Wearable computer

The Apple Watch, released in 2015

Wearable computers, also known as

wearables or body-borne computers,[1][2]
are small computing devices (nowadays
usually electronic) that are worn under,
with, or on top of clothing.[3]

The definition of 'wearable computer' may

be narrow or broad, extending to
smartphones or even ordinary
wristwatches. This article uses the
broadest definition.[4][5]

Wearables may be for general use, in

which case they are just a particularly
small example of mobile computing.
Alternatively they may be for specialized
purposes such as fitness trackers. They
may incorporate special sensors such as
accelerometers, thermometer and heart
rate monitors, or novel user interfaces
such as Google Glass, an optical head-
mounted display controlled by gestures. It
may be that specialized wearables will
evolve into general all-in-one devices, as
happened with the convergence of PDAs
and mobile phones into smartphones.

Wearables are typically worn on the wrist

(e.g. fitness trackers), hung from the neck
(like a necklace), strapped to the arm or
leg (smartphones when exercising), or on
the head (as glasses or a helmet), though
some have been located elsewhere (e.g.
on a finger or in a shoe). Devices carried in
a pocket or bag – such as smartphones
and before them pocket calculators and
PDAs, may or may not be regarded as
'worn'.

Wearable computers have various

technical issues common to other mobile
computing, such as batteries, heat
dissipation, software architectures,
wireless and personal area networks, and
data management.[6] Many wearable
computers are active all the time, e.g.
processing or recording data continuously.

Applications
Wearable computers are not only limited
to the computers such as fitness trackers,
that are worn on wrists, they also includes
wearables such as Heart pacemakers and
other prosthetic. It is used most often in
research that focuses on behavioral
modeling, health monitoring systems, IT
and media development, where the person
wearing the computer actually moves or is
otherwise engaged with his or her
surroundings. Wearable computers have
been used for the following:

general-purpose computing (e.g.

smartphones and smartwatches)
sensory integration, e.g. to help people
see better or understand the world
better (whether in task-specific
 applications like camera-based welding
helmets[7] or for everyday use like
Google Glass
behavioral modeling
health care monitoring systems
service management
electronic textiles and fashion design,
e.g. Microsoft's 2011 prototype "The
Printing Dress".[8]

Wearable computing is the subject of

active research, especially the form-factor
and location on the body, with areas of
study including user interface design,
augmented reality, and pattern
recognition. The use of wearables for
specific applications, for compensating
disabilities or supporting elderly people
steadily increases.

History

Evolution of Steve Mann's WearComp wearable

computer from backpack based systems of the 1980s
to his current covert systems
Due to the varied definitions of "wearable"
and "computer", the first wearable
computer could be as early as the first
abacus on a necklace, a 16th-century
abacus ring, a wristwatch and 'finger-
watch' owned by Queen Elizabeth I of
England, or the covert timing devices
hidden in shoes to cheat at roulette by
Thorp and Shannon in the 1960s and
1970s.[9]

However, a computer is not merely a time-

keeping or calculating device, but rather a
user-programmable item for complex
algorithms, interfacing, and data
management. By this definition, the
wearable computer was invented by Steve
Mann, in the late 1970s:[10][11][12]

Steve Mann, a professor at the

University of Toronto, was
hailed as the father of the
wearable computer and the
ISSCC's first virtual panelist, by
moderator Woodward Yang of
Harvard University (Cambridge
Mass.).

— IEEE ISSCC 8 Feb. 2000

The development of wearable items has
taken several steps of miniaturization from
discrete electronics over hybrid designs to
fully integrated designs, where just one
processor chip, a battery and some
interface conditioning items make the
whole unit.

1500s

Queen Elizabeth I of England received a

watch from Robert Dudley in 1571, as a
New Year present; it may have been worn
on the forearm rather than the wrist. She
also possessed a 'finger-watch' set in a
ring, with an alarm that prodded her finger.
[13]

1600s

The Qing Dynasty saw the introduction of

a fully functional abacus on a ring, which
could be used while it was being
worn.[3][14]

1960s

In 1961, mathematicians Edward O. Thorp

and Claude Shannon built some
computerized timing devices to help them
win at a game of roulette. One such timer
was concealed in a shoe and another in a
pack of cigarettes. Various versions of this
apparatus were built in the 1960s and
1970s. Detailed pictures of a shoe-based
timing device can be viewed at
www.eyetap.org .

