Volume III Number 22 December 2008

Asia, world’s biggest NGV region

4.6M NGVs and 5,800 stations

Pakistan Safety first!

No.1 in the world NGV stakeholders to
with 1.9 M NGVs and focus on vehicle
2,430 CNG station conversion´s safety
2 December 2008

Summary
Asia, this year as the biggest NGV
04 region in the world

Asian NGV Communications is a publication About 49% of NGVs and 43% NG

of NGV Communications Group, publishing refuelling stations are in Asia.
house and fairs-conferences organizer: With over 4.6 million NGVs and 5,839
www.ngvgroup.com natural gas refuelling stations in early...
In Europe, we print The Gas Vehicles Report,
GVR, and www.ngvguide.com, the
International NGV Guide. Safety first!
In Argentina, the Group publishes Prensa
Vehicular, Argentine CNG Guide, maps,
18
books and brochures while in Brazil, Folha Illegally converted vehicles lead to
do GNV, Brazilian NGV Guide, maps and
explosions and threaten NGV industry.
posters, among others. In Peru Prensa
Vehicular Peru. More info: www.ngvgroup.com Some fatalities occurred due to CNG
The signed articles are exclusive responsibility of vehicle explosion in Asia. As reported...
the authors, as well as advertising companies and
agencies are responsible for the published ads.
Dual fuel trains for Indian
is member of the
ANGVA (Asia Pacific 20 Railways
NGV Association)
The Indian Railways is the first railway
KOREA on Indian sub-continent running over a
stretch of 21 miles from Mumbai to
300-5, Changchon-Ri ■ Namsan-Myun Thane. For its current operation ...
Chuncheon-Si ■ Kangwon-Do ■ 200-911
Tel. and fax.: +82 33 260 3419 One thousand CNG buses for Techno Update: Diesel-to-natural
+31 20 420 1076 22 Sindh province in Pakistan 30 gas conversion
asia@ngvgroup.com ■ www.asiangv.com

Haryana to add CNG buses in Using LNG as an alternative source

23 2008-2012 32 of gas supply to refuel your NGVs

Elimination of gasoline subsidy in Export to Asia, the biggest buyers

PERU
24 Iran and 50 CNG stations for Tehran 36 of NGV/station equipment
Av. Brasil 3222 oficina 403 - A
Magdalena del Mar - RUC: 20513085576 Iran to join 1 million NGV club End-year statistics for your sales
CP: Lima 17- peru@prensavehicular.co 25 38 planning
ITALY
Copies Distribution
Vicolo Gonzaga 13 ■ 46045 Marmirolo (Mn)
Tel.: +39 0376 294055 We print and mail to 24 Indonesia: 1.6% In addition, the magazine is
info@thegvr.com ■ www.thegvr.com
countries about 4.000 copies Iran: 7.0% sent to over 19.300 readers
addressed to governmental relat- Israel: 0.1% in 94 countries
ARGENTINA
ed offices, OEM and Oil & Gas Japan: 10.2% by e-mail (.pdf) and is also online
Uspallata 711 ■ CP 1268 ■ Capital Federal companies, Korea: 5.1% in www.ngvgroup.com
Tel./Fax: +54 11 43074559 /5201/ 43006137 associations, related NGV indus- Malaysia: 6.6% If your NGV business is in Asia,
info@prensavehicular.com tries, refuelling stations, Myanmar: 0.5% advertise with us.
www.prensavehicular.com workshops and suppliers, New Zealand: 1.0%
according the following list (some Pakistan: 11.4% Asian NGV Communications
BRASIL figures rounded): Philippines: 3.6% 300-14, Changchon-Ri,
Armenia: 0.3% Russia:4.3% Namsan-Myun,
Av. Rio Branco, 131 Sala 1.701
Australia: 4.1% Singapore: 3.1% Chuncheon-Si,
CEP: 20040-006 Rio de Janeiro - RJ
Tel: + (55 21) 2215-0799 ■ + (5521) 2232-6798 Azerbaijan: 0.2% Taiwan: 0.2% Kangwon-Do,
info@folhadognv.com ■ www.folhadognv.com Bangladesh: 5.0% Thailand: 5.8% 200-911 KOREA
China: 10.9% Turkey: 5.5% Tel : +31 20 420 1076
Printed: Rigraph S.R.L. Egypt: 1.9% United Arab Emirates: 2.1% Tel : +82 33 260 3419
• Constitución 4, 28.511 Madrid - España India: 9.5% Vietnam: 0.1% e-mail: asia@ngvgroup.com
• Tilcara 3.146, Buenos Aires
4 December 2008
Asia, this year as the biggest
NGV region in the world
About 49% of NGVs and 43% NG refuelling
stations are in Asia
With over 4.6 million NGVs and 5,839 natural
gas refuelling stations in early November
2008, this year Asia has positioned itself as
the biggest NGV region in the world in both
vehicle and refuelling station segments.
Actually, since April, this region has taken the
first position in the NGV business as 49% of
world’s NGVs equal to 4.2 million vehicles
were operated in Asia. By that time, 40% of
NG stations (5,000 units) in the world were in
Asia.
In the beginning of November 2008, Asian
NGV Communications recorded that
9,433,694 NGVs and 13,515 NG refuelling
stations were in service around the globe.
About 47% of total NGVs in the world are
located in Asia, while 3% more were in
Eurasian countries (including Armenia,
Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkey, and Georgia
which belong to both Asian and European
regions). The entire NGV population in all
Asian countries counting Eurasian was 49%
of the world’s total. The rest can be found in
South and Central America (40%), Europe
(9% or about 12% including Eurasian
countries), and North America (1%), while
Africa was home to a modest 226 NGVs.
Of more than 4.6 million NGVs in Asia
including Eurasia, 75% were cars/LDVs ( of
almost 3.5 million), 3% were buses
(122,885), 2% were trucks (101,602), while
the rest were other vehicles (929,907).
Included in “other vehicles” are
three-wheelers, off-road vehicles, but also
cars/LDVs and/or buses and/or trucks that
were not classified by some countries when
reporting their update statistics to Asian NGV
Communications as this kind of detailed data
was not available in those countries.
Asian (including Eurasian) NG-powered
cars/LDVs accounted for 42% of world’s
total NG cars/LDVs, while the buses and
trucks represented 65% of all Heavy-Duty
NGVs in the world.
In the refuelling sector, out of 13,515 NG
stations in the world, 43% were in Asia
(3,7% in Eurasian and 39,5% in the rest of
Asian countries), 31% in South and Central
America, 19% in Europe, 7% in North
America, and 0.1% in Africa. In total, Asia
has 5,839 natural gas refuelling stations in
early November 2008.
China is projected to have 500,000 NGVs by
2010 and to increase its NG consumption by
300% in the next fifteen years.
The government keeps supporting the adoption
of cleaner fuels in all sectors including
transport, for example, by releasing a
mandate requiring at least 25% of vehicles in
the country to be powered by CNG. Under
the Fuel Tax Regulation, NGV owners are
subject to a half-tax bracket (discount)
compared to owners of diesel or gasoline
vehicles. Apart from that, to offset the cost of
“clean fuels” programmes, on October 7th,
diesel and gasoline prices in Beijing were
raised.
Besides using its local and foreign gas from
hydrocarbon resources, India start using
coal-bed methane (CBM) and bio-CNG
(biomethane) to cope with the nation’s gas
demand. The Great Eastern Energy
Corporation Limited (GEECL), has opened its
seventh CBM based CNG station in
Neamatpur in Asansol by end October 2008.
The CBM was distributed through Indian Oil
Corporation’s gasoline refuelling stations in
Asansol, Durgapur, Raniganj, and other cities
across West Bengal state (and will include
Burdwan and Dankuni in a later phase). The
gas is delivered through pipeline
infrastructure and not through cascades. On
the other hand, Ispat Energy Ltd. plans to
invest Rs 10 billion in the current fiscal year
for producing bio-CNG from press mud, a
by-product of sugarcane processing. The
firm aims to work with 20 sugar mills in
Maharashta and Uttar Pradesh. It will invest
Rs 350 million in a production facility for
Warna Sugar Ltd in Maharashta. This plant
will have the capacity to deliver 11,000
m3/day of gas for industrial and transport
sectors as per October 2009. About 110
tonnes of pressmud and 100 tonnes of wet
and dry organic manure will be used as raw
material. The whole project could generate
16,000-30,000 carbon credits annually. The
bio-CNG will be produced at Rs 26/kg and
would be sold to Warna at Rs 28/kg. Ispat
Energy’s CEO Shishir Tamotia stated that the
firm planned to invest Rs 50 billion over the
next five years for distribution of natural gas.
Bio-CNG would be available in tier-I (major
metropolitan areas) and tier-II (secondary)
cities such as Kolhapur and Sangali-close to
the sugar belt in Maharashta.
In Japan, the government has allocated an
extra budget for 2008, in which NGV
industry also has its cut of about 1 billion yen
subsidy for the procurement of NGVs and
CNG refueling station. A 9% annual growth
in NGVs has been recorded in Japan during
September 2007 to the same month in
2008, with 35,720 NGVs registered up to
last September.
Malaysian Oil and Gas company Petronas
set a target to open 200 CNG refueling
stations and was keen to see 50,000 NGVs
by 2010. Meanwhile in Indonesia, bus
company PT Ekasari Lorena Transport
(Lorena) in Jakarta City received 34 CNG
buses from PT Hino Motors Sales Indonesia
in October. Lorena is currently constructing a
bus depot which, upon the completion of the
project, would have a bus terminal, a
maintenance centre, and a CNG station. A
total Rp 125 billion is invested in this project.
Pakistan is giving attention to safety issues.
The All Pakistan CNG Association has
demanded that the North-West Frontier
Province government take serious action
against illegal CNG conversion workshops,
aiming at diminishing accidents caused by
improper vehicle conversion including the
installation of substandard CNG cylinders.
From May to October 2008 alone, more than
40,000 brand-new or converted CNG cars
and pick-up trucks have been added in
Thailand. Already about 118,000 CNG
vehicles were plying in this country by
beginning November and Thai officials
expect sales of NGVs to increase by almost
200% by 2012. By that year, Thailand
expects to see 328,000 NGVs and 725
refuelling facilities in the country.
With the a temporary trend of decrease in
global oil price, the NGV industry could
benefit from more support from government
and gas associations which actively promote
NG usage in transport sector and which
ensure a more stable gas price and supply,
such as the one proposed by world’s three
main holders of gas reserves.
A cartel for natural gas producers to manage
the exportation of natural gas and help
achieve global pricing of liquefied natural gas
(LNG) might soon be established. Russia,
Iran, and Qatar, which hold about 60% of the
world’s natural gas reserves, have met in
October this year to discuss about the
establishment of a cartel for natural gas.
During the meeting, Gazprom Chairman
Alexei Miller, Iranian Oil Minister Gholam
Hossein Nozari and Qatar Energy Minister
Abdullah Ben Hamad Al-Attiya also sought
the potential formation of a “large gas troika”.
The “Gas Troika” would meet three or
four-times a year to pursue common
strategic interests. Alexei Miller suggested
the transformation of the Gas Exporting
Countries Forum (GECF-formed in 2001) into
a permanent organisation promoting steady
and reliable gas supplies. Analysts said that
apart from the above-mentioned three
countries, Venezuela and Algeria were also
more likely to become members of the
founding fathers of this Gas Troika.
The global demand for LNG is anticipated to
grow by about 86% by 2016. In Asia, the
biggest LNG importer is Japan. China and
India are seen as the next potential markets
for LNG. LNG exporters in Asia include
Australia, Brunei, Egypt, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Iran, Russia, and UAE.
Australia -which mainly used its LNG for
export commodity- continues to look for
ways to reduce its dependency on oil import
within the energy basket. The
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation, Australia’s national
science agency and one of the largest and
most diverse research agencies in the world,
has recently conducted a study which result
showed that Australia’s fuel mix was likely to
become more diverse with a heavy reliance
on hybrid/electric cars and other low
emission vehicles for city commuting,
NG for large vehicles (freight and buses),
sustainable biofuels especially in regional
areas, diesel, LPG and CNG.
6 December 2008

