ME218 Bending Stress, Strain in Beams Page 1

Introduction:

Lr
l

YI 1
; I
dAXM ,Y

dP = dA---;
(1 Neutral
.SK
R\" . ~

Y1 axis (NA)
h'I 1 k y!"
I@ "- ~~1 ''''I
x .> I <,
....; ,Ip.
A r B hi
-+-J-llX
Ik
C l:J it'D
P Area=A
p
a b a

Pure bending in a region of a beam Flexural deformation of a beam segment (Ax)

Upper parts in Compression, lower parts in Tension
Definitions:

Neutral Surface: Neither shorten nor elongation. Stress and Strain both zero.
Neutral axis: Where neutral surface intersects with the cross section of the beam.
a is Center of Curvature, p Radius of Curvature and 1/P is Curvature.
e = Normal Force/Area = dF/dA or dF = (f dA

The sum of the normal forces dF over entire cross sectional area is zero. Therefore:

The moment of the force dF about the neutral axis is: dM = y dF = y 0' dA
z

The integral of dM over the entire cross sectional area must be equal to applied moment M:
z

Other relevant formulas:

Normal Strain: £=o /E or o = eE

Moment of Inertia about the x-axis, in this case z-axis, of the cross section area: I
NA
J
= A / ciA:
Q The First moment of an area about the axis that passes through the centroid of that area is zero or

When moment M is applied to a segment of a beam, the relationship between the normal stress o and the
normal strain 8 can be written as follows:
 ME218 Bending Stress, Strain in Beams Page 2

i1x the length before deformation becomes i1x' after deformation and the strain s becomes:

s = b/L = change in length! original length = (Ax' - Ax ) / i1x

However in triangle Oa'b': tan i16 = i16 = i1x' /(p - y) or

YL al Ib Neutral
i1x' = (p - y ) i16 , Similarly L1x = p i16.
Therefore: s = [(p - y) i18 - p f18 ] I p i18 or:
YII
---f-
e----
dx 1/ --
x
axis

Neutral surfaceY I
(side view) '---
(4) E =-y/p
Before deformation After deformation

Note that on the neutral axis where y = 0, c = 0 Therefore no Strain and no Stress and at the top and
the bottom of the beam where y = C, c is maximum equal to:

(5) cmax = - C/ P

Dividing equation (4) by equation (5) we obtain E I c = y/C or E = c y/C.

max max
Multiply both sides ofthis equation by E, modulus of elasticity, we get: EE =Es y/C or:
max

(6) o=a
max
y/C.

~ Again note that on the neutral axis y = 0 ,a = 0 no Normal Stress.

At the top or the bottom of the beam where y = C, a = a
max

Replacing a in equation (1) by equation (6), we get:

Since amax can not be zero, then: f AydA = Q = 0 or

Neutral axis passes through the centroid of the cross section.

Replacing a in equation (2) by equation (6):

Maximum normal stress at the top or the bottom of the beam is : IMmaxlc
Umax = I
Substituting Equation (6) into this equation, the
My
Normal stress at any other point in the cross section is: u= --
I

Substituting Equation (5) into this equation, The curvature of the beam is:
ME 218 Class Exercise Pagel
Stresses in beams - Composite Section

NAME: SID#

Question 1:
For the beam and loading shown:
a-Draw shear and Moment diagrams. 40 kN/m 60 kN
-a
b-Find maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the cross section shown.
c-Write equations of Shear and Moments for both segments of the beam.
f
I I
f 1
1T

Assume a = 180-mm t£r~ -—r L

-2 m ~L— 1m-

Question 2:
The cross sectional area of a wood beam is 6" wide with the height of 10". The beam
is reinforced with two 2" height and 3/8" thick steel plates attached to the lower sides of the beam.
A positive moment of M = 200-kips-in is applied to this cross section. Knowing Ewood311,500-ksi
and Esteel = 30,000-ksi, determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in each materials.

2 x 3/8 in. • 2 x 3 / 8 in.

