Hydrocarbons – compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon.

Two Types of Hydrocarbons:

Saturated Hydrocarbons – hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are connected by single bonds
only
Alkanes – carbon atoms that are connected by single bond.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are connected by double or

triple binds.
Two Types:
Alkenes – carbon atoms that are connected by double bonds.
Alkynes – carbon atoms that are connected by triple bonds.

EXPERIMENT 6: Comparative Investigation of Organic Compound

Molecular Formula
DCM CH2Cl2 Colorless, volatile liquid with a
moderately sweet aroma is
widely used as a solvent
Ethanol C2H6O Clear, colorless liquid rapidly
absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract and
distributed throughout the body
Phenol C6H5OH Colourless crystalline solid with a
sweet tarry odor that resembles
a hospital smell
Benzoic Acid C7H6O2 Colorless, crystalline solid and
the simplest aromatic carboxylic
acid
Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 Clear, colorless liquid with sweet
odor
Ethyl amine C2H5NH2 Colorless liquid or a gas with an
odor of ammonia

Notes:
 Antiseptic Versus Disinfectant
Antiseptic is used on living tissues and cells to destroy any types of infections which may be living on the
tissue. Disinfectants are meant to destroy microorganisms which can infect non-living objects.
 DCM – is metabolized by the body to carbon monoxide potentially leading to carbon monoxide
poisoning.
 Ethanol – commonly used as an antiseptic for its bactericidal and antifungal effects.
- May be administered as an antidote to methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning.
 Phenol – antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol. Used as a germicidal agent and as an
intermediate in chemical synthesis.
 Benzoic Acid - a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated
to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
  Ethyl acetate - found in alcoholic beverages.
- Used as a solvent in the manufacture of modified hop extract and decaffeinated tea or
coffee. Also used for colour and inks used to mark fruit or vegetables.
 Ethylamine - It is a component of normal human urine.
- It has been suggested that this short chain aliphatic chain play significant role in the central
nervous system disturbances observe during hepatic and renal disease especially when the
blood brain barrier is compromised.

EXPERIMENT 7: Classification Tests for Hydrocarbons

Molecular Formula
Hexane C6H14 Clear, clorless liquid with
petroleum like odor
Heptane C7H16 Clear, clorless liquid with
petroleum like odor
Cyclohexane C6H12 Clear colorless liquid with a
petroleum-like odor
Cyclohexene C6H10 Colorless liquid with sharp smell
Benzene C6H6 Clear, colorless, highly
flammable and volatile, liquid
aromatic hydrocarbon with a
gasoline-like odor

Notes:
 Hexane – used to extract edible oils from seeds and vegetables, as a special solvent and also a
cleaning agent.
 Heptane – found in cardamom (Zingiberaceae). It is a non - polar solvent and a plant metabolite.
 Cyclohexene – insoluble in water and less dense than water.
- Inhalation of high concentrations may have a narcotic effect.
- Used to make other chemicals.
 Benzene – exposure to this substance causes neurological symptoms and affects the bone
marrow causing aplastic anemia, excessive bleeding and damage to immune system.

CAUTION!!!
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid is corrosive and dehydrating.
Concentrated Nitric Acid is corrosive and oxidizing.

EXPERIMENT 9: Classification Tests for Hydroxyl and Carbonyl Containing Compounds

REAGENT POSITIVE RESULT

Lucas Test o Distinguish 1º, 2º or Zinc chloride to be Cloudy suspension or
3º alcohol. dissolved in conc. formation of 2 layers.
o If R is 3º, the rxn Hydrochloric acid.
takes place
immediately (<1min),
2º alcohols require 2
 – 3 mins to undergo
rxn whereas simple 1º
alcohols requires 10 –
15 mins.
Chromic Acid Test Test the presence of 1º 10% Potassium
(Jones Oxidation) and 2º alcohol. dichromate
Sulfuric Acid
2, 4- Used to differentiate 2,4 - Yellow – orange red
dinitrophenylhydrazone aldehydes from ketones dinitrophenylhydrazine precipitate
(2,4 DNP Test)
Fehling’s Test o Test was developed o Fehling’s A – copper
by Hermann Von (II) sulphate (deep
Fehling blue in color)
o General test for o Fehling’s B –
monosaccharide. Potassium Sodium
Tartrate aka Rochelle
Salt (colorless
solution) with
Sodium Hydroxide
Tollen’s Silver Mirror o Test was developed Silver Nitrate and Ppt of silver producing
Test by Bernhard Tollens. ammonia silver mirror
o Used to determine
the presence of
aldehyde and alpha
hydroxyl ketone
functional group.
Iodoform Test Detect the presence of 10% KI Yellow ppt
2º alcohol 5% Sodium hypochlorite
(chlorine bleach)