IP ADDRESS,ROUTING

TASMI, S.Si,. M.Kom,. MTCNA, MTCRE

 NETWORK FUNDAMENTAL
IP ADDRESS
IP (Internet Protocol) is the one of the protocols used to facilitate communication between hosts on
the network.
IP is an unreliable but best effort delivery protocol.
IP address is an identifier belongs to a host in order to communicate with other host on the network.
IP formally divided in two type,
a. IPv4, 32 bits length, represented in decimal, separated by dot (.), so called dotted decimal
b. IPv6, 128 bits length, represented in hexadecimal separated by colon (:)
Since IPv6 is still on implementation worldwide and not specifically discuss in this course, all ‘IP
address’ that we used in this course refer to IPv4 address.

32 bits of an IP address divided in two parts,

a. Network portion
b. Host portion
IP ADDRESS (Cont)
These portions is determined by the netmask/subnet mask following the IP address
(netmask/subnet mask is explained on later slides).

Network portion identify a network, so called network ID or network address.

Network ID can be concluded by ANDing an IP address with its subnet mask.
Host portion identify total hosts that can be contained on a network.
A network contains a network address, a broadcast address, and usable IP addresses.
Two or more devices on a network can communicate (without any routing process
involved) if they are on the same range of a network.
 NETWORK FUNDAMENTAL
IP ADDRESS
CLASSESS OF IP ADDRESS

Class A : 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255

00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 s.d 0111111.11111111.11111111.111111111
Class B : 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 s.d 10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
Class C : 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 s.d 11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111
Class D : 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000 s.d 11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111
Class E : 240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255
11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 s.d 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111

Indication of class  High order bits (left most bits on binary digit)

On implementation, only class A to C can be used to address a host.

Class D  reserved for multicast address
Class E  reserved for further research
 NETWORK FUNDAMENTAL
IP ADDRESS
NETMASK/ SUBNET MASK/ PREFIX LENGTH
Function : to determine a network scope, by ANDing an IP address with its
netmask/subnetmask
Component :
network bit (represented by binary digit 1)
host bit ( represented by binary digit 0)
a netmask or subnet mask is formed of network bits followed by the host bits, in a sequence order
Default Subnet Mask (by class):
Class A :
written in dotted decimal as 255.0.0.0
written in prefix length as /8
written in bit as 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class B :
written in dotted decimal as 255.255.0.0
written in prefix length as /16
written in bit as 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Class C :
written in dotted decimal as 255.255.255.0
written in prefix length as /24
written in bit as 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

The Conclusion :
a.By default, class A IP Address have (128 – 2) networks, and (2^24 -2) usable IP addresses for each network.
b.By default, class B IP Address have (64 x 256) networks, and (2^16 -2) usable IP addresses for each network.
c.By default, class C IP Address have (32 x 256 x 256) networks, and (2^8 -2) usable IP addresses for each
network.
 NETWORK FUNDAMENTAL

PRIVATE VS PUBLIC IP ADDRESS

Related to RFC 1918, class A to C applicable addresses are divided into two parts,
a. Private IP address
Non routable address on public network (internet), for use in Local Area Network.
Private address range are,
* Class A : 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
* Class B : 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255.255
* Class C : 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
b. Public IP address
Routable address on public network (internet), the IP address allocation is
controlled by IANA through its regional representative (RIR).

Private addresses can be routed on internet after the translation process (NAT =
Network Address Translation)
NAT is a mechanism used to solve the lack of public IP address by translating private IP
addresses into one or many public IP addresses.
 Default
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask
Gateway
Fa0/0
R1
S0/0/0
Fa0/0
R2
S0/0/0
PC1 N/A
PC2 N/A
 Subneting
• Alamat IP didesain untuk digunakan secara
berkelompok (sub-jaringan/subnet).
• Subneting adalah cara untuk memisahkan dan
mendistribusikan beberapa alamat IP.
• Host/perangkat yang terletak pada subnet yang
sama dapat berkomunikasi satu sama lain
secara langsung (tanpa melibatkan
router/routing).