本年度亚洲成为世界天然气汽车最多的地区
世界上49%的天然气汽车和43%的加气站在亚洲

2008年11月的统计显示，亚洲天然气保有量达到460万辆，加气站达到5,839座，一跃成为世界天然气汽车和加气
站的双料冠军。实际上，今年4月份，亚洲就已经以占世界天然气汽车49%，约420万辆的成绩位居世界首位了。
那时，世界上40%的加气站（约5,000座）在亚洲。

2008年11月初，《亚洲天然气汽车通讯》报道了全球天然气汽车保有量总数为9,433,694
辆，在用的加气站总量13,515座。其中，亚洲的天然气汽车占47%，有超过3%是来自欧亚国家（指既属于欧洲也
属于亚洲的国家，包括亚美尼亚、俄罗斯、乌兹别克斯坦、土耳其、乔治亚）。因此，亚洲（算上欧亚国家）天
然气汽车占世界的比例为49%。世界其他国家的情况是这样的：南美和中美洲占40%，欧洲占9%（如果算上欧亚国
家则占12%），北美占1%，而非洲仅有226辆天然气车。

亚洲（包括欧亚国家）共有460万辆天然气车，其中，75%为轿车/轻型车（将近35万辆），3%为客车（122,885辆
），卡车占2%（101,602辆），其他车辆约为929,907辆。其他车辆包括三轮车、越野车、也包括部分轿车/轻型
车，或客车和卡车，因为有些国家在向亚洲天然气汽车通讯报告的时候，并没有给这些车辆分类。
亚洲（包括欧亚国家）的天然气轿车/轻型车保有量占世界相当车型总数的44%，而客车和卡车占世界天然气重型
车的65%。
世界天然气加气站总量为13,515座，43%的天然气加气站在亚洲（3.7%在欧亚国家，39.5%在亚洲其他国家），31
%在南美和中美洲，欧洲占19%，北美占7%，非洲占0.1%。到2008年11月初，亚洲加气站保有量为5,839座。
据报道，中国到2010年将有50万辆天然气汽车，未来十五年，天然气消费将增长3倍。政府将一如既往支持清洁
燃料的发展，尤其在交通领域，如发布法令：全国至少有25%的车辆使用CNG。燃料税规定，天然气汽车主可以比
汽柴油车主少交一半税。

除了使用自产和进口碳氢燃料，印度为了满足自身需求，开始利用煤层气（CBM）和生物CNG（生物甲烷）。截至
2008年10月底，大东方能源公司（GEECL）在Asansol
市的Neamatpur区建成了其第7座煤层气加气站。煤层气通过西Bengal省的Asansol, Durgapur,
以及Raniganj市的汽油站销售。煤层气通过管道运输，而非气罐。另外，Ispat能源公司计划在本财年投资100亿
卢比，用于生产生物甲烷，其原料为甘蔗加工的副产品—甘蔗泥。该公司打算与Maharashta 和Uttar
Pradesh地区的20家糖厂合作。其中，将投资3.5亿卢比在Uttar
Pradesh的Warna糖厂建设生物甲烷炼厂。到2009年十月，该厂将能为运输部门和工业部门每日提供11,000立方米
的天然气。约有110吨甘蔗泥和100吨干的和湿的肥料作为原料。该项目每年可以活得16,000到300,000的碳积分
。生产成本约为每公斤26卢比，卖给Warna公司的价格为28卢比/公斤。Ispat公司的首席执行官Shishir宣布，在
未来5年，该公司将投资500亿卢比用于天然气的配送和销售。生物甲烷将供应主要城市（大城市地区），和次要
城市，如接近Maharashta地区糖生产带的城市：Kolhapur 和Sangali。

日本政府在2008年再次拨款，支持天然气汽车的购买和加气站的建设，预算总数约为10亿日元。从2007年9月到2
008年9月，日本天然气汽车保有量增长了9%。截至去年9月，日本注册的天然气汽车数量为35,720辆。
马来西亚石油和天然气公司Petronas设定目标：到2010年共建200座天然气加气站，天然气汽车数量则达到5万辆
。此间，印度尼西亚Lorena运输公司在今年十月从日野公司购买了34辆天然气公交车。Lorena正在建立一个公交
车站，此站将包括一个终点站、一个维修中心和一个加气站。该项目投资1,250亿印尼盾。
巴基斯坦非常关注安全问题。巴基斯坦压缩天然气协会要求西北边境各省政府严厉打击非法改装厂，目的是减少
因非法改装，特别是安装不符合质量标准的气瓶引发的事故。

2008年5月到10月，泰国新增了4万多辆OEM或改装的天然气轿车和皮卡车。从11月份开始，泰国总共有118,000辆
天然气汽车。泰国政府预计到2012年销量将增长两倍。届时，泰国将有328,000辆天然气车和725座加气站。
随着国家油价的下滑趋势，天然气汽车产业会得到政府和燃气协会的支持，这些年来，政府和协会一直推动天然
气在运输领域的应用，并为确保气价稳定和供应稳定而努力。
一个旨在协调天然气出口和确保液化天然气售价的燃气生产商卡特尔组织即将成立。拥有世界天然气储量60%的
俄罗斯、伊朗、卡塔尔三国于今年10月商讨建立天然气卡特尔组织。本次会议上，Gazprom主席Alexei
Miller，伊朗石油部长Gholam Hossein Nozari以及卡塔尔能源部长Abdullah Ben Hamad Al-
Attiya也探讨了建立大型天然气联盟的可能性。该组织每年将开3到4次会议以寻求各方战略利益。Alexei
Miller认为有必要将燃气出口国论坛（设立于2001年）转换为促进燃气平稳可靠供应的永久性组织。分析家认为
，除了上述三国，委内瑞拉和阿尔及利亚也有可能成为燃气联盟组织的创始成员。
据预测，到2016年全球液化天然气的需求量增长约86%。亚洲最大的液化天然气进口国是日本，中国和印度紧随
其后。亚洲液化天然气出口国主要是澳大利亚、文莱、埃及、马来西亚、印尼、伊朗、俄罗斯和阿联酋。
澳大利亚是液化天然气的出口国，目前继续寻求降低石油进口依赖的途径。联邦科学和工业研究所是全世界研究
领域最广的研究机构之一，其近期一项研究表明，澳大利亚未来的燃料结构将呈多元化发展趋势，其中城市交通
将大量使用混合动力和纯电动车以及其他低排放车辆，大型车将主要使用天然气（货车和客车），生物燃料将在
某些区域范围使用，此外还包括柴油、液化石油气和压缩天然气。
8 December 2008

