STOICHIOMETRY

1. *The chemical reaction produce precipitate, this is evident from the result of our experiment
that formed a blue precipitate or Cu(OH)2 from NaOH and CuSO4 reaction. In other hand, the
reaction of KI and Pb(NO3)2 also formed a yellow precipitate
*The chemical reaction produces a color changes. After KI and Pb(NO3)2 are mixed, the
color change from transparant to yellow.
*The chemical produce changes in temperature. In the KI and Pb(NO3)2 reaction is happen
temperature changes
 The mass of the products is equal with the mass of the reaactant
2. Refer to figure 1 we can see that the more mass of sulfur, then the lenght of copper is
reduced/dwindle. (sulfur sebagai reaksi pembatas)
3. a. Refer to figure 2 and calculating above, we can see that the highest precipitate is produced
from the reaction with the reactant volume composition 3 mL Pb(NO3)2 and 7 mL KI as
following reaction:
a. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
0,3 mmol 0,7 mmol
0,3 mmol 0,6 mmol 0,3 mmol -
- 0,1 mmol 0,3 mmol
b. In the calculation above, we can know that the moles reacted ratio of Pb(NO3)2 and KI is 1:2
4. a. The higher ∆T are mixing from NaOH 20 mL and 10 mL H2SO4 solution
b. n NaOH= M x V
= 0,2 x 20
= 4 mmol
n H2SO4 = M x V
= 0,2 x 10
= 2 mmol
a. the moles reacted ratio of NaOH and H2SO4 is 2:1

THERMOCHEMISTRY

1. Determine to calorimeter constant by drawing a graph showed relationship between the

temperature of the mixture of cold water and hot water vs time intervals.
Answer :
Graph of Temperature vs Time Interval
 36

Temperature (°C)
35

34

33

32
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time intervals (min)

V1 = 20 mL 𝜌water = 1 g/mL
V2 = 20 mL cwater = 4,2 J/gK
T1 = 26°C = 299 K T2 = 58°C = 331 K
T3(constant) = 33°C = 306 K

 Temperature is absorbed in calorimeter  A rise temperature in cold water

o ∆T = T3 – T1 o ∆T1 = T3 – T1
= 306 – 299 = 306 – 299
=7K =7K

 A descent temperature in hot water

o ∆T2 = T2 – T3
= 331 – 306
= 25 K
Heat is absorbed in cold water
 Mass of cold water (m1) = 𝜌water . V1
= 1 g/mL .20 mL
= 20 gram
 q1 of cold water = m1. cwater. ∆T1
= 20 . 4,2. 7
= 588 J
Heat is absorbed in hot water
 Mass of hot water (m2) = 𝜌water . V2
= 1 g/mL .20 mL
= 20 gram
 q2 of hot water =mhw. cwater. ∆T2
= 20 . 4,2 . 25
= 2100 J
Heat is absorbed in calorimeter
 q3 = q2 – q1
= (2100 – 588) J
= 1512 J
Calorimeter constant
 𝑞3
 Ccal = ∆𝑇
1512
=
7
= 216 J/K
2. Calculate the heat of neutralization of NaOH-HCl, HCl-NH4OH, NaOH-CH3COOH by drawing
graphs showed the relationship between temperature of mixture of acid-base vs time intervals.
Answer:
A. Determination of neutralization heat of HCl +NaOH
Graph of Temperature vs Time Intervalof HCl + NaOH

40
T NaOH – HCl (°C)

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time intervals (minutes)

THCl = 26°C = 299 K MHCl =1M

TNaOH = 26°C = 299 K MNaOH =1M
VHCl = 20 mL VNaOH = 20 mL
𝜌solution = 1,03 g/mL csolution = 3,96 Jg-1K-1
TConstant = 30°C = 303 K

MolNaOH = MNaOH.VNaOH MolHCl = MHCl .VHCl

= 1 M . 20 mL = 1 M . 20 mL
= 20 mmol = 20 mmol
= 0,02mol = 0,02 mol

Reaction :
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
M 0,02mol 0,02 mol - -
B 0,02mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol
S 0 0 0,02mol 0,02 mol

