FEA 2 & 16 Marks

ME 2353/ FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2014-2015
PART -A
UNIT - 1
1. What is meant by Finite Element Analysis?
Finite element method is a numerical method for solving the problems of engineering and
mathematical physics.
2. State the methods of Engineering Analysis.
1. Experimental methods
2. Analytical methods
3. Numerical methods (or) approximate methods.
3. What is meant by Element?
A small unit having definite shape of geometry and nodes are called Finite element.
4. Give examples for the finite element.
1 D – Truss element, Bar element and Beam element.
2 D – Triangular element, Rectangular element
3 D – Tetrahedral elements, hexahedral elements.
5. What is meant by Node or joint?
Each kind of finite element has a specific structural shape and is interconnected with the adjacent
elements by nodal points or nodes. At the nodes, degrees of freedom are located. The forces will
act only at nodes and not at any other place in the element.
6. What is the basis of finite element method?
Discretization is the basis of finite element method. The art of subdividing a structure into a
convenient number of smaller components is known as Discretization.
7. What are the types of Boundary conditions?
1. Primary boundary condition
2. Secondary boundary condition
8. What are the phases of finite element method?
1. Pre processing
2. Analysis
3. Post processing.
9. What do you meant by structural and non structural problems?
In structural problems, displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By using these displacement
solutions, stress and strain in each element can be calculated.
In non-structural problems, temperatures or fluid pressures at each nodal point is obtained. By using
these values, properties such as heat flow, fluid flow, etc., for each element can be calculated.
10. What are the methods are generally associated with the finite element analysis?
1. Force method
2. Displacement (or) Stiffness method.
11. Explain force method and stiffness method?
In force method, internal forces are considered as unknowns of the problem. In displacement (or)
stiffness method, displacements of the nodes are considered as the unknowns of the problem.
12. Why polynomial type of interpolation functions is mostly used in FEM? (may 2013)
1. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations
2. It is easy to perform differentiation or integration.
3. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.
13. Name the variation methods.
1. Ritz method
2. Rayleigh - Ritz method.
14. Name the weighted residual methods.
Meenakshi College of Engineering 1

1. Point collocation method

2. Sub - domain collocation method
3. Least squares method
4. Galerkin’s method.
15. What is meant by post processing?
Analysis and evaluation of the solution results is referred to as post processing. Post processor
computer programs help the user to interpret the results by displaying them in graphical form.
16. What is the use of Rayleigh – Ritz method?
Rayleigh – Ritz method is a integral approach method which is useful for solving complex
structural problems, encounted in finite element analysis. This method is possible only if a
suitable function is available.
17. What is meant by Discretization and assemblage?
The art of subdividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller components knows as
discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of uniting the
various elements together is called assemblage.
18. What do you meant by degrees of freedom?
When the force or reaction acts nodal point, node is subjected to deformation. The deformation
includes displacement, rotations, and/or strains. These are collectively known as degrees of
freedom.
19. What is aspect ratio?
Aspect ratio is ratio is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension of the element to the smallest
dimension.
20. What is truss element?
The truss element is the part of a truss structure linked together by point joint, which transmit only
axial force to the element.
21. List two advantages of post-processing.
1.Required results can be obtained in graphical form
2.Contour diagrams can be used to understand the solution easily and quickly.
22. Where it is necessary to place a node during discretization?
1. Concentrated load acting point
2. Cross-section changing point
3. Different material interjunction point
4. Sudden change in load point.
23. What is the difference between static and dynamic analysis?
In static analysis the solution of the problem does not vary with time
Ex. Stress analysis on a beam.
In dynamic analysis the solution of the problem varies with time
Ex. Vibration analysis problem
24. Name four FEA software’s.
1. ANSYS
2. NASTRAN
3. COSMOS
4. NISA
25. Differentiate local and global axes
Local axis are established in an element. Since it is in the element level they change with the
change in orientation of the element. The direction differs from element to element.

Global axes are defined for the entire system. They are same in direction for all the elements
even though the elements are differently oriented.
26. What are different types of Analysis methods?
There are three types of analysis method, (i)Experimental method ,(ii)Numerical
method _Finite element method, Finite difference method, (iii)Boundary element method,
Analytical method - Exact method, approximate method.
27. What is the relevance of FEA in Design?
Applicable to any field problems, No geometric restrictions, Boundary condition and
loading are not restricted. Material properties are not redistricted to isotropy alone. Mathematical
descriptions can be combined.
28. Define FEA?
Finite element analysis also called the finite element method; (FEM) is a numerical
method like the finite difference method but is more general and powerful in its application to
real-world problems that involve complicated physics, geometry, and/or boundary conditions.
FEM is used to predict the behaviour of a component.
29.What are the steps involved in finite element procedure?
Discretization, Selection of approximating function, Derivation of basic element equation,
Calculation Of system equation, Incorporation of boundary conditions, Solution of system
equation, Post processing
30. Define Discretization.
Discretization is defined as the division of the geometry of a problem into nodes and elements.
31. What do you mean by degree of freedom of finite elements? (DEC2012)
Degree of freedom of finite elements is nothing but a variable used to describe the
behavior of a node in a body. For example, displacement or rotation in a stress problem and
temperature in a thermal problem.
32. What is meant by interpolation functions? (MAY 2012)
Interpolation function is the function which is used to approximate the distribution of
unknown field variable through an element. Types of interpolation function; LaGrange’s
interpolation, Hermitian interpolation. In the Lagrange’s interpolation, which is widely used in
practice, the consumed function takes on the same values as the given function at the specified
points. It is called as C0 interpolation. Hermitian type function, the slopes of the function also
takes the same value as the given function at specified points. The Hermitian interpolation
function also called as C1 interpolation.
33. What is meant by boundary conditions?
The loading, constraints and other external effects applied to a model is called boundary
conditions.
34. State Neumann boundary conditions.
It corresponds to the problem where both boundary conditions specify conditions for the
first derivative and the problem is termed as Neumann problem. Boundary conditions on q(x) are
natural.
35.What is meant by Mixed Boundary Condition?
The third type of boundary condition is called mixed. It corresponds to a combination of
equations o and o and is probably the most common type of boundary condition. There are
actually two types of mixed boundary conditions. The first occurs when an essential condition is
specified on one boundary and a natural condition is specified on the second boundary. Where, h
is a convection coefficient and T∞ is the temperature of the medium surrounding the boundary
surface.
36.What are the vocational methods of approximation?
Ritz method, Galerkin, Least – squares, Collocation
37.What are the errors in the finite element method?
The errors introduced into the finite element solution of a given differential equation can be
attributed to three basic sources. 1. Boundary error: Error due to the approximation of the
domain. 2. Quadrature and finite arithmetic error: Errors due to the numerical evaluation of

