Final Grammar PDF

GRAMMAR
‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﻠﻐــــــــــﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬
Prepared by: Dr. Tamer Hamed

Junior professor of English
May (2005)
Reference: “Grammar For All Levels” By Adnan Naim
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Main Menu ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
 English Alphabetic ‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬ – Past Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
 Parts of Speech ‫أﻗﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﻼم‬ – Future Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
 Sentences ‫أﻧواع اﻟﺟُﻣل‬ – Present Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬
 Verb to BE “‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻛون‬ – Past Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬
 Verb to DO “‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻌﻣل‬ – Future Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺗﺎم‬
 Verb to HAVE “‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك‬ – Present Perfect Continuous ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
 Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬  Imperatives ‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر‬
– Countable Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬
– Spelling Rules for Plurals ‫ﻗواﻋد إﻣﻼء اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬  Modals ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬
– Uncountable Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬  Comparing Adjectives ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬
– Definite & Indefinite Articles ‫أدوات اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف و اﻟﻧﻛرة‬
 Adverbs ‫اﻟظروف اﻷﺣوال‬
 Pronouns ‫اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬
– Object Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬  Active & Passive ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬
– Reflexive Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬  Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ و اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬
– Relative Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻌدﯾﺔ‬...
 Making Questions ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬
 ‫ اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻت‬How  Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬
 some/‫ ﺑﻌض‬any/‫أي‬  Question-Tags ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣذﯾﻠﺔ‬
 Making Negative ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬  Conditional “if” ”‫ﻟو“ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ‬
 TENSES ‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬  Reported Speech ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬
– Present Simple Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
– Past Simple Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬  Countries and Nationalities ‫اﻟﺑﻠدان و اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬
– Future Simple Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
– Present Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
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English Alphabetic
‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬
1. Capital Letters ‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‬

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
2. Small Letters ‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة‬

a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p q r s t u v w x y z
 Consonant Letters ‫اﻟﺣروف اﻟﺳﺎﻛﻧﺔ‬

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z
 Vowels Letters ‫اﻟﺣروف اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ‬

a e i o u
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‫‪Parts of Speech‬‬
‫أﻗﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﻼم‬
‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
‫‪Noun‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed, book‬‬
‫اﺳم‬
‫ﺿﻣﯾر ‪Pronoun‬‬ ‫‪ I, he, she, it, etc. ……..‬ھو ﻣﺎ ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳم أو ﯾﺣل ﻣﺣﻠﮫ‬
‫‪Verb‬‬ ‫‪ Play, played, will play‬ھو ﻣﺎ ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣدوث ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻌل‬
‫‪Adjective‬‬ ‫رﺟل ﻏﻧﻲ ‪ rich man‬ھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻف اﻻﺳم وﺗﻛون ﻗﺑﻠﮫ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ أن اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ھﻧﺎ ﺳﺑﻘت اﻻﺳم اﻟﻣوﺻوف ﺑﻌﻛس‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻻﺳم‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺻوف‬
‫‪Adverb‬‬ ‫‪ Ahmed writes quickly.‬ھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻف اﻟﻔﻌل أو ﺗزﯾد‬
‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔﺔ وﺿوﺣﺎ ً‬ ‫أﺣﻣد ﯾﻛﺗب ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫‪Preposition‬‬ ‫‪ Ahmed goes to school‬ھو ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳم أو اﻟﺿﻣﯾر ﻟﺗﺑﯾن‬
‫ﺣرف اﻟﺟر‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺗﮫ ﺑﻛﻠﻣﺔ أﺧرى‬ ‫أﺣﻣد ﯾذھب إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣدرﺳﺔ‬
‫‪They traveled by plane‬‬

‫ھم ﺳﺎﻓروا ﺑﺎﻟطﺎﺋرة‬
‫‪Conjunction‬‬ ‫‪ Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday.‬ھو ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻل ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ و ﻛﻠﻣﺔ أو ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺣرف اﻟﻌطف‬ ‫وﺟﻣﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ و أﺣﻣد زاروﻧﺎ أﻣس‬
‫‪Interjection‬‬ ‫‪ Alas! She died.‬ھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن أﺻوات أو ﺻﯾﺣﺎت ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن‬

‫ﺣرف ﺗﻌﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺟب‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﻟﻸﺳف ! ﻟﻘد ﻣﺎﺗت‪.‬‬

‫‪Article‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ﺛﻼث أدوات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫أداة‬ ‫‪a, an, the‬‬
‫‪ This is a book.‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪ a‬ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم اﻟﻧﻛرة اﻟﻣﻔرد‬
‫اﻟذي ﯾﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‪.‬‬ ‫ھذا ﻛﺗﺎب‪.‬‬
‫‪ This is an apple.‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪ an‬ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم اﻟﻧﻛرة ااﻟﻣﻔرد‬

‫ﻟذي ﯾﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‪.‬‬ ‫ھذه ﺗﻔﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾف ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫‪ This is the book / books I bought‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪the‬‬

‫‪ yesterday.‬اﻟﻣﻔردة واﻟﺟﻣﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ھذا ھو اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟذي اﺷﺗرﯾﺗﮫ أﻣس‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺟدﯾر ﺑﺎﻟذﻛر أن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﻻﺑد وأن ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل‬

‫ﺧﻼف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﺳﻣﯾﺔ أي ﺑدون‬
‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﺛل ‪):‬ﻋﻠﻲ طﺑﯾب( وﻟو أردﻧﺎ ﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺣرﻓﯾﺎ ﻧﻘول ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ali doctor.‬‬
‫وھذه ﺟﻣﻠﺔ إﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﺧﺎطﺋﺔ ﻟﻌدم اﺣﺗواﺋﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل واﻟﺻﺣﯾﺢ أن‬
‫ﻧﺿﻊ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ali is a doctor‬‬
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Sentences
‫أﻧواع اﻟ ُﺟﻣل‬
 Simple Sentences ‫ﺟﻣل ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬
 Compound Sentences ‫ﺟﻣل ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬
 Complex Sentences ‫ﺟﻣل ﻣﻌﻘدة‬
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‫‪Simple Sentences‬‬
‫ﺟﻣل ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل واﺣد ﻓﻘط‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‪:‬‬
‫)‪1‬‬ ‫‪I saw a boy.‬‬
‫)‪2‬‬ ‫‪The boy was riding a bicycle.‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن رﺑط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪I saw a boy riding a bicycle.‬‬

‫‪Compound Sentences‬‬
‫ﺟﻣل ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗرﻛب ﻣن ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﺑﺳﯾطﺗﯾن ﻟﮭﻣﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض وﻟﻛل‬
‫ﻣﻧﮭﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻘل ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم رﺑطﮭﻣﺎ ﺑﺣرف ﻋطف ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬
‫‪and/ but /or‬‬
‫‪and:‬‬ ‫واو اﻟﻌطف ‪:‬ﺗرﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﮭﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ‬

‫‪Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن رﺑط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.‬‬

‫‪Compound Sentences‬‬
‫ﺟﻣل ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬
‫‪but:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻛن ‪:‬ﺗرﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻋن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﯾن أو ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺿﯾن‬
‫‪Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن رﺑط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة‪:‬‬
‫‪Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.‬‬
‫‪or:‬‬ ‫أو ‪:‬ﺗرﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﯾﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﻣﺎ ﺧﯾﺎر‬

‫‪We can play football. We can watch TV.‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن رﺑط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة ‪:‬‬
‫‪We can play football or we can watch TV.‬‬

‫‪Complex Sentences‬‬
‫ﺟﻣل ﻣﻌﻘدة‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻓﻌل واﺣد و ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﻣن ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ‪Main Clause‬‬
‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ ‪ Subordinate Clause‬وھﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧواع‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Noun Clause‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﺳﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Adjectival Clause‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ وﺻﻔﯾﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Adverbial Clause‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ظرﻓﯾﺔ‬

Clause & Phrase
‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ و ﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
 A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and
has a complete meaning.
:‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل و ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺗﺎم‬

I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
 A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the

sentence but without a verb.
:‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫ﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗﻛون ﺟزءاً ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑدون ﻓﻌل‬
I saw the man carrying a stick.

Verb to BE “‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻛون‬
 It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
: ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ وﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬

Subject Present Past Past participle
‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫أﺳم اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬
I am was been
He, She, It is was been
We, They, are were been

You
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‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻛون“ ‪Verb to BE‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻋﺎدات أو ﺣﻘﺎﺋق ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺷﻲء ﺣدث واﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪:Examples‬‬ ‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪I am a pupil.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪They are boys.‬‬

Negative Sentences with the verb to BE
“‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل ”ﯾﻛون‬
 We make negative statements with the verb to BE

by using the word not after the verb to be.
‫ﺗﻛون ﺟﻣل ﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل )ﯾﻛون( ﺑوﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
. ‫( ﺑﻌده‬not)
Affirmative Negative
‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬
I am at home. I am not at home.
You are tall. You are not tall.

Making Questions with the verb to BE
“‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻛون‬
 “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

:‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ب)ﻧﻌم( و )ﻻ( و اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬
“Yes” or “No” questions Short Answers
‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ إﺟﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ ﺑـ ﻧﻌم و ﻻ‬ ‫إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬
Be +Subject + Complement Yes + Subject No + Subject +

‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ‬ + Be Be + not
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were
not.
‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻌﻣل“ ‪Verb to DO‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪It is used as a principal and a helping verb.‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ وﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ‪:‬‬
‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪Past‬‬ ‫‪Past participle‬‬
‫‪I, you, we,‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪done‬‬

‫‪they‬‬
‫‪He, She, It‬‬ ‫‪does‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪done‬‬

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‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ‪Verb to HAVE‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪It is used as a principal and a helping verb.‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ وﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ‪:‬‬
‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪Past‬‬ ‫‪Past participle‬‬
‫‪I, you, we,‬‬ ‫‪have‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬

‫‪they‬‬
‫‪He, She, It‬‬ ‫‪has‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬

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Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a main verb
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬
Subject + + not + have +

‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ do/does/did Complement
‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ‬
I do not have a car.
He does not have A new watch.
They did not have breakfast this

morning.

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a
main verb
‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬
“Yes” or “No” questions Short Answers

‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ إﺟﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ ﺑـ ﻧﻌم و ﻻ‬ ‫إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬
Do/Does/Did +Subject +have + Complement Yes + Subject + No + Subject +

‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ‬ do/does/did do/does/did
+not
Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I do not.
Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does not
Did they have Breakfast this Yes, they did. No, they did not.
morning?

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb
‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك “ ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
 Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the

perfect tense.
.‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻌل ﯾﻣﻠك ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻟﯾﻛون زﻣن اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬
:‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬
 They have lived here for two years.
 Adel has just finished his work.