Page 29
 Subneting
• Apabila jaringan dianalogikan sebuah jalan, apabila disepanjang
jalan cuma ada 8 rumah, ketua RT mengumumkan sesuatu dari
rumah ke rumah lewat jalan itu.
• Apabila sepanjang jalan sudah penuh rumah butuh ada gang-gang .
Butuh ada ketua RT tiap gang untuk meminimalis transportasi saat
pengumuman dan mengatur urusan RTnya sendiri
 Notasi Subnet
• Subnet ditulis dalam format 32 bit (seperti IP), atau
dalam bentuk desimal (prefix Length)

• Sebagai contoh, network 192.168.1.0 yang memiliki

subnet mask 255.255.255.0 dapat direpresentasikan di
dalam notasi prefix length sebagai 192.168.1.0/24.
 Network ID dan Broadcast
• Dalam kelompok IP address ada 2 IP yang sifatnya khusus
– Network ID : identitas suatu kelompok IP / Subnet.
– Broadcast : alamat IP yang digunakan untuk memanggil semua
IP dalam satu kelompok.
• Untuk menentukan network id dan broadcast dari sebuah alamat IP
dengan subnet mask tertentu, dapat dilakukan dengan operasi
logika AND

Alamat IP 10000011 01101011 10100100 00011010 (131.107.164.26)

Subnet Mask 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 (255.255.240.0)
X-NoR ------------------------------------------------------------------- AND
Network ID 10000011 01101011 10100000 00000000 (131.107.160.0)

Broadcast 10000011 01101011 10101111 11111111 (131.107.175.255)

 Perhitungan IP Subnet
Prefix Subnet Mask Jumlah IP Jumlah Host
255.255.255.(256-jml IP) (Jml IP − 2)
/24 255.255.255.0 256 254
/25 255.255.255.128 128 126
/26 255.255.255.192 64 62
/27 255.255.255.224 32 30
/28 255.255.255.240 16 14
/29 255.255.255.248 8 6
/30 255.255.255.252 4 2
/31 255.255.255.254 2 -
/32 255.255.255.255 1 -
 Perhitungan Subnet
Rumus menghitung Jumlah IP address dalam subnetmask:

2(32-n) , dimana n=prefix subnet

Contoh, IP kelas C: 20.20.20.20/30,
Tentukan Range IP, IP Host , Network ID, Broadcast dan Subnet Masknya:
• Jumlah IP dalam subnet:
Gunakan Rumus 2(32-30) = 22 = 4
• Range IP
Range IP dicari berdasarkan kelipatan Jumlah IPnya (kelipatan 4):
20.20.20.0 s/d 20.20.20.3
20.20.20.4 s/d 20.20.20.7, (8-11),(12-15)…terus sampai (252-255)
IP address pada soal (20.20.20.20) ada pada range:
20.20.20.20 s/d 20.20.20.23
 Perhitungan Subnet

IP kelas C: 20.20.20.20/30,
Tentukan Range IP, IP Host , Network ID, Broadcast dan Subnet
Masknya :
• Network ID dan Boradcast:
Dari range IP yang telah ditemukan (20.20.20.20 s/d 20.20.20.23)
IP terkecil digunakan untuk network ID, terbesar untuk Broadcast
Network ID 20.20.20.20, Broadcast 20.20.20.23
• IP Host Range IP dikurangi Network ID dan broadcast
IP host 20.20.20.21 s/d 20.20.20.22
Jumlah IP host jumlah IP dalam subnet dikurangi dua
• Subnet mask 255.255.255.(256 – jumlah IP)
Subnet mask 255.255.255.252
 Kerjakan Soal Berikut
Tentukan jumlah IP, network id & broadcast, IP
Host, dan subnet mask dari IP address berikut:
1. 11.11.11.11/26 9. 99.99.99.99/25
2. 22.22.22.22/28 10. 100.100.100.100/27
3. 33.33.33.33/25 11.111.111.111.111/30
12. 122.122.122.122/25
4. 44.44.44.44/29
13. 133.133.133.133/28
5. 55.55.55.55/27 14.144.144.144.144/24
6. 66.66.66.66/28 15.155.155.155.155/26
7. 77.77.77.77/30 16.166.166.166.166/29
8. 88.88.88.88/31
 Contoh Soal Subneting
Dalam suatu jaringan host A dan B menggunakan subnet mask
berbeda, IP host A adalah192.168.0.200/26 sedangkan B akan
menggunakan subnet /25. Berapakah Range IP B yang boleh
dipakai agar antar host bisa saling komunikasi?