integrals and the numerical computation on a computer.3. Approximation error: Error due to the
approximation of the solution.
38.Define body force and nodal force.
Body force is defined as a force produced by an acceleration effect, such as that due to
inertial and gravity. Nodal force is a point
load applied at a node.
39. Rayleigh Ritz method: This method is applicable only for elastic material. Used in plane
stress, plane strain and symmetric, plate bending problems. Minimum value of potential energy
is expressed in terms of nodal displacements.
40. Differentiate Variational and weighted Residual methods.
Variational method Weighted Residual method
Approximate solution Approximate solution should
needs only to satisfy satisfy both EBC and
EEC NBC
Weight functions is Weight function is selected
selected according to independent of the
approximate solution approximate functions
41. What is the use of weighted residuals method?
It is useful for developing the element equations particularly popular is galerkin’s method.
These methods yield the same results as the energy methods. These methods widely used for
when a function such as potential energy is not readily available. This method is directly applied
to any different equation.

UNIT -2
1. What are the types of loading acting on the structure?

There are three types of loading acting on the body. They are:
(i) Body force (f)
(ii) Traction force (T)
(iii) Point load (P)
2. Define body force (f).
A body force is distributed force acting on every elemental volume of the body.
Unit: Force per unit volume.
Example: Self-weight due to gravity.
3. Define Traction force (T)
Traction force is defined as distributed force acting on the surface of the body.
Unit: Force per unit area
Example: Frictional resistance, viscous drag, surface shear etc.
4. What is Point Load (P).
Point load is force acting at a particular point which causes displacement.
5. What are the basic steps involved in the finite element modeling.
Finite element modeling consists of the following:
(i) Discretization of structure.
(ii) Numbering of nodes.
6. What is discretization?
The art of subdividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller components is
known as discretization.
7. What are the classifications of co-ordinates?
The co-ordinates are generally classified as follows:
(i) Global co-ordinates
(ii) Local co-ordinates
(iii) Natural co-ordinates.
8. What is Global co-ordinates?
The points in the entire structure are defined using co-ordinate system is known as
global coordinating system.
9. What is natural co-ordinates?
A natural co-ordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set
of dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is
very useful in assembling of stiffness matrices.
10. Define shape function.
In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed
by the following Approximate relation:
Φ(x,y) = N1(x,y) Φ1 + N2(x,y) Φ2 + N3(x,y) Φ3
Where, and are the values of the field variable at the nodes and N1, N2 and N3 are the
interpolation functions. N1, N2, and N3 are also called shape functions because they are
used to express the geometry or shape of the element.
11. What are the characteristics of shape function?
The characteristics of shape function are as follows:
1. The shape function has unit value at one nodal point and zero value at other
nodal points.
2. The sum of shape function is equal to one.
12. Why polynomials are generally used as shape function?
Polynomials are generally used as shape function due to the following reasons.
1. Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.
2. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the
polynomial
3. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.

13. How do you calculate the size of the global stiffness matrix?
Global stiffness matrix size = Number of nodes x {Degrees of freedom per node}
14. Give the general expression for element stiffness matrix.
Stiffness matrix [K] = [B]T [D] [B] dv
Where [B] -> Strain displacement matrix [Row matrix]
[D] -> Stress, strain relationship matrix [Row matrix}.
15. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for one dimensional bar element.
Stiffness matrix [K] =A E/L[1 -1]
[-1 1]
Where, A -> Area of the bar element.
E -> Young's modulus of the bar element.
L -> Length of the bar element.
16. State the properties of a stiffness matrix:
The properties of a stiffness matrix [K] are:
1. It is symmetric matrix.
2. The sum of elements in any column must be equal to zero.
3. It is an unstable element. So, the determinant is equal to zero.
17. Write down the general finite element equation.
General finite element equation is,
{F} = [K} {u}
where, {F} -> Force vector [Column matrix]
[K} -> Stiffness matrix [Row matrix}
{u} -> Degrees of freedom [Column matrix]
18. Write down the finite element equation for the one dimensional two noded bar element.
The finite element equation is ,
{F1} = AE / L [1 -1] {u1}
{F2} [-1 1] {u2}
19. What is truss?
A truss is defined as a structure, made up of several bars, riveted or welded together.
20. State the assumptions are made while finding the forces in a truss.
The following assumptions are made while finding the forces in a truss.
(i) All the members are pin jointed.
(ii) The truss is loaded only at the joints.
(iii) The self-weight of the members are neglected unless stated.
21. Write down the expression of shape function N and displacement u for one dimensional
bar element.
For one dimensional bar element,
Displacement function, u = N1u1 + N2u2
Where, Shape function, N1 = l-x/l
Shape function, N2 = x/l
22. Define total potential energy.
The total potential energy of an elastic body, is defined as the sum of total strain energy U and the
potential energy of the external forces, (W).
Total potential energy, = Strain energy (U) + { Potential energy of the external forces (W)}
23. State the principle of minimum potential energy.
The principle of minimum potential energy states: Among all the displacement equations
that satisfy internal compatibility and the boundary conditions, those that also satisfy the
equations of equilibrium make the potential energy a minimum in a stable system.
24. State the principles of virtual work.
A body is in equilibrium if the internal virtual work equals the external virtual work for
every kinematically admissible displacement field.
25.Distinguish between essential boundary conditions and natural boundary conditions.
PBC- which in terms of field variable is known as primary boundary conditions.
NBC- which are in the differential form of fields variables is known as natural boundary

conditions
26) Define element stiffness matrix?
It’s defined as the matrix corresponds to an individual element. It’s also called as local
stiffness matrix. It describes the relation between force to displacement in stress problems and
applied heat to temperature in thermal problems.
27) Define global stiffness matrix?
The global stiffness matrix is the assemble edge of all local stiffness matrices and defines
the stiffness of the entire system.
28) What are the properties of stiffness matrix?
Diagonal co-efficients are non- negative.2.Symmetric about Diagonal.3.Sparking.4.Singularity
29) Explain element stiffness matrix?
Element stiffness matrix is defined as the matrix corresponds to an individual element. It
is also called as local stiffness matrix. It describes the relation between force to displacement in
small problems and applied heat to temperature in thermal problems.
30) Write the Dirichlet boundary condition:
For one dimensional steady-stone heat conduction for a rod of length L and constant area is
defined by a equation such as, The Boundary condition on T is essential
d2T + Q = 0
dx2
d ( k(x) A(x) dT(x) ) + q(x) A(x) = 0 T (0) = To and T (L) = TL ;
dx where both boundary conditions specify the temperature.
31) What is beam element?