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE
as a helping verb
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
.‫ ﺑﻌد ھذا اﻟﻔﻌل‬not ‫ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن ﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ﯾﻣﻠك ﻧﺿﻊ‬
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a
helping verb
‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
 “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

:‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺑـ ﻧﻌم و ﻻ و اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬
‫ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن ﺳؤال ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ﯾﻣﻠك ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻧﻘدم ھذا اﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
 They have lived here for a long time.
 Have they lived here for a long time?
 Yes, they have. No, they have not.
Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
“‫اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت أﺧرى ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك‬
 To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to,
had to.
:‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫ﻟﯾﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻟﺿرورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع و اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
I have to leave now.
____________________________________________________
 With some model auxiliaries.
:‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬
You would better see a doctor.
____________________________________________________
 To show that something is caused by another person.
:‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫ﻟﯾﺑﯾن أن ﺷﯾﺋﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﺣدث ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺷﺧص اﺧر‬
I have my shoes cleaned every week.

Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬
Nouns are words we use to name:
: ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء ھﻲ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ ﻟذﻛر‬
.‫ ﺷﻌور‬، ‫ أﻓﻛﺎر‬، ‫ ﻣﻛﺎن‬، ‫ ﺷﻲء‬، ‫ ﺷﺧص‬، ‫ ﻋﻠم‬، ‫اﺳم‬
‫أﺷﺧﺎص‬ People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …

‫أﺷﯾﺎء‬ Things book, table, sugar, fruit, …
‫أﻣﺎﻛن‬ Places school, street, city, house, …..
‫أﻓﻛﺎر‬ Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, ….
‫ﺷﻌور‬ Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

‫‪Countable & Uncountable Nouns‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌدودة و ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Countable Nouns: are things that be‬‬

‫‪counted as one, two, three, and so on.‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌدودة‪ :‬ھﻲ اﻷﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻋدھﺎ ﺑـ واﺣد ‪ ،‬اﺛﻧﺎن ‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ وھﻛذا‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﻌدودة‪ :‬ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻋدھﺎ أي ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن وﺿﻊ رﻗم ﻗﺑﻠﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

Countable Nouns
‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬
 These nouns have singular and plural forms.
.‫ھذه اﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﻟﮭﺎ ﺻﯾﻎ ﻣﻔردة و ﺟﻣﻊ‬
 Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.
(a/an) . ‫ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻔردة اﻟﻣﻌدودة ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
 You cannot use singular countable nouns alone

without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
.‫ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام أﺳﻣﺎء ﻣﻔردة ﻣﻌدودة ﺑﻣﻔردھﺎ ﺑدون اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬

Spelling Rules for Plurals
‫ﻗواﻋد إﻣﻼء اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬
We form plurals of most nouns by adding “s”
to the singular noun.
‫ﻧﻛوّ ن اﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﻣن ﻣﻌظم اﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
.‫“ ﻟﻼﺳم اﻟﻣﻔرد‬s”
Singular Plural
one book two books
one horse many horses
‫‪Spelling Rules for Plurals‬‬
‫ﺣـــــــــﺎﻻت ﺧﺎﺻــــــــــــــﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺣروف ‪ sh, ch, z, x, s‬ﻧﺿﯾف ﻟﮭﺎ ‪es‬‬
‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬
‫‪match‬‬ ‫‪matches‬‬
‫‪bus‬‬ ‫‪buses‬‬
‫‪dish‬‬ ‫‪dishes‬‬
‫‪box‬‬ ‫‪boxes‬‬
‫‪ies‬‬ ‫وﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫وﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‪ ،‬ﺗﺣذف‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬
‫‪city‬‬ ‫‪cities‬‬
‫‪baby‬‬ ‫‪babies‬‬
‫ﻓﻘط‪.‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫وﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‪ ،‬ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬
‫‪boy‬‬ ‫‪boys‬‬
‫‪key‬‬ ‫‪keys‬‬
‫‪es‬‬ ‫وﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‪ ،‬ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬
‫‪potato‬‬ ‫‪potatoes‬‬
‫‪tomato‬‬ ‫‪tomatoes‬‬
‫ﻓﻘط‪.‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫وﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‪ ،‬ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬
‫‪radio‬‬ ‫‪radios‬‬
‫‪zoo‬‬ ‫‪zoos‬‬
‫‪es‬‬ ‫وﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ f‬أو ‪ fe‬ﻧﺣوﻟﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺣرف ‪v‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬
‫‪knife‬‬ ‫‪knives‬‬
‫‪shelf‬‬ ‫‪shelves‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺣﺳب اﻻﺳم اﻷﺧﯾر‬
‫‪classroom‬‬ ‫‪classrooms‬‬
‫‪policeman‬‬ ‫‪policemen‬‬
Spelling Rules for Plurals
:‫ھﻧﺎك ﺑﻌض اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺷﺎذة‬
Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
person people
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice
‫‪Uncountable Nouns‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.‬‬
‫‪es , s‬‬ ‫ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺟﻣﻊ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.‬‬
‫ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬ ‫أو ‪an‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬

‫‪Uncountable Nouns‬‬
‫ﻣزﯾداً ﻣن اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬
‫‪flour‬‬ ‫‪ salt‬دﻗﯾق‬ ‫‪ meat‬ﻣﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺣم‬
‫‪information‬‬ ‫‪ coffee‬ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫‪ knowledge‬ﻗﮭوة‬ ‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬
‫‪butter‬‬ ‫‪ food‬زﺑد‬ ‫‪ tea‬طﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﺷﺎي‬
‫‪sugar‬‬ ‫‪ gold‬ﺳﻛر‬ ‫‪ blood‬ذھب‬ ‫دم‬
‫‪news‬‬ ‫‪ glass‬أﺧﺑﺎر‬ ‫‪ cheese‬زﺟﺎج‬ ‫ﺟﺑن‬
‫‪milk‬‬ ‫‪ paper‬ﺣﻠﯾب‬ ‫‪ bread‬ورق‬ ‫ﺧﺑز‬
‫‪rice‬‬ ‫‪ wood‬رز‬ ‫‪ furniture‬ﺧﺷب‬ ‫ﻣﻔروﺷﺎت‬
‫‪rain‬‬ ‫‪ steel‬ﻣطر‬ ‫‪ grass‬ﺣدﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﺷب‬
‫‪cloth‬‬ ‫‪ music‬ﻗﻣﺎش‬ ‫‪ marble‬ﻣوﺳﯾﻘﻰ‬ ‫رﺧﺎم‬
Uncountable Nouns
.‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة ﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻔرد‬
 Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
 Milk has many minerals.
‫و ﻟﻛن ﻟو وﺿﻌت ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﻌدود ﻓﺄﻧﮫ ﯾﻌﺎﻣل‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬
 Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
 Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

Definite & Indefinite Articles
‫أدوات اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف و اﻟﻧﻛرة‬
a/an
are used as indefinite articles. .‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺎن ﻛﺄدوات ﻧﻛرة‬
The
is used as definite articles. .‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﺄداة ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾف‬
 We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.

.‫ ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‬a ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬
 We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.

.‫ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‬an ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an”
‫أدوات اﻟﻧﻛرة‬
 We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant
sound.
.‫ ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‬a ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬
 We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel

sound.
.‫ ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‬an ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬
: ‫ اﻟﺣروف اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ‬Vowels
a–e–i–o-u

We use a/an:
Before a singular ‫ ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻔردة‬a table
countable noun. .‫ اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬an egg
Before a job, a ‫ ﻗﺑل اﻟوظﯾﻔﺔ أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬Saleh is a doctor
particular group of .‫ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎس أو اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ‬He is an engineer.
people or a nationality. She is an English
women.
With numbers that “‫ ﻣﻊ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ”ﻛل‬He washes his
mean every. hands ten times a
day. (means every
day).

We DO NOT use a/an:

No article is used with ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻣﻊ‬Love, beauty,
‫ اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌﻧوﯾﺔ و أﺳﻣﺎء‬hatred, wood, silver,
abstract nouns and the .‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن‬
names of metals. gold
No article is used ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻗﺑل اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬There are books on

before plural or .‫ أو اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﻌدودة‬the table.
uncountable nouns.
Milk is good for you.

The Definite Article “The”
“‫أدوات اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ”أل‬
The is used before: :‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أداة اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ”أل“ ﻗﺑل‬
A noun that is the only ‫ اﻻﺳم اﻟذي ﻻ ﯾوﺟد ﻣن ﻧوﻋﮫ ﺳوى‬The river Nile
one of its kind. .‫ واﺣد ﻓﻘط‬The Ka’aba
Names of rivers, seas, .‫اﻟﺦ‬........‫ أﺳﻣﺎء اﻷﻧﮭﺎر و اﻟﺑﺣﺎر‬The Arabian Gulf

oceans, etc…. The Red Sea
A noun which is the .‫ اﻻﺳم اﻟذي ﯾﻛون ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬Umar answered the
object of a sentence. question.
The names of musical .‫ أﺳﻣﺎء اﻵﻻت اﻟﻣوﺳﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬Can you play the duff?
instruments.

The is used before: :‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أداة اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ”أل“ ﻗﺑل‬
Names of some .‫ أﺳﻣﺎء ﺑﻌض اﻟﺑﻠدان‬The United Kingdom

countries. The U.S.A.
With some time ‫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﻌﺎﺑﯾر اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬at the weekend

expressions. .‫ اﻟوﻗت‬in the evening
With dates. .‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗوارﯾﺦ‬On the first day of every

month.
With some general .‫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬Listen to the radio/news.

expressions. Go to the market/desert.

Use article with the name ‫ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم أداة اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف أل ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳم‬I saw a man. The man
that is repeated. .‫ اﻟذي ذﻛر ﻟﻠﻣرة اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬was young.
No article is used with the ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻣﻊ أﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣواد‬I do not like science. My
names of studies of .‫ اﻟدراﺳﯾﺔ‬favorite subject is
subjects. mathematics.
No article is used before ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻗﺑل أﺳﻣﺎء ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬I am going to school.
such words as school, ،‫ ﺳرﯾر‬،‫ ﻣﻧزل‬،‫ ﻣﺛل ﻣدرﺳﺔ‬I always go to bed early.
home, bed, work, etc. ....‫ﻋﻣل‬
No article is used before ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻣﻊ أﺳﻣﺎء ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬on Monday, in June
such words such as day . ‫ ﻣﺛل اﻷﯾﺎم و اﻟﺷﮭور‬in summer (sometimes
and month names. in the summer).
before breakfast.