Syarat terjadinya koneksi antar A & B beda subnet : IP A harus

ada di range subnet B, IP B harus ada di range subnet A.
• Range IP address A 192.168.0.193 s/d 192.168.0.254
• Range IP address B 192.168.0.129 s/d 192.168.0.254
• B hanya boleh menggunakan IP address 192.168.0.193 s/d
192.168.0.254
• B tidak boleh menggunakan IP address 192.168.0.129 s/d
192.168.0.192
 Contoh Subneting

IP 204.17.5.0/24
1. Tentukan Jumlah subnet??
2. Tentukan Network ID /Network address setiap subnet ??
3. Tentukan jumlah host setiap subnet
4. Tentukan IP Broadcast setiap subnet??
5. Tentukan IP pertama dan IP terakhir setiap Subnet??
1.

n
2 = , dimana n adalah banyak angka 1 di octet terakhir

3
2 =8

2. 256 – 224 = 32

32 + 32 = 64, 64+32=96, 96+32=128,

128+32=160, 160 +32 = 192, 192+ 32 = 224
3. x
2 = , dimana x adalah banyak angka 0 di octet terakhir

5
2 = 32
Subnet Network ID Subnetmask IP Pertama IP Terakhir IP Bordcast
1 204.17.5.0 255.255.255.22 204.17.5.1 204.17.5.30 204.17.5.31
4
2 204.17.5.32 IDEM 204.17.5.33 204.17.5.62 204.17.5.63
3 204.17.5.64 204.17.5.65 204.17.5.94 204.17.5.95
4 204.17.5.96 204.17.5.97 204.17.5.126 204.17.5.127
5 204.17.5.128 204.17.5.129 204.17.5.158 204.17.5.159
6 204.17.5.160 204.17.5.161 204.17.5.190 204.17.5.191
7 204.17.5.192 204.17.5.193 204.17.5.222 204.17.5.223
8 204.17.5.224 204.17.5.225 204.17.5.254 204.17.5.255
 Contoh Soal
1. IP Host A 192.168.1.34/25 dan IP Host B
192.168.1.129/24, bisakah antara Host A dan Host B
berkomunikasi?

Jawab:
Range subnet A = 192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.127 } Host B 192.168.1.129

Range subnet B = 192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.255 } Host A 192.168.1.34

IP host B tidak termasuk pada range subnet A, Host A dan Host B tidak
dapat berkomunikasi
 IP Bogon
• IP Bogon adalah IP yang tidak dapat dipakai karena
tidak diatur dalam aturan organisasi internet.
• IP bogon biasanya muncul karena kesalahan konfigurasi
yang tidak disengaja atau sengaja untuk tujua tertentu
• Contoh IP bogon : 0.0.0.0/8, 10.0.0.0/8, 127.0.0.0/8,
169.254.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.0.0.0/24,
192.0.2.0/24, 192.168.0.0/16, 198.18.0.0/15,
198.51.100.0/24, 203.0.113.0/24, 224.0.0.0/4, dsb
• Bogons dapat difilter menggunakan ACLs atau BGP
blackholing.
• IP bisa digolongkan IP bogon untuk saat ini, namum bisa
jadi kedepanya bukan merupakan IP bogon lagi jika
ditetapkan oleh organisasi internet internasional (IANA).
192.168.123.0/24
 IP address 192.168.123.0/26

• How many subnets are needed for this network?

____________________
• What is the subnet mask for this network in dotted decimal format?
____________________
• What is the subnet mask for the network in slash format?
____________________
• How many usable hosts are there per subnet?
____________________
LENGKAPI ADDRESS TABLE
Default
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask
Gateway

Fa0/0 N/A
R1
S0/0/0 N/A
Fa0/0 N/A
R2
S0/0/0 N/A
PC1 NIC
PC2 NIC
Gateway dan Default Gateway
• Static routing dilakukan dengan pengaturan arah paket data yang melalui
router, dengan menentukan GATEWAY untuk dst address/network
tertentu
• Gateway bisa berupa IP ADDRESS atau INTERFACE
• IP GATEWAY router harus satu subnet dengan salah satu IP Interface
router
• IP GATEWAY merupakan IP didepan device
• Hanya ada 1 Gateway untuk satu network
• Default Gateway adalah pengaturan untuk dst-address menggantikan
semua ip yang ada di internet. Dst-address = 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0/0)
LAB Gateway