Vmix = VHCl + VNaOH

= 20 mL + 20 mL
= 40 mL

o ∆T3 = Tconstant – Ts
= 303 – 299
=4K
o ms = 𝜌s . vs
= 1,03 . 40
= 41,2 gram
  q4 = ms . cs . ∆T3
= 41,2 . 3,96 . 4
= 652,608 J
 q5 = Ccal . ∆T3
= 216 . 4
= 864 J

 Heat is produced by reaction  ∆H =-

𝑞6
𝑛
q6 = q4 + q5 1516,608
=−
= 652,608 + 864 0,02
= 1516,608 J = -75830,4 J/mol (exothermic)

B. Determination of neutralization heat of NaOH + CH3COOH

Graph of Temperature vs Time Intervalof NaOH + CH3COOH
35
T NaOH – CH3COOH (°C)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time intervals (minutes)

T CH3COOH = 26°C = 299 K M CH3COOH =1M

TNaOH = 26°C = 299 K MNaOH =1M
V CH3COOH = 20 mL VNaOH = 20 mL
𝜌solution = 1,098 g/mL csolution = 4,02 Jg-1K-1
TConstant = 30°C = 303 K

MolNaOH = MNaOH.VNaOH MolCH3COOH = MCH3COOH . VCH3COOH

= 1 M . 20 mL = 1 M . 20 mL
= 20 mmol = 20 mmol
= 0,02mol = 0,02 mol

Reaction :
NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq)  CH3COONa(aq)+ H2O(l)
M 0,02mol 0,02 mol - -
 B 0,02mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol
S 0 0 0,02mol 0,02 mol

o ∆T3 = Tconstant – Ts o ms = 𝜌s . vs
= 303 – 299 = 1,098 . 40
=4K = 43,92 gram

 q4 = ms . cs . ∆T3
= 43,92 . 4,02 . 4
= 706,2336 J

 q5 = Ccal . ∆T3
= 216 . 4
= 864 J

 Heat is produced by reaction

q6 = q4 + q5
= 706,2336 + 864
= 1570,2336 J

𝑞6
 ∆H =− 𝑛
1570,2336
=− 0,02
= -78511,68 J/mol (exothermic)

C. Determination of neutralization heat of HCl +NH4OH

Graph of Temperature vs Time Intervalof HCl + NH4OH
30
T HCl – NH4OH (°C)

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time intervals (minutes)

b. Determination of neutralization heat of HCl + NH4OH

THCl = 26°C = 299 K MHCl =1M
TNH4OH = 26°C = 299 K MNH4OH =1M
VHCl = 20 mL VNH4OH = 20 mL
𝜌solution = 1,015 g/mL csolution = 3,96 Jg-1K-1
TConstant = 28°C = 301 K

MolNaOH = MNaOH.VNaOH MolHCl = MHCl .VHCl

= 1 M . 20 mL = 1 M . 20 mL
= 20 mmol = 20 mmol
= 0,02mol = 0,02 mol
 Reaction :
NH4OH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l)
M 0,02mol 0,02 mol - -
B 0,02mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol
S 0 0 0,02mol 0,02 mol

o ∆T3 = Tconstant – Ts
= 301 – 299
=2K
o ms = 𝜌s . vs
= 1,015 . 40
= 40,6 gram

 q4 = ms . cs . ∆T3  q5 = Ccal . ∆T3

= 40,6 . 3,96 . 2 = 216 . 2
= 321,552 J = 432 J

 Heat is produced by reaction = 321,552 + 432

q6 = q4 + q5 = 753,552 J
𝑞6
 ∆H =− 𝑛
753,552
=− 0,02
= -37677,6 J/mol (exothermic)