Pronouns ‫اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬
A pronoun replaces a noun . ‫اﻟﺿﻣﯾر ﯾﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻻﺳم‬
Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس‬
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
We us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Pronouns ‫اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬
• We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or
what we are talking about .
.‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺿﻣﯾر ﺑدﻻ ﻣن اﻻﺳم ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻧﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠم ﻣﻊ ﻣن أو ﻋن أي ﺷﻲء ﻧﺗﺣدث‬
Examples ‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬
Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.

Object Pronouns
‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬
 We use an object pronoun . ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬
– After a preposition. ‫ﺑﻌد ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
– After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend,
pass, take, show.
The little boy made it for her.

Reflexive Pronouns
‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
 Reflexive pronouns are used: .‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺿﻣﺎﺋراﻹﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬

– for emphasize ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﯾد‬
Did you do the decorations yourself ?

I did the painting myself.
– With some special expressions ‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﻌﺎﺑﯾر اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)

‫‪Relative Pronouns‬‬
‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬
‫•‬ ‫‪The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل ﻟرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﺑﺑﻌض‪.‬‬

‫و ﻟرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻵﺗﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺑﺣث ﻋن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﻛررة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺛم ﻧﺑﺣث ﻋن ﻣوﻗﻌﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻓﺎﻋﻼً ﻋﺎﻗﻼً ﻧﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪who‬‬
‫وإذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﻔﻌوﻻً ﺑﮫ ﻋﺎﻗﻼً ﻧﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ whom‬و ﻧﻌرف ذﻟك ﺑوﺟود اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل‪ .‬و إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎﻗل‬
‫ﻧﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪. which‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ‪ that‬ﻓﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺑدل أي ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ إﻻ أﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻔﺿل اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺟﻣل‪.‬‬
‫و إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﻧﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪. whose‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﺣذف اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻛررة ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ وﺿﻊ اﻻﺳم اﻟذي ﺣذﻓت ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Who‬‬ ‫]ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﻌﺎﻗل[‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﻌﺎﻗل و طﺑﻌﺎ ً ﻧﻌرف اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺑوﺟوده أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪who‬‬
‫‪Here is the man. The man is a doctor.‬‬
‫ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ و ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺣذف ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
‫‪who‬‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪The‬‬ ‫‪man‬‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ ﻣﺛﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪Here is the man who is a doctor.‬‬
‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.‬‬
‫‪The man who was here is a doctor‬‬
‫‪2) My friend swims well. He lives here.‬‬
‫‪My friend who lives here swims well.‬‬

‫‪Whom‬‬ ‫]اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻗل[‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ whom‬ﻟﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻗل و طﺑﻌﺎ ً ﻧﻌرف اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑوﺟوده ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪The man came here. I visited him.‬‬
‫ﻧﺣذف ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ him‬ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ ‪ whom‬أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﺿﻊ اﻻﺳم اﻟﻣوﺻول و‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ ﻣﺛﻠﮭﺎ )اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻌود إﻟﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺿﻣﯾر( ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪The man whom I visited came here.‬‬
‫‪1) The man was working with me. I paid him.‬‬
‫‪The man whom I paid was working with me.‬‬
‫‪2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.‬‬
‫‪This is the girl whom you gave a flower.‬‬

‫‪Which‬‬ ‫]ﻟﻠﺟﻣﺎد اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أو اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ[‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ which‬ﻟﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أو اﻟﻣﻔﻌول اﻟﻐﯾر ﻋﺎﻗل و طﺑﻌﺎ ً ﻧﻌرف اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺑوﺟوده أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﻣﺎ اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬
‫ﻓﯾوﺟد ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪He found his book. He lost it yesterday.‬‬

‫ﻧرى أن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ him‬ﺗﻌود ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ his book‬ﻓﻧﺣذﻓﮭﺎ و ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ‪ which‬ﻓﻲ أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ‬
‫اﻻﺳم اﻟﻣوﺻول و اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ ﻣﺛﻠﮭﺎ )اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻌود إﻟﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺿﻣﯾر( ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪He found his book which he lost yesterday.‬‬
‫‪1) This is the house. I live in it.‬‬
‫‪This is the house which I live in.‬‬
‫‪2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.‬‬
‫‪This book which is very useful is cheap.‬‬

‫‪That‬‬ ‫]ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗل و ﻏﯾر اﻟﻌﺎﻗل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أو اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ[‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ that‬ﻟﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أو اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻗل و ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎﻗل أي ﺗﺣل‬

‫ﻣﺣل أي أداة ﺳﺑق ﺷرﺣﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪This is the boy. You met her.‬‬

‫‪This is the boy that (whom) you met.‬‬
‫‪I have a bird. It sings.‬‬

‫‪I have a bird that (which) sings.‬‬

‫‪Whose‬‬ ‫]ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ[‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ whose‬ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪This is the man. His car hit the boy.‬‬

‫‪This is the man whose his car hit the boy.‬‬
‫ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ و ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮫ اﻻﺳم‬

‫ﻓﻧﺣذف‪the‬‬
‫‪man‬‬ ‫ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟـ‬
‫‪car‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎ ﻧﺟد أن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
‫‪car‬‬ ‫ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‪.whose‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺻول‬

Making Questions
‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬
:‫ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳؤال ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ‬
:‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ھﻲ‬Helping Verbs
 am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had –
will – would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought to
:‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــﺔ‬
 They are doctors. Are they doctors?
 She can help us? Can they help us?
 I will go to the market? Will you go to the market?

‫‪Making Questions‬‬
‫إذا ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﺑدون ‪ s‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ‪do‬‬
‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪They play tennis.‬‬ ‫?‪Do they play tennis‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪I write books.‬‬ ‫?‪Do you write books‬‬
‫ﻻﺣظ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ )اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول( و ذﻟك ﻟوﺟود اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟذي ﺑﮫ ‪ s‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ‪: does‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫?‪ِ Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Huda watch TV.‬‬ ‫?‪Does Huda watch TV‬‬
‫إذا ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
‫‪: did‬‬ ‫‪ (٣‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪They watched TV last night.‬‬
‫?‪Did they watch TV last night‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪I played football yesterday.‬‬
‫?‪Did you play football yesterday‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣظــــــــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻛون إﺟﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ ﺑـ ‪ Yes‬أو ‪ No‬و ذﻟك ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻟم ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺄداة ﺳؤال‪.‬‬

‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﮭدف ﻣن اﻟﺳؤال إﻋطﺎء ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻓﯾﺟب أن ﯾﺑدأ ﺑﺈﺣدى أدوات اﻟﺳؤال اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ و اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Wh Questions‬‬
‫?‪Where‬‬ ‫أﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬
‫?‪When‬‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟزﻣﺎن‬

‫?‪Why‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎذا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﺳﺑب‬
‫?‪What‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن ﺷﻲء‬
‫?‪Which‬‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺧﺗﯾﺎر ﺑﯾن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن‬
‫?‪Who‬‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن ﻓﺎﻋل ﻋﺎﻗل‬
‫?‪Whom‬‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﻋﺎﻗل‬

‫)‪Wh Questions (Cont.‬‬
‫?‪Whose‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫?‪How‬‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫?‪How many‬‬ ‫ﻛم ﻋدد‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻌدد‬
‫?‪How much‬‬ ‫ﻛم ﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫?‪How long‬‬ ‫ﻛم طول‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟطول‬
‫?‪How old‬‬ ‫ﻛم ﻋﻣر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻌﻣر‬
‫?‪How far‬‬ ‫ﻛم ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫‪Steps for Making a Question‬‬
‫ﺧطوات ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال‬
‫‪ (١‬اﺧﺗر أداة اﻟﺳؤال اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺟزء اﻟﻣراد اﻟﺳؤال ﻋﻧﮫ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬
‫‪When, Where, Why………..etc‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ‪) helping verb‬إن وﺟد( ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أي ﺑﻌد أداة اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬إذا ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد اﺳﺗﺧدم‪:‬‬
‫* ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﺑدون ‪ s‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ‪do‬‬
‫‪does‬‬ ‫* ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟذي ﺑﮫ ‪ s‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫* ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ‪did‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﺳواء اﻟﻣوﺟود ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﺻﻼً أو اﻟﺗﻲ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎھﺎ ﻣن ﻋﻧدﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ أي ﺗﺻرﯾﻔﮫ اﻷول‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬اﺣذف اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻣراد اﻟﺳؤال ﻋﻧﮫ ﻷﻧﮫ ﺟواب اﻟﺳؤال‪.‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬
‫‪They are going to eat meat.‬‬
‫?‪What are they going to eat‬‬
‫* ﻻﺣظ أﻧﻧﺎ ﻗدﻣﻧﺎ ‪ are‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪they‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﺛم ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ meat‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺟواب ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺳؤال‪.‬‬
‫‪They played tennis at school.‬‬

‫?‪Where did they play tennis‬‬
‫* ﻻﺣظ أﻧﻧﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ ‪ did‬ﻟﻌدم وﺟود ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد و ﻷن اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬و ﻻﺣظ أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﺣذف‬
‫‪ ed‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺟواب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳؤال‪at school .‬‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﻔﻌل ﻹﻋﺎدﺗﮫ أﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ‪ .‬و ﻻﺣظ أﻧﻧﺎ ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻﺣظ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﺑﻌض اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳب ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬
‫‪ you‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪I‬‬ ‫‪ I‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪you‬‬
‫‪ my‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪your‬‬ ‫‪ we‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪you‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻌﻼً ً ً ً ً ﻣﺳﺎﻋداً ﻣن ﻋﻧدﻧﺎ ﺑل ﻧﺿﻊ‬

‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌل ﻏﯾر‬ ‫‪who‬ﻼً و‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﺎﻗ‬ ‫أداة اﻟﺳؤال‬
‫ﻋﺎﻗﻼً‪.‬‬
‫‪what‬‬
‫‪Ahmed broke the window.‬‬ ‫?‪Who broke the window‬‬
‫‪The book describes accidents.‬‬ ‫?‪What describes accidents‬‬
‫اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻت‬
How
He was very pleased to meet his friend. ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ How

How was he to meet his friend? ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ أو اﻟﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬
Thirty boys are in this class. ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻌدد‬ How

How many boys are in this class? many
I am twenty years old. ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ How
How old are you? ‫اﻟﻌﻣر‬ old
You paid five pounds for this coat. ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ How
How much did you pay for this coat? ‫اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬ much

‫اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻت‬
How
It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh. ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ How

How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh? ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎت‬ far
This rope is two meters long. ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ How
How long is this rope? ‫اﻷطوال‬ long
This fence is four meters high. ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ How
How high is this fence? ‫اﻹرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت‬ high
Sami is meter and a half tall. ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ How
How tall is Sami? ‫أطوال‬ tall
‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص‬
some/‫ﺑﻌض‬
any/‫أي‬
some
.‫أﺧواﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ و ﻟﯾﺳت اﻟﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺳؤال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there.