Beam element is an element formulated to model beam type structures, with translational
and rotational degrees of freedom at each node. Thick and Thin beam formulations may be
available.
32) What are the types of Basic Elements?
1D Element,2D Element,3D Element
33) What is meant by One Dimensional Element?
A One – dimensional structure (such as bar or a beam) can, in general be subjected to
distribute loading in the form of body forces (such as gravity) forces distributed over a surface
(such as a pressure) or concentrated forces bumped at certain points.
34) Define Element.
The basic sub-division used to represent a body, with an associated interpolation function
which approximates the distribution of the unknown field variable through the element.
35) What is Linear Element, Quadratic Element and Cubic Element?
Linear Element: Any Element with a linear interpolation function,
Quadratic Element: Any Element with a Quadratic interpolation function.
Cubic Element: Any Element with a cubic interpolation function.
36) Define the term Finite Strain.
When the strain experienced by an element is considered to be so large that the original
stiffness matrix is no longer representative or when an element is strained by effects other than
the stresses developed due to external loading is called as finite strain.
37) Define plane strain and plane stress.
Plane strain- A 2D state of strain where the Out-of-plane strain is zero.
Plane stress- A 2D state of stress where the Out-of-plane stress is zero.
38) Define Potential energy.
The energy stored in a body or a structure when it is loaded. The potential energy equals the
strain energy stored in the material less than workdone by the loads.
39) Define Strain energy.
The energy stored in a material when it us stressed and which can be recovered as the loading
is removed.
40) Write about stress- strain relation.
For linearly elastic conditions, stress-strain relation can be stated in matrix forms,

array of stresses ,array of strains ,array of initial stresses, constitutive matrix contains elastic
constants.
41) What is compatible element or compatibility?
When a body is deformed without breaking, no crack appear in stretching, no kinks appears in
bending and material particles do
not interpenetrate. This property is known as compatibility.
42) What is meant by Shape function?
When a field variable is approximated in an element, its value at any point is expressed in
terms of the nodal values. The shape
function dictates the size of these nodal contributions. One shape function is associated with
each node of the element.
43) What are the properties of shape function? Why should they satisfy these properties?
First derivatives must be finite within an element. Displacements must be continuous across the
element boundary. Rigid body motion should not introduce any stress in the element. C o shape
functions sum to unity ; (i.e.) ΣNi = 1,When x = x i & N i = 0 when x= x iz (i.e) n i = 1 at
own node, and n i = 0 at other nodes.
44) What is meant by Co and C1 elements?
Bar element is called Co element. This is used to model the solid bodies. Beam element is
called C1 element. This is used to model beams, plates and shells. C o interpolation begins with
linear interpolation between points (X1, Q1) and (X2, Q2).
45) What is meant by 2D and 3D interpolation?
In two or three dimensional problems, two or three independent variables are needed. These
interpolations are extension of one dimensional interpolations. Usually all components are
interpolated using same shape functions.
46)Define principle of virtual work or virtual displacement?
A Virtual displacement is an imaginary and very small change in the configuration of a
system. This displacement is admissible. Neither loads nor stressed are altered by a virtual
displacement. This is principle of virtual work.
47)Why node numbering schemes is essential?
The band width of stiffness (or) connectivity matrix depends on the node numbering Bans
width decides the memory allocation for certain stiffness matrix. If you orderly numbering to
nodes which gives symmetrical stiffness matrix.
48.What is geometric non-linearity?
The geometry of the problem changes significantly. So that a linear analysis is no longer
acceptable. This might be due to large displacements of stress (geometric) stiffening.

UNIT-3
1. How do you define two dimensional elements?

Two dimensional elements are defined by three or more nodes in a two dimensional plane (x, y
Plane) . the basic element used in this is triangular element.
2. What is CST element?
Three noded triangular element is known as Constant Strain Triangle. It has 6 unknown
displacement degrees of freedom. It has constant strain through out. A Linear triangle is a
plane triangle whose field quantity varies linearly with Cartesian co-ordinates x and y. In stress
analysis, a linear displacement field produces a constant strain field. So the element may be
called a constant strain triangle (CST).
3. What is LST element?
Six noded triangular element is known as Linear Strain Triangle. It has 12 unknown
displacement degrees of freedom. The displacement functions for the element are quadratic
instead of linear in the CST. The Quadratic triangle has side nodes in addition to vertex
nodes. Here 12 d.o.f per element. The element strains can vary linearly within the element. So it
is called as LST – Linear Strain Triangle.
4. What is QST element?
Ten noded triangular element is known as Quadratic Strain Triangle. The displacement
functions for the element are Cubic instead of linear in the CST.
5. Define Plane Strain Analysis?
Plain strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain normal to the xy plane and the
shear strain are assumed to be zero.
6. What is axisymmetric element?
Many three dimensional problems in engineering exhibit symmetry about an axis of rotation.
Such types of problems are solved by a two dimensional element called the axisymmetric
element.
A two – dimensional element formulated for use in problems with axial symmetry, When the
elements are used only a radial section of the geometry needs to be modeled.
7. What are the conditions for a problem to be axisymmetric element?
(i). The problem domain must be symmetric about the axis of revolution.
(ii). All boundary conditions must be symmetric about the axis of revolutions
(iii). All loading conditions must be symmetric about the axis of revolution.
8. What is meant by isoparametric element?
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used for
defining the displacements is known as isoparametric element.
9. What is meant by subparametric element?
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than the number of nodes used
for defining the displacements is known as subparametric element.
10. What is meant by superparametric element
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than the number of nodes used
for defining the displacements is known as superparametric element.
11. What is meant by 2 – D Element?
If the elements are defined by 3 nodes or more than 3 nodes in x-y plane is called as 2D
element. These elements are mostly used in plane stress and plane strain problem.
12.What are the applications of CST?
Use in areas where strain gradient is small. Used in mesh transistent area,( Fine mesh to
coarse mesh.)
13.How LST is advantageous over CST?
LST have more No. of degree of freedom than CST. So even the finer CST mesh is also less
accuracy than LST.

14.What is meant by Pascal’s triangle? What is its use?

