PRACTICUM REPORT

PLANT ECOLOGY

MINIMUM AREA

BY

GROUP III KBI

YUDI DUWI PERDANA 1510424010

FATIMAH SALSABILA 1610423001

HAFIZAH ZAKIYAH 1710421024

MUTHYA OKTAVIANI A. 1710422002

SEPTALIAN MAHARANI 1710423003

ASSISTANT : AZIZAH SHOLIHATI HAZRINA

SILVANA SUKMA

TEACHING IV LABORATORY

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

ANDALAS UNIVERSITY

PADANG, 2019
 II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Plant ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology which studies the distribution

and abundance of plants, the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of
plants, and the interactions among and between plants and other organisms. A global
overview of the Earth's major vegetation types is provided by O.W. Archibold. He
recognizes 11 major vegetation types: tropical forests, tropical savannas, arid regions
(deserts), Mediterranean ecosystems, temperate forest ecosystems, temperate
grasslands, coniferous forests, tundra (both polar and high mountain)
terrestrial wetlands, freshwater ecosystems and coastal/marine systems. Ecology have
an organizational level of biological components, one of which is the community
(Keddy, 2007)
A plant community (sometimes "phytocoenosis" or "phytocenosis") is a
collection or association of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which
forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of
different vegetation types. The components of each plant community are influenced
by soil type, topography, climate and human disturbance. In many cases there are
several soil types within a given phytocoenosis. A plant community can be rare even
if none of the major species defining it are rare. This is because it is the association of
species and relationship to their environment that may be rare. (Robert, 2003)
Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they
provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms,
structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics.
It is broader than the term flora which refers to species composition. Perhaps the
closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a
wider range of spatial scales than that term does, including scales as large as the global.
Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrovestands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil
crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are
encompassed by the term vegetation. (Burrows, 1990)
Vegetation analysis is a way of making the composition and composition of
vegetation (structure) of vegetation from growing communities. Structured elements
of vegetation are forms of growth, stratification and canopy closure. For the purposes
of vegetation analysis, data - data type diameter and height are needed to determine
the index of important values of the forest community constituents. With vegetation
analysis quantitative information can be obtained about the structure and composition
of a plant community (Syafei, 1990).
Area is part of the surface of the earth, area, geographical area used for special
purposes: this forest will be opened for agriculture; Environmental geographical area
that has the same language typology characteristics, such as pronunciation, lexical, or
grammatical features. The minimum area or species area curve is the first step used to
analyze a vegetation that uses sample plots (squares). The minimum area is used to
obtain sample plot area (sampling area) that is considered representative of a type of
vegetation in a particular habitat being studied. The sample plot area has a close
relationship with the diversity of species found in the area. The higher the diversity of
species found in the area, the more extensive sample plots are used (Michael, 1995).
Minimal area is the smallest area that can contain the species representative of
a particular plant community. When the number of species recorded in increasingly
larger sample units is plotted graphically (to give a species-area curve), the minimal
area is the point at which the curve becomes horizontal. In practice, the curve rarely
becomes truly horizontal because of natural heterogeneity, and some subjective
assessment of the minimal area is made, based on the species-area curve. Alternatively,
the ‘minimum quadrat number’ may be defined as the ‘equivalence point’, i.e. the point
at which the number of species and the number of quadrats are equal. (Heddy, 1996)
Five methods for determining the minimum area include; Interpretation of area
species curves, Pretation inter regional frequency curves, Species returning
presentations, Similarity analysis, and Patterns of representation. Interpretation of
species area curves is the original method and is still often recommended. This method
is a rare species to reach saturation. The frequency of the curve area has been taken as
the basis for determining the minimum area. This curve is used to detect minimal
separate areas for different regions (Syafei, 1990).
Every plant species requires suitable environmental conditions for life, so the
living conditions of each species are different, where they only occupy the parts that
are suitable for their lives. Every plant is the result of the conditions in which plants
live, so plants can be used as environmental indicators. The composition of a
community is determined by the selection of plants that reach climax and are able to
live in that place. The activities of community members depend on each individual's
adjustment to physical and biotic factors in the place. Thus in a community, controlling
the presence of species can be in the form of one or several specific species or can also
be the physical nature of the habitat. But there is no clear boundary between the two,
because both can operate together or influence each other. Plants that live naturally in
a place, form a collection in which each individual finds an environment that can meet
his life needs. In this collection there is also harmony in living together (association),
and mutual relations (interactions) that are mutually beneficial, so that a degree of
integration is formed (Djufri, 2012).

DAPUS:

Burrows, Colin J. (1990). Processes of vegetation change. London: Unwin Hyman.

Djufri. 2012. Penentuan Pola Distribusi, Asosiasi dan Interaksi Jenis Tumbuhan
Khususnya Padang Rumput di Taman Nasional Baluran Banyuwangi Jawa Timur.
Tesis. Yogyakarta : Universitas Gadjah Mada. Vol 4, Nomor 2, hal 104-111.
Heddy, S dan Kurniati M. 1996. Prinsip – prinsip dasar ekologi. Jakarta : Raja
Grafindo Persada
Keddy, Paul A. (2007). Plants and Vegetation. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Michael, P. 1995. Metode Ekologi Untuk Penyelidikan Ladang dan Laboratorium.
Jakarta : UI Press
Robert Ornduff, Phyllis M. Faber, Todd Keeler-Wolf. (2003). Introduction to
California Plant Life, California Natural History Guides No. 69, University of
California Press, Ltd.
Syafei, E. 1990. Pengantar Ekologi Tumbuhan. ITB Press : Bandung.
 III. IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICUM

3.1. Time and place

The Minimum Area Practicum was conducted on Thursday, March 14th , 2019 at the
Teaching IV Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences, Andalas University, Padang.
3.2. Tools and materials
The tools and materials used in this practicum are stakes, ropes, scissors, tape measure
and stationery.
3.3. Ways of working
First, a plot of 25 cm x 25 cm is made. Observed and recorded the species of plants
that found in this plot. Then calculate the percentage increase in plant species. If the
results obtained are >10%, then make a plot that is two time larger than before, like
25 cm x 25 cm, 50 cm x 50 cm, so on until the results obtained are <10%.