192.168.50.1
192.168.10.1
192.168.10.2
192.168.30.1

192.168.50.2

192.168.30.2
KONFIGURASI ROUTER CISCO
 1

2
Konfigurasi IP Address
Konfigurasi IP Address
Routing
Ada dua tipe Routing
• Dynamic Routing –rute dibuat secara otomatis
• Saat akan menambahkan IP address pada interface
• Informasi routing yang akan didapat dari protocol routing dinamis seperti :
RIP, OSPF dan BGP
• Statick Routing – rute dibuat manual oleh admin untuk mengatur ke
arah mana trafik tertentu akan diarahkan
• Defult route adalah salah satu contoh static routing
DASAR PEMILIHAN ROUTING
• Rule routing yang paling spesifik tujuan nya 192.168.0.5
• Contoh : destination 192.168.0.0/29 lebih spesifik dari 192.168.0.0/24
• Distance
• Router akan memilih distance yang Paling kecil
• Roud Robin
• Router akan memilih secara sequential
Dasar Pemilihan Routing
• Contoh kasus : untuk koneksi dengan destination 192.168.0.1,
manakah urutan prioritas rule yang digunakan

Destination Gateway Distance Priority

192.168.0.0/27 192.168.1.1 1 2
192.168.0.0/29 192.168.2.1 1 1
192.168.0.0/24 192.168.3.1 5 4
192.168.0.0/24 192.168.4.1 1 3
Konfigurasi Static Routing
• IP route command
– To configure a static route use the following command: ip route
– Example:
• Router(config)# ip route network-address subnet-mask {ip-address | exit-
interface }
LAB – Static Routing

172.16.3.0/30

R2 192.168.10.0/24
RI
192.168.20.0/24

Web Server
LAB – Static Routing
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask DefaultGateway

ROUTER I Fa0/0 172.16.3.2 255.255.255.252 N/A

Fa0/1 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0 N/A
ROUTER II Fa0/0 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.252 N/A
Fa0/1 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 N/A
PC0 NIC 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.1

Web Server NIC 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1

 Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: n

Press RETURN to get started! Tekan tombol Simpan configure ke NVRAM

enter untuk memulai
Router_I(config)#ctrl+z
Memberi nama Router Router_I#copy run start -->> kemudian tekan enter 2 x

Setting IP di Interface 0/0

Router>enable Router#configure terminal
Router_I(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config)#Hostname ROUTER_I
Router_I(config-if)#ip address 172.16.3.2 255.255.255.252
Router_I(config-if)#no shutdown
Membuat Banner Router_I(config-if)#exit
Router_I(config)#banner motd #Selamat Datang di Router_I#
Setting IP di Interface 0/1
Membuat Password Router_I#configure Router_I(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
terminal Router_I(config)#line console 0 Router_I(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
Router_I(config-line)#password cisco Router_I(config-if)#no shutdown
Router_I(config-line)#login Router_I(config-line)#exit Router_I(config-if)#exit

Router_I(config)#enable password cisco Simpan configure ke NVRAM

Router_I(config)#enable secret cisco Router_I(config)#ctrl+z
Router_I(config)#service password-encryption (mengencryption-password) Router_I#copy run start -->> kemudian tekan enter 2x

Mensetting U/ Telnet
Router_I(config)#line vty 0 4
Router_I(config-line)#password cisco
Router_I(config-line)#login Router_I(config-line)#exit
Configurasi Untuk Router II Simpan configure ke NVRAM
Router_II (config)#ctrl+z
Memberi nama Router Router_II #copy run start -->> kemudian tekan enter 2 x
Router>enable Router#configure terminal Setting IP di Interface 0/0
Router(config)#Hostname ROUTER_II Router_II (config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router_II (config-if)#ip address 172.16.3.2 255.255.255.252
Membuat Banner
Router_II (config-if)#no shutdown
Router_II(config)#banner motd #Selamat Datang di Router II#
Router_II (config-if)#exit
Membuat Password
Router_II#configure terminal Setting IP di Interface 0/1
Router_II(config)#line console 0 Router_II (config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router_II(config-line)#password cisco Router_II (config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
Router_II(config-line)#login Router_II(config- Router_II (config-if)#no shutdown
line)#exit Router_II (config-if)#exit