Pascal triangle Degree and No. of terms
1 0 (Constant) 1 term
x y 1 (linear) 3 terms
2 2
x xy y 2 (Quadratic) 6 terms
x3 x2y xy2 y3 3 (Cubic) 10 terms
x4 x3y x2y2 xy3 y4 4 (Quartic) 15 terms
x5 x4y x3y2 x2y3 xy4 y5 5 (Quintic) 21 terms
Pascal’s triangle gives the complete polynomial representation for interpolation functions. The
derivation of shape functions using interpolation functions and x, y co-ordinates can become
tedious algebric task. This simplifies derivation of shape function.
15.What are the defects in CST element?

1. In plane stress condition, it does not work very well. Because in bending, a mesh of these
elements is undesirably stiff. 2. In plane strain conditions, a mesh can “Lock” so that it cannot
deform at all.
16.What is Hermitian interpolation?
Use of both ordinate and slope information in curve fitting sometimes called Hermitian
interpolation. This interpolation also known as C1 interpolation.
17.Compare CST elements and LST elements. (DEC2012)
One LST element yields better results than using four CST elements with same No. of nodes
and hence the same No. of degrees of freedom.CST elements are rather poor in modeling
bending than LST.CST and LST both are good for plane stress/strain problems.
18. What are properties of Lagrange interpolation function?
Interpolation functions derived by using dependent unknown is called Lagrange’s family of
interpolations. So Lagrange interpolation function has unknown variables in shape functions
(x,y,z). It allows more internal nodes and admits more, higher degree terms into polynomial
shape functions.
19.What is the need for Numerical Integration?
While in structural dynamics, wide variety of matrices arise Numerical integration easily
evaluate the matrices.It also allows the mass matrices and evaluate in simple.
20.What are the uses of Gaussian Quadrate formulae?
It used for unequally spaced base points.By using three Gaussian Quadrature (two-point
quadrature, three- point quadrature, and four point quadrature) formulas, we can find exact
solution for linear, quadratic and cubic element respectively..It exactly integrates much higher
degree polynomial.
21.Define “sub parametric”, “Iso parametric” and “Super parametric” elements. (MAY 2013)
Subparametric element: If the geometry is described by lower order interpolation polynomial
compared to the field variable. Then element is called Sub parametric element. m < n m–
Order of interpolation polynomial, n – Order of field variable.
Iso parametric element: If the geometry is described by equal to order of interpolation
polynomial with field variable. m = n. Super parametric element:If the geometry is described
by higher order interpolation polynomial than the field variable . m > n
22.What is meant by “Area Co-ordinate” system?
It is alternative derivation of the interpolation functions for the higher order Lagrange family
of triangular elements is simplified by use of the “Area Co-ordinate” method.
23.Why triangular elements are generally considered with area co-ordinates?
While adding central node to triangular element, eliminates by static condensation. These will
be avoided while using area co-ordinates. It allows full cubic to be used.It also avoids the
difficulties of asymmetry.
24.Define “Higher Order Elements”: (MAY2013)

Higher Order Element classified into Heuristic element, Serendipity element.2D element, 3D
element (Quadratic, Quadrilateral, brick etc) with interior node is called “Heuristic element”.2D
element, 3D element without interior node is called “Serendipity element”.
25.Write shape functions for rectangular element in terms of natural Co-ordinates?
N1 = 1/4 (1 – Σ1) (1 – η),N2 = 1/4 (1 + Σ1) (1 – η),N3 = 1/4 (1 + Σ1) (1 + η),N4 = 1/4 (1 – Σ1) (1 + η)
26.What is meant by co-ordinate transformation?
Transformation of finite element mesh into a domain (or) master element for numerical
integration. i.e. transformation of local co-ordinate (x,y) into global co-ordinate (η,Σ).
27.What are the advantages of using second order elements is finite elements analysis of
structure?
Elements with higher – derivative d.o.f have certain advantages. They are based on fields
having many generalized co-ordinates, so they provide good accuracy in coarse mesh.
28.Distinguish between plane stress and plane strain analysis with examples.
PLANE STRESS:Plane stress is defined as the state of stress in which the normal stress and
shear stress directly to plane are assumed to zero. Eg: Thin elements.
PLANE STRAIN:Plane strain is defined as the state of strain in which the strain normal to x,y
plane (ex) of shear strain rxx, ryx are assumed to be zero. The assumption of plane strain is realistic
for long bodies (say in z direction) with constant cross – sectional area subjected to loads that act
only in x or y – direction or in both x & y direction and do not vary in z – direction. Eg: Thick
Sections.
29.Differentiate between material non – linearity and geometric nonlinearity.
Geometric Nonlinearity:Where the geometry of the problem changes significantly. So that a
linear analysis is no longer acceptable. This might be due large displacement.
Material Nonlinearity:Where the material behaviour is not governed by a linear stress – strain
relationship, such as those materials considered in plasticity and creep problems.
30.What is natural co-ordinate system?
A natural co-ordinate system is a local co-ordinate system that permits the specification of a
point within the element by a set of dimensionless number whose absolute magnitude never
exceeds unity.
31.What are isoparametric elements?
Elements whose shape and field variables are described by the same interpolation functions of
the same order are known as isoparametric elements. These elements have been used with great
success in solving two and three dimensional elasticity problems including those involving plates
and shell.
32. What is a Jacobian matrix?
A matrix containing the derivatives of global co-ordinates with respect to natural co-ordinates of
a particular element.
33.What is meant by aspect ratio?
Aspect ration is defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum characteristic dimensions.
34.What is a banded matrix?
The matrix where all non zero terms are found to be confined to a band about the main diagonal
of the matrix.
35.What is meant by quadrature?
Quadrature is the name applied to evaluating an integral numerically, rather than analytically as
is done in tables of integrals.
36.State trapezoidal rule of integration?
A popular unconditional stable implicit method is called the trapezoidal rule or the average
acceleration method. The trapezoidal rule relates displacements, velocities and acceleration.
37.Define Gauss Quadrature.
A method of numerical integration where the value of the integrand is evaluated at sample
points and then summed after factoring with weighting functions. If applied accurately with the
correct number of sampling points, Gauss Quadrature will give the exact answer.
38. Define post – processor. A program that presents the results of a finite element analysis, usually
graphically and invariably performs further calculations on the results as required by the user.