Thorp refers to himself as the inventor of

the first "wearable computer"[15] In other
variations, the system was a concealed
cigarette-pack sized analog computer
designed to predict the motion of roulette
wheels. A data-taker would use
microswitches hidden in his shoes to
indicate the speed of the roulette wheel,
and the computer would indicate an octant
of the roulette wheel to bet on by sending
musical tones via radio to a miniature
speaker hidden in a collaborator's ear
canal. The system was successfully tested
in Las Vegas in June 1961, but hardware
issues with the speaker wires prevented it
from being used beyond test runs.[16] This
was not a wearable computer, because it
could not be re-purposed during use;
rather it was an example of task-specific
hardware. This work was kept secret until
it was first mentioned in Thorp's book Beat
the Dealer (revised ed.) in 1966[16] and
later published in detail in 1969.[17]

1970s
Pocket calculators became mass-market
devices from 1970, starting in Japan.
Programmable calculators followed in the
late 1970s, being somewhat more general-
purpose computers. The HP-01 algebraic
calculator watch by Hewlett-Packard was
released in 1977.[18]

A camera-to-tactile vest for the blind,

launched by C.C. Collins in 1977,
converted images into a 1024-point, 10-
inch square tactile grid on a vest.[19]

1980s

The 1980s saw the rise of more general-

purpose wearable computers. In 1981,
Steve Mann designed and built a
backpack-mounted 6502-based wearable
multimedia computer with text, graphics,
and multimedia capability, as well as video
capability (cameras and other
photographic systems). Mann went on to
be an early and active researcher in the
wearables field, especially known for his
1994 creation of the Wearable Wireless
Webcam, the first example of
Lifelogging.[20][21]

Seiko Epson released the RC-20 Wrist

Computer in 1984. It was an early
smartwatch, powered by a computer on a
chip.[22]
In 1989, Reflection Technology marketed
the Private Eye head-mounted display,
which scans a vertical array of LEDs
across the visual field using a vibrating
mirror. This display gave rise to several
hobbyist and research wearables,
including Gerald "Chip" Maguire's IBM /
Columbia University Student Electronic
Notebook,[23] Doug Platt's Hip-PC,[24] and
Carnegie Mellon University's VuMan 1 in
1991.[25]

The Student Electronic Notebook

consisted of the Private Eye, Toshiba
diskless AIX notebook computers
(prototypes), a stylus based input system
and a virtual keyboard. It used direct-
sequence spread spectrum radio links to
provide all the usual TCP/IP based
services, including NFS mounted file
systems and X11, which all ran in the
Andrew Project environment.

The Hip-PC included an Agenda palmtop

used as a chording keyboard attached to
the belt and a 1.44 megabyte floppy drive.
Later versions incorporated additional
equipment from Park Engineering. The
system debuted at "The Lap and Palmtop
Expo" on 16 April 1991.
VuMan 1 was developed as part of a
Summer-term course at Carnegie Mellon's
Engineering Design Research Center, and
was intended for viewing house blueprints.
Input was through a three-button unit worn
on the belt, and output was through
Reflection Tech's Private Eye. The CPU
was an 8 MHz 80188 processor with 0.5
MB ROM.

1990s

In the 1990s PDAs became widely used,

and in 1999 were combined with mobile
phones in Japan to produce the first mass-
market smartphone.
Timex Datalink USB Dress edition with Invasion video
game. The watch crown (icontrol) can be used to move
the defender left to right and the fire control is the
Start/Split button on the lower side of the face of the
watch at 6 o' clock.

In 1993, the Private Eye was used in Thad

Starner's wearable, based on Doug Platt's
system and built from a kit from Park
Enterprises, a Private Eye display on loan
from Devon Sean McCullough, and the
Twiddler chording keyboard made by
Handykey. Many iterations later this
system became the MIT "Tin Lizzy"
wearable computer design, and Starner
went on to become one of the founders of
MIT's wearable computing project. 1993
also saw Columbia University's
augmented-reality system known as
KARMA (Knowledge-based Augmented
Reality for Maintenance Assistance).
Users would wear a Private Eye display
over one eye, giving an overlay effect when
the real world was viewed with both eyes
open. KARMA would overlay wireframe
schematics and maintenance instructions
on top of whatever was being repaired. For
example, graphical wireframes on top of a
laser printer would explain how to change
the paper tray. The system used sensors
attached to objects in the physical world
to determine their locations, and the entire
system ran tethered from a desktop
computer.[26][27]