아시아, 올해 세계에서 가장 큰 NGV 지역

49%의 NGV와 43%의 NG 충전소 보유
아시아는 2008년 11월 초 460만대의 NGV와 5,839개 이상의 천연가스 충전소를 갖추면서 차량과 충전 양쪽 분야에서
전세계에서 가장 큰 NGV 지역으로 자리잡았다. 실제로 아시아는 4월 이후로 세계 NGV의 49%인 420만대가 운행되어 이
지역은 1위를 차지해 왔다. 그 당시까지 NG 충전소는 전 세계 40%인 5,000개가 아시아에 존재하였다
2008년 11월 초에 Asian NGV Communications은 전 세계적으로 9,433,694대의 NGV가 운행되고 13,515개의 NG
충전소가 운영되고 있다고 보도하였다. 아시아로 따지자면 48%, 유라시안으로 따지자면 3%의 NGV가 이곳에 분포하고
있다. (유라시안:아시아와 유럽 지역에 속한 아르메니아, 러시아, 우즈베키스탄, 터키, 그리고 조지아 포함). 아시아에 있는
총 NGV 인구는 유라시안으로 계수된다면 세계의 49%인 셈이다. 그 나머지는 중남미(40%), 유럽(9% 또는 유라시안 나라를
포함할 경우 12%) 그리고 북미(1%), 반면 아프리카는 226대의 NGV만이 존재한다.
유라시아를 포함한 아시아에 있는 460만대 이상의 NGV 중 75%는 승용차/LDV(약 350만대), 3%는 버스(122,885대), 2%는
트럭(101,602대), 기타 차종 (929,907대)이다.
몇몇 나라에서는 자국의 업데이트 통계치를 Asian NGV Communications에 보고할 때 기타 차종에 대한 자세한 정보를
주지 않기 때문에 “기타차종”이라 함은 삼륜차, off-road 차량뿐만 아니라 승용차/LDV 와/또는 버스 와/또는 트럭 등이
포함 될 수 있다.
아시아(유라시아 포함)의 NG로 운행하는 승용차/LDV는 전 세계 NG 승용차/LDV의 44% 정도로 추정되며 버스와 트럭은
전세계 모든 Heavy-Duty NGV WND 65%인 것으로 나타났다.
충전분야에서는 전세계 13,515개의 충전소 중 >43%는 아시아에(3.7%는 유라시아, 39.5%는 나머지 아시아 국가), 31%는
중남미, 19%는 유럽, 7%는 북미 그리고 0.1%는 아프리카에 위치하였다. 2008년 11월 초 아시아는 전체 충전소 중
5,839개의 천연가스 충전소를 보유하고 있다.
중국은 2010년까지 500,000대의 NGV를 보유하고 15년 이내에 천연가스 수요를 300%까지 증가시키는 계획을 하였다.
예로들면, 정부는 국가 내 차량의 최소 25%를 CNG로 운행하도록 하는 명령서를 발표하는 등 수송분야를 포함한 모든
분야에 청정 연료를 도입하기 위해 지원을 계속하고 있다. 연료세법에 의하면 NGV 소유주들은 디젤이나 가솔린 차량
소유주에 비해 세금감면의 혜택을 가진다. 그와 별개로 “Clean fuels” 프로그램 경비를 보충하기 위해 10월 7일 베이징
내의 디젤과 가솔린 가격이 인상되었다.
인도는 탄화수소 연료로부터 나오는 국내/외 가스를 사용하는 것 이외에도 국가의 가스 수요량을 충족시키기 위하여,
석탄층 메탄(CBM)과Bio-CNG (biomethane)의 사용하기 시작하고 있다. ‘Great Eastern Energy Corporation Limited
(GEECL)’는 2008년 10월 말까지 아산솔(Asansol )의 Neamatpur에 CNG 충전소를 기반으로 한 7번째 CBM을 오픈하였다.
CBM은 아산솔(Asansol), 두르가푸르(Durgapur), 라니간지(Raniganj) 그리고 서벵골주를 지나는 여러 도시에 있는 인도
가스회사의 휘발유 충전소를 통하여 공급되고 있다.(Burdan과 Dankuni도 차후 포함될 예정이다)
가스는 파이프라인을 통해 운송되며 cascade를 통하지 않는다. 반면 ‘Ispat Energy Ltd.’는100억 루피(Rs)를 올 회계연도에
압축된 진흙과 사탕수수 처리과정의 부산물로부터 Bio-CNG를 생산하는데 투자할 계획이다. 이 회사는
마하라시타(Maharashta)와 우타르 프라데시주(Uttar Pradesh)에 있는 20개의 설탕 공장(회사)와 함께 일 할 계획이다.
따라서 마하라시타에 있는 ‘Warna Sugar Ltd’의 생산설비에 3억 5천만 루피(Rs)를 투자할 것이다. 이 공장은 2009년
10월부로 산업용과 수송용으로 일일 11,000 m3의 가스 공급이 가능하게 될 것이다.
약 110톤의 압축진흙과 100톤의 습/건성의 유기질 비료가 원자재로 사용될 것이다. 모든 프로젝트는 해마다 16,000-
30,000개의 탄소배출권을 확보할 수 있다. Bio- CNG 는 Rs 26/kg 의 가격으로 생산될 것이며 ‘Warna’에 Rs 28/kg에
판매될 것이다. ‘Ispat Energy’의 회장인 Shishir Tamotia는 회사가 향후 5년 동안 천연가스의 배급을 위해 500억
루피(Rs)를 투자할 계획이라고 밝혔다. Bio-CNG는 tier-I(주요도심)과 tier-II(콜라푸르와 마하라시타에 있는 sugar belt에
근접한 부도심)에서 사용 가능할 것이다.
일본 정부는 NGV산업 분야의 2008년도 분 추경 예산을 세웠으며 NGV와 CNG 충전소 확보에만 약 10억 엔의 보조금을
확보하였다.
지난 9월 35,720 대의 NGV가 등록되면서 2007년 9월부터 2008년 9월까지 연간 9%의 NGV 성장을 기록하였다.
말레이시아 석유가스회사인 페트로나스는 2010년까지 200개의 CNG 충전소를 오픈할 계획을 세웠으며 그 때까지
50,000대의 NGV가 운행될 것으로 예상된다. 인도네시아에서는 자카르타시의 버스회사인 PT Ekasari Lorena Transport
(Lorena) 가 10월에 PT Hino Motors Sales Indonesia로부터 34대의 CNG 버스를 공급받았다. Lorena는 현재 이
프로젝트의 완료를 위하여 버스차고지를 개설 중이며 그 곳에는 버스터미널, 정비센터, CNG 충전소를 가진다. 이
프로젝트에 투자되는 총 비용은 1250억 루피아(Rp) 이다.
파키스탄은 안전문제에 주의를 기울이고 있다. 모든 파키스탄의 CNG 연합은 표준 이하의 CNG 실린더 설치를 비롯한
부적절한 차량개조로부터 야기되는 사고를 감소시키기 위하여 North-West Frontier Province 정부에 불법 CNG
개조작업장에 대한 강력한 조치를 취하도록 하였다.
2008년 5월부터 10월까지 만해도 태국 내에서 40,000대 이상의 신 차량(CNG) 혹은 개조된 CNG 승용차와 소형 오픈
트럭이 증가되었다. 이미 11월 초에 이 나라에 118,000대의CNG 차량이 운행 중이며 태국 공무원들은 2012년까지 NGV의
판매가 200%가량 상승할 것으로 기대하고 있다. 그 해까지 태국은 328,000대의 NGV와 725개의 충전소가 운영될 것으로
보고 있다.
국제유가의 일시적인 감소와 함께 NGV 산업은, 수송 분야에 NG사용을 활발히 홍보하며, 더욱 안정적인 가스 가격과
공급을 확보하려고 하는(세계 3대 주요 가스 소유주가 제안 했던 것처럼) 정부와 가스 협회의 지지를 얻어 더 많은 혜택을
보게 될 것이다.
천연가스의 수출을 관리하고 액화천연가스(LNG)의 국제가격을 결정하도록 도와주는 천연가스 생산자들을 위한 기업연합이
곧 설립될 것이다. 세계 천연가스 보유량의 60%를 차지하는 러시아, 이란, 그리고 카타르는 올해 10월 천연가스
기업연합설립을 논의하기 위한 회의를 가졌다. 그 회의에서 가스프롬 회장 Alexei Miller, 이란 석유부장관 Gholam Hossein
Nozari와 카타르 에너지부장관 Abdullah Ben Hamad Al-Attiya는 또한 “대규모의 가스 트로이카”를 잠정적으로 수립할
것을 촉구하였다 . “가스트로이카” 공동의 전략적 관심사항을 실행하기 위해 연간 3~4회 회의를 개최할 것이다. Alexei
Miller는 가스수출국포럼(GECF-2001년 창립)이 안정적이고 믿을만한 가스공급을 도모하는 영구적인 조직으로 변환되는
것을 제안하였다. 전문가들은 위에 언급된 3개국 외에도 베네수엘라와 알제리 또한 이 가스트로이카의 창립멤버가 될
가능성이 있다고 말했다.
LNG의 국제적 수요는 2016년까지 약 86%가 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 아시아에서 가장 많은 LNG를 수입하는 국가는
일본이다. 그 다음으로 중국과 인도가 LNG의 잠재적 시장이 될 것으로 보인다. 아시아에 있는 LNG 수출국들은 호주,
브루나이, 이집트, 말레이시아, 인도네시아, 이란, 러시아, 아랍에미리트연합국을 포함한다.
LNG를 주로 수출용으로 사용하는 호주는 계속해서 에너지 분야의 석유수입 의존도를 낮추기 위한 방법을 찾고 있다.
연방과학산업연구기구, 호주국립과학센터와 와 세계에서 가장 크고 다양한 규모를 갖춘 한 연구기관은 호주는
하이브리드/전기 승용차와 저공해 통근용 차량, 천연가스용 대형차량(화물차, 버스) 특히 지방에 분포되어 있는 영구적인
바이오 연료인 디젤, LPG, CNG 등에 크게 의존하며 다양화되고 있음을 보여준다.
10 December 2008