39. Define pre – processor. A program that helps in the generation of the finite element mesh, and
prepares the data for direct input into the analysis phase.
40.Why isoparametric elements are used?
If one element is understood, the same concepts can be extended for understanding all
isoparametric elements. Although linear elements have straight sides, quadratic and higher order
isoparametric elements may have either straight or curved sides. Hence these elements can be
used for idealizing regions having curved boundaries.
UNIT- 4, 5
1) Define Heat Flux:

The quantity of heat transferred / unit, area of iso thermal surface in defined as heat flux. The
heat transfer through a fin is given by, Where, T – Temperature, L – Perimeter Convection, Tα -
Ambient temperature, P – Perimeter, K-Thermal conductivity, A – Cross sectional area
2)What is meant by Steady – state heat transfer
Heat transfer occurs when there is a temperature difference within a body or between a body
and its surrounding medium. It is not a function of time i.e., not depended on time.
3) Define lumped mass matrix.
Local element mass in each direction in distribute equally to a nodes of element is called lumbed
mass. Mass are associated with translation degree of freedom.
4) What are the properties of stiffness matrix?
The dimension of the stiffness matrix is n, no. of node indicate node has 1d.o.f freedom. The
stiffness matrix banded matrix all element within the elements non zero element. All elements
with out side the element is zero element. The matrix should be the symmetric matrix. It should
be positive definite matrix
5) What are the types of boundary conditions?
Homogeneous and Non Homogeneous
6) Define EBC:
The primary variable (dependent variables) function displacement (i.e), temperature (T), Velocity
(V), Flux head (h) are essential boundary conditions (EBC).
7. Define NBC:
The secondary variables which action the system, line force (F), Heat (Q), Flow rate (θ), axial
stress (σ), electure flux and weight function (w) are natural boundary conditions (NBC).
8) Isoparametric element: Isotropic Material: Hyperelastic material
An element where the geometry interpolation function and field interpolation function are of
the same order. A material with the same mechanical properties in three mutually
perpendicular directions. A material that can withstand large finite strains without exceeding the
yield stress of the material. Eg: Rubber. (µ = 0.5 the material becomes incompressible)
9)Name a few Boundary conditions involved in any heat transfer analysis?
Heat flux boundary conditions and Natural boundary conditions
10) List the applications of Potential flow.
Impact of jets, Runner of hydraulic turbines, Impeller of centrifugal pump vortex motion and
Aerpfoils.
11) What is meant by Dynamic analysis?
It is an analysis to find out the response of a system as a function of time with External
disturbances. The state should be insteady transient.
12) What is the limitation of using a finite difference method?
Used to solve heat transfer, fluid mechanics of structured problems. Suitable for two dimensional
regions with boundaries parallel to coordinate axes. Difficult to use when regions have curved or
irregular boundaries.
13) Write the stiffness matrix due to torsion.
K= GJ/L ( 1 -1 G-Rigidity Modulus: J : Polar moment of Inertia.
-1 1)
14) What are the modes of heat transfer.
Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
15) State the different types of Flow?
Turbulent Flow and laminar flow
16) What is Velocity gradient and where it is considered?
It is the change of velocity with respect to the distance. This particular parameter is used in
Flow analysis.
17) What are the different types of Vibrations?
Longitudinal Vibrations and Transfer Vibrations.
18) Give examples for plane stress and Plane strain
Plane stress: Holes in plate and Fillets in a plate where the holes and fillets are the stress
raisers.

Plain strain: Sluice gates and Fluid flow in a closed conduit.

19) List the methods of Describing the motion of Fluid.
1. Lagrangian Method
2. Eulerian Method.
20) Define Stream line?
A stream line is an imaginary line that connects a series of points in space at a given instant in
such a manner that all particles falling on the line at that instant have velocities whose vectors
are tangent to the line.
21) List the types of Dynamic analysis problems?
Wave propagation and Structural Dynamics.
22) What are the types of eigen value problems?
1. Determinant based methods
2. Transformation based methods
3.Vector iteration methods.
23) What are the types of Non linearity?
Non-linearity in material behavior, Non-linearity in loading, Geometric nonlinearity and Change
in boundary conditions for different loading.
PART –B
UNIT -I (16 Marks)
1. A simply supported beam is subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span. Determine
the bending moment and deflection at the mid span using Rayleigh-Ritz method and compare with
exact solution. Use a two term trial function y= a1sin (ПX/l)+ a2sin(3ПX/l)
2. A beam AB of span ‘l’ simply supported at the ends and carrying a concentrated load ‘W’ at the
centre ‘C’ as shown in figure. Determine the deflection at the mid span by using Rayleigh- Ritz
method and compare with exact solution. Use a suitable one term trigonometric trial function.
3. A simply supported beam is subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span and it is
subjected to a point load at the centre of the span. Calculate the bending moment and deflection at
the mid span using Rayleigh-Ritz method and compare with exact solution.(MAY 2013)
4. The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon.d 2y/dx2 + 50 = 0,
0<x<10 The trial function is, y=ax(10-x). The boundary conditions are y(0)=0 and y(10)=0. Find
the value of the parameter ‘a’ by (i) Point collocation method (ii) Sub-domain collocation method
(iii) Least squares method (iv) Galerkin’s method
5. Write short notes on (i) Gaussian elimination (ii) Galerkin’s method (16)
6. Explain the process of discretization in detail. (16)
7. A cantilever beam of length ‘L’ is loaded with a point load at the free end. Find the maximum
deflection and maximum bending moment using Rayleigh-Ritz method using the function y=a{1-
Cos (Пx/2L)}.Given EI is constant. (16)

8. A bar of uniform cross section is clamped at one end and left free at the other end and it is
subjected to a uniform axial load P. Calculate the displacement and stress in a bar by using two
terms polynomial and three terms polynomial. Compare with exact solutions.
9. The following differential equation is available for physical phenomenon: d 2y/dx2-10x2=50;
0<x<1, the boundary conditions are y(0)=0 and y(1)=0. By using Galerkin’s method of weighted
residuals to find an approximate solution of the above differential equation and also compare with
exact solution.
10. Discuss the following methods to solve the given differential equation EI d 2y/dx2 –M(x)=0, With
the boundary y(0)=0 and y(H)=0 using 1. Variational method and 2. Collocation method.
UNIT -II (16 Marks)
1. A stepped bar is subjected to an axial load of 200 KN at the place of change of cross section and material
as shown in figure. Find (a) The nodal displacements (b) the reaction force (c) the induced stresses in each
material.
2. For a tapered bar of uniform thickness t=10mm as shown in figure .find the displacements at the nodes by
forming into two element model. The bar has a mass density G = 7800 Kg/m 3, the young’s modulus E =
2x105 MN/m2. In addition to self weight, the bar is subjected to a point load P= 1 KN at its centre. Also
determine the reaction forces at the support.
3. Find out the nodal displacement for a truss with area = 1500sq.mm and E=2x10 5 N/ mm2. The co-ordinates
being (0, 0),(3000,0) and (3000,2000). The Node 1 is rigidly fixed. Node 2 has the roller support. A load of
20 KN is applied vertically down wards and a load of 10KN is applied horizontally towards right. Both the
loads are applied at Node 3(i.e) at the vertex of the triangular structure.
4. Determine shape functions and element matrices for quadratic bar elements.
5. Derive the Stiffness matrix for bar element using weak formulation.
6. Consider a three bar truss in the form of a triangle with nodal points (x1=0,y1=0), (x2=100,y2=0) and
(x3=500,y3=500).The area of the three elements are 2000,2500 and 2500 sq.mm respectively. A load of
250KN is applied at the vertex which is node 2. Find the stress and the Reactions at the support.