In 1994, Edgar Matias and Mike Ruicci of

the University of Toronto, debuted a "wrist
computer." Their system presented an
alternative approach to the emerging
head-up display plus chord keyboard
wearable. The system was built from a
modified HP 95LX palmtop computer and
a Half-QWERTY one-handed keyboard.
With the keyboard and display modules
strapped to the operator's forearms, text
could be entered by bringing the wrists
together and typing.[28] The same
technology was used by IBM researchers
to create the half-keyboard "belt
computer.[29] Also in 1994, Mik Lamming
and Mike Flynn at Xerox EuroPARC
demonstrated the Forget-Me-Not, a
wearable device that would record
interactions with people and devices and
store this information in a database for
later query.[30] It interacted via wireless
transmitters in rooms and with equipment
in the area to remember who was there,
who was being talked to on the telephone,
and what objects were in the room,
allowing queries like "Who came by my
office while I was on the phone to Mark?".
As with the Toronto system, Forget-Me-
Not was not based on a head-mounted
display.

Also in 1994, DARPA started the Smart

Modules Program to develop a modular,
humionic approach to wearable and
carryable computers, with the goal of
producing a variety of products including
computers, radios, navigation systems and
human-computer interfaces that have both
military and commercial use. In July 1996,
DARPA went on to host the "Wearables in
2005" workshop, bringing together
industrial, university, and military
visionaries to work on the common theme
of delivering computing to the
individual.[31] A follow-up conference was
hosted by Boeing in August 1996, where
plans were finalized to create a new
academic conference on wearable
computing. In October 1997, Carnegie
Mellon University, MIT, and Georgia Tech
co-hosted the IEEE International
Symposium on Wearables Computers
(ISWC) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The
symposium was a full academic
conference with published proceedings
and papers ranging from sensors and new
hardware to new applications for wearable
computers, with 382 people registered for
the event.

In 1998, Steve Mann invented and built the

world's first smartwatch. It was featured
on the cover of Linux Journal in 2000, and
demonstrated at ISSCC 2000.[32][33][34]

2000s

Dr. Bruce H Thomas and Dr. Wayne

Piekarski developed the Tinmith wearable
computer system to support augmented
reality. This work was first published
internationally in 2000 at the ISWC
conference. The work was carried out at
the Wearable Computer Lab in the
University of South Australia.

In 2002, as part of Kevin Warwick's Project

Cyborg, Warwick's wife, Irena, wore a
necklace which was electronically linked
to Warwick's nervous system via an
implanted electrode array The color of the
necklace changed between red and blue
dependent on the signals on Warwick's
nervous system.[35]

Also in 2002, Xybernaut released a

wearable computer called the Xybernaut
Poma Wearable PC, Poma for short. Poma
stood for Personal Media Appliance. The
project failed for a few reasons though the
top reasons are that the equipment was
expensive and clunky. The user would
wear a head mounted optical piece, a CPU
that could be clipped onto clothing, and a
mini keyboard that was attached to the
user's arm.[36]

GoPro released their first product, the

GoPro HERO 35mm, which began a
successful franchise of wearable cameras.
The cameras can be worn atop the head or
around the wrist and are shock and
waterproof. GoPro cameras are used by
many athletes and extreme sports
enthusiasts, a trend that became very
apparent during the early 2010s.

In the late 2000s, various Chinese

companies began producing mobile
phones in the form of wristwatches, the
descendants of which as of 2013 include
the i5 and i6, which are GSM phones with
1.8 inch displays, and the ZGPAX s5
Android wristwatch phone.

2010s
LunaTik, a machined wristband attachment for the 6th-
generation iPod Nano

Standardization with IEEE, IETF, and

several industry groups (e.g. Bluetooth)
lead to more various interfacing under the
WPAN (wireless personal area network). It
also led the WBAN (Wireless body area
network) to offer new classification of
designs for interfacing and networking.
The 6th-generation iPod Nano, released in
September 2010, has a wristband
attachment available to convert it into a
wearable wristwatch computer.

The development of wearable computing

spread to encompass rehabilitation
engineering, ambulatory intervention
treatment, life guard systems, and defense
wearable systems.

Sony produced a wristwatch called Sony

SmartWatch that must be paired with an
Android phone. Once paired, it becomes
an additional remote display and
notification tool.[37]

Fitbit released several wearable fitness

trackers and the Fitbit Surge, a full
smartwatch that is compatible with
Android and iOS.