2. Calculate the heat of dilution of ethanol in water based on the experimental.

Answer :
Determination of heat dilution of ethanol in water
A. Composition A (2 mL water dan 8 mL ethanol)
Twater = 26°C = 299 K Vwater = 2 mL
Tethanol = 28°C = 301 K Vethanol = 8 mL
-1 -1
cwater = 4,2 Jg K cethanol = 1,92 Jg-1K-1
∆TConstant = 30°C = 303 K 𝜌ethanol = 0,793 g/mL
Mr C2H5OH = (2.12 + 6.1 + 1.16) = 46

𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+𝑇𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
∆Tm = ∆T = ∆TConstant - ∆Tm
2
299 𝐾 +301 𝐾
= = (303 – 300) K
2
= 300 K =3K

Heat is absorbed in water

 Mass of water = 𝜌water .Vwater

= 1 g/mL . 2 mL
= 2 gram
 q7 = mwater.cwater. ∆T
= 2 . 4,2 . 3
= 25,2 J
Heat is absorbed in ethanol
𝑔
 Mass of ethanol = 𝜌ethanol .Vethanol mol C2H5OH =
𝑀𝑟 C2H5OH
6,344 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
= 0,793 g/mL . 8 mL = 46
= 6,344 gram = 0,1379mol
 q8 = methanol. cethanol. ∆T
= 6,344 . 1,92 . 3
= 36,54144 J

Heat is absorbed in calorimeter Heat is produced by solution

 q9 = Ckal . ∆T q10 = q7+ q8+ q9

= 216 . 3 = 25,2 + 36,54144 + 648
= 648 J = 709,74144 J

Enthalpy change of the reaction

𝑞10
∆HA = − 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2H5OH
709,74144
=−
1,379
= - 514,68 J/mol (exothermic)

B. Composition B (4 mL water dan 6 mL ethanol)

Twater = 26°C = 299 K Vwater = 4 mL
Tethanol = 28°C = 301 K Vethanol = 6 mL
-1 -1
cwater = 4,2 Jg K cethanol = 1,92 Jg-1K-1
∆TConstant = 29°C = 302 K 𝜌ethanol = 0,793 g/mL
Mr C2H5OH = (2.12 + 6.1 + 1.16) = 46

𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+𝑇𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
∆Tm = ∆T = ∆TContaant - ∆Tm
2
299 𝐾 +301 𝐾
= = (302 – 300) K
2
= 300 K =2K
Heat is absorbed in water
 Mass of water = 𝜌water .Vwater
= 1 g/mL . 4 mL
= 4 gram

 q7 = mwater.cwater. ∆T
= 4 . 4,2 . 2
= 33,6 J
Heat is absorbed in ethanol
𝑔
 Mass of ethanol = 𝜌ethanol .Vethanol molC2H5OH = 𝑀𝑟 C2H5OH
4,758 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
= 0,793 g/mL . 6 mL = 46
= 4,758 gram = 0,1034mol

 q8 = methanol. cethanol. ∆T
= 4,758. 1,92 . 2
 = 18,27072 J
Heat is absorbed in calorimeter
 q9 = Ckal . ∆T
= 216 . 2
= 432 J

Heat is produced by solution

 q10 = q7+ q8+ q9

= 33,6 + 18,27072 + 432
= 483,87072 J

Enthalpy change of the reaction

𝑞10
∆HB = − 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2H5OH
483,87072
=- 0,1034
= - 4679,60 J/mol (exothermic)

C. Composition C (6 mL water dan 4 mL ethanol)

Twater = 26°C = 299 K Vwater = 6 mL
Tethanol = 28°C = 301 K Vethanol = 4 mL
-1 -1
cwater = 4,2 Jg K cethanol = 1,92 Jg-1K-1
∆TConstant = 30°C = 303 K 𝜌ethanol = 0,793 g/mL
Mr C2H5OH = (2.12 + 6.1 + 1.16) = 46

𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+𝑇𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
∆Tm = ∆T = ∆TConstant - ∆Tm
2
299 𝐾 +301 𝐾
= = (303 – 300) K
2
= 300 K =3K