7. Consider the bar in following figure. Determine the nodal displacement, element stresses and support
reactions.
8. Consider a tapered rod as shown in following figure .subjected to an axial load of 5 KN. Divide the rod
into 4 equal length elements and solve for deflection at each node point. Take E=2.5 x 10 5N/mm2 and density
of material =7.6518 x 10-5N/mm2
9. A fixed beam of length 2L m carries a UDL of w(N/m) which run over a length of L m from the fixed
end(AB=L m). There is a support at point B. The span BC carries no load which is also of length L meters.
Calculate the rotation at point B.
10. Derive the shape functions for a beam element.
11. Derive the stiffness matrix of a truss element.
12. Derive the shape functions for a one dimensional bar element.
UNIT -3
1. Determine the element strains for an axisymmetric triangular element shown in figure. The nodal
displacements are u1= 0.001, u2= 0.002, u3= - 0.003, w1= 0.002, w2=0.001, w3=0.004. All dimensions
are in cm.

Assume suitable missing datas.

2. The nodal coordinates for an axisymmetric triangular element at its three nodes are (r 1, z1) = (30, 10), (r2 ,
z2) = (50,10), (r3 , z3) = (40,60). Determine the strain displacement matrix for that element.
3.Derive the strain-displacement matrix for axisymmetric problem.
4.Derive the strain- displacement matrix for triangular element given the shape functions.
5.Derive the shape functions for the 2D triangular elements.
6. Evaluate the element stiffness matrix for the triangular element under plane stress conditions. Assume the
following values, E= 2 × 102 N/mm2, v= 0.3,t =10mm. The co-ordinates are (0,0), (3,0) and (15,4).
7. A quadrilateral element is shown in fig. Evaluate the Jacobian of transformation. The co-ordinates are
(20,20), (40,30), (50,60) and (15,50). (DEC2012)
8. Integrate f(x) = 10 + 20x – (3x2/10) + (4x3/100) – (-5x4/1000) + (6x5/10000) between 8 and 12. Use
Gaussian quadrature rule.
9. For the plane stress element shown in figure .Evaluate the stiffness matrix. Assume E= 210 X 10 3 N/mm2,
poisson’s ratio J=0.25 and element thickness t=10mm. The co-ordinates are given in millimeters.
10. Derive the shape functions for a bilinear rectangular element.

11. Find the temperature at a point P(1,1.5) inside a triangular element shown with nodal temperatures given
as Ti= 40°C, Tj= 34°C and Tk= 46°C. Also determine the location of the 42°C contour line for the triangular
element shown in figure (16)

12. Calculate the element stiffness matrix and thermal force vector for the plane stress element shown in
figure. The element experiences a rise of 10°C. (16)
13. Derive the stiffness matrix and equations for a CST element. (16)
14. For a 4-noded rectangular element shown in figure .Determine the temperature at the point (7,4). The
nodal values of the temperatures are T1= 42°C, T2= 54°C and T3= 56°C and T4= 46°C. Also determine the
three points on the 50°C contour line(16)
UNIT - 4
1. Derive the governing equation for longitudinal vibration problem.
2) Derive the weak formulation for transverse vibration of beam problem
3) Determine the natural frequencies of transverse vibration for a beam fixed at both ends. The beam
may be modeled by two elements each of length L and cross-sectional area A. The use of symmetry
boundary condition is optional. (DEC2012)
4) Find the natural frequency of vibration of two elements simply supported beam by taking advantage
of the symmetry about the midpoint.
5) Compute the natural frequencies of free longitudinal vibration of a stepped bar with 2 steps with
areas 2A and A respectively and their lengths being L/2. The step with the larger area is fixed at one end
and the other end takes the bar with lesser area.(MAY 2013)
6) Derive the governing equation for transverse vibration.
7) Derive the finite element equations for longitudinal free vibration of a rod.
8) Derive the consistent mass matrix for beam problem.
9) Compute the natural frequencies of free longitudinal vibration of a stepped beam with 2 steps with
areas 2l and l respectively and their lengths being ‘L’ each. The stepped beam is fixed at both the ends.
10) Derive the weak formulation for longitudinal vibration.
11)A flywheel is mounted on a shaft shown in figure. The both ends of a shaft are fixed and its dia is
50mm. The flywheel mass is 500kg, radius of gyration is 0.5. Find the natural frequency of
torsional vibration. The modulus of rigidity and density are 54 GN/m2 and 7800 kg/m2

12) Derive the frequency of lateral vibration of a beam element shown in figure. Also find natural
frequency of the system.
13) Determine the global stiffness and mass matrix for the beam shown in the figure. Also find
natural frequency of the system.
14) To illustrate the implementation of the FEM for the evaluation of eigen values and eigen
vectors for transverse vibrations of a cantilever beam, two elements are considered with the
given data. With two elements the solution will be approximate. The data includes E,
ρ,I,L,A.
15) Determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of transverse vibration for a beam fixed
at both ends. The beam may be modeled by two elements, each of length L and C.S area A.
consider lumped mass matrix approach. (APRIL’2011)
16) Find the response of the system given below using modal superposition method.2mq 1+2kq1-
kq2=0:mq1+2kq2-kq1=0, With the initial condition at t=0. q1=0 q2=1. (APRIL’2011)