Router_II (config)#enable password cisco Simpan configure ke NVRAM

Router_II (config)#enable secret cisco Router_II (config)#ctrl+z
Router_II (config)#service password-encryption (mengencryption) Router_II #copy run start -->> kemudian tekan enter 2 x

PC 0
Mensetting U/ Telnet IPADDRESS 192.168.20.254
Router_II (config)#line vty 0 4 SUBNETMASK 255.255.255.0
Router_II (config-line)#password cisco DEFAULGATEWAY 192.168.20.1
Router_II (config-line)#login
Router_II (config-line)#exit SERVER
IPADDRESS 192.168.10.254
SUBNETMASK 255.255.255.0
DEFAULGATEWAY 192.168.10.1
Router_I(config)#ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1
Perintah Keterangan
ip route Identifikasi rute statik
192.168.10.0 Alamat IP Stub Network Konfigurasi R1
255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask
172.16.3.1 Alamat IP Router B

Router_II(config)#ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1

Konfigurasi R2
Troubleshooting
• Troubleshooting static routes may require some
of the following commands:
–Ping
–Traceroute
–Show IP route
–Show ip interface brief
–Show cdp neighbors detail
Link-State Routing Protocols
Introduction
Link-State Routing
• Link state routing protocols
– Also known as shortest path first algorithms
– These protocols built around Dijkstra’s SPF
Link-State Routing
• Dikjstra’s algorithm also known as the shortest path
first (SPF) algorithm
Link-State Routing
• The shortest path to a destination is not necessarily
the path with the least number of hops
Link-State Routing
• Link-State Routing Process
– How routers using Link State Routing Protocols reach
convergence
• Each routers learns about its own directly connected networks
• Link state routers exchange hello packet to “meet” other directly
• Connected link state routers
• Each router builds its own Link State Packet (LSP) which includes
information about neighbors such as neighbor ID, link type, &
bandwidth
• After the LSP is created the router floods it to all neighbors who
then store the information and then forward it until all routers have
the same information
• Once all the routers have received all the LSPs, the routers then
construct a topological map of the network which is used to
determine the best routes to a destination
Link-State Routing
• Directly Connected
Networks
• Link
– This is an interface on a
router
• Link state
– This is the information
about the state of the
links
Link-State Routing
• Sending Hello Packets to Neighbors
– Link state routing protocols use a hello protocol
– Purpose of a hello protocol:
• To discover neighbors (that use the same link state routing
protocol) on its link
Link-State Routing
• Sending Hello Packets to
Neighbors
– Connected interfaces that are
using the same link state routing
protocols will exchange hello
packets
– Once routers learn it has
neighbors they form an
adjacency
• 2 adjacent neighbors will
exchange hello packets
• These packets will serve as a
keep alive function
Link-State Routing
• Building the Link State
Packet
– Each router builds its
own Link State Packet
(LSP)
– Contents of LSP:
• State of each directly
connected link
• Includes information
about neighbors such
as neighbor ID, link
type, & bandwidth
Link-State Routing
• Flooding LSPs to Neighbors
– Once LSP are created they are forwarded out to neighbors
– After receiving the LSP the neighbor continues to forward it
throughout routing area
Link-State Routing
• LSPs are sent out under the following conditions:
– Initial router start up or routing process
– When there is a change in topology
Link-State Routing
• Constructing a link state data base
– Routers use a database to construct a topology map of
the network
Link-State Routing
Link-State Routing
• Shortest Path First (SPF) Tree
– Building a portion of the SPF tree
– Process begins by examining R2’s LSP information
• R1 ignores 1st LSP
• Reason: R1 already knows it’s connected to R2
Link-State Routing
• Building a portion of the SPF tree
– R1 uses 2nd LSP
• Reason: R1 can create a link from R2 to R5 - this
information is added to R1’s SPF tree
Link-State Routing
• Building a portion of the SPF tree
– R1 uses 3rd LSP
• Reason: R1 learns that R2 is connected to 10.5.0.0/16
• This link is added to R1’s SPF tree
Link-State Routing
• Determining the shortest path
– The shortest path to a destination determined by adding
the costs & finding the lowest cost
Link-State Routing
• Once the SPF algorithm has determined the
shortest path routes, these routes are placed in the
routing table
 Link-State Routing Protocols
 Advantages of a Link-State Routing Protocol

Routing Builds Router can A periodic/ Use

protocol Topological independently Convergence event driven of
map determine the routing updates LSP
shortest path to
every network.