ME 218 Page 1

Sign Conventions for Shear-Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

+V

=~ 1=== A positive internal shear force V

• acts downward on the right-hand face of a beam.
• acts upward on the left-hand face of a beam.

A positive internal bending moment M

FIGURE 7.6 Sign conventions
• acts counterclockwise on the right-hand face of a beam.
for internal shear force Vand
bending moment M. • acts clockwise on the left-hand face of a beam.

Positive V Negative V
rotates rotates
beam slice beam slice
clockwise counterclockwise

A positive internal shear force V causes a beam element to rotate clockwise.

Positive M Negative M A positive internal bending moment M bends a beam element concave upward.
bends bends
beam slice beam slice
upward into . downward into
a "smile" a "frown"

C=j «:::) -M
FIGURE 7.7 Sign conventions
for V and M shown on beam slice.

Free-Body-Diagram for a section of the beam

The internal Shear-Force V and Bending-Moment M

must be drawn in positive deformation format
according to the above sign convention.

The values of V and M vary along the length of the beam.

They depend on the distance x, reaction at A, load PI and
a portion of w load.
 ME218 Shear and Moment Diagrams Page 1

Examples:
Draw shear and moment diagrams for the beams shown.

10ft-+-5 ft+5 ft
100lb 500lb
W ~
M osro
V(lb) 2500

look@\or@~""i~;~it.,ft,
@
(c) -1500
(d)

./

4 k/ft 60 k
108kfT1T1TTIl1 ~
1588k'f[(t~ ~1)100k.ft
-12f[---I I
1 ----20ft----

(b)
(a)

V(k)

108 M (k-ft)

~----_:::;----~;;___- .x (ft) f-------,-,----:--,--,-----:-::- .x (ft)

12 20

(c)

(d)
 Table 7.1 Construction Rules for Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams

Equation Load Diagram w Shear-Force Diagram V Bending-Moment Diagram M

Rule 1: Concentrated loads create discontinuities in the shear-force diagram. [Eq. (7.5)]

L\V=Po
M~

(t A
jP

Xo
o

xJj
M8

VA
~
Positive jump
in shear force V

MA
:~V.
Slope="A

:
MB

V4 V8 xA
XA Xo X8 Xo X8

I
I
Rule 2: The change in shear force is equal to the area under the distributed-load curve. [Eq. (7.3)] I

V8 - VA = iXA
X

• w(x) dx t.
(L, J) ~e:1~~C::-:r
LlV=VB-~~=
IrE
:C,4
w(x)dx

XA X8
VA V8 XA X8

Rule 3: The slope of the V diagram is equal to the intensity of the distributed load w. [Eq, (7.1)]

dV
- =w(x)
dx

Rule 4: The change in bending moment is equal to the area under the shear-force diagram. [Eq. (7.4)]

Rule 5: The slope of the M diagram is equal to the intensity of the shear force V. [Eq. (7.2)]

:t:;
Slope=w

dM
~
-=V
dx V8

XA XB

I
Rule 6: Concentrated moments create discontinuities in the bending-moment diagram. [Eq. (7.6)]

No effect on Negative jump

M~ M8 shear force V in bending moment
t1M= -Mo
(1 € xJj X
A
~l l~ M~LPMo1~o
V4 Mo V8
XA X8 Xo Xo
XA
 If the shear-force diagram is positive and looks like this ...

...then the bending-moment diagram looks like this.

Quadratic
(second-order)

Constant slope .
Slope becomes
more positive
Slope becomes
less positive
I
(an upward ramp)
• (a hill that .' (an arch)
gets steeper)
(a) Positive shear-force diagrams

lfthe shear-force diagram is negative and looks like this ...

...then the bending-moment diagram looks like this.

Quadratic
(second-order) I

i
I Slope becomes Slope becomes
I
I
Constant slope more negative less negative
(a downward ramp)'; (a waterfall) (a valley)

(b) Negative shear-force diagrams

Relationships between V and M diagram shapes.
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