17) Determine the natural frequency of a total vibration of a beam with rigidity modulus. G=200
Gpa, d= 300mm (0.3m), ρ=7800kg/m3 K=5000 N/m
UNIT- 5
1. A furnace wall is made up of 3 layers, inside layer with thermal conductivity K1=8.5 W/ m°C, the middle
layer K2=0.25 W/ m°C, the outer layer with conductivity K3=0.08 W/ m°C. The respective thicknesses of
the inner, middle and outer layer are 25cm, 5cm, and 3cm respectively. The inside temperature of the wall is
600°C and outside of the wall is exposed to atmosphere air at 30°C with heat transfer co-efficient of h= 45
W/ M2°C.
2. For the smooth pipe of variable cross-section with areas 3m 2,2m2 and 1m2 respectively, determine the
potentials at the junctions, the velocities in each pipe. The potentials at the end is 10m and that at the right
end is 2m. the permeability coefficient is 1m/sec
3. Determine the nodal temperature and rate of heat transfer through a composite wall shown in the figure.
K1=45 W/ M°C, K2=0.5 W/ M°C and h= 20 W/ M 2°C. The temperature of the left face of the wall = 80°C.
The ambient temperature Фα= 25°C. Assume the area normal to the direction of heat flow A= 1 sq.cm use
linear elements.
4. A pump pumping fluid at Q=6500m 3/hr is located at coordinates (5,2) in the triangular element with
coordinates at node1(3,3), node2(7,0) and node3(6,4). Find the amount of Q allotted to each node. All nodal
coordinates are in m. Assume unit thickness of t=1mm. (MAY 2012)
5. Derive the stiffness matrix for 1D Fluid flow

6. An aluminium alloy fin of 7mm thick and 50mm long protrudes from a wall, which is maintained at 120
°C . The ambient air temperature is 22°C. The heat transfer co-efficient and thermal conductivity of the fin
material are 140 W/ M2°C and 55 W/ M°C respectively. Determine the temperature distribution of the fin.
7. Derive the stiffness matrix for 1D heat transfer problems. (MAY 2013)
8. Derive the shape function for fluid mechanics in 2D Element.(DEC2012)
9. A steel rod of diameter d=2cm, length L=5 cm and thermal conductivity k= 50 W/m°C is exposed at one
end to a constant temperature of 320°C. The other end is in ambient air of temperature 20°C with a
convection coefficient of h=100 W/m2 °C. . Determine the temperature at the mid point of the rod.
10.Calculate the nodal temperatures using 1D analysis of a fin given in the figure. The fin has rectangular
cross- section. Assume that the tip of the fin is insulated. Solve the problem with 2,3 and 4 linear elements
and compare the nodal temperatures. K=4 W/ cm °C , h= 20 W/ cm 2°C, adjacent fluid temperature Фf=
25°C.
11. Derive element force vector when linearly varying pressure acts on the side joining nodes jk of a
triangular element shown in the figure and body force of 25N/mm 2 acts downwards.
Thickness=5mm. . (APRIL’2011)
Additional Sixteen marks Questions
1) What are the various steps involved in finite element modeling and explain each step.
2) Using weighted residual method; solve the functional corresponding to the cantilever beam differential equation.
3) Explain the discretization process with a suitable example.
4) Derive the stiffness matrix for the one dimensional bar element using minimum potential energy approach.
5) Derive the shape functions for the one dimensional bar element using global coordinate system for the linear
model.
6) Derive the shape functions for the one dimensional bar element using global coordinate system for the quadratic
model.
7) Derive the shape functions for the one dimensional bar element using natural coordinate system for the linear
model.
8) Derive the shape functions for the one dimensional bar element using natural coordinate system for the quadratic
model.
9) Derive the force vector due to temperature effect.
10) Derive the finite element equation (global equation) using minimum potential energy approach.
11) Explain Pascal triangle and Pascal tetrahedron with neat sketch.
12) Find the nodal deformation using finite element method for stepped bar shown in following figure.

A1= 2400mm2 L1=300mm E=2.1 x 105N/mm2

2
A2= 600mm L2=400mm P=200 x 103N
13) A steel rod of length 1m subjected an axial load of 5KN and the area of cross section of the rod is 250mm 2. Using
one dimensional equation solve for the deflection of the bar, neglecting self weight take E=2 x 105 N/mm2.
14) Consider a tapered rod as shown in following figure .subjected to an axial load of 5 KN. Divide the rod into 4 equal
length elements and solve for deflection at each node point. Take E=2.5 x 10 5N/mm2. and density of material
=7.6518 x 10-5N/mm2 .
15) Consider a bar as shown in following figure. An axial load P=200KN is applied at P. Take A 1= 2400mm2;
E1=70 x 109N/m2; A2= 600mm2 ; E2=200 x 109N/m2 .Determine (a) the nodal displacement at ’p’ (b)stress in each
material (c) Reaction force
16) Consider a steel column subjected to load as shown in following figure. assuming axial loading, determine a)
Vertical displacement at all nodes and stress in each element. Take E=2.5 x 10 5N/mm2; A=2500mm2Divide the
column into 4 equal length elements.
17) A steel plate is subjected to an axial load as shown in following figure. Find the approximate deflection and average
stress along the plate by using direct formulate method. The plate is 1.5mm thick and has modulus of elasticity E=2
x 105 N/mm2.
18) Find a) Nodal displacement b) stress c) Reaction at each node for the bar as shown in following figure

A= 250mm2 ; E=2 x 105 N/mm2 ; P=600 x 103 N.
19) Consider the shown in following figure. an axial load p=200 x 10 3 N is applied as shown. Using the penalty
approach for handling boundary conditions, find the following:
a. Determine the nodal displacements.
b. Determine the stress in each material.
c. Determine the reaction forces.
A1=2400mm2 A2=600mm2
9
E1=70 x 10 E2=200 x 103N
3
20) In following figure, a load p =60x10 N is applied as shown. Determine the displacement field, stress and support
reactions in the body. Take E = 20 x 103 N/mm2.
21) An axial load P= 300 x 10 3 N is applied at 20Ċ to the rod as shown in following figure. the temperature is the
Raised to 60 Ċ
a. Assemble the stiffness matrix and force vector

b. Determine the nodal displacement and element stresses.
22). Consider the bar in following figure. C/S area A = 1.2 2 in and E = 30 x 106 psi.If q1=0.02 in and q2=0.02 in.
Determine (by manual method):
a. The displacement at point P

b. The strain € and stress ∂
c. the element stiffness matrix
d. The strain energy in the element
23). Consider the bar in following figure. Determine the nodal displacement, element stresses and support reactions.
II