Distance No No Slow Generally No No

vector

Link State Yes Yes Fast Generally Yes Yes

Link-State Routing Protocols
• Requirements for using a link state routing protocol
– Memory requirements
• Typically link state routing protocols use more memory
– Processing Requirements
• More CPU processing is required of link state routing
protocols
– Bandwidth Requirements
• Initial startup of link state routing protocols can consume
lots of bandwidth
Link-State Routing Protocols
• 2 link state routing protocols used for routing IP
– Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
– Intermediate System-Intermediate System (IS-IS)
OSPF
Objectives
• Describe the background and basic features of
OSPF.
• Identify and apply the basic OSPF configuration
commands.
• Describe, modify and calculate the metric used by
OSPF.
• Describe the Designated Router/Backup
Designated Router (DR/BDR) election process in
multiaccess networks.
• Describe the uses of additional configuration
commands in OSPF.
Introduction
Introduction to OSPF
• Background of OSPF
– Began in 1987
– 1989 OSPFv1 released in RFC 1131
– This version was experimental & never deployed
– 1991 OSPFv2 released in RFC 1247
– 1998 OSPFv2 updated in RFC 2328
– 1999 OSPFv3 published in RFC 2740
Introduction to OSPF
• OSPF Message
Encapsulation
– OSPF packet type
• There exist 5 types
– OSPF packet header
• Contains - Router ID
and area ID and Type
code for OSPF packet
type
– IP packet header
• Contains - Source IP
address, Destination
IP address, & Protocol
field set to 89
Introduction to OSPF
• OSPF Message Encapsulation
– Data link frame header
– Contains - Source MAC address and Destination MAC
address
Introduction to OSPF
 OSPF Packet Types
Introduction to OSPF
• Hello Protocol
• OSPF Hello Packet
– Purpose of Hello Packet
• Discover OSPF
neighbors & establish
adjacencies
• Advertise guidelines
on which routers
must agree to
become neighbors
• Used by multi-access
networks to elect a
designated router
and a backup
designated router
Introduction to OSPF
• Hello Packets continued
– Contents of a Hello
Packet router ID of
transmitting router
• OSPF Hello Intervals
– Usually multicast
(224.0.0.5)
– Sent every 30 seconds for
NBMA segments
• OSPF Dead Intervals
– This is the time that must
transpire before the
neighbor is considered
down
– Default time is 4 times
the hello interval
Introduction to OSPF
• Hello protocol packets contain information that is
used in electing
– Designated Router (DR)
• DR is responsible for updating all other OSPF routers
– Backup Designated Router (BDR)
• This router takes over DR’s responsibilities if DR fails
Introduction to OSPF
• OSPF Link-state
Updates
– Purpose of a Link
State Update (LSU)
• Used to deliver
link state
advertisements
– Purpose of a Link
State Advertisement
(LSA)
• Contains
information about
neighbors & path
costs
Introduction to OSPF
• OSPF Algorithm
• OSPF routers build &
maintain link-state
database containing
LSA received from
other routers
– Information found in
database is utilized
upon execution of
Dijkstra SPF algorithm
– SPF algorithm used to
create SPF tree
– SPF tree used to
populate routing table
Introduction to OSPF
• Administrative Distance
– Default Administrative Distance for OSPF is 110
Introduction to OSPF
• OSPF Authentication
– Purpose is to encrypt & authenticate routing information
– This is an interface specific configuration
– Routers will only accept routing information from other
routers that have been configured with the same password or
authentication information
Basic OSPF Configuration
• Lab Topology
• Topology used for this chapter
– Discontiguous IP addressing scheme
– Since OSPF is a classless routing protocol the subnet
mask is configured in
Basic OSPF Configuration
• The router ospf command
• To enable OSPF on a router use the following
command
– R1(config)#router ospf process-id
– Process id
• A locally significant number between 1 and 65535
• This means it does not have to match other OSPF routers
Basic OSPF Configuration
• OSPF network command
– Requires entering:
• network address
• wildcard mask - the inverse of the subnet mask
• area-id - area-id refers to the OSPF area – OSPF area is a group
of routers that share link state information
– Example: Router(config-router)#network network-
address wildcard-ask area area-id
Basic OSPF Configuration
• Router ID
– This is an IP address used to identify a router
– 3 criteria for deriving the router ID
• Use IP address configured with OSPF router-id command
– Takes precedence over loopback and physical interface addresses
• If router-id command not used then router chooses highest IP
address of any loopback interfaces
• If no loopback interfaces are configured then the highest IP
address on any active interface is used
Basic OSPF Configuration
• OSPF Router ID
• Commands used to verify current router ID
– Show ip protocols
– Show ip ospf
– Show ip ospf interface
Basic OSPF Configuration
• OSPF Router ID
• Router ID & Loopback addresses
– Highest loopback address will be used as router ID if router-
id command isn’t used
– Advantage of using loopback address
• The loopback interface cannot fail  OSPF stability
• The OSPF router-id command
– Introduced in IOS 12.0
– Command syntax
• Router(config)#router ospfprocess-id
• Router(config-router)#router-idip-address
• Modifying the Router ID
– Use the command Router#clear ip ospf process
Basic OSPF Configuration
• Verifying OSPF
• Use the show ip ospf command to verify & trouble
shoot OSPF networks
• Command will display the following:
– Neighbor adjacency
• No adjacency indicated by
– Neighboring router’s Router ID is not displayed
– A state of full is not displayed
• Consequence of no adjacency
– No link state information exchanged
– Inaccurate SPF trees & routing tables
Basic OSPF Configuration
 Verifying OSPF - Additional Commands
Command Description