On April 11, 2012, Pebble launched a

Kickstarter campaign to raise $100,000 for
their initial smartwatch model. The
campaign ended on May 18 with
$10,266,844, over 100 times the
fundraising target.[38] Pebble has released
several smartwatches since, including the
Pebble Time and the Pebble Round.

Google Glass, Google's head-mounted display, which

was launched in 2013.

Google Glass launched their optical head-

mounted display (OHMD) to a test group
of users in 2013, before it became
available to the public on May 15, 2014.[39]
Google's mission was to produce a mass-
market ubiquitous computer that displays
information in a smartphone-like hands-
free format[40] that can interact with the
Internet via natural language voice
commands.[41][42] Google Glass received
criticism over privacy and safety concerns.
On January 15, 2015, Google announced
that it would stop producing the Google
Glass prototype but would continue to
develop the product. According to Google,
Project Glass was ready to "graduate" from
Google X, the experimental phase of the
project.[43]

Thync, a headset launched in 2014, is a

wearable that stimulates the brain with
mild electrical pulses, causing the wearer
to feel energized or calm based on input
into a phone app. The device is attached
to the temple and to the back of the neck
with an adhesive strip.[44]

Macrotellect launched 2 portable

brainwave(EEG) sensing devices, BrainLink
Pro and BrainLink Lite in 2014, which
allows families and meditation students to
enhance the mental fitness and stress
relief with 20+ brain fitness enhancement
Apps on Apple and Android App Stores.[45]

In January 2015, Intel announced the sub-

miniature Intel Curie for wearable
applications, based on its Intel Quark
platform. As small as a button, it features
a 6-axis accelerometer, a DSP sensor hub,
a Bluetooth LE unit, and a battery charge
controller.[46] It was scheduled to ship in
the second half of the year.

On April 24, 2015, Apple released their

take on the smartwatch, known as the
Apple Watch. The Apple Watch features a
touchscreen, many applications, and a
heart-rate sensor.[47]

Commercialization

Image of the ZYPAD wrist wearable computer from

Eurotech

The Fitbit Charge

The commercialization of general-purpose
wearable computers, as led by companies
such as Xybernaut, CDI and ViA, Inc. has
thus far been met with limited success.
Publicly traded Xybernaut tried forging
alliances with companies such as IBM and
Sony in order to make wearable computing
widely available, and managed to get their
equipment seen on such shows as The X-
Files, but in 2005 their stock was delisted
and the company filed for Chapter 11
bankruptcy protection amid financial
scandal and federal investigation.
Xybernaut emerged from bankruptcy
protection in January, 2007. ViA, Inc. filed
for bankruptcy in 2001 and subsequently
ceased operations.

In 1998, Seiko marketed the Ruputer, a

computer in a (fairly large) wristwatch, to
mediocre returns. In 2001, IBM developed
and publicly displayed two prototypes for a
wristwatch computer running Linux. The
last message about them dates to 2004 ,
saying the device would cost about $250,
but it is still under development. In 2002,
Fossil, Inc. announced the Fossil Wrist
PDA, which ran the Palm OS. Its release
date was set for summer of 2003, but was
delayed several times and was finally
made available on January 5, 2005. Timex
Datalink is another example of a practical
wearable computer. Hitachi launched a
wearable computer called Poma in 2002.
Eurotech offers the ZYPAD, a wrist
wearable touch screen computer with
GPS, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity and
which can run a number of custom
applications.[48] In 2013, a wearable
computing device on the wrist to control
body temperature was developed at
MIT.[49]

Evidence of weak market acceptance was

demonstrated when Panasonic Computer
Solutions Company's product failed.
Panasonic has specialized in mobile
computing with their Toughbook line for
over 10 years and has extensive market
research into the field of portable,
wearable computing products. In 2002,
Panasonic introduced a wearable brick
computer coupled with a handheld or a
touchscreen worn on the arm. The "Brick"
Computer is the CF-07 Toughbook, dual
batteries, screen used same batteries as
the base, 800 x 600 resolution, optional
GPS and WWAN. Has one M-PCI slot and
one PCMCIA slot for expansion. CPU used
is a 600 MHz Pentium 3 factory under
clocked to 300 MHz so it can stay cool
passively as it has no fan. Micro DIM RAM
is upgradeable. The screen can be used
wirelessly on other computers. The brick
would communicate wirelessly to the
screen, and concurrently the brick would
communicate wirelessly out to the internet
or other networks. The wearable brick was
quietly pulled from the market in 2005,
while the screen evolved to a thin client
touchscreen used with a handstrap.