Heat is absorbed in water

 Mass of water = 𝜌water .Vwater
= 1 g/mL . 6 mL
= 6 gram
 q7 = mwater.cwater. ∆T
= 6 . 4,2 . 3
= 75,6 J
Heat is absorbed in ethanol
𝑔
 Mass of ethanol = 𝜌ethanol .Vethanol molC2H5OH = 𝑀𝑟 C2H5OH
3,172 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
= 0,793 g/mL . 4 mL = 46
= 3,172 gram = 0,0689mol

 q8 = methanol. cethanol. ∆T
= 3,172. 1,92 . 3
 = 18,27072 J

Heat is absorbed in calorimeter

 q9 = Ckal . ∆T
= 175,63 . 3
= 526,89 J
Heat is produced by solution
 q10 = q7+ q8+ q9
=75,6 + 18,27072 + 526,89
= 620,76072 J

Enthalpy change of the reaction

𝑞10
∆HC = − 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2H5OH
620,76072
=− 0,0689
= - 9009,59 J/mol (exothermic)

D. Composition D (8 mL water dan 2 mL ethanol)

Twater = 26°C = 299 K Vwater = 4 mL
Tethanol = 28°C = 301 K Vethanol = 6 mL
-1 -1
cwater = 4,2 Jg K cethanol = 1,92 Jg-1K-1
∆TConstant = 29°C = 302 K 𝜌ethanol = 0,793 g/mL
Mr C2H5OH = (2.12 + 6.1 + 1.16) = 46

𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+𝑇𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
∆Tm = ∆T = ∆TContaant - ∆Tm
2
299 𝐾 +301 𝐾
= = (302 – 300) K
2
= 300 K =2K

Heat is absorbed in water

 Mass of water = 𝜌water .Vwater  q7 = mwater.cwater. ∆T
= 1 g/mL . 8 mL = 8 . 4,2 . 2
= 8 gram = 67,2 J

Heat is absorbed in ethanol

𝑔
 Mass of ethanol = 𝜌ethanol .Vethanol molC2H5OH = 𝑀𝑟 C2H5OH
1,586 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
= 0,793 g/mL . 2 mL = 46
= 1,586 gram = 0,0345mol

 q8 = methanol. cethanol. ∆T
= 1,586 . 1,92 . 2
 = 6.09024 J
Heat is absorbed in calorimeter
 q9 = Ckal . ∆T
= 216 . 2
= 432 J

Heat is produced by solution

q10 = q7+ q8+ q9
= 60,2 + 6.09024 + 432
= 498,29024 J
 Enthalpy change of the reaction
𝑞10
∆HD = − 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C2H5OH
498,29024
=− 0,0345
= - 14443,20 J/mol (exothermic)

So, enthalpy change the heat of dilution of ethanol in water based on the experimental is :
∆HA + ∆HB + ∆HC + ∆HD
∆Hdilution = 4
− 514,68 +(− 4679,60) +(− 9009,59 ) +(−14443,20)
= 4
−28647,07
= 4
= - 7161,7675 J/mol (exothermic)
 ACID-BASE TITRATION

a. Determine the molarity of Oxalc acid as primary standard solution

 Mass of oxalic acid = 1.2610 gram
 Volume of solution = 100 mL
𝑚 1000
M oxalic acid = 𝑀𝑟 x 𝑉

1,2610 1000
= 126,070 x 10
= 0,1 M
b. Determine molarity NaOH solution
 Volume of Oxalic acid = 10 mL
 Volume of NaOH (1) = 19,6 mL
 Volume of NaOH (2) = 19,6 mL
 Average volume of NaOH = 19,6 mL
(COONa)2 + 2H2O  2NaOH + (COOH)2
(N.V) oxalic acid = (N.V)NaOH
0,2 . 10 = N . 19,6
2
NNaOH = 19,6

= 0,1 N
𝑀
M NaOH = 𝑎
0,1
= 1
= 0,1 M
c. Determine molarity HCl solution
 Volume of HCl = 10 mL
 Volume of NaOH (1) = 9 mL
 Volume of NaOH (2) = 8,9 mL
 Volume of average NaOH = 8,95 mL
NaOH(aq) + HCl (aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

