International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN2249 – 8974

Research Article
MATERIALS AND JACKETING TECHNIQUE FOR
RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURES
Shri. Pravin B. Waghmare

Address for Correspondence

Acharya Shrimannarayan Polytechnic,Pipri(M), Wardha –Maharashtra
ABSTRACT
Seismic protection of buildings is a need-based concept aimed to improve the performance of any structure under future
earthquakes. Earthquakes of varying magnitude have occurred in the recent past in India, causing extensive damage to life
and property. Some recently developed materials and techniques can play vital role in structural repairs, seismic
strengthening and retrofitting of existing buildings, whether damaged or undamaged. The primary concern of a structural
engineer is to successfully restore the structures as quickly as possible. Selection of right materials, techniques and
procedures to be employed for the repair of a given structures have been a major challenges. Innovative techniques of the
structural repairs have many advantages over the conventional techniques. Some guidelines regarding selection of materials
for repair work such as steel, fiber reinforced polymer, has been discussed in the present paper. The selection of materials
and techniques to be used depend on many aspects that may be viewed from different prospectives i. e. requirement and
availability of financial resources, applicability and suitability of materials for the repair of damaged structures. Use of
standard and innovative repair materials, appropriate technology, workmanship, and quality control during implementation
are the key factors for successful repair, strengthening and restoration of damaged structures.
KEYWORDS: confinement, jacketing, fiber reinforced polymer jacketing, steel jacketing, beam jacketing.
INTRODUCTION (ii) Where an oval or elliptical jacket has
Jacketing is the most popularly used method for sufficient stiffness to confine the concrete
strengthening of building columns. The most along the long dimension of the cross-
common types of jackets are steel jacket, reinforced section is open to question. The longitudinal
concrete jacket, fibre reinforced polymer composite fibers similar to longitudinal reinforcement
jacket, jacket with high tension materials like carbon can be effective in increasing the flexural
fibre, glass fibre etc. The main purposes of jacketing strength of member although they cannot
are: effectively increase the flexural capacity of
1. To increase concrete confinement by transverse building frames because the critical
fibre reinforcement, especially for circular moments are located at beam-column ends
cross-sectional columns, where most of the longitudinal fibers are
2. To increase shear strength by transverse fibre difficult to pierce through to get sufficient
reinforcement, anchorage.
3. To increase flexural strength by longitudinal Technical Considerations
fibre reinforcement provided. They were The main objective of jacketing is to increase the
anchored at critical sections. Transverse fibre seismic capacity of the moment resisting framed
should be wrapped all around the entire structures. In almost every case, the columns as well
circumference of the members possessing close .as beams of the existing structure have been
loops sufficiently overlapped or welded in order jacketed. In comparison to the jacketing of reinforced
to increase concrete confinement and shear concrete columns, jacketing of reinforced concrete
strength. This is how members with circular beams with slabs is difficult yielding good
cross-section will get better confinement than confinement because slab causes hindrance in the
member with rectangular cross-section. Where jacket. In structures with waffle slab, the increase in
square or rectangular cross-sections are to be stiffness obtained by jacketing columns and some of
jacketed, circular/oval/ elliptical jackets are most the ribs, have improved the efficiency of structures.
oftenly used and the space between the jacket In some cases, foundation grids are strengthened and
and column is filled with concrete. Such types of stiffened by jacketing their beams. An increase in
multi-shaped jackets provide a high degree of strength, stiffness and ductility or a combination of
confinement by virtue of their shape to the splice them can be obtained. Jacketing serves to improve
region proving to be more effective. Rectangular the lateral strength and ductility by confinement of
jackets typically lack the flexural stiffness compression concrete. It should be noted that
needed to fully confine the concrete. However, retrofitting of a few members with jacketing or some
circular and oval jackets may be less desirable other enclosing techniques might not be effective
due to: enough to improve the overall behaviour of the
(i) Need of large space in the building potential structure, if the remaining members are not ductile.
difficulties of fitting in the jackets with Jacketing of Columns
existing partition walls, exterior cladding, Jacketing of columns consists of added concrete with
and non-structural elements and longitudinal and transverse reinforcement around the
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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN2249 – 8974