Displays OSPF process ID,

router ID, networks router is
Show ip protocols
advertising & administrative
distance
Displays OSPF process ID,
router ID, OSPF area information
Show ip ospf
& the last time SPF algorithm
calculated
Displays hello interval and dead
Show ip ospf interface interval
Basic OSPF Configuration
• Examining the routing table
• Use the show ip route command to display the
routing table
– An “O’ at the beginning of a route indicates that the
router source is OSPF
– Note OSPF does not automatically summarize at major
network boundaries
OSPF Metric
• OSPF uses cost as the metric for determining the
best route
– The best route will have the lowest cost
– Cost is based on bandwidth of an interface
• Cost is calculated using the formula
– 108 / bandwidth
– Reference bandwidth
• Defaults to 100Mbps
• Can be modified using
• Auto-cost reference-bandwidth command
OSPF Metric
• COST of an OSPF route
– Is the accumulated value from one router to the next
OSPF Metric
• Usually the actual speed of a link is different than
the default bandwidth
– This makes it imperative that the bandwidth value
reflects link’s actual speed
• Reason: so routing table has best path information
• The show interface command will display
interface’s bandwidth
– Most serial link default to 1.544Mbps
Basic OSPF Configuration
• Modifying the Cost of a link
• Both sides of a serial link should be configured with
the same bandwidth
– Commands used to modify bandwidth value
• Bandwidth command
– Example: Router(config-if)#bandwidthbandwidth-kbps
• ip ospf cost command – allows you to directly specify interface
cost
– Example: R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
– R1(config-if)#ip ospf cost 1562
•
Basic OSPF Configuration
• Modifying the Cost of the link
• Difference between bandwidth command & the ip
ospf cost command
– Ip ospf cost command
• Sets cost to a specific value
– Bandwidth command
• Link cost is calculated
OSPF and Multiaccess Networks
• Challenges in Multiaccess Networks
• OSPF defines five network types:
– Point-to-point
– Broadcast Multiaccess
– Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA)
– Point-to-multipoint
– Virtual links
OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
• 2 challenges presented by multiaccess networks
– Multiple adjacencies
– Extensive LSA flooding
OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
• Extensive flooding of LSAs
– For every LSA sent out there must be an
acknowledgement of receipt sent back to transmitting
router
– Consequence: lots of bandwidth consumed and chaotic
traffic
OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
• Solution to LSA flooding
issue is the use of
– Designated router (DR)
– Backup designated router
(BDR)
• DR & BDR selection
– Routers are elected to send
& receive LSA
• Sending & Receiving LSA
– DR others send LSAs via
multicast 224.0.0.6 to DR &
BDR
– DR forward LSA via multicast
address 224.0.0.5 to all
other routers
OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
• DR/BDR Election Process
– DR/BDR elections DO NOT occur in point to point
networks
OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
• DR/BDR elections will take place on multiaccess
networks as shown below
OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
• Criteria for getting elected DR/BDR
1. DR: Router with the highest OSPF
interface priority
2. BDR: Router with the second highest
OSPF interface priority
3. If OSPF interface priorities are equal,
the highest router ID is used to break
the tie
OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
• Timing of DR/BDR Election
– Occurs as soon as 1st router has its interface enabled on
multiaccess network
• When a DR is elected it remains as the DR until one of the
following occurs
– The DR fails
– The OSPF process on the DR fails
– The multiaccess interface on the DR fails
OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
• Manipulating the election process
– If you want to influence the election of DR & BDR then do one
of the following:
• Boot up the DR first, followed by the BDR, and then boot all
other routers
• OR
• Shut down the interface on all routers, followed by a no
shutdown on the DR, then the BDR, and then all other routers
OSPF in Multiaccess Networks
• OSPF Interface Priority
• Manipulating the DR/BDR election process
continued
– Use the ip ospf priority interface command.
– Example:Router(config-if)#ip ospf priority {0 - 255}
• Priority number range 0 to 255
– 0 means the router cannot become the DR or BDR
– 1 is the default priority value
More OSPF Configuration
• Redistributing an OSPF Default Route
• Topology includes a link to ISP
– Router connected to ISP
• Called an autonomous system border router
• Used to propagate a default route
– Example of static default route:
• R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 loopback 1
– Requires the use of the default-information originate command
– Example of default-information originate command:
• R1(config-router)#default-information originate
More OSPF Configuration
• Fine-Tuning OSPF
• Since link speeds are
getting faster it may be
necessary to change
reference bandwidth
values
– Do this using the auto-
cost reference-
bandwidth command
– Example:
• R1(config-router)#auto-
cost reference-
bandwidth 10000
More OSPF Configuration
• Fine-Tuning OSPF
• Modifying OSPF timers
– Reason to modify timers
• Faster detection of network failures
– Manually modifying Hello & Dead intervals
• Router(config-if)#ip ospf hello-interval seconds
• Router(config-if)#ip ospf dead-interval seconds
– Point to be made
• Hello & Dead intervals must be the same between neighbors
LAB-- OSPF
Interface loopback 2.2.2.2/32