3) He is somewhere.
.‫أﺧواﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺳؤال و اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬any

‫و‬ ‫وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
:‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺳؤال‬
1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home?
3) Is he anywhere?
:‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬
1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.
http://www.star28.com ‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Making Negative
‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬
:‫ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬not ‫ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻧﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
:‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ھﻲ‬Helping Verbs

am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will
– would – shall – should – can – could – may –
might – must – ought to
:‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــﺔ‬
 They are happy. They are not happy?
 He can help us? He can not help us?

Making Negative
Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
(Affirmative) ‫ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت‬ (Negative) ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬
Long Forms Short Forms Long Forms Short Forms
I am I’m I am not I’m not
He is He’s He is not He’s not
She is She’s She is not She’s not
It is It’s It is not It’s not
You are You’re You are not You’re not
We are We’re We are not We’re not
They are They’re They are not They’re not
‫‪Making Negative‬‬
‫إذا ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻓﻧﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻣن ﻋﻧدﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (not‬ﺑﻌده ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬ ‫وھذه اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ھﻲ‪ (do, does, did) :‬ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ‬
‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ أي اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪ :‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧت إﺣدى اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻵﺗﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻧﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟدول اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Affirmative‬‬ ‫اﺛﺑﺎت‬ ‫‪Negative‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬

‫‪some‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫‪no, any‬‬
‫‪both……and‬‬ ‫ﻛل ﻣن‪....‬و‬ ‫‪neither………….nor‬‬
‫‪either…..or‬‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‪......‬أو‬ ‫‪neither………….nor‬‬
‫‪sometimes‬‬ ‫أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ً‬ ‫‪never‬‬
‫‪as………as‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ‪.......‬ﻣﺛل‬ ‫‪not so…………..as‬‬
‫‪all‬‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫‪not all‬‬
‫‪every‬‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫‪no, not every‬‬
‫‪TENSES‬‬ ‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬
‫‪1. Present Simple Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻌﺎدات و اﻟﺗﻘﺎﻟﯾد و اﻟﻘدرات و اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋق‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول ﻟﻠﻔﻌل أي اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺟرد‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬
‫‪every‬‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫داﺋﻣﺎ ً ‪always‬‬ ‫‪usually‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬

‫ﻋﻣوﻣًﺎ ‪generally‬‬ ‫‪often‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً‬ ‫أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ً ‪sometimes‬‬
‫ﻧﺎدرا ‪rarely‬‬ ‫‪never‬‬ ‫أﺑداً‬ ‫‪from time to time‬‬

‫ﻣن ﺣﯾن ﻵﺧر‬
TENSES ‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬
1. 1.
Present
PresentSimple
Simple Tense
Tense ‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬
‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬
1. I go to school everyday.
2. They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
3. We often drink coffee in the morning.
4. She is never late to school.
s ‫ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻔرد ﻏﺎﺋب ﻧﺿﯾف زﯾﺎدة‬:‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬
1. Ali drinks milk every morning.
2. A cow gives us milk.
‫‪Past Simple Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫‪2. Past Simple Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث وﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل أي إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ed‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺷﺎذة‪.‬‬
‫‪yesterday‬‬ ‫أﻣس‬ ‫‪last‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫‪ago‬‬ ‫ﻣﺿﻰ‬
‫‪in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH:‬‬ ‫أو أي ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺛل‬

2. Past Simple Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
I, He, She, it was

They, We, You were
1. I watched television last night.

2. They visited their uncle yesterday.
3. We went to Makkah two months often.

‫‪3. Future‬‬ ‫‪Simple‬‬

‫‪3. Future‬‬ ‫‪Tense‬‬
‫‪Simple‬‬ ‫‪Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑلاﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﺣدوﺛﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن ‪ will‬او ‪ shall‬ﺛم اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ‪ shall‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﻛﻠم ‪ I‬و ‪ we‬أﻣﺎ ‪ will‬ﻓﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻛن ‪shall‬ﻧدر اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ وﻗد ﺣﻠت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ will‬ﺑدﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‪.‬‬
‫‪tomorrow‬‬ ‫ﻏداً‬ ‫‪next‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ‪in the future‬‬
‫‪in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH:‬‬ ‫أو أي ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻣﺛل‬

3. Future Simple Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
1. I will go to school tomorrow.
2. They will play foot ball next Friday.
3. He will join the army in the future.
:‫ھﻧﺎك ﺗﻛوﯾن أﺧر ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬
am , is , are going to

‫‪4. Present‬‬
‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر ‪Tense‬‬
‫‪Tense‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﯾﻘﻊ اﻵن ﻓﻘط ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن ‪:‬‬
‫‪ + ing‬ﻓﻌل ‪am / is / are +‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪am + verb + ing‬‬
‫‪He, she, it‬‬ ‫‪is + verb + ing‬‬
‫‪They, we, you‬‬ ‫‪are + verb + ing‬‬
‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫اﻵن‬ ‫‪at the moment‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻠﺣظﺔ‬ ‫‪look‬‬ ‫اﻧظر‬
‫‪listen‬‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪at the present time‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻗت اﻟﺣﺎﺿر‬

4. Present Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
1. I am reading a story at the moment.

2. They are watching television now.
3. Look! the bus is coming.

‫‪4. Present Continuous Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫ﺑﻌض اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار ﺳواء اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر أو اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر وھذه اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻟﺷﻌور واﻷذى واﻹﺣﺳﺎس وﻣن ھذه اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ‪:‬‬
‫‪like‬‬ ‫ﯾﺣب‬ ‫‪love‬‬ ‫ﯾﺣب‬ ‫‪want‬‬ ‫ﯾرﯾد‬ ‫‪prefer‬‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺿل‬
‫‪wish‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻣﻧﻰ‬ ‫‪hate‬‬ ‫ﯾﻛره‬ ‫‪dislike‬‬ ‫ﯾﻛره‬ ‫‪feel‬‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻌر‬
‫‪hope‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﻣل‬ ‫‪hear‬‬ ‫ﯾﺳﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪think‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﻘد‬ ‫‪seem‬‬ ‫ﯾﺑدو‬
‫‪appear‬‬ ‫ﯾظﮭر‬ ‫‪fear‬‬ ‫ﯾﺧﺷﻰ‬ ‫‪consider‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‫‪fit‬‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺎﺳب‬
‫‪believe‬‬ ‫ﯾﺻدق‬ ‫‪trust‬‬ ‫ﯾﺛق‬ ‫‪understand‬‬ ‫ﯾﻔﮭم‬

‫‪٥. Past‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‪TenseTense‬‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻓﻌل وﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ أﺛﻧﺎء وﻗوع ﻓﻌل أﺧر ‪.‬‬
‫‪ + ing‬ﻓﻌل‪was / were +‬‬
‫‪when‬‬ ‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪while‬‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪as‬‬ ‫ﺣﯾث أن‬ ‫‪because‬‬ ‫ﻷن‬
‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﮫ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط و اﻟذي ﺗﺧﻠل اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر أي اﻟذي وﻗﻊ‬
‫أﺛﻧﺎء ﺣدوﺛﮫ‪.‬‬

‫‪5. Past Continuous Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫‪While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫)ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﻧت ﻧﺎﺋﻣﺎ ً ‪ ،‬دﺧل ﻟص ﻏرﻓﺗﻲ( ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣدﺛﯾن أﺣدھﻣﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫وھو اﻟﻧوم واﻵﺧر دﺧول اﻟﻠص اﻟﻐرﻓﺔ اﻟذي ﺣﺻل أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﻧوم ‪.‬‬
‫‪When we were eating , my father came .‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣر وھو اﻷﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣدﺛﯾن أﺣدھﻣﺎﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫) ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻧﺄﻛل ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎء واﻟدي( ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫واﻵﺧر ﻣﺟﻲء واﻟدي اﻟذي ﺣﺻل أﺛﻧﺎء اﻷﻛل ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪ :‬ﯾﻣﻛن وﺿﻊ أداة اﻟرﺑط وﺳط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ دون أن ﯾﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﺎن اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫دﺧل ﻟص ﻏرﻓﺗﻲ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﻧت ﻧﺎﺋﻣﺎ ً‬
‫‪My father came when we were eating .‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﺟﺎء واﻟدي ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻧﺄﻛل‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺗب اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ إذا ﺑدأت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ while‬وﺗﺣذف إذا وﻗﻌت ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗذﻛر داﺋﻣﺎ ً أن ﻗﺎﻋدة ‪ while‬ﺑﮭﺎ ﻓﻌﻼن اﻷول طوﯾل ﻣﺳﺗﻣر و اﻵﺧر‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ وھو ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‪.‬‬

‫‪6. Future‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‪Tense‬‬
‫‪Tense‬‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺷﻲء ﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﺣدوﺛﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل وﯾﺳﺗﻣر ﻟﻔﺗرة ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ + ing‬ﻓﻌل‪( will + be +‬‬
‫‪at‬‬ ‫ﻋﻧد ﻟﻠزﻣن‬ ‫‪by‬‬ ‫ﺑﺣﻠول‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻏﺿون‬
‫‪from…to‬‬ ‫ﻣن‪..‬إﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪all‬‬ ‫‪ after‬ﻛل ‪،‬ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬

6. Future Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
1. By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.

2. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .

‫‪7. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم ‪Tense Tense‬‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﺣﺻل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ و اﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻗﺑل ﻟﺣظﺎت أو اﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ و‬
‫ﻻزاﻟت آﺛﺎره ﻣوﺟودة ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‪.‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‪has / have +‬‬
‫‪since‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧذ‬ ‫‪for‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣدة‬ ‫‪just‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗو‬

‫‪yet‬‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‬ ‫‪ever‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑد‬ ‫‪never‬‬ ‫أﺑداً‬
‫‪recently‬‬ ‫ﺣدﯾﺛﺎ ً‬ ‫‪already‬‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً‬

7. Present Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬
1. I have lived in Riyadh for six years.

2. I have not visited him since 1995.
3. Ahmed has already finished his homework.
4. She has written three letters just now.