existing columns. This type of strengthening
improves the axial and shear strength of columns
while the flexural strength of column and strength of
the beam-column joints remain the same. It is also
observed that the jacketing of columns is not
successful for improving the ductility. A major
advantage of column jacketing is that it improves the
lateral load capacity of the building in a reasonably
uniform and distributed way and hence avoiding the
concentration of stiffness as in the case of shear
walls. This is how major strengthening of
foundations may be avoided. In addition the original
function of the building can be maintained, as there
are no major changes in the original geometry of the
building with this technique. The jacketing of
columns is generally carried out by two methods: (i)
reinforced concrete jacketing and (ii) steel jacketing.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
JACKETING:
Reinforced concrete jacketing can be employed as a
repair or strengthening scheme. Damaged regions of
the existing members should be repaired prior to their
jacketing. There are two main purposes of jacketing
of columns:
(i) Increase in the shear capacity of columns in order
to accomplish a strong column-weak beam design
and
(ii) To improve the column's flexural strength by the
longitudinal steel of the jacket made continuous
through the slab system are anchored with the
foundation. It is achieved by passing the new
longitudinal reinforcement through holes drilled in
the slab and by placing new concrete in the beam
column joints as illustrated in figure 1. Rehabilitated
sections are designed in this way so that the flexural
strength of columns should be greater than that of the
beams. Transverse steel above and below the joint
has been provided with details, which consists of two
L-shaped ties that overlap diagonally in opposite
corners. The longitudinal reinforcement usually is
concentrated in the column corners because of the
existence of the beams where bar bundles have been
used as shown in figure 1. It is recommended that not
more than 3 bars be bundled together. Windows are
usually bored through the slab to allow the steel to go
through as well as to enable the concrete casting
process.

Figure No.1: Construction Technique for Column Jacketing

Table No. 1:Details For Reinforced Concrete Jacketing.

Properties of jackets
Minimum width of jacket
Minimum area of
longitudinal reinforcement
Minimum area of transverse
reinforcement
• Match with the concrete of the existing structure.
• Compressive strength greater than that of the existing structures by 5 N/mm2or at
least equal to that of the existing structure.
• 10 cm for concrete cast-in-place and 4 cm for shotcrete.
• If possible, four-sided jacket should be used.
• A monolithic behaviour of the composite column should be assured.
• Narrow gap should be provided to prevent any possible increase in flexural capacity.
•
3Afy, where, A is the area of contact in cm2 and fy is in kg/cm2
• Spacing should not exceed six times of the width of the new elements (the jacket in
the case) up to the limit of 60 cm.
• Percentage of steel in the jacket with respect to the jacket area should be limited
between 0.015and 0.04.
• At least, 12 mm bar should be used at every corner for a four sided jacket.
• Designed and spaced as per earthquake design practice.
• Minimum bar diameter used for ties is not less than 10 mm or 1/3 of the diameter of
the biggest longitudinal bar.
• The ties should have 135-degree hooks with 10bar diameter anchorage.

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN2249 – 8974

• Due to the difficulty of manufacturing 135-degree hooks on the field, ties made up of
multiple pieces, can be used.

Shear stress in the interface
• Provide adequate shear transfer mechanism to assured monolithic behaviour.
• A relative movement between both concrete interfaces (between the jacket and the
existing element) should be prevented.
• Chipping the concrete cover of the original member and roughening its surface may
improve the bond between the old and the new concrete.
• For four-sided jacket, the ties should be used to confine and for shear reinforcement
to the composite element.

Connectors
Steel jacketing
Local strengthening of columns has been frequently accomplished by jacketing with steel plates. A general
feature of steel jacketing is mentioned in Table 2.
Table No. 2: Details Of Steel Jacketing.
Steel plate thickness
Height of jacket
Shape of jackets
Free ends of jackets bottom
clearance.
Gap between steel jacket and
concrete column Size of anchor
Number of anchor bolts
• Connectors should be anchored in both the concrete such that it may develop at least
80% of their yielding stress.
• Distributed uniformly around the interface, avoiding concentration in specific
locations.
• It is better to use reinforced bars (rebar) anchored with epoxy resins of grouts.
• At least 6 mm.
• 1.2 to 1.5 times splice length in case of flexural columns.
• Full height of column in case of shear columns.
• Rectangular jacketing, prefabricated two L-shaped panels The use of
rectangular jackets has proved to be successful in case of small size
columns upto 36 inch width that have been successfully retrofitted with %"
thick steel jackets combined with adhesive anchor bolt, but has been
less successful on larger rectangular columns. On larger columns, rectangular
jackets appear to be incapable to provide adequate confinement.
• Welded throughout the height of jacket, size of weld1”
• 38 mm (1.5 inch), steel jacket may be terminated above the top of footing to
avoid any possible bearing of the steel jacket against the footing, to avoid local
damage to the jacket and/or an undesirable or unintended increase in
flexural capacity.
• 25 mm fill with cementations grout.
• 25 mm in diameter and 300 mm long embedded in 200 mm into concrete
column.
• Bolts were installed through pre-drilled holes on the steel jacket using an epoxy
adhesive.
• Two anchor bolts are intended to stiffen the steel jacket and improve
confinement of the splice.