1. Derive the stiffness matrix for triangular element.

2. Derive the shape function for the triangular element using N.C.S
3. Derive the strain-displacement matrix for triangular element.
4. For the two dimensional loaded plate shown in following figure. determine the displacement of nodes 1 and 2 and the
element stress using plane stress conditions. Body force may be neglected in comparison with the external forces.
Thickness t=0.5in, E=30×106psi, v=0.25

5. The nodal coordinates of the triangular elements are shown in following figure. at the interior point P the x-
coordinate is 3.3 and N1=0.3. Determine N2, N3 and the y-coordinate at point P.
6. For point P located inside the triangle shown in following figure the shape function N 1 and N2 are 0.15 and 0.25,
respectively. Determine the x and y-coordinates of point P.
7.For the triangular element shown in following figure, obtain the strain-displacement relation matrix B and determine
the strains x y and Υxy.
q1 = 0.001 q2= -0.004 q3 = 0.003 q4 = 0.002 q5 = -0.002 q6=0.005
8. For the configuration shown in following figure determine the deflection at the point of load application using a one
element model. If a mesh of several triangular elements is used, comment on the stress values in the elements close
to the tip.t=10mm, E=70000Mpa, v=0.3
10. In the following figure, a long cylinder of inside diameter 80mm and outside diameter 120mm snugly fits in a hole
over its full length. The cylinder is then subjected to an internal pressure of 2MPa. Using two elements on the
10mm length shown, find the displacement at the inner radius.

11. The open-ended steel cylinder shown in following figure is subjected to an internal pressure of 1MPa. Find the
deformed shape and the distribution of principal stresses.
12.Determine the deflection of a thin plate subjected to extensional loads as shown in following figure.
13. For the three nodded triangular element shown in following figure . Calculate the temperature at point P, given the
nodal temperatures as T1 =1000 C, T2= 2000C, and T3= 3000C.
14. Derive the strain-displacement matrix for axisymmetric problem.
15.Evaluate the element stiffness matrix for the triangular element shown in following figure under plane stress
conditions. Assume the following values E= 2 × 10 N/mm2, v= 0.3 ,t =10mm
16. Obtain an expression for the shape function of the rectangular element shown in following figure use suitable
interpolation polynomials.

17. Evaluate the strain-displacement matrix for axisymmetric rectangular element expressing the shape function to the
origin of the global coordinate system.
18. Obtain the coefficient matrix for plane stress and plane strain.
19. Derive the assembled stiffness matrix for the domain given in following figure taking advantage of symmetry and
triangular elements.
20).Find the deflection at each node of a rectangular geometry as shown in following figure.
V=0.3, E=2×105 N/m.m2
III
1. Derive Jacobian matrix for quadrilateral elements
2. Derive the weighing function and locations of Gaussian points for N=3
3. Derive the weighing function and location of Gaussian points for two- dimensional elements.
4. Evaluate by numerical integration
1
-1 ∫ cos ( x/2) Assume Gaussian point N= 2
5. Evaluate by numerical integration
1 1 2 2
-1 ∫ -1 ∫ x y dxdy
6. Integrate the function f(r) = 1+ r + r2 + r3 between the limits -1 and 1 using
(i) Exact method and
(ii) Gauss integration method and weight for Gaussian integration. Location and weight for Gaussian integration
Number of points(n) Location(ri) Weight(wi)
1 0.000000 2.000000
2 ±0.57735 1.000000
3 ±0.77459 0.555555
0.000000 0.888888
4 ±0.86113 0.347850
±0.33998 0.652140
7. Consider the isoparametric quadrilateral element with nodes (1-4) at (15,0) (17,12) (7,10) and (6,2) respectively.
Compute the Jacobian matrix and its determinant at the element centroid. Also calculate the area of the element and
compare the ratio of the two to the calculated │ J│. Sketch each element and its parents to scale.
8. Explain how the stiffness matrix can be obtained for an isoparametric hexahedral element.
9. Evaluate the integral I = -1 ∫1 (a1+a2x+a3x2+a4x3)dx using three point Gaussian integration.
10. Explain why isoparametric elements are generally used in 1-D and 2-D problems involving plates and shells.

11. Discuss the convergence requirements of interpolation polynomials
12. Numerically integrate the function f(x)=x 4+x3+x2+x+1 between the limits -1 and 1.
13. For the element shown in following figure determine, the Jacobian matrix
15. Evaluate the following integrals using one point and two point gauss quadrature.
1
I= ∫[3ex +x2+1/(x+2)]dx
-1
16. A quadrilateral element is shown in fig. Evaluate the Jacobian of transformation.
17) Find the Cartesian coordinates of point P. which has natural coordinate values of 0.3 and 0.6 along the axis r and s
respectively for the following quadrilateral element.
18) Find the natural coordinate values of P., which has the Cartesian coordinates, value along x and y axis are 4,5
respectively for the following quadrilateral element.
19) Find the Jacobian matrix for the following quadrilateral elements
20) Evaluate the following integral by numerical integration -1 ∫1 -1 ∫1 (x2+xy2) dxdy

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ME 2353/ FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2014-2015

Meenakshi College of Engineering 1

1. Point collocation method

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1. What are the types of loading acting on the structure?

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31) What is beam element?

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1. How do you define two dimensional elements?

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14.What is meant by Pascal’s triangle? What is its use?

15.What are the defects in CST element?

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Meenakshi College of Engineering 11

1) Define Heat Flux:

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Meenakshi College of Engineering 13

Plain strain: Sluice gates and Fluid flow in a closed conduit.

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Assume suitable missing datas.

10. Derive the shape functions for a bilinear rectangular element.

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3) Explain the discretization process with a suitable example.

9) Derive the force vector due to temperature effect.

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A1= 2400mm2 L1=300mm E=2.1 x 105N/mm2

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A= 250mm2 ; E=2 x 105 N/mm2 ; P=600 x 103 N.

a. Assemble the stiffness matrix and force vector

a. The displacement at point P

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1. Derive the stiffness matrix for triangular element.

Thickness t=0.5in, E=30×106psi, v=0.25

q1 = 0.001 q2= -0.004 q3 = 0.003 q4 = 0.002 q5 = -0.002 q6=0.005

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14. Derive the strain-displacement matrix for axisymmetric problem.

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9. Evaluate the integral I = -1 ∫1 (a1+a2x+a3x2+a4x3)dx using three point Gaussian integration.

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11. Discuss the convergence requirements of interpolation polynomials

20) Evaluate the following integral by numerical integration -1 ∫1 -1 ∫1 (x2+xy2) dxdy

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