Since & For
• Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now”
.‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ”ﻣﻧذ“ اﻋﺗﺑﺎراً ﻣن ﻧﻘطﺔ أو ﻓﺗرة ﻣﺣددة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ و ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‬
• For means “a definite period of time”

.‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ”ﻟﻣدة“ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ‬
since ‫ﻣﻧذ‬ For ‫ﻟﻣدة‬
2 o’clock a moment
Monday 3 minutes
yesterday an hour
last night many hours
last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996 a year
last century 10 years
he came………… a century

‫‪8.4.Past‬‬
‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ‪Tense Tense‬‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﺣﺻل و اﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺣظﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‪had +‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪after‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧذ‬ ‫‪before‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣدة‬
‫‪which‬‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‬ ‫‪as soon as‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑد‬

8. Past Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬
1. I had washed before I prayed.
2. They went home after they had finished their work.
3. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.
4. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.
‫ﻻﺣظ أن ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﮫ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط اﻟذي ﺣدث ﺑﻌد اﻧﺗﮭﺎء اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﺗﺎم‬

‫‪9. Future‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺗﺎم ‪Tense Tense‬‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﺣدوﺛﮫ و اﻧﺗﮭﺎؤه ﻓﻲ زﻣن ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‪will + have +‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪by‬‬ ‫ﺑﺣﻠول‬ ‫‪at‬‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬

9. Future Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺗﺎم‬
1. By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my

work.
2. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

‫‪١٠. Present‬‬ ‫‪Perfect Continuous‬‬
‫‪Continuous Tense‬‬
‫‪Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث وﻗﻊ ﺟزء ﻣﻧﮫ و ﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ و ﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‪.‬‬
‫‪+ ing‬ﻓﻌل‪has / have + been +‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪for‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣدة‬ ‫‪since‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧذ‬

١٠. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
1. I have been studying English for six years.

2. She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock.

١٠. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫ ﻻﺣظ اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬Present
: Perfect ‫ﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﻔرق ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر و اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬
:‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
• Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now
one hundred cakes on the table.
:‫ﻣن ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻧﻛوّ ن‬
Present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
• She has been making cakes for three hours.

Present Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬
• She has made 100 cakes.

Imperatives ‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر‬
• Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences

either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,
invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.
،‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر ھﻲ أﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣل أﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت ﻟﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬
.‫ اﻹﺷﺎرات و اﻟﻣﻼﺣظﺎت أو إﺧﺑﺎر ﺷﺧص ﻣﺎذا ﯾﻔﻌل‬،‫اﻟدﻋوى‬
• The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as:
walk, read, open,….etc.
.‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل أي اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول‬

Give Instructions ‫إﻋطﺎء ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬
• Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬
• Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬
Make Invitations ‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟدﻋوى‬

• Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬
• Please start; do not wait for me. (Negative ‫)ﻧﻔﻲ‬
Tell someone what to do ‫إﺧﺑﺎر ﺷﺧص ﻣﺎ ﺳﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ‬

• Open your book. (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬
• Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative ‫)ﻧﻔﻲ‬

Give Warnings ‫إﻋطﺎء ﺗﺣذﯾرات‬
• Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬
Make Signs & Notices ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن إﺷﺎرات و ﻣﻼﺣظﺎت‬

• Push. (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬
• Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬
• Keep off the grass. (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬
Make Requests ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟطﻠب‬

• Please open the door. (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Modals ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬
 A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can
have several meanings and time frames, depending on the
context in which it is used.
‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻧﺎﻗص ﻟﮫ ﺻﯾﻐﺔ واﺣدة ﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺷﺧﺎص وﻟﻛن ﻟﮫ ﻋدة ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ و أﺷﻛﺎل زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﺣﺳب‬
.‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟذي ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﯾﮫ‬
 Form ‫اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ‬
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to +
(‫)اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬
 Modals have no infinitives or past participles.

.‫ﻟﯾس ﻟﻠﻔﻌل اﻟﻧﺎﻗص ﻣﺻدر أو ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث‬

Modals Expresses: Example

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬ :‫ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
Promise You shall take a reward.
shall ‫وﻋد‬
Determination He does not want to obey me: but he
‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ shall.
Threat You shall be punished if you come late.

‫ﺗﮭدﯾد‬
Duty You should obey your teachers.

should ‫اﻟواﺟب‬
Advice or opinion You should stop smoking.
‫اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺣﺔ أو اﻟرأي‬
The simple future tense. He will visit us tomorrow.
will ‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
Determination or promise I will travel when I like.
‫اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم أو اﻟوﻋد‬ We will do as you wish.


Possibility I hoped that I might succeed.
might ‫اﻹﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ I thought that the weather might change
can, am/is/are Ability He can do it carefully.

able to ‫اﻟﻣﻘدرة‬ He is able to solve the problem.
shall be able, Ability in the future I shall be able to help you.

‫اﻟﻣﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬
will be able
Past, present or future possibility Fahad could drive his car a year ago.
could ‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬/ ‫ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬/‫اﻹﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
Necessity You must listen to your teachers.
must ‫اﻟﺿرورة‬
The past form of must :past necessity Faisal could not come to our dinner party.
had to ‫اﻟﺿرورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ He had to stay home to study.


Advice You ought to help the poor.
ought to ‫اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺣﺔ‬
Actions that were advisable in the past You ought to have studied.
ought to ‫أﺣداث ﻛﺎن ﻣن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺳن ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ (You did not. That was a mistake)
have

Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers

‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬ ‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬ ‫إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬
They should eat They should not Should they eat Yes, they should. No, they should not.
now. eat now. now?
He will leave. He will not leave. Will he leave? Yes, he will. No, he will not.
He would He would not Would he leave? Yes, he would. No, he would not.
succeed. succeed.
I might succeed. I might not Might I succeed?

succeed.
I may sleep. I may not sleep. May I sleep?

Affirmative Negative Question Short Answers

‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬ ‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬ ‫إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬
I can do it. I can not do it. Can I do it? Yes, you can. No, you can not.
He could talk. He could not Could he talk? Yes, he could. No, he could not.
talk.
We could have a We could not Could we have a Yes, you could. No, he could not.
test tomorrow. have a test test tomorrow?
tomorrow.
You must go now. You must not go Must you go now? Yes, I must. No, I must not.
now.
You ought to help You ought not to Ought you to help Yes, I ought to. No, I ought not.
them. help them. them?

‫‪Comparing Adjectives‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬
‫‪1. Comparing‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫‪Short‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة ‪Tense‬‬
‫‪Adjectives‬‬
‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن أو ﺷﺧﺻﯾن‪:‬‬
‫‪than‬‬ ‫ﻷﻏﻠب اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة ﺛم ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪er‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻧﻼﺣظ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Ali is older than Ahmed.‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪My Car is faster than yours.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘط‪.‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫إذا اﻧﺗﮭت اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺣرف ‪e‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪safe‬‬ ‫‪safer than‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪simple‬‬ ‫‪simpler than‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎدة‪.‬‬ ‫‪er‬‬ ‫ﺛم ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻠب ال‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫إذا اﻧﺗﮭت اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺣرف‬
‫•‬ ‫‪easy‬‬ ‫‪easier than‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪heavy‬‬ ‫‪heavier than‬‬
‫‪1. Comparing‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬
‫‪Short‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة ‪Tense‬‬
‫‪Adjectives‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن أو ﺷﺧﺻﯾن‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺑق اﻟﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ و ﯾﻼﺣظ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ est‬ھذه اﻟﻣرة‪.‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣظ ھﻧﺎ أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Everest is the highest mountain.‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪This is the biggest building in Riyadh.‬‬
‫ﺟدﯾدة‪.‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫إذا اﻧﺗﮭت اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺣرف‬

‫•‬ ‫‪safe‬‬ ‫‪the safest‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎدة‪.‬‬ ‫‪est‬‬ ‫ﺛم ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻠب ال‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫إذا اﻧﺗﮭت اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺣرف‬
‫•‬ ‫‪easy‬‬ ‫‪the easiest‬‬

‫‪2. Comparing Long Adjectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن أو ﺷﺧﺻﯾن‪:‬‬

‫ھﻧﺎ ﺗﺗﻛون اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻣن أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻣﻘطﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛل ﻣﻘطﻊ ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺣرﻓﯾن ﻣﺗﺣرﻛﯾن ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋدﯾن‪.‬‬
‫‪beautiful‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾل‬ ‫‪difficult‬‬ ‫ﺻﻌب‬
‫‪dangerous‬‬ ‫ﺧطر‬ ‫‪correct‬‬ ‫ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‬
‫‪Important‬‬ ‫ﻣﮭم‬ ‫‪Fluent‬‬ ‫ﻓﺻﯾﺢ‬
‫ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﺻﻔﺎت ﻻ ﯾﻘﺑل ‪ er‬و ﻻ ‪. est‬‬

‫‪than‬‬ ‫‪ more‬ﺛم ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن ﺗﺳﺑق ھذه اﻟﺻﻔﺎت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪French is more difficult than English.‬‬

‫‪2. Comparing Long Adjectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن أو ﺷﺧﺻﯾن‪:‬‬
‫‪the most‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن ﺗﺳﺑق ھذه اﻟﺻﻔﺎت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪This is the most important subject in this book.‬‬

Comparing Adjectives
2. Comparing Long Adjectives ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ‬
:‫ﻣﻼﺣظــــــــــــﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﺛﻧﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﻛﺛر ﻣن أﺛﻧﯾن‬
‫ﺟﯾد‬ good better than the best
‫ﺳﯾﺊ‬ bad worse than the worst
(‫ﻛﺛﯾر )ﻟﻠﻣﻌدود‬ many more than the most
(‫ﻛﺛﯾر )ﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدود‬ much
(‫ﻗﻠﯾل )ﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدود‬ little less than the least
‫ﺑﻌﯾد‬ far farther than the farthest
• Adel is better than his brother at school.

• This girl is the worst one in her class.
‫‪as……..as‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل )ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط(‬
‫‪not as….as‬‬ ‫ﻟﯾس ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل‬
‫‪as……..as‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل )ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط(‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻻﺻطﻼح ﺣﯾن وﺟود ﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن ﺻﻔﺗﯾن‪.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪Ali is as tall as his brother.‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪This bag is as big as my bag.‬‬
‫‪not as……..as‬‬ ‫ﻟﯾس ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻻﺻطﻼح ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم وﺟود ﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن ﺻﻔﺗﯾن‪.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫‪Ali is not as tall as his brother.‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪This bag is not as big as my bag.‬‬

Adverbs [‫اﻟظروف ]اﻷﺣوال‬
• An Adverb always modifies a verb.

ً ‫اﻟظرف ﯾﺻف اﻟﻔﻌل داﺋﻣﺎ‬
• Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjectives.
.‫ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ‬ ly ‫ﻣﻌظم اﻟظروف ﺗﻛوّ ن ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
slow slowly nice nicely

happy happily careful carefully

There are many kinds of adverbs:

:‫ھﻧﺎك ﻋدة أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟظروف‬
١. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.