Figure No.2: Construction Technique for Steel Jacketing

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 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies
FRP JACKETING
E x istin g C o lu m n
C a rb o n fib re /
stra p d ip p e d in to
e p o x y re sin
C a rb o n fib re w in d in g
Figure No. 3:Carbon Fibre winding
Several researchers have investigated the possibility
and feasibility of fibre reinforced polymer composite
jackets for seismic strengthening of columns winding
them with high strength carbon fibres around column
surface to add spiral hoops (figure no. 3) The merits
of this method are:
• Carbon fibre is flexible and can be made to
contact the surface tightly for a high degree
of confinement;
• Confinement is of high degree because
carbon fiber is of high strength and high
modules of elasticity are used;
• The carbon fibre has light weight and
rusting does not occur.
Limitations:
There are some disadvantages associated with the
column jacketing techniques well,
• In some cases the presence of beams may
require majority of new longitudinal b to be
bundled into the corners of the jacket;
• With the presence of the existing column it'
difficult to provide cross ties for new
longitudinal bars which are not at the
corners of the jackets;
• Jacketing is based mostly on engineering
judgment as there is a dearth of guidelines.
BEAM JACKETING
Jacketing of beams is recommended for several
purposes as it gives continuity to the columns and
increases the strength and stiffness of the structure.
While jacketing a beam, its flexural resistance must
be carefully computed to avoid the creation of a
strong beam-weak column system. In the retrofitted
structure, there is a strong possibility of change of
mode of failure and redistribution of forces as a result
of jacketing of column, which may consequently
Table No. 3: Reinforcement of beam jacketing.
Minimum width for jacket Longitudinal
reinforcement
Shear reinforcement
Depth of jacketed beam
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E-ISSN2249 – 8974
causes beam hinging. The location of the beam
critical section and the participation of the existing
reinforcement should be taken into consideration.
Jacketing of beam may be carried out under different
ways, the most common are one-sided jackets or 3-
and 4-sided jackets. At several occasions, the slab has
been perforated to allow the ties to go through and to
enable the casting of concrete. The beam should be
jacketed through its whole length. The reinforcement
has also been added to increase beam flexural
capacity moderately and to produce high joint shear
stresses. Top bars crossing the orthogonal beams are
put through holes and the bottom bars have been
placed under the soffit of the existing beams, at each
side of the existing column. Beam transverse steel
consists of sets of U-shaped ties fixed to the top
jacket bars and of inverted U-shaped ties placed
through perforations in the slab, closely spaced ties
have been placed near the joint region where beam
hinging is expected to occur (figure no. 4). The main
features of reinforcement details of beam jacketing
are given in table 3.
Figure No. 4: Construction Technique for Beam
Jacketing.
Although those guidelines can give a rational basis
for practical design, research still needs to address
critical aspects in the behavior of jacketed elements.
The change in behaviour in jacketed elements, whose
shear span/depth ratios are significantly reduced, due
to their jacketing, needs to be clarified.
• 8 cm if concrete cast in place or 4 cm for shotcrete
• Percentage of steel on the jacket should be limited to 50 of the total area of the
composite section.
• Ignore the effect of existing shear reinforcement
• New reinforcement should have 135 hooks and at each corner of the tie there must be at
least one longitudinal bar.
• The bar used for the tie should have at least 8 mm diameter
• Multiple piece ties can be used, as discussed before for columns.
• Span/depth ratio
• Storey height
• Ductile behaviour
 International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN2249 – 8974

REFERENCES
1. Pankaj Agrawal & Manish Shrikhande,”Earthquake
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2. UNDP/UNIDO Project RER/79/015,”Repair and
strengthening of Reinforced Concrete, Stone and
brick Masonry Buildings”, Building Construction
Under Seismic Conditions in the Balkan Regions,
1983, United Nations Industrial Development
Programme, Austraia, Vol.5.
3. Rodriguez. and Park R., ‘Repairing and
strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Buildings for
Seismic Resistance”, Earthquake Spectra, 1991,Vol.
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4. Katsumata, H.and Kobatake, Y., “Seismic Retrofit
with carbon fibers for Reinforced Concrete
Columns”, Eleventh World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 293,1996.
5. Alcocer, S. M., “rehabilitation of RC Frame
Connections using Jacketing”, Tenth World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Madrid,
Spain, 19-24 July, 1992
6. IS13945, Repair and Seismic Strengthening of
Buildings –Guidelines, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi, 1993.

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