VHCl . NHCl = VNaOH . NNaOH

10 . NHCl = 8,95 . 0,1 . 1
0,895
NHCl = 10
NHCl = 0,0895
NHCl = 0,01 N

𝑀
M HCl = 𝑎
0,01
= 1
= 0,01 M
d. Based on the data d above, draw a titration curve on graph paper by plotting pH and volume
of NaOH added
 12

10

pH
6

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Volume NaOH 0,1 M

curve 1. Titraion 0,1 M HCl by 0,1 NaOH

12

10

8
pH

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Volume NaOH 0,1 M

curve 2. Titration 0,1 M CH3COOH by 0,1 M NaOH

e. Determine the pH of the mixture in the equivalent point by (i) theoretical, (ii) the titration
curve
1) NaOH-HCl
Molarity of HCl = 0,1 M
Volume of HCl = 10 mL
NaOH(aq) + HCl (aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
 Eqiuivalence point at pH = 7 (theoritical)
 12

10

pH 6

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Volume NaOH 0,1 M

curve 3. Titraion 0,1 M HCl by 0,1 NaOH

2) NaOH-CH3COOH
Molarity of CH3COOH = 0,1 M
Volume of CH3COOH = 10 mL
Molarity of NaOH = 0,1 M
Ka CH3COOH = 1,8 . 10-5

VCH3COOH . NCH3COOH = VNaOH . NNaOH

10 . 0,1 . 1 = VNaOH . 1 . 0,1
VNaOH = 10 mL

n NaOH = (M .V) NaOH

= 0,1 . 10
= 1 mmole

n CH3COOH = (M .V)CH3COOH
= 0,1 . 10
= 1 mmole

NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH (aq)  CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

m 1 mmole 1 mmole - -
r 1 mmole 1 mmole 1 mmole 1 mmole
s 0 0 1 mmole 1 mmole

𝐾𝑤
[OH-] = √ 𝐾𝑎 [CH3COONa]

10−14
= √1,8 .10−5 [0,1]

= 5,5 . 10-6
 pOH = - log [OH-]  pH = 14 – pOH
= - log 5,5 . 10-6 = 14 – 5,26
= 6 – log 5,5 = 8,74 (theoritical)
= 5,26

12

10

8
pH

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Volume NaOH 0,1 M

curve 4. Titration 0,1 M CH3COOH by 0,1 M NaOH

6+10
 Eqiuivalence point at pH = = 8 (practice)
2
f. From the titration curve of acetic acid-NaOH, determine Ka of acetic acid

NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH (aq)  CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

m 1 mmole 1 mmole - -
r 1 mmole 1 mmole 1 mmole 1 mmole
s 0 0 1 mmole 1 mmole

pH =8
pOH = 6
[OH-] = 10-6

𝐾𝑤
[OH-] = √ 𝐾𝑎 [CH3COONa]

10−14
10-6 =√ [0,1]
𝐾𝑎
−14
= 10
10-12 [0,1]
𝐾𝑎
Ka = 10-3
g. What is the approximate pH of the mixture of CH3COOH-NaOH in the equivalent point
12

10

8
pH
6

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Volume NaOH 0,1 M

curve 5. Titration 0,1 M CH3COOH by 0,1 M NaOH

6+10
 Eqiuivalence point at pH = = 8 (practice)
2
h. What is the pH of the equivalence mixture of CH3COOH-NaOH if Ka CH3COOH
= 1,8 . 10−5
NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH (aq)  CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
m 1 mmole 1 mmole - -
r 1 mmole 1 mmole 1 mmole 1 mmole
s 0 0 1 mmole 1 mmole

𝐾𝑤
[OH-] = √ 𝐾𝑎 [CH3COONa]

10−14
= √1,8 .10−5 [0,1]

= 5,5 . 10-6
 pOH = - log [OH-]
= - log 5,5 . 10-6
= 6 – log 5,5
= 5,26
 pH = 14 – pOH
= 14 – 5,26
= 8,74 (theoritical)