.‫اﻟظروف اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ وﻗوع اﻟﺣدث‬: ‫اﻟظروف اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك‬
• I closed the window carefully.

• The soldier fought bravely.
2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done.

.‫اﻟظروف اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ زﻣن ﺣدوث اﻟﻔﻌل‬: ‫ظروف اﻟزﻣﺎن‬
• I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.

• What’s going to happen next?

3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.

.‫اﻟظروف اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻣﻛﺎن وﻗوع اﻟﺣدث‬: ‫ظروف اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬
• I shall stand here.

• I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.
Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.
:‫ ﻣﺛل‬.‫ ﻣﻌظم ھذه اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟوﻗت‬.‫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ظروف أو ﺻﻔﺎت‬ly ‫ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑـ‬
daily ً ‫ﯾوﻣﯾﺎ‬ weekly ً ‫أﺳﺑوﻋﯾﺎ‬
monthly ً ‫ﺷﮭرﯾﺎ‬ yearly ً ‫ﺳﻧوﯾﺎ‬
• A daily newspaper is published daily.

• We get up early to catch an early train.

‫‪Adverbs‬‬ ‫اﻟظروف ]اﻷﺣوال[‬
‫‪4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.‬‬

‫اﻟظروف اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻛرار ‪:‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺑرﻧﺎ ﻋن ﻋدد ﻣرات ﺣدوث اﻟﺷﻲء‪ .‬وﻣن ھذه اﻟظروف‪:‬‬
‫‪always‬‬ ‫داﺋﻣﺎ ً‬ ‫‪often‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً‬
‫‪usually‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫‪sometimes‬‬ ‫أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ً‬
‫‪seldom‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎدراً‬ ‫‪Rarely‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎدراً ﺟداً‬
‫‪Never‬‬ ‫أﺑداً‬ ‫‪Occasionally‬‬ ‫ﻣن ﺣﻲ ﻵﺧر‬
‫‪Verb to BE:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﯾﻛون‪ :‬ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ظرف اﻟﺗﻛرار ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
‫‪Ali is always on time.‬‬
‫‪Other Verbs:‬‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻷﺧرى‪ :‬ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ظرف اﻟﺗﻛرار ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻌﺎدي‬
‫‪Ali sometimes reads a book.‬‬

Adverbial Clause of Time
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟوﻗت‬
Conjunctions: ‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with

the main sentence.
.‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟوﻗت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
• I found a watch. I was walking in the street.
• I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

Adverbial Clause of Place
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬

where, wherever
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with

the main sentence.
.‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
• Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

Adverbial Clause of Cause
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﺑب‬

because, since, as
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with

the main sentence.
.‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﺑب ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
• I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

‫‪Adverbial Clause of Manner‬‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك‬
‫‪Conjunctions:‬‬ ‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

‫‪As, as if, as through‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the‬‬
‫‪main sentence.‬‬
‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫داﺋﻣﺎ ً ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد ‪ as if‬ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻏﯾر ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎل‪:‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪He speaks as if he were a king.‬‬
‫‪ was‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ و ﻣﺟرد ﺧﯾﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام ‪ were‬ﺑدﻻً ﻣن‬
‫•‬ ‫‪It looks as if it would rain.‬‬
‫‪ will‬وھو ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻏﯾر ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ و أﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺟرد ﺗوﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام ‪ would‬ﺑدﻻً ﻣن‬

Adverbial Clause of Purpose
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐرض‬

that, so that, in order that
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.
.‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐرض ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
.‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻدر( ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع أو‬+‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم )رﺑﻣﺎ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
 He works hard. He wishes to succeed.
 He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
.‫اﻟﻣﺻدر( ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬+‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم )رﺑﻣﺎ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
 He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

Adverbial Clause of Result
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬
We use: so + adverb + that such + noun+ that

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.
.‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺎت ﻟرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
• The man is so weak that he can not walk.
• He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻧﺎﻗض‬

though, although
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast

with the main sentence.
.‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻧﺎﻗض ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
• He is poor. He is happy.
• Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬

as….as, so……as
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast

with the main sentence.
.‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
• Nabeel is as clever as his father.
• Sami is not so strong as his brother.

Adverbial Clause of Condition
‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

if, unless
• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the
main sentence.
.‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
• If we are ill, we go to bed.
• If we work hard, we will succeed.
• If we worked hard, we would succeed.
• If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
• Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.

‫‪as……..as‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل ]ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط [‬
‫‪not as….as‬‬ ‫ﻟﯾس ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل‬
‫‪as……..as‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل ]ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط [‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻻﺻطﻼح ﺣﯾن وﺟود ﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن ﺣﺎﻟﯾن‪.‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.‬‬
‫‪not as……..as‬‬ ‫ﻟﯾس ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻻﺻطﻼح ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم وﺟود ﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن ﺣﺎﻟﯾن‪.‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.‬‬

‫‪Active & Passive‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬
‫ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم ھو اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻓﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎ ً‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ھو اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻓﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر ﻣﻌﻠوم أو ﻗﻠﯾل اﻷھﻣﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎك ﻋدة أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‪:‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Statements‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫‪Questions‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠـــــــــــﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Command‬‬ ‫اﻷﻣـــــــــــــر‬

‫‪A. Statements‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Ahmed broke the window yesterday.‬‬

‫ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم ‪ Active‬وذﻟك ﻷن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻠوم وھو ‪. Ahmed‬‬
‫_____________________________________________________‬
‫_‬
‫‪The window was broken yesterday.‬‬
‫‪The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.‬‬
‫ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ‪ Passive‬وذﻟك ﻷن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر ﻣﻌﻠوم وھو ‪ Ahmed‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ أو وﺿﻊ ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﻣﺳﺑوﻗﺎ ً ﺑــ ‪ by‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣوﯾل ﻣن اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم ‪ Active‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ‪ Passive‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﻓﺎﻋﻼً‪) .‬ﯾﻌرف اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑوﺟوده ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة(‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻧﺿﻊ ﻓﻌل ‪ to be‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس زﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﺳﺑوﻗﺎ ً ﺑــ ‪ by‬وﻗد ﯾﺷطب إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻣﯾراً‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬أي زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﯾوﺿﻊ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ دون ﺗﻐﯾﯾر‪.‬‬

Active & Passive
A. Statements ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬
:‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬
Active ‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم‬ Passive ‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬
Ali writes letters. Letters are written (by Ali).
Huda wrote the lesson. The lesson was written (by Huda).
Saleh will buy a car. A car will be bought (by Saleh).
Khaled is helping Ahmed. Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
She has eaten the apple. The apple has been eaten (by her).

‫‪ to be‬ﻣﻊ اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﯾﺻرف ﻓﻌل‬

‫‪am, is, are‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫‪was, were‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫‪shall be, will be‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬
‫‪am being, is being, are being‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫‪was being, were being‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬
‫‪has been, have been‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬
‫‪had been‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬
‫‪can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought‬‬ ‫ﻛل ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬
‫‪to be‬‬
‫‪B. Questions‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﻓﺎﻋﻼً‪) .‬ﯾﻌرف اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑوﺟوده ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة(‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻧﺿﻊ ﻓﻌل ‪ to be‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس زﻣن اﻟﺳؤال‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﺳﺑوﻗﺎ ً ﺑــ ‪ by‬وﻗد ﯾﺷطب إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻣﯾراً‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬أي زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﯾوﺿﻊ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ دون ﺗﻐﯾﯾر‪.‬‬

Active & Passive
B. Questions ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬
Does Ahmed write letters? Are Letters written (by Ali)?
Did he eat the cake?. Was the cake eaten (by him)?
Will Ali buy a new car? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?
Why is he using a pen? Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
Who broke the window? By whom the window was broken?

‫‪C. Command‬‬ ‫اﻷﻣر‬

‫اﻷﻣر ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ let‬ﻓﻲ أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﻓﺎﻋﻼً‪) .‬ﯾﻌرف اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑوﺟوده ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة(‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺿﻊ ﻓﻌل ‪ to be‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟزﻣن أي اﻷﻣر ﻓﯾﻛون ‪. be‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‪.‬‬

Active & Passive
C. Command ‫اﻷﻣر‬
Write the lesson. Let the lesson be written.
Open the door. Let the door be opened.
Send this letter to your friend. Let this letter be sent to your friend.

‫ﻣﻼﺣظـــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬
‫ﻗد ﺗﻛون اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣراد ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ أو ﺳؤاﻻً ﻣذﯾﻼً ﻟذا ﯾﺟب اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﯾﻐﺔ ھذا اﻟﺳؤال أو‬
‫اﻟﺗذﯾﯾل ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﺣوﯾل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬
‫‪Active‬‬ ‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬
‫‪Ali does not write letters‬‬ ‫‪Letters are not written (by Ali).‬‬
‫?‪Dickens wrote those novels, didn’t he‬‬ ‫‪Those novels were written by Dickens,‬‬
‫?‪weren’t they‬‬
‫?‪Dickens didn’t write that play, did he‬‬ ‫?‪That play wasn’t written by Dickens, was it‬‬

‫‪Transitive & Intransitive Verbs‬‬
‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ و اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺗﻌدﯾﺔ‬
‫)اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ( ‪:Intransitive Verbs‬‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧذ ﻣﻔﻌوﻻً ﺑﮫ‪ .‬ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬
‫‪The sun rises.‬‬
‫)اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ( ‪:Intransitive Verbs‬‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺄﺧذ ﻣﻔﻌوﻻً ﺑﮫ واﺣداً أو أﻛﺛر‪.‬‬
‫‪Ali raised his hand.‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬
‫*اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ﻟﻌدم وﺟود ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑﮭﺎ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣوي أﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺗﻌدﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‪.‬‬
‫*ھﻧﺎك ﺑﻌض اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺗﻌدﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﻔﻌوﻟﯾن ﻟذا ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‪ .‬ﻣﺛﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪Ahmed gave Huda a flower .‬‬ ‫ﺗﺑﻧﻰ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺗﯾن‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬
‫‪a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).‬‬

‫‪b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed).‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻗل ‪Huda‬ﺣﯾن ﺗﺄﺧﯾره‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬
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‫‪Prepositions‬‬
‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬
‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر ﻛﺛﯾرة و ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد ﯾﻛون ﻟﻠﺣرف اﻟواﺣد أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻣﻌﻧﻰ وذﻟك‬
‫ﺣﺳب ﻣوﻗﻌﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬و اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺛﻠﻰ ﻟﺗﻌﻠم ﺣروف اﻟﺟر ھﻲ اﻟﺗدرب‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺟﻣل و ﻟﯾﺳت ﻛﺣروف ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object.‬‬
‫‪There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.‬‬
‫ﺗدل ﺣروف اﻟﺟر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل و اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ و ﯾوﺟد أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﺣروف ﺟر داﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟزﻣن و ﺣروف ﺟر داﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‪.‬‬

Use of Prepositions
‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬
Prepositions Use ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬
Day ‫اﻷﯾﺎم‬ On Monday
on
Day + morning, night ‫ اﻟﻔﺗرة‬+ ‫اﻷﯾﺎم‬ On Friday morning
Afternoon, evening, date ‫اﻟﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬ My birthday is on June 10.
Special days ‫أﯾﺎم ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ I will travel on National Day.
To mean above ‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻓوق‬ The tea is on the table.

