxy-fuel combustion are three
major routes is the most important source to limit CO2 emissions Release of CO2 from fossil fuel
combustion. Chemical looping combustion is considered an indirect method of oxidizing a
carbonaceous fuel, utilizing a metal oxide oxygen carrier to provide oxygen to the fuel. The
advantage is the significantly reduced energy penalty for separating out the CO2 for reuse or
sequestration in a carbon-constrained world. One of the major issues with chemical looping
combustion is the cost of the oxygen carrier. CLC is a precommercialization technology, but
experimental tests and simulation studies on its integration with power plants indicate that it has
the potential to be more efficient than all other CO2 capture technologies. CLC usually consists of
two reactors, a fuel reactor (FR) and an air reactor (AR), with the oxygen carrier (OC) transferring
oxygen from the air to the fuel. Its main advantage is the ability to inherently separate both CO2
and H2O from the N2 gas stream, while maintaining high efficiency of heat and power generation.
After condensation of water, pure CO2, free of nitrogen, can be compressed for sequestration or
enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Moreover, CLC minimizes NOx formation since both the AR and
the FR operate at temperatures.

Figure 3. Schematic representation of the chemical looping [3]

Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC) and Chemical-Looping Reforming (CLR) have

arisen during last years as very promising technologies for power plants and industrial applications
with CO2 capture. The advantages of these technologies come from their inherent CO2 capture
which avoids the energetic penalty of this process in other competing technologies. CLC have
possible applications in the oil and gas industry to replace conventional CO2 capture systems in
heaters and boilers. For example, refinery gas and fuel oil are used at the moment to deliver their
internal energy requirements. In the case of CLC using refinery gas as fuel, the selection of the
solid material could be determined by the effect of minor compounds present in the fuel, i.e. sulfur
and light hydrocarbons, on the oxygen-carrier behaviour. In addition, the oil industry is showing
great interest in the use of liquid fuels, such as heavy hydrocarbons, in a CLC system for heat and
steam generation. Possible applications can be found in a refinery complex or in the in-situ
extraction of heavy oil seams. However, limited studies with oxygen-carriers to process liquid
fuels are present in the open literature.

References:
[1] https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
[2] https://pubs.acs.o rg/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03204
[3] "Progress in Chemical-Looping Combustion and Reforming technologies"
Available:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360128511000
[4] In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M.
Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.