Google has announced that it has been

working on a head-mounted display-based
wearable "augmented reality" device called
Google Glass. An early version of the
device was available to the US public from
April 2013 until January 2015. Despite
ending sales of the device through their
Explorer Program, Google has stated that
they plan to continue developing the
technology.[50][51][52]

LG and iriver produce earbud wearables

measuring heart rate and other biometrics,
as well as various activity metrics.[53][54]

Greater response to commercialization

has been found in creating devices with
designated purposes rather than all-
purpose. One example is the WSS1000.[55]
The WSS1000 is a wearable computer
designed to make the work of inventory
employees easier and more efficient. The
device allows workers to scan the barcode
of items and immediately enter the
information into the company system.
This removed the need for carrying a
clipboard, removed error and confusion
from hand written notes, and allowed
workers the freedom of both hands while
working; the system improves accuracy as
well as efficiency.[4]

Popular culture
Many technologies for wearable
computers derive their ideas from science
fiction. There are many examples of ideas
from popular movies that have become
technologies or are technologies currently
being developed.

3D User Interface: Devices that display

usable, tactile interfaces that can be
manipulated in front of the user.
Examples include the glove-operated
hologram computer featured at the Pre-
Crime headquarters in the beginning of
Minority Report and the computers used
by the gate workers at Zion in The Matrix
trilogy.
Intelligent Textiles: Clothing that can
relay and collect information. Examples
include Tron and its sequel, and also
many sci-fi military films.
Threat Glasses: Scan others in vicinity
and assess threat-to-self level.
Examples include Terminator 2, 'Threep'
Technology in Lock-In, and Kill switch.
Computerized Contact Lenses: A
special contact lenses that is used to
confirm one's identity. Used in Mission
Impossible 4.
Combat Suit Armor: A wearable
exoskeleton that provides protection to
its wearer and is typically equipped with
powerful weapons and a computer
system. Examples include numerous
Iron Man suits, along with Samus Aran's
Power Suit and Fusion Suit in the
Metroid video game series.
Brain Nano-Bots to Store Memories in
the Cloud: Used in Total Recall.
Infrared Headsets: Can help identify
suspects and see through walls.
Examples include Robocop's special eye
system, as well as some more advanced
visors that Samus Aran uses in the
Metroid Prime trilogy.
Wrist-Worn Computers: Provide various
abilities and information, such as data
about the wearer, a vicinity map, a
flashlight, a communicator, a poison
detector or an enemy-tracking device.
 Examples include the Pip-Boy 3000 from
the Fallout games and Leela's Wrist
Device from the Futurama TV sitcom.
On-chest device or smart necklace
form-factor of wearable computer was
shown in many sci-fi movies, including
Prometheus and Iron Man, however such
location of the most precious
individual's possession comes from
history of wearing amulets and charms.

Military use
This section needs expansion.

Learn more
The wearable computer was introduced to
the US Army in 1989, as a small computer
that was meant to assist soldiers in battle.
Since then, the concept has grown to
include the Land Warrior program and
proposal for future systems.[56] The most
extensive military program in the
wearables arena is the US Army's Land
Warrior system,[57] which will eventually be
merged into the Future Force Warrior
system. There are also researches for
increasing the reliability of terrestrial
navigation.[58]

F-INSAS is an Indian Military Project,

designed largely with wearable computing.
See also
Activity tracker
Apple Watch
Artificial neural membrane (Smartskin)
Augmented reality
Active tag
Calculator watch
Computer-mediated reality
eHealth
EyeTap
E-textiles
FrogPad
Futuristic clothing
Glove One
Google Glass
Golden-i
GPS watch
Head-mounted display
Head-up display
Heart rate monitor
Internet of Things
Lifelog
Open-source computing hardware
Identity tag
Mobile phone
Mobile interaction
Optical head-mounted display
 OQO
Personal digital assistant
Pocket computer
Skully (helmet)
Smartphone
Smartglasses
Smartwatch
Staff locators
Tablet PC
Virtual retinal display

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External links
 Peer-reviewed encyclopedia chapter on
Wearable Computing by Steve Mann
A brief history of wearable computing
IEEE International Symposium on
Wearable Computers (Academic
Conference)
Project Glass and the epic history of
wearable computers , Paul Miller, The
Verge, 26 June 2012.

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