Use of Prepositions
Season ‫ﻓﺻل‬ The trees grow in spring.
in
Year ‫ﺳﻧﺔ‬ I was born in 1968.
Month ‫ﺷﮭر‬ The test is in May.
The morning ‫اﻟﺻﺑﺎح‬ I go to work in the morning.
The evening ‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎء‬ I go home in the evening
To mean above ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺧل‬ He is in the mosque.

Use of Prepositions
Time ‫اﻟوﻗت‬ I will come back at 2 o’clock.
at
Festival ‫اﻷﻋﯾﺎد و اﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻻت‬ I will meat you at the school festival.
Meal times ‫أوﻗﺎت اﻟوﺟﺑﺎت‬ I will talk to my father at lunch.
The weekend ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﺑوع‬ We will travel at the weekend.
Noon ‫اﻟظﮭر‬ We pray at noon everyday.
Night ‫اﻟﻠﯾل‬ We sleep at night.
To mean place ‫ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺎن‬ He is at the grocer’s.

Use of Prepositions
Prepositions of Place ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬

at an exact place ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﺣدد‬ He lives at number 5, King Fahad Street.
at
at work ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣل‬ Ahmed is at work.
at the table ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطﺎوﻟﺔ‬ They are standing at the dinner table
‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺗﺣت‬ The cat is under the table.

under
‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ أﻣﺎم‬ The teacher is in front of the class.
in front of
direction/place ‫اﺗﺟﺎه‬/‫ﻣﻛﺎن‬ I go to school everyday.
to

Use of Prepositions

To mean inside ‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ داﺧل‬ Put this book in the box.
in
In a country ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠد‬ I live in Saudi Arabia.
In a town./street ‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﺎرع‬/‫ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬ I live in Al-Madina.
in bed ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔراش‬ The baby is in bed.
In a building or area‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺑﻧﻰ أو‬ You were in the club last night.
In a chair ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛرﺳﻲ‬ Ali is sitting in his chair.

Use of Prepositions

‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺑـ‬ I write with a pen.
with
‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻣن‬ I am from Riyadh.
from
‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺧﻠف‬ The wall is behind the class.
behind
‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺑﯾن‬ Samah is sitting between Fatma and
between Salwa.
TV ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺗﻠﻔزﯾون‬ Ali watches football on TV every Saturday.

on
Time ‫اﻟوﻗت اﻟﻣﺣدد‬ He arrives on time.

Use of Prepositions
More Examples ‫ﻣزﯾداً ﻣن اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬
Prepositions Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

in ‫ﻓﻲ‬ The medicine is in the bottle.
on ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The knife is on the table.
at ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب‬،‫ﻋﻧد‬ Someone is at the door.
near ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن‬ Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between ‫ﺑﯾن‬ The house is between the school and the mosque.
opposite ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑل‬ The bank is opposite to the post office.
into ‫ ﻓﻲ‬،‫داﺧل‬ The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The water is spilling onto the floor.

Use of Prepositions

off ‫ﻣن ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The man is falling off the chair.
out of ‫ﻣن ﻓوق‬ The child is falling out of the window.
across ‫ ﺧﻼل‬،‫ﻋﺑر‬ The carpenter cut across the wood.
over/above ‫ أﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻓوق‬ The light is over (above) the table.
under/below ‫ أﺳﻔل‬،‫ﺗﺣت‬ The fire is under (below) the stairs.
through ‫ ﺧﻼل‬،‫ﻋﺑر‬ The ball is going through the window.
among ‫وﺳط‬ The teacher is sitting among the students.

Use of Prepositions

in ‫ﻓﻲ‬ The medicine is in the bottle.
on ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The knife is on the table.
at ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب‬،‫ﻋﻧد‬ Someone is at the door.
near ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن‬ Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between ‫ﺑﯾن‬ The house is between the school and the mosque.
opposite ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑل‬ The bank is opposite to the post office.
into ‫ ﻓﻲ‬،‫داﺧل‬ The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The water is spilling onto the floor.

Use of Prepositions

round ‫ﺣول‬ The car is going round the tree.
in front of ‫أﻣﺎم‬ The child is sitting in front of the TV.
behind ‫ وراء‬،‫ﺧﻠف‬ The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.
on top of ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻓوق‬ The sweets are on top of the table.
at the side of ‫ﺑﺟﺎﻧب‬ The garage is at the side of the house.
along ‫ﻋﻠﻰ طول‬ The man is walking along the street.
next to ‫ﺑﺟوار‬ The bank is next to the baker’s.

‫‪Question-Tags‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣذﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﯾطﻠق ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣذﯾﻠﺔ وھﻲ ﺗﻌﺎدل ”أﻟﯾس ﻛذﻟك؟“ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺳؤال ﻣﺧﺗﺻر ﯾﺗﺑﻊ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺧﺑرﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﺑﻘﮫ وھذا اﻟﺳؤال ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺧﺎﻟف ھذه‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻹﺛﺑﺎت أو أﻟﻧﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﻣﺛﺑﺗﺔ ﯾﻛون ھذا اﻟﺳؤال ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻧﻔﻲ و إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﯾﻛون اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﺛﺑﺗﺎ ً‪.‬‬
‫* أﻣﺎ ﺟواب ھذا اﻟﺳؤال ﻓﯾﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻹﺛﺑﺎت أو اﻟﻧﻔﻲ أي ﯾﺧﺎﻟف اﻟﺳؤال‪.‬‬
‫* ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺗداول ﻛﺛﯾراً ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﺣدث ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻘل اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Question-Tags‬‬
‫”‪Questions that we expect the answer “Yes‬‬
‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻧﺗوﻗﻊ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺑـ“ﻧﻌم“‬
‫اﻧظر ھذا اﻟﺳؤال و اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‪:‬‬
‫?‪* There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there‬‬
‫‪Yes , there is.‬‬
‫*اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘدﻣت ھذا اﻟﺳؤال ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺛﺑﺗﺔ ﻟذا ﺟﺎء اﻟﺳؤال ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ )اﻟﺗذﯾﯾل( ﻣﻧﻔﯾﺎ ً‪ .‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺟواب ﻓﯾﻛون ﺑﺎﻹﺛﺑﺎت‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫* وﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﻛون ﺳؤاﻻً ﻣن ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻧﻘدم اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ ‪ Yes‬ﺑﻌده وذﻟك ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻲ‪not .‬‬
‫و اﻵن اﻧظر اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫?‪* You come from the United States, don’t you‬‬
‫‪Yes, I do.‬‬
‫*ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﺗم ﺗذﯾﯾل اﻟﺳؤال ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ‪ do‬وذﻟك ﻟﻌدم وﺟود ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‪.‬‬

Question-Tags
Questions that we expect the answer “No”
“‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻧﺗوﻗﻊ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺑـ“ﻻ‬
1) You don’t come from Saudi Arabia, do you?
No, I don’t.
2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it?
No, it doesn’t.
.‫ ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬do/does ‫*ﻻﺣظ ھﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺳؤال ﻓﻲ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻟذا اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ‬
٣) You didn’t travel last year, did you?

No, I didn’t.
.‫ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ did ‫*ﻻﺣظ ھﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺳؤال ﻓﻲ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻟذا اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ‬

Conditional “if”
‫”ﻟو“ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ‬
١) if + present ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع‬ will + ‫ﻣﺻدر اﻟﻔﻌل‬
.‫ھذا اﻟﺣدث ﻣﻣﻛن وﻗوﻋﮫ‬

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. (‫ ﺳﺄﺑﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﯾت‬، ً‫)إن ﺗﻣطر ﻏدا‬
If you eat too much, you will become fat. :‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

‫”‪Conditional “if‬‬
‫)‪2‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪if + past‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻدر اﻟﻔﻌل ‪would +‬‬
‫ھذا اﻟﺣدث ﻏﯾر ﻣﻣﻛن أو ﻣﺳﺗﺣﯾل وﻗوﻋﮫ‪.‬‬

‫‪If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.‬‬
‫ﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ أن ﺷﻛﺳﺑﯾر ﻣﺳﺗﺣﯾل أن ﯾﻛون ﺣﯾﺎ ً اﻟﯾوم‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ أﯾﺿﺎ ً أﻧﻧﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫و اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ )اﻟﻣﺻدر ‪ ( would +‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ وھذه ھﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‪:‬‬
‫‪if + subject + past‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻدر اﻟﻔﻌل ‪subject+ would +‬‬
‫ﻻﺣظ أﯾﺿﺎ ً أن ‪ be‬ﺗﺗﺣول إﻟﻰ ‪ were‬ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة و ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام ‪ was‬ﺣﺗﻰ ﻟو ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻔرداً‪.‬‬
‫‪If I were you, I would buy a new car.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‪:‬‬

Conditional “if”
3) if + had + ‫ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث‬ would have + ‫ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث‬
If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.
If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Ka’aba.