192.168.150.0/24 192.168.100.0/24
Router 2

Interface loopback 1.1.1.1/32 Interface loopback 3.3.3.3/32

Router 1
Router 3
192.168.90.0/24
192.168.75.0/24

`
`
LAB --- OSPF
Konfigurasi R1
Router>en
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int lo 0
Router(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
Router(config-if)#ex
Router(config)#int fa0/1
Router(config-if)#ip add 192.168.90.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#ex
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 192.168.150.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#ex
Router(config)#
LAB --- OSPF
Konfigurasi R2

Router>en
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int lo 0
Router(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#ip add 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
Router(config-if)#ex
Router(config)#int fa0/1
Router(config-if)#ip add 192.168.100.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#ex
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 192.168.150.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#ex
Router(config)#
LAB --- OSPF
Konfigurasi R3
Router>en
Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#int lo 0
Router(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
Router(config-if)#ip add 3.3.3.3 255.255.255.255
Router(config-if)#ex
Router(config)#int fa0/1
Router(config-if)#ip add 192.168.100.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#ex
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ip add 192.168.75.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#ex
Router(config)#
LAB --- OSPF
• Konfigurasi PC1
IP Address : 192.168.90.10
Netmask : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway : 192.168.90.1

Konfigurasi PC2
IP Address : 192.168.90.20
Netmask : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway : 192.168.90.1

Konfigurasi Server
IP Address : 192.168.75.200
Netmask : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway : 192.168.75.1
LAB --- OSPF
Routing OSPF di R1
Router(config)#router ospf 10
Router(config-router)#network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.90.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.150.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#ex Selanjutnya coba lakukan test
koneksi dengan melakukan
Routing OSPF di R2 ping ke masing-masing PC ke
Router(config)#router ospf 10 Server
Router(config-router)#network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.150.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#ex

Routing OSPF di R3
Router(config)#router ospf 10
Router(config-router)#network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#network 192.168.75.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Router(config-router)#ex