アジアは今年、最大のＮＧＶ普及地域へ
全世界の49％のＮＧＶ、43％の天然ガススタンドが普及

２００８年１１月上旬現在、４6０万台のＮＧＶと５,839ヶ所の天然ガススタンドがあり、今年のアジアはＮＧＶ普及台数、天然ガススタンド
設置箇所数とも世界最大の地域になった。実際、４月からアジアでは、世界のＮＧＶの４９％、つまり４２０万台普及し、世界第１位にな
っていた。その時には世界のＣＮＧスタンドの４０％、つまり５,０００ヶ所がアジアにあった。
２００８年１１月初めにAsian NGV
Communications誌は、全世界で９,433,6９４台のＮＧＶと１3,515ヶ所の天然ガススタンドがあることを記録した。世界の４7％のＮＧＶが
アジア地域にあり、３％がユーラシア諸国（アジアと欧州の境に位置するアルメニア、ロシア、ウズベキスタン、トルコ、グルジアを含む
地域）にある。ユーラシア諸国を含むすべてのアジア諸国でのＮＧＶ普及台数は、世界の４9％であった。残りは、中央および南アメリ
カで４0％、欧州で9％（ただし、ユーラシア諸国を含めると１2％）、北アメリカで１％である。アフリカは２２６台のＮＧＶであった。
ユーラシア諸国を含む４6０万台以上のＮＧＶの内、７5％（約３5０万台）は乗用車／ＬＤＶである。３％（１２２,８８５台）はバス、２％（１０１,
６０２台）はトラックである。一方、残りの９２９,９０７台はそれら以外の車種である。それらは、３輪車、オフロードビークルだけでなく、乗
用車／ＬＤＶ、バス、トラックといった車種区分が不明なＮＧＶ普及台数も含まれている。

ユーラシア諸国を含むアジアでの天然ガス乗用車／ＬＤＶは合計の４4％を占める一方、バスやトラックは世界の天然ガスＨＤＶの６５
％を占める。
天然ガススタンドでは、世界の13,515ヶ所の内、>４3％がアジアにある。（3.7％がユーラシア、３9.5％がユーラシアを除くアジア）中央
及び南アメリカで３1％、欧州に19％、北アメリカに７％そしてアフリカは０．１％である。２００８年１１月上旬に５,839ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンド
がアジアにある。
中国は２０１０年に５０万台のＮＧＶ普及、次の５ヵ年で天然ガス消費量を３倍にする目標を掲げている。政府は、少なくとも２５％の車両
をＣＮＧ車にする規制をかけることによって輸送分野を含むすべての分野でクリーン燃料の採用を指示続けている。燃料税では、ＮＧ
Ｖ所有者はディーゼル車やガソリン車の所有者と比較して半額の免税措置を受けている。それとは別に、「クリーン燃料」とのコスト差
を相殺するために１０月７日に北京の軽油、ガソリン価格が引き上げられた。
国内や海外のガス田から採掘するガスを利用する代わりにインドでは、国内のガス需要に合わせてＣＢＭ（炭層メタン）、バイオＣＮＧ（
バイオメタン）の使用を始めた。The Great Eastern Energy Corporation Limited
社(GEECL)は、２００８年１０月末にアサンソールのニーマプール市に７番目のＣＢＭを利用したＣＮＧスタンドをオープンさせた。西ベ
ンガル州のアサンソール、ドゥルガプル、ラニカンジなどでインド石油会社のガソリンスタンドを利用し、ＣＢＭが供給されている。（将来
、バードワーン、ダンクニでも行われる予定である。）ガスはパイプラインで供給され、ボンベによる供給ではない。一方、Ispat
Energy社は今年度１００億ルピーを砂糖の製造工程の副産物であるサトウキビの絞りかすからバイオＣＮＧを製造することに投資する
計画である。マハラーシュトラ州、ウッタル・プラデーシュ州に２０ヶ所の製糖工場を運営している。マハラーシュトラ州にあるWarna
Sugar社は製造工程に３億５千万ルピーを投資する予定である。この工場は２００９年１０月に工業用および輸送用に１１,０００㎥／日の
ガスを供給する計画である。１１０トンのサトウキビの搾りかすと１００トンの湿ったあるいは乾いた有機肥料が原料として使用される。全
体計画では、１６,０００～３０,０００カーボンクレジットを年間発生させる。バイオＣＮＧは２６ルピー／ｋｇで製造され、２８ルピー／ｋｇでW
arna Sugar社に売られる。Ispat
Energy社のＣＥＯであるシシール・タモシャ氏は、天然ガス供給のため向こう５年間に５００億ルピーを投資する計画があると述べた。バ
イオＣＮＧは、マハラーシュトラ州の砂糖ベルトに近いコールハープルやサンガリといった第１級都市（大都市地域）と第２級都市で供
給されるだろう。
日本では、政府が２００８年度補正予算を成立させた。この中でＮＧＶとＣＮＧスタンド普及に対して１０億円の補助金が認められた。日
本では、２００７年９月から２００８年９月までの１年間にＮＧＶ普及台数が９％増加し、今年の９月末で３５,７２０台が普及している。
マレーシアの石油、ガス会社であるペトロナスは、２００ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドを整備する目標を掲げ、２０１０年までに５万台のＮＧＶ普及
を図る。一方、インドネシアではジャカルタ市のバス会社であるPT Ekasari Lorena Transport (Lorena)社が１０月にPT Hino Motors
Sales
Indonesia社から３４台のＣＮＧバスの納入を受けた。Lorena社は現在、バス営業所を建設中であり、完成すると、バス営業所に修理工
場とＣＮＧスタンドを設置したものになる。この建設には１２５０億ルピーが投資された。
パキスタンでは安全性に注目されている。全国パキスタンＣＮＧ協会は基準を満足しないボンベの使用を含めた不適切なＮＧＶ改造
による事故を撲滅するため不法ＣＮＧ改造工場に対して厳しい措置を取るよう北西辺境州政府に要求した。
２００８年５月から１０月だけで４万台以上の新車、改造車、ピックアップトラックがタイでは導入された。約１１万８千台のＣＮＧ車が１１月
初めには普及しており、タイ政府は２０１２年にＮＧＶの売上げが約２倍に増えることを期待している。２０１２年までにタイでは３２万８千
台のＮＧＶと７２５ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドが期待されている。
世界の原油価格の一時的な下落により、ＮＧＶ産業は輸送用分野で天然ガス利用を推進し、世界の３つの産ガス国からの提案にある
ように、より安定的なガス価格と供給を保証する政府やガス協会から援助をさらに得られるかもしれない。

天然ガスの輸出や液化天然ガス（ＬＮＧ）の国際価格決定を助けるため行われている天然ガス生産者によるカルテルがまもなく確立さ
れるかもしれない。世界のガス埋蔵量の６０％を持つロシア、イラン、カタールが天然ガスカルテルを作ることを話し合うために今年の１
０月に集まった。会合では、ガスプロムの会長であるアレクセイ・ミラー氏、イラン石油相ホセイン・ナザリ氏、そしてカタールエネルギー
相アルビン・ハマド氏が「大規模ガストロイカ」の可能な構成を検討した。「ガストロイカ」は共通する戦略項目を検討するため年３～４回
会合を持つ予定である。アレクセイ・ミラー会長は、ガス輸出国フォーラム（ＧＥＣＦ：２００１年設立）から安定した信頼性のあるガス供給
のために恒久的な組織に変化することが必要であると述べた。アナリストは、前述の３ヶ国とは別にベネズエラやアルジェリアがこのガ
ストロイカの設立メンバーになることを希望していると述べた。
世界的なＬＮＧ需要は２０１６年までに約８６％増加すると予想されている。アジアでは、最大のＬＮＧ輸入国は日本である。中国やイン
ドがＬＮＧの次の可能な市場を探している。アジアにおけるＬＮＧ輸出国は、オーストラリア、ブルネイ、エジプト、マレーシア、インドネ
シア、イラン、ロシアそしてＵＡＥである。

ＬＮＧを主な輸出品としているオーストラリアは石油依存を低減する方策を探し続けている。オーストラリア国立の研究機関であり、世
界でも有数な研究機関である連邦科学技術研究機構は、最近、次のような研究を行った。オーストラリアにおける燃料構成はもっと広
がっていく。つまり、都市内の通勤にはハイブリッド車や電気自動車が利用され、トラックやバスといったＨＤＶに天然ガス、限定された
地域でバイオ燃料、軽油、ＬＰＧ，ＣＮＧが利用される。
12 December 2008
14
Asia, regio NGV terbesar di dunia
Sekitar 49% NGVs dan 43%
stasiun pengisian bahan
bakar gas alam berada di Asia
Dengan jumlah NGVs melebihi 4.6 juta dan
5,839 stasiun pengisian bahan bakar gas
alam (stasiun NG) di awal November 2008,
tahun ini Asia menempatkan dirinya di posisi
teratas di antara semua benua NGV di
seluruh dunia di sector kendaraan dan tank
stasiun. Bahkan sejak April lalu, Asia
menduduki rangking pertama di industri ini,
yang mana 49% dari seluruh NGV di dunia
(4.2 juta unit) beroperasi di benua ini. Pada
saat itu, 40% dari stasiun NG (5,000 unit)
berada di Asia.
Di permulaan November 2008, Asian NGV
Communications statistic menunjukkkan
bahwa jumlah NGV dan stasiun NG di
seluruh dunia telah mencapai 9,433,694
kendaraan dan 13,515 stasiun. Sekitar 47%
dari total NGVs di seluruh dunia berada di
Asia, sedangkan 3% lagi berada di
negara-negara Eurasia (termasuk Armenia,
Rusia, Uzbekistan, Turkey, dan Georgia yang
termasuk regio Asia dan Eropa). Jumlah total
NGV di seluruh negara Asia termasuk negara
Eurasia mencapai 49% dari jumlah NGVs di
seluruh dunia. Sisanya dapat ditemukan di
Amerika Pusat and Damerika Selatan (40%),
Eropa (9% atau sekitar 12% termasuk
negara Eurasia), dan Amerika Selatan (1%),
sedangkan Afrika mempunyai 226 NGVs.
Dari 4.6 juta NGVs di Asia dan Eurasia, 75%
adalah mobil/LDVs (3.5 juta), 3% adalah bis
(122,885), 2% truk (101,602), sedangkan
sisanya adalah type kendaraaan lainnya
(929,907). “Type kendaraan lainnya” terdiri
dari bajaj, off-road vehicles, bahkan juga
mobil/LDVs dan/atau bis dan/atau truk yang
tidak dilaporkan secara terpisah oleh
negara-negara tertentu.
Mobil/LDVs berbahan bakar NG di Asia
(termasuk Eurasia) terdiri dari 44% dari
mobil/LDVs NG di seluruh dunia,
sedangakan 65% dari seluruh heavy-duty bis
dan truk berbahan bakar NG di dunia
beroperasi di Asia.
DI sector tank stasiun, dari 13,515 stasiun
NG di dunia, lebih dari 43% terletak di Asia
(3.7% di Eurasia dan 39.5% di negara Asia
lainnya), 31% di Amerika Pusat dan Selatan,
19% di Eropa, 7% di Amerika Utara, dan
0.1% di Afika. Totalnya, Asia mempunya
5,839 stasiun NG pada awal November 2008.
Cina diperkirakan akan megadopsi 500,000
NGVs di tahun 2010 dan meningkatkan
konsumpsi NGnya sebanyak 300% dalam
15 tahun mendatang. Pemerintah Cina
menyuport penggunaan bahan bakar
alternative yang lebih “bersih” di segala
sector termasuk di bidang transport,
contohnya dengan mengeluarkan peraturan
yang menargetkan agar minimum 25% dari
seluruh kendaraan di negara ini
menggunakan bahan bakar NG. Melalui
peraturan pajak bahan bakar, pemilik NGVs
mendapat dsidkon pajak sebanyak 50%
dibandingkan pemilik kendaraan diesl dan
besin. Selain itu, pada tanggal October 7th,
harga diesl dan bensin dinaikkan agar
pemerintah dapat menutup biaya program
“bahan bakar bersih”. Disamping sumber
gas hydrocarbon local dan export, India juga
menggunakan coal-bed methane (CBM) dan
bio-CNG (biomethane) untuk memenuhi
demand gas lokal. Great Eastern Energy
Corporation Limited (GEECL), telah
membuka CNG station CBMnya yang ke
tujuh di Neamatpur di Asansol Oktober lalu.
CBM ini didistribusikan melalui tank stasiun
(yang juga menjual bensin)dari Indian Oil
Corporation di Asansol, Durgapur, Raniganj,
dan kota-kota lain di West Bengal state (dan
akan mencangkup Burdwan dan Dankuni di
fase berikutnya). Gas ini ditransfer melalui
infrastruktus (pipa gas) dan tidak melalui tank
gas. Di lain pihak, Ispat Energy Ltd.
bernecana untuk menginvestasikan Rs 10
milyard di tahun fiscal saat ini untuk
memproduksi bio-CNG dari pressmud,
produk sampingan dari pabrik gula tebu.
Perusahaan ini menargetkan untuk bekerja
sama dengan 20 pusat penggilingan tebu di
Maharashta dan Uttar Pradesh. Ishtar akan
mengivest Rs 350 juta di pusat pengolahan
Warna Sugar Ltd di Maharashta. Pabrik ini
dapat memproduksi 11,000 m3 gas per hari
bagi sektor industri dan transport sejak
October 2009. Sekitar 110 ton pressmud
dan 100 ton kompos organik basah dan
kering akan digunakan sebagai bahan
mentah. Seluruh pryek dapat menghasilkan
16,000-30,000 karbon kredit tiap tahunnya.
Bio-CNG ini akna diproduksi dengan biaya
satuan Rs 26/kg dan akan dijual ke Warna
sehargaRs 28/kg. CEO dari Ispat Energy,
Shishir Tamotia, mengumumkan bahwa Rs
50 milyar akan digunakan untuk mendistribu-
sikan bio-CNG dalam lima tahun menda-
tang. Bio-CNG akan tersedia di kota tier-I
(kota besar) dan tier-II (kota menengah)
seperti Kolhapur dan Sangali-yang dekat
dengan pabrik gula di Maharashta.
Di Jepang, pemerintah mengalokasikan
budget extra bagi tahun 2008, yang mana
industri NGV juga medapat bagian susbisdi
sebesar 1 milyar yen yang dapat digunakan
untuk pengadaan/pembelian NGVs dan
stasiun CNG. Dari September 2007-2009,
Jepang mengalami kenaikan 9% di sektor
NGVs dengan registrasi dari 35,720 NGVs
hingga bulan September lalu.
Perusahaan Oil dan Gas Malaysia, Petronas,
menargetkan untuk membuka 200 stasiun
CNG dan mengantisipaskan adanya 50,000
NGVs di tahun 2010. Sedangakan di
Indonesia, perusahaan bis PT Ekasari Lorena
Transport (Lorena) di kota Jakarta telah mene-
rima 34 bis CNG dari PT Hino Motors Sales
Indonesia bulan Oktober lalu. Pada saat ini,
Lorena sedang membangun sebuah bis-depo
yang bila proyek ini selesai, akan mempunyai
fasilitas terminal bis, pusat perawatan
kendaraan, dan satu stasiun CNG. Sekitar Rp
125 milyard diinvestasikan di proyek ini.
Pakistan memberikan perhatian khusus
terhadap unsure “keamanan” kendaraan. All
Pakistan CNG Association menghimbau
pemerintah di Provinsi Barat Daya untuk
mengambil tindakan khusus dan serius
terhadap pusat konversi illegal ke kendaraan
berbahan bakar. Diharapkan, kecelakaan
yang disebabkan oleh NGVs yang
December 2008
dimodifikasikan tanpa menuruti standard
yang berlaku—termasuk pemasangan CNG
cylinders yang tidak memnuhi syarat—akan
menurun drastis.
Dari bulan Mei-Oktober 2008, lebih dari
40,000 mobil CNG dan truk pick-up
ditambahkan di Tailand. Sejak awal
November tahun ini, 118,000 kendaraan
CNG telah beroperasi dan pihak pemerintah
Tailand mengharapkan sales NGVs akan
meningkat kurang-lebih sebanyak 200% di
tahun 2012. Pada saat itu, diharapkan
328,000 NGVs dan 725 fasilitas pengisian
bahan bakarnya akan beroperasi di negara ini.
Dengan adanya trend sementara yang
menunjukkan bahawa harga minyak global
menurun, suport dari pemerintah dan
asosiasi gas dapat membantu industri NGV
jika badan-badan tersebut mempromosikan
penggunaan NG di transport sector dan
menjanjikan kestabilan dari harga dan supply
gas , seperti yang diajukan oleh tiga pemilik
sumber gas terbesar di dunia.
Sebuah kartel bagi produser bahan bakar gas
alam yang dapat mengatur export dari NG
dan membantu pembentukan harga global
dari LNG mungkin akan segera dibentuk.
Rusia, Iran, dan Qatar, yang mempunyai
60% sumber gas dunia, telah bertemu di
bulan Oktober lalu untuk mediskusikan
pembentukan gas kartel. Di meeting
tersebut, Chairman Gazprom Alexei Miller,
Menteri Perminyakan Iran Gholam Hossein
Nozari dan Menteri Enerji Qatar Abdullah
Ben Hamad Al-Attiya juga mencari
kemungkinan pembentukan organisasi gas
yang besar (gas troika). “Gas Troika” ini
diharapkan akan bertemu tiga atua empat
kali per tahun untuk menentukan strategi
umum di bidang gas. Alexei Miller
menyarankan agar Gas Exporting Countries
Forum (GECF-dibentuk pada tahun 2001)
ditransformasikan menjadi badan yang lebih
permanent yang dapat mempromosikan
kestabilan suply gas. Analyst-analyst
menyatakan bahwa, selain ketiga negara
tersebut di atas, Venezuela dan Algeria juga
sangatlah mungkin menjadi anggota
pembentuk dari Gas Troika ini.
Demand LNG global diantisipasikan akan
meningkat sekitar 86% pada tahun 2016. Di
Asia, LNG importer terbesar adalah Jepang.
Cina dan India juga disebut sebagai pasar
berpotensial besar bagi LNG. Exporter LNG
dari Asia terdiri dari Australia, Brunei, Mesir,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Iran, Rusia, dan UAE.
Australia –yang pada umumnya menggunakan
LNG sebagain komoditi export- terus berusaha
mencari jalan untuk mengurangi ketergantungan
pada minyak di paket enerjinya.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation, akhir-akhir ini menjalankan
studi/research yang hasilnya menunjukkan
bahwa kombinasi bahan bakar Australia
cenderung menjadi lebih bervariasi. Hssil studi
ini menunjukkan bahwa Australia cenderung
menggunakan mobil hybrid/elektrik dan
kendaraan beremisi rendah lainnya bagi
mobilitas di dalam kota, NG fbagi kendaraan
besar (kendaraan pengangkut barang dan
bis), bahan bakar biofuel terutama di area
regional, diesel, LPG dan CNG.
16 December 2008

เอเชีย: ปีนีเป็นปีแหงภูมิภาคเอ็นจีวีทีใหญทีสุดในโลก
ดวยจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวี 49% และสถานีเติมกาซ 43%
จากการทีเมือตนเดือนพฤศจิกายน 2008 มีจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีมากกวา 4.6 ลานคัน และสถานีเติมกาซอีกกวา 5,839 สถานี
ทำใหปีนีจัดไดวาเอเชียเป็นภูมิภาคทีมีรถเอ็นจีวีและสถานีเติมกาซมากทีสุดในโลก
ซึงทีจริงแลวในภูมิภาคนีไดนำมาเป็นอันดับหนึงในธุรกิจเอ็นจีวีตังแตเดือนเมษายนทีผานมา โดยมีรถเอ็นจีวีสูงถึง 49 % ของจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีทัวโลก เทากับมีจำนวนรถถึง
4.2 ลานคันทีใชกันอยูในภูมิภาคเอเชีย และในเวลาเดียวกันมีสถานีเติมกาซแลวกวา 40% ของจำนวนสถานีเติมกาซทัวโลก (5,000 สถานี) อยูในภูมิภาคเอเชีย
เมือตนเดือนพฤศจิกายน 2008 Asian NGV Communications ไดบันทึกสถิติไววา มีรถเอ็นจีวีสูงถึง 9,433,694 คันและสถานีเติมกาซสูงถึง 13,515 สถานี
ทีเปิดใหบริการอยูทัวโลก จากทังหมดนีมีรถเอ็นจีวีถึง 47 % อยูในภูมิภาคเอเชีย ขณะทีมี 3 % อยูในประเทศกลุมยูเรเชีย (ประเทศอารมีเนีย, รัสเซีย, อุซเบกิสถาน,
ตุรกีและจอรเจีย ซึงเป็นประเทศทีจัดวาอยูในภูมิภาคทังของเอเชียและยุโรป) สรุปยอดรวมการใชรถเอ็นจีวีของภูมิภาคเอเชียและยูเรเชีย มีมากถึง 49%
ของจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีทัวโลก สวนทีเหลือ 40% พบไดในทวีปอเมริกาใตและอเมริกากลาง สำหรับทวีปยุโรปมี 9% โดยถารวมแถบยูเรเชียดวยจะมี 12%
และแถบอเมริกากลางอีก 1% ในขณะทีทวีปแอฟริกามีจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีคอนขางนอยเพียงแค 226 คัน
ในภูมิภาคเอเชียรวมถึงแถบยูเรเชียมีรถมากกวา 4.6 ลานคันทีใชเอ็นจีวี แบงเป็น 75% สำหรับรถยนตขนาดเล็ก
( เกือบ 3.5 ลานคัน ), 3% สำหรับรถบัส ( 122,885 คัน ), 2% สำหรับรถบรรทุก ( 101,602 คัน ) และทีเหลือเป็นรถประเภทอืนๆ 929,907 คัน
ในจำนวนรถประเภทอืนๆ เชน รถสามลอ รถออฟโรด นันจะรวมถึงรถยนตขนาดเล็ก รถบัส และ รถบรรทุก
ซึงไมไดถูกจัดประเภทในบางประเทศทำใหเมือรายงานสถิติแก Asian NGV Communications ขอมูลเหลานีจึงไมปรากฏขึนสำหรับประเทศดังกลาว
ในภูมิภาคเอเชียรวมยูเรเชีย นับรวมรถยนตขนาดเล็กทีใชเอ็นจีวีไดถึง 44% จากยอดรวมรถยนตขนาดเล็กทังหมดทัวโลก ขณะทีรถบัสและรถบรรทุกนับรวมไดทังสิน 65%
จากยอดรวมของรถใหญทีใชเอ็นจีวีทัวโลก
สัดสวนของสถานีเติมกาซ จากยอดรวมทังสิน 13,515 สถานีทัวโลก อยูในทวีปเอเชียแลว >43% (อยูในแถบยูเรเชีย 3.7% นอกนันอยูในเอเชีย 39.5% )
ทวีปอเมริกาใตและอเมริกากลาง 31%, ทวีปยุโรป 19%, อเมริกาเหนือ 7% และใน
ทวีปแอฟริกามีเพียงแค 0.1% สรุปยอดรวมเมือตนเดือนพฤศจิกายน 2008 ทวีปเอเชียมีสถานีเติมกาซทังสิน 5,839 สถานี
ประเทศจีน มีโครงการทีจะมีรถเอ็นจีวี 500,000 คันภายในปี 2010 และเพิมปริมาณการใชกาซเอ็นจีวีใหได 300% ในอีก 15 ปีขางหนา
ทางรัฐบาลยังคงใหการสนับสนุนการใชเชือเพลิงสะอาดในทุกภาคสวนรวมถึงภาคการขนสง ยกตัวอยางเชน การออกขอบังคับใหยานพาหนะอยางนอย 25%
ของประเทศหันมาใช CNG เป็นเชือเพลิง
ภายใตกฎระเบียบดานภาษีเชือเพลิงทำใหเจาของรถเอ็นจีวีจะไดรับการลดหยอนภาษีรถยนตลงครึงหนึงเมือเปรียบเทียบกับรถทีใชดีเซลหรือเบนซิน
นอกจากนันเพือชดเชยคาใชจายของโครงการ “พลังงานสะอาด” ทำใหเมือวันที 7 ตุลาคมทีผานมา ทีกรุงปักกิงมีการปรับราคานำมันดีเซลและเบนซินสูงขึน
อินเดีย นอกจากจะใชกาซทีไดจากแหลงทรัพยากรทีมีไฮโดรคารบอนทังภายในประเทศและจากตางประเทศแลว อินเดียยังไดเริมใชกาซมีเทนในชันถานหิน (CBM) และ
Bio-CNG (ไบโอมีเทน) เพือใหครอบคลุมกับความตองการกาซของประเทศ
บริษัท The Great Eastern Energy Corporation Limited (GEECL) ไดเปิดใหบริการกาซ CBM แหงที 7 ในสถานีเอ็นจีวีทีเมือง Neamatpur in Asansol
เมือสินเดือนตุลาคม 2008 นอกจากนีกาซ CBM ยังถูกจำหนายผานทางสถานีเติมนำมันของบริษัท Indian Oil Corporation Limited (GEECL) ทีเมือง Asansol,
Durgapur, Raniganj และอีกหลายๆ เมืองทีอยูทางดานรัฐเบงกอลตะวันตก (และจะมีเมือง Burdwan และ Dankuni ตามมาภายหลังดวย)
กาซจะถูกขนสงผานทางทอสงกาซ ในทางตรงกันขาม บริษัท Ispat Energy วางแผนจะลงทุน10 พันลานรูปี ในปีงบประมาณปัจจุบัน เพือทีจะผลิต Bio-CNG
จากของเสียทีเกิดจากการผลิตนำตาลซึงไดจากกระบวนการผลิตจากออย บริษัทไดมีเปาหมายทีจะทำงานรวมกับโรงงานผลิตนำตาล 20 แหง ทีเมือง Maharashta
และเมือง Uttar Pradesh และจะลงทุน 350 ลานรูปีสำหรับโรงงานผลิต กับบริษัท Warna Sugar Ltd ทีเมือง Maharashta
โรงงานนีจะมีศักยภาพทีจะสงกาซธรรมชาติไดจำนวน 11,000 m3/วันใหกับภาคอุตสาหกรรมและภาคขนสงภายในเดือนตุลาคม 2009
โดยจะตองใชของเสียจากการผลิตนำตาลประมาณ 110 ตัน และปุยคอกเปียกและแหง 100 ตันเป็นวัตถุดิบ ทังโครงการนีจะทำใหไดคารบอนเครดิต 16,000 – 30,000
ตันคารบอนไดออกไซดตอปี กาซ Bio-CNG จะมีตนทุนในการผลิต 26 รูปี/กก. และจะขายใหกับ Warna ทีราคา 28 รูปี/กก. ผูบริหารของบริษัท Ispat Energy นาย
Shishir Tamotia ไดกลาววา บริษัทมีแผนทีจะลงทุน 50 พันลาน รูปีในอีก 5 ปีขางหนา เพือจำหนายกาซธรรมชาติ สวนกาซ Bio-CNG จะมีในเมือง Tier-I
(เขตเมืองใหญ) และ Tier-II (เขตเมืองใหญรองลงมา) เชน Kolhapur และ Sangali ใกลกับแหลงผลิตนำตาลในเมือง Maharashta
ญีปุน รัฐบาลไดจัดสรรงบประมาณพิเศษสำหรับปี 2008 ซึงเป็นปีทีอุตสาหกรรมเอ็นจีวีไดรับสวนแบงสนับสนุนประมาณ 1 พันลานเยน
เพือการจัดซือรถเอ็นจีวีและสถานีเติมกาซเอ็นจีวี การเติบโตของจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีประจำปีในญีปุนไดโตขึน 9% ในระหวางเดือนกันยายน 2007 ถึง เดือนเดียวกันนีในปี
2008 ดวยจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีทีจดทะเบียนเมือเดือนกันยายนทีผานมา 35,720 คัน
มาเลเซีย บริษัทนำมันและกาซ ปิโตรนาสไดตังเปาเปิดสถานีเติมกาซเอ็นจีวี 200 แหง และมีความตองการทีจะเห็นรถเอ็นจีวี 50,000 คัน ภายในปี 2010
ในขณะทีอินโดนีเซีย บริษัทรถบัส PT Ekasari Lorena Transport (Lorena) ในเมืองจาการตา ไดรับรถบัสเอ็นจีวี 34 คัน จากบริษัท PT Hino Motors Sales
Indonesia เมือเดือนตุลาคม และขณะนี Lorena กำลังสรางสถานีรถบัส ซึงโครงการทีเสร็จสมบูรณจะมีอาคารจอดรถบัส ศูนยซอมบำรุง และสถานีเติมกาซเอ็นจีวี
โครงการนีมีการลงทุนทังหมด 125 ลานรูเปียห
ปากีสถาน กำลังใหความสนใจในเรืองของความปลอดภัย องคกร All Pakistan CNG Association ตองการทีจะใหรัฐบาลของรัฐตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ (North West
Frontier Province) เขมงวดในการปราบปรามศูนยดัดแปลงรถเอ็นจีวีทีไมถูกตองตามกฎหมาย โดยมุงใหมีอุบัติเหตุลดนอยลงจากการดัดแปลงรถทีไมถูกตอง
รวมถึงการติดตังถังเอ็นจีวีทีไมไดมาตรฐาน
ไทย ตังแตเดือนพฤษภาคมถึงเดือนตุลาคม 2008 มีรถเอ็นจีวีและรถปิกอัพเอ็นจีวี ทังทีเป็นรถใหมและรถทีดัดแปลงจำนวน 40,000 คัน ไดเพิมขึนในประเทศไทย
มีการใชรถเอ็นจีวีแลวประมาณ 118,000 คันในประเทศนีเมือตนเดือนพฤศจิกายน และทางการไทยคาดวายอดขายรถเอ็นจีวีจะเพิมขึนเกือบ 200% ในปี 2012
โดยภายในปีดังกลาว ประเทศไทยคาดวาจะมีรถเอ็นจีวี 328,000 คัน และสถานีเติมกาซเอ็นจีวี 725 แหงในประเทศ
ดวยแนวโนมราคานำมันในตลาดโลกทีลดลงชัวคราว ทำใหอุตสาหกรรมเอ็นจีวีไดรับผลประโยชนจากการสนับสนุนของภาครัฐบาลและสมาคมกาซมากขึน
โดยไดสนับสนุนการใชกาซเอ็นจีวีอยางจริงจังในภาคขนสงและการสรางความมันใจวาราคากาซจะไมมีการเปลียนแปลง
และมีการจัดหากาซเพือตอบสนองความตองการอยางเพียงพอ
การรวมตัวกันของกลุมผูผลิตกาซเอ็นจีวีอาจจะถูกจัดตังขึนเร็วๆ นี ทังนีเพือจัดการดานการสงออกกาซเอ็นจีวี และเพือใหราคาแอลเอ็นจีเเขาสูราคาตลาดโลกได
รัสเซีย อิหราน และกาตาร ซึงเป็นประเทศทีมีแหลงทรัพยากรกาซธรรมชาติประมาณ 60% ของโลก
ไดพบปะกันเมือเดือนตุลาคมทีผานมาเพือหารือเกียวกับเรืองการจัดตังกลุมสหพันธธุรกิจสำหรับกาซธรรมชาติ ระหวางการประชุม นายAlexei Miller ประธานของ
Gazprom, นาย Gholam Hossein Nozai รัฐมนตรีนำมันของอิหราน และนายAbdullah Ben Hamad Al-Attiya รัฐมนตรีพลังงานของกาตาร
ไดหารูปแบบทีมีศักยภาพของ Gas Troika กลุมใหญ ซึงจะพบกันปีละ 3 ถึง 4 ครัง เพือติดตามการดำเนินงานกลยุทธรวมกัน นาย Alexei Miller
แนะนำใหเปลียนหนวยงาน Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF-กอตังปี 2001)
เป็นองคกรถาวรทีจะชวยสนับสนุนใหการจัดหากาซมีความสมำเสมอเพียงพอตอความตองการและมีความแนนอน นักวิเคราะหกลาววา
นอกจากประเทศทังสามทีไดกลาวถึงแลว เวเนซุเอลาและแอลจีเรียก็ดูเหมือนวาจะมาเป็นสมาชิกของผูกอตัง Gas Troika นีดวย
สำหรับความตองการแอลเอ็นจี (LNG) ของโลก ไดถูกคาดการณวาจะโตขึนประมาณ 86% ภายในปี 2016 ในเอเชีย ประเทศญีปุนจะเป็นผูนำเขาแอลเอ็นจี ทีใหญทีสุด
สวนจีนและอินเดียจะเป็นตลาดแอลเอ็นจีถัดไปทีมีศักยภาพสูง ผูสงออกแอลเอ็นจีในเอเชียจะมีทังประเทศออสเตรเรีย บรูไน อียิปต มาเลเซีย อินโดนีเซีย อิหราน รัสเซีย
และสหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส
ออสเตรเลีย ซึงสวนใหญใชแอลเอ็นจีเป็นสินคาสงออก ไดมองหาแนวทางการลดการพึงพาการนำเขานำมัน
หนวยงานภาครัฐทีศึกษาวิจัยดานวิทยาศาสตรในออสเตรเลียเมือเร็ว ๆ นี ไดนำการศึกษาซึงผลลัพธทีไดแสดงวา
การใชเชือเพลิงผสมกันของออสเตรเลียดูเหมือนวาจะมีความหลากหลายมากขึนโดยมีการใชรถไฮบริด/รถไฟฟา และรถทีมีมลพิษตำสำหรับการเดินทางในเมือง
การใชกาซเอ็นจีวีสำหรับรถใหญ (รถบรรทุกและรถบัส), การใชเชือเพลิงชีวภาพในพืนทีทองถิน และมีการใชดีเซล แอลเอ็นจี และเอ็นจีวีดวย./
December 2008 17
18 December 2008

Illegally converted vehicles lead to explosions and threaten NGV industry

Safety first!
Some fatalities occurred due to CNG
vehicle explosion in Asia. As reported in
several latest editions in Asian NGV
Communications, safety in converted
NGVs grows to be a very important
issue in our industry especially in Asia.
The recent explosions related to NGV
industry reported in this region were
caused by vehicles, and not by the
refueling station facilities. And all
happened to converted vehicles and
not those made by Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEMs) or vehicle
manufacturers.
Unlike in Europe and South America,
NGV is a rather “new” thing for Asia
although many Asian countries have
started NGV adoption since the 80’s.
However, the real and high adoption of
these vehicles took place only recently
when many countries started battling
against air pollution and later against
high oil price. As a result, many vehicle Do not use LPG and substandard tanks in NGVs: Road Transport Department
owners turned to cheaper and viable officers investigating the LPG tank that exploded in a natural gas van in Malacca
option these last few years—especially
during 2007-2008—and creating a information/campaign regarding safety pressure up to 3,500 psi while
demand rush on vehicle conversions to issues, the nature of CNG/NGVs and its substandard cylinders have low
NGVs. This has attracted many benefits, especially to fleet owners, pressure capacity, and thus, could
entrepreneurs who later opened vehicle vehicle operators (drivers of public explode when filled with CNG. Apart
conversion centres overnight without vehicles powered by natural gas) and from Bangladesh, Asian countries that
having sufficient know-how and more importantly to private vehicle experience NGVs explosions due to
skill/technicians or ºappropriate license owners who we should consider as illegal retrofit include China, India,
to do the work. In (many) illegal potential buyers as we are moving Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand,
workshops, SAFETY is not an important towards mass adoption of NGVs. etc. The most recent accidents were
issue to be considered by those Especially since the International Gas reported in Malaysia and India.
installers. They offer cheaper conversion Union (IGU) and the NGV industry Lately, government from various
cost and use cheaper and substandard proposed a target of attaining 50-65 countries such as those from Iran, India,
equipment and poor craftsmanship that million NGVs by 2020 and 100-200 Thailand, etc, have underlined the
leads to negative consequences. millions by 2030. If we can achieve this, importance of safety issue. Disciplinary
Retrofitting vehicles at illegal workshops the IGU projected that 400bcm gas actions that include seizing of
with untrained “technicians” could lead would be needed by 2030. unauthorised and substandard
to after-conversion problems when the This kind of accidents due to improper equipment and closure of illegal
conversion quality is poor, and thus, the vehicle conversion not only happens in conversion centres are carried out in
retrofitted vehicles need to be returned Asia but also—very few—were reported Bangladesh, Pakistan, etc. In those
to the workshops several in North and South America. The countries which still do not have
times/frequently to fix various issues, explosions in NGVs in Asia were mandates and guidelines for disciplinary
such as what recently happened in reported to be caused by the actions/enforcement, such as in
Singapore. Illegal conversion is COSTLY installation of substandard cylinders Malaysia and few other countries, the
in terms of time and money as well as and/or conversion kits which were needed regulation should be created
DANGEROUS. It could also slow down mainly mounted by illegal conversion soon before this industry begins to go
if not kill the NGV industry in those centres. down.
countries. Proper training to technicians In Bangladesh, substandard
in conversion centres is a must! It is cylinders/tanks fitted to NGVs (in illegal Conversion in Malaysia
along with all NGV/station stakeholders workshops) include Oxygen and water On 7 November this year, a CNG van
that we must vigorously battle illegal cylinders, for example. Other countries equipped with LPG cylinders exploded
conversion and the trade of also use LPG tanks, including those for and caused death to a young man in a
substandard equipment, and more cooking purposes, or old CNG refuelling station in Batu Berendam in
importantly, help spreading cylinders. A CNG cylinder can withstand the southern part of Malacca state of
December 2008
A CNG car was run over by another vehicle in Brazil. It has one CNG tank and
one LPG tank. The LPG tank was destroyed but the CNG one remained intact
Malaysia. This is the second
LPG-tank-in-CNG-vehicle explosion
incident in Malaysia, in which the first
incident took place in Cheras in August
2008. The LPG cylinder can withstand
only up to 500 psi instead of the
required 3,500 psi for NGVs.
The related Road Transport Department
investigations revealed that the LPG
cylinder was placed beneath the driver’s
seat, covered by a sheet of canvas
instead of by proper metal covering.
That was the second bloomer.
On the other hand, the explosion, which
shattered the entire front portion of the
vehicle, was believed to have been
caused by a spark from the engine,
which was running at that time.
According to the applicable standard,
the engine must be switched off during
the refuel.
Chief Minister Datuk Seri Mohd Ali
Rustam urged the police and relevant
authorities to determine how a cooking
gas tank had been modified for the
vehicle. He urged the authorities to
seize those carrying out illegal
modification in their vehicles.
The Director of the Road and Transport
Department, Solah Mat Hassan, said
several similar incidents in the capital -
Kuala Lumpur- have been reported and
urged motorists to only patronize the
Department’s accredited workshops to
ensure all safety guidelines have been
adhered to.
In Malaysia, legally, converted NGV
must be approved by Puspakom prior
to being put on the road within certain
time frame after the conversion. If the
conversion is done by unlicensed
installer and not according to the
standard specifications, the vehicle will
not be approved to ply on the road.
However, according to Dr Xander
Thong, owner of Hijau MOG—an
authorised conversion centre in
Malaysia-, NGV installers in this country
are not required to state their license
number and expiration date. Thus,
illegal installers are taking advantage of
this loophole, and presenting a danger
to all road users. The Road Transport
Authority has approved 72 conversion
centres but following the demand rush,
more than 1,000 mostly illegal
workshops operated in this country by
June 2008. He stated that it is
necessary that all NGV advertisement
(issued by workshops) must be
accompanied by the licensed details in
each ad.
Indian conversion regulation
In India, on 8 November an accident
happened when a Wagon R equipped
with unauthorised CNG kits went up in
flames in Delhi within 10 seconds.
Although CNG is a safe fuel for vehicles,
all safety standard must be complied
with when one retrofits a vehicle into
CNG system.
According to the transport department’s
regulation in the country, all vehicles
equipped with CNG kits need to have
this endorsed on the registration
certificate of the vehicle.
This is done by authorised CNG kit
dealers. Even at the time of refuelling,
the attendant at the pump is supposed
to check the endorsement to ensure
the CNG kit fitted in the vehicle is an
authorised one. But this seldom
happens and because there is no
system of checks, the business of
selling unauthorised kits is flourishing in
Delhi.
19
Also, all commercial vehicles powered
by CNG need to undergo regular
inspections and an annual fitness test
by the transport department. But there
is a lack of such norms for private
vehicles.
Another common reason—not related
to CNG system— for car fires are
electrical short circuits in wiring. Car
accessories like music systems, central
locking and the like, fitted from the
open market by quacks can prove to be
dangerous as they are not connected to
the ECU of the vehicle. All vehicle
manufacturers advise owners not to get
accessories fitted from unauthorised
dealers as often these are connected to
the battery by cutting any other power
wire passing through the car and joining
it to the new device. Loose or improper
wiring is prone to sparking.
In Delhi, about 4,000-4,500 private
vehicles are converted to CNG system
every month. The industry estimates
that roughly 125,000 private NGVs are
plying in this city with an annual rate of
250% increase. Hence, there is a
growing importance of safety in vehicle
conversion to CNG system.
The associations
This year, NGV associations more
actively share knowledge regarding
safety issues. The International
Association for NGV (IANGV) is working
on a paper for CNG safety.
The Asia-Pacific NGV Association
(ANGVA) offers Safety Workshops in
various Asian countries.
For more information about guidelines
for the handling of CNG cylinder, please
refer to IANGV’s report at
http://www.iangv.org/docs/IANGV-
CNG-Cylinder-Handling-Guidelines-
0409.pdf
Singaporean standard for NGVs can be
found at
http://www.spring.gov.sg/newsarchive/n
ews/releases/03_09_03.html
Few guidelines on refueling station in
Pakistan is available at
www.hdip.com.pk/Inspection%20of%2
0CNG%20Stations/Annex-II.pdf
For those interested in learning
technical standards of CNG fuel
(including transport, application in
fuelling stations and vehicles), check
some guidelines made by ENARGAS,
the gas regulatory agency of Argentina, at
http://www.enargas.gov.ar/Gnc/Normativ
a/Html/Normas_Ing.php
20
Dual fuel trains for Indian Railways
The Indian Railways is the first railway
on Indian sub-continent running over a
stretch of 21 miles from Mumbai to
Thane. For its current operation, the
company consumes 2 million kilolitres
of diesel which mean an expenditure of
Rs 80 billion per year to the company.
Triggered by the recent upward trend in
oil prices that has cost the company a
lot of money, India Railways has now
started to convert conventional diesel
engines in its fleet into a dual fuel
CNG/diesel system.
This fleet operator already uses
bio-diesel to cut down high fuel bills
and now it looks for another alternative
fuel. A senior Rail Ministry officer said in
October that CNG will be used in train
operations with the aim of optimising
the substitution of diesel and
accordingly a project was launched.
Under the project, 50 diesel multiple
units (DMUs) or railmotors (a multiple
unit train consisting of multiple carriages
powered by one or more on-board
diesel engines which is also known as
Diesel Power Car or DPC), self
propelled coaches, will be converted
into dual fuel engines.
In November this year, the Indian
Railways Organisation for Alternative
Fuels (IROAF), has called for tenders
December 2008
from engine manufacturers to join
forces in the engine conversion project.
Currently, the trains are used to serve
short routes up to 200 km.
R. Srivastave, Chief Mechanical
Engineer of IROAF, said that they aim at
running the DPC using 70% diesel and
30% CNG, in which the proportion of
CNG can be gradually increased if the
technology is successful.
IROAF is looking at both ignition and
fumigation technologies for conversion
to CNG. The ignition technology will
allow CNG usage in the DPC of a
maximum rate of 30% while the
fumigation technology will allow up to
90% share of CNG in each train.
Should this project succeed, IRAOF
plans to move forward with the
conversion of engines in locomotives
used in express trains.
CNG is used as trains fuel in many
other countries such as in Peru
(Ferrocarril Central Andino since 2005) ,
Sweden with its biogas train in
September 2005, and the US (Napa
Valley Wine Train).
The India Railway actually has
conducted a trial in April 2005 when a
dual fuel locomotive was operated
along Delhi and Rewari route.
December 2008 21
22 December 2008

One thousand CNG buses for Sindh

province in Pakistan
In its endeavor to improve public
transport facility and air quality, the
Sindh government in Pakistan intends
to introduce environmentally-friendly
buses in this province, especially in
Karachi City and surroundings.
In 2007, it was reported that Karachi
government planned to introduce 8,000
CNG buses in the city’s transport fleet.
Recent development came with a result
that 2,000 CNG buses will be employed
in this city within the next five years.
As the first significant step, 1,000 CNG
buses would be made available in
gradual phases from end 2008 to
February-March 2009 under “Shaheed
Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Transport
Programme”, as announced by Sindh Of these 400 buses, 100 buses each Jadoon said that the crew of each bus
Transport Minister Akhtar Hussain would serve two different routes: would be provided with proper training
Jadoon. Karachi to Sukkur and Karachi to and would remain in uniform during the
Of these 1,000 buses, 600 units would Hyderabad. Another 50 units each implementation of the service. He said
be placed in Karachi City for intercity would ply four other routes, from that this programme would not only
services, while the remaining 400 buses Karachi to Larkana, Khaipur, Shaheed offer a better public transport facility to
would serve different routes of inferior Mohtarna Benazir Bhutto, and commuters but also job opportunities
Sindh. Mirpukhas districts. for skilled and unskilled manpower.

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December 2008 23

Haryana to add CNG buses in 2008-2012

Meanwhile the Haryana Roadways in
Northern India has decided to buy
1,000 new buses by the end of 11th
five-year plan (2007-2012). These
buses would include Volvo,
air-conditioned (AC) buses, CNG buses,
etc. Haryana Transport Minister Mange
Ram Gupta said that to strengthen the
National Capital Region (NCR), and
other big cities, CNG and semi low-floor
buses were being introduced in these
areas.
Already 200 CNG buses were in service
in Haryana Roadways fleet. It is very
likely that the number will grow up to
1,100 units by the end of the 11th
five-year plan. Ten Volvo AC buses plus
ten AC CNG low-floor buses have plied
along Gurgaon-Delhi route. More CNG
buses were bought during the current
financial year, he said.
Haryana is a state in northern India. It
also surrounds Delhi on three sides,
forming the northern, western and
southern borders of Delhi.
Consequently, a large area of Haryana is
included in the National Capital Region.

Pakistan, #1
NGV country
Apart from being the biggest NGV
nation in the world, Asia is also home to
the biggest NGV country in the world:
Pakistan!

In November 2008, the Joint Executive

Director (CNG) of the Oil & Gas
Regulatory Authority’s, Aamir Nusrat,
said that there were about 1,9 million
NGVs and 2,430 public CNG refueling
stations operating in this country. He
concluded that by July this year, already
there were 1. 8 million CNG vehicles
plying in Pakistan.
24
Elimination of gasoline subsidy in Iran
and 50 CNG stations for Tehran
By March 2009, 50 CNG stations
will be set up in Tehran City of Iran,
said head of Headquarters for
Management of Transportation
and Fuel, Mohammad Rouyanian.
The more detail data from Iranian Gas
Khodro Co. as noted in a
complimentary article in this section,
“CNG situation in Tehran”, shown that
a total of 56 stations will be
constructed by the above-mentioned
date.
December 2008
Rouyanian said that CNG is delivered to
the station owners at the earlier price of
80 Rial/Nm3. CNG stations will be
constructed in Tehran's satellite towns if
they allocate the necessary land for
Tehran Municipality. Only residents of
the towns are entitled to fill up gas in
these stations.
Already at least 260 cities in this
country had CNG refuelling facilities by
beginning of November this year. At that
time, Iran had about 637 CNG stations
in service. In line with the government’s
target of reaching 1,000 CNG stations
during the current Iranian year ended on
20 March 2009, around 600 more
stations are planned to be built next
year. Iran’s current pipeline networks
cover 560 cities and 3,226 villages.
CNG and gasoline prices
On 4 November this year, Rouyanian
announced