‫”‪Conditional “if‬‬
‫)‪4‬‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪if + present‬‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪present‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟﻔﻌل ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ داﺋﻣﺔ و ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪If you boil water, it becomes steam.‬‬ ‫)ﻟو أﻧﻧﺎ ﻏﻠﯾﻧﺎ اﻟﻣﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﮫ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﺑﺧﺎراً(‬
‫ﻟﯾﺳت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع و‬
‫‪becomes‬‬ ‫و ھذه ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ و ﻟﯾﺳت ﻣﻘﯾدة ﺑوﻗت ﻣﻌﯾن ﻟذا ﺟﺎءت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
‫)‪٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪if + present‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت ‪instructions‬‬

‫‪If the radio is too loud, turn it off.‬‬ ‫‪Or‬‬ ‫‪Turn the radio off if it is too loud.‬‬
‫‪If you are under 17, don’t drive a car. Or‬‬ ‫‪Don’t drive a car if you are under 17.‬‬

‫‪Reported Speech‬‬
‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬
‫ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣل ﯾﺳﻣﻰ أﯾﺿﺎ ً اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‪.‬‬
‫‪Indirect Speech‬‬
‫‪There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر و ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر‪:‬‬
‫)‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ ‪Statement‬‬

‫)‪2‬‬ ‫‪Question‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳؤال‬
‫)‪3‬‬ ‫‪Command‬‬ ‫اﻟطﻠب‬
‫)‪4‬‬ ‫‪Exclamation‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺟب‬

‫‪Statement‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Reported‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات‬ ‫‪Direct‬‬
‫ﻛﻼم ﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫* ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺧﺑرﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬
‫‪said‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺿﻊ اﻻﺳم أو اﻟﺿﻣﯾر ﺛم ﻓﻌل اﻟﻘول‬
‫‪that‬ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ اﻻﺳﺗﻐﻧﺎء ﻋﻧﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫و‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻧﺿﻊ أداة اﻟرﺑط‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻧﺣول اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر ﺣﺳب اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ و أھم ھذه اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‪:‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪he, she‬‬ ‫‪we‬‬ ‫‪they‬‬
‫‪My‬‬ ‫‪his, her‬‬ ‫‪our‬‬ ‫‪their‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻧﺣول اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪Present‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪Past‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪Past‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم ‪Past Perfect‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻧﺣول ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت إن وﺟدت ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫اﻵن ‪Now‬‬ ‫ﺣﯾﻧﺋذ ‪then‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎ ‪here‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪there‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎ ‪Last night‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪the night before‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎ ‪this‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪that‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎ ‪yesterday‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪the day before‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎ ‪tomorrow‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪the following day‬‬

Reported Speech
Statement ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬
Direct ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬ Indirect ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

“I live in Riyadh” He said that he lived in Riyadh.
“We are happy” They said that they were happy.
She said: "I have not been in the school library She said that she had not been to the school library
recently”. recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”. He told me that he would see me the next day.
:and
‫أﺿﺎف‬added that
‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ‬ :‫( ﺑﯾن ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺷﺧص ﻣﺗﻛﻠم واﺣد ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﺑﺎرة‬.) ‫إذا ﻛﺎن ھﻧﺎك‬
They said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. We They told him that they would see him the next day
shall visit Ahmed”. and added that they would visit Ahmed.
say, says
:‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ﺣﯾﻧﺋذ ﻻ ﺗﻐﯾر أزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ إﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﯾﻛون ﻓﻘط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﻘول‬
She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”. She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.
We say: “We are playing football now”. We say that we are playing football now.

‫‪Question‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳؤال‬
‫* ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل ﺳؤال ﻣن ﻣﺑﺎﺷر ‪ Direct‬إﻟﻰ ﻛﻼم ﻣﻧﻘول ‪ Reported‬ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻔﻌل ‪ asked‬ﯾﺣدد زﻣن اﻟﺳؤال ‪ ،‬وھﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪Present‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪Past‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪Past‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم ‪Past Perfect‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺳؤال ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أداة ﺳؤال ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ ﻛﺄداة رﺑط‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺳؤال إﻟﻰ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺧﺑرﯾﺔ و ھو ﺑﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﯾﻼﺣظ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﺑﻌض اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر ﺣﺳب ﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

Reported Speech
Question ‫اﻟﺳؤال‬

“What is your name?”. He asked me what my name was.
“Why are you late?” The teacher asked me why I was late.
“Where is your book?”. He asked me where my book was.

if
:‫ﻛﺄداة رﺑط ﻟﻠﺳؤال اﻟذي ﻻ ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أداة ﺳؤال‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
“Is your school very large?”. He asked me if my school was very large.
.‫ اﺣذﻓﮭﺎ و ﺣول اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬does ‫ أو‬do ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺳؤال ﯾﺑدأ أو ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
“Where do you live”. He asked me where I lived.
“Does he go to school?”. I asked him if he went to school.

Reported Speech
Question ‫اﻟﺳؤال‬

had .( + ‫ اﺣذﻓﮭﺎ و ﺣول اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط )ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث‬did ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺳؤال ﯾﺑدأ أو ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
“Where did you go yesterday?”. Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.
“Did Ahmed buy a new car?”. Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.
:‫ ﻣﺿﺎرع ﺣﯾﻧﺋذ ﻻ ﺗﻐﯾر أزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ إﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﯾﻛون ﻓﻘط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬ask, asks ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺳؤال‬
“Who is your English teacher?”. They ask me who my English teacher is.
“What are your marks?”. He asks me what my marks are.

‫‪Command‬‬ ‫اﻟطﻠب‬
‫‪Reported‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات‬ ‫‪Direct‬‬
‫ﻛﻼم ﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫* ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل ﺟﻣﻠﺔ طﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬
‫‪ ( ordered‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻛﻼم ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﮫ اﻷﻣر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ) أﻣر‬
‫‪ ( begged‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻛﻼم ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﮫ اﻟرﺟﺎء و اﻟﺗوﺳل‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ) رﺟﺎء‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ ( advised‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻛﻼم ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﮫ اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ) ﻧﺻﺢ‬
‫‪ ( told‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻛﻼم ﻣوﺟﮫ ﻣن ﺷﺧص إﻟﻰ ﺷﺧص ﯾﺳﺎوﯾﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣرﺗﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ) أﺧﺑر‬
‫ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫‪ -٢‬اﺣذف اﻷﻗواس اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ و ﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ إن وﺟدﺗﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬اﺣذف ﻛﻠﻣﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻏﯾر ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت و اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر ﺣﺳب اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ وﻛﻣﺎ‪to‬‬
‫ﺳﺑق‪.‬‬
‫‪Please, do‬‬

Reported Speech
Command ‫اﻟطﻠب‬

He said to the servant: “bring me a He ordered the servant to bring him a
glass of water”. glass of water.
The son said to his father: “please , The son begged his father to give him
give me some money”. some money.
The doctor said to me: “Drink a lot of The doctor advised me to drink a lot of
water”. water.
He said to me: “Do not go to the He told me not to go to the market that
market tonight”. night.

‫‪Exclamation‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺟب‬
‫‪Reported‬اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات‬ ‫‪Direct‬‬
‫ﻛﻼم ﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫* ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺟب ﻣن ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬
‫‪ -١‬اﺣذف ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺟب وﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬
‫‪With regret‬‬ ‫ﺑﻧدم‬ ‫‪With anger‬‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺿب‬

‫‪With joy‬‬ ‫ﺑﻔرح‬ ‫‪With admiration‬‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻋﺟﺎب‬
‫‪With sadness‬‬ ‫ﺑﺣزن‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﺣذف اﻷﻗواس و ﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪that‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻏﯾر اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت و اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر و اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺣﺳب اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ وﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﺑق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻌﺟب إﻣﺎ ﺣرف اﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم اﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺟب ﻣﺛل‪ how, what :‬وﺗﻌرﻓﮭﺎ ﺑوﺟود ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺟب‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫أو ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺟب ﺑذاﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺛل‪ Alas, Hurrah, Oh :‬و ﺗﻌرﻓﮭﺎ ﺑوﺟود ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺟب !‪.‬‬

Reported Speech
Exclamation ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺟب‬

He said : “Alas! I will not find my He said with sorrow that he would not
money”. find his money.
He said : “How foolish I have been”. He said with regret that he had been
foolish.

Countries and Nationalities
‫اﻟﺑﻠدان و اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬
:ً‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻧﺿﯾف ﺣرف ”ي“ ﻻﺳم اﻟﺑﻠد و ذﻟك ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻧﻘول ﻣﺛﻼ‬
‫ﺳﻌودي‬ : ‫اﻟﺳﻌودﯾﺔ‬
:‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﻓﮭﻧﺎك ﺧﻣس ﺣروف ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺿﺎﻓﺔ و ھﻲ‬

i, n, ian, ish, ese
:‫ وھذه ﺑﻌض اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬.‫و ﻟﯾس ھﻧﺎك ﻗﺎﻋدة ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻟﮭذه اﻟﺣروف‬
Country Nationality Country Nationality

Saudi Arabia Saudi Britain British
Oman Omani Turkey Turkish
Algeria Algerian China Chinese
Libya Libyan Lebanon Lebanese
Palestine Palestinian France French
Syria Syrian Switzerland Swiss
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GRAMMAR

‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﻠﻐــــــــــﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬

Prepared by: Dr. Tamer Hamed

1. Capital Letters ‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‬

2. Small Letters ‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة‬

 Consonant Letters ‫اﻟﺣروف اﻟﺳﺎﻛﻧﺔ‬

 Vowels Letters ‫اﻟﺣروف اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ‬

http://www.star28.com ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬ ‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬ ‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪They traveled by plane‬‬

‫‪Interjection‬‬ ‫‪ Alas! She died.‬ھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن أﺻوات أو ﺻﯾﺣﺎت ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬ ‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪ This is an apple.‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪ an‬ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم اﻟﻧﻛرة ااﻟﻣﻔرد‬

‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾف ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫‪ This is the book / books I bought‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪the‬‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬ ‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺟدﯾر ﺑﺎﻟذﻛر أن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﻻﺑد وأن ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬ ‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

 Simple Sentences ‫ﺟﻣل ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬

 Compound Sentences ‫ﺟﻣل ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬

 Complex Sentences ‫ﺟﻣل ﻣﻌﻘدة‬

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‫ﯾﻣﻛن رﺑط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‪:‬‬

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‫‪and:‬‬ ‫واو اﻟﻌطف ‪:‬ﺗرﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﮭﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ‬

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‫‪or:‬‬ ‫أو ‪:‬ﺗرﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﯾﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﻣﺎ ﺧﯾﺎر‬

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‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ‪Main Clause‬‬

‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ ‪ Subordinate Clause‬وھﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧواع‪:‬‬

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:‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل و ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺗﺎم‬

 A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the

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 It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

: ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ وﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬

He, She, It is was been

We, They, are were been

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‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻋﺎدات أو ﺣﻘﺎﺋق ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺷﻲء ﺣدث واﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬

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 We make negative statements with the verb to BE

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 “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

Be +Subject + Complement Yes + Subject No + Subject +

Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪It is used as a principal and a helping verb.‬‬

‫‪I, you, we,‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪done‬‬

‫‪He, She, It‬‬ ‫‪does‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬ ‫‪done‬‬

‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻋﺎدات أو ﺣﻘﺎﺋق ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪It is used as a principal and a helping verb.‬‬

‫‪I, you, we,‬‬ ‫‪have‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬

‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻋﺎدات أو ﺣﻘﺎﺋق ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬

Subject + + not + have +

I do not have a car.

He does not have A new watch.

They did not have breakfast this

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“Yes” or “No” questions Short Answers

Do/Does/Did +Subject +have + Complement Yes + Subject + No + Subject +

Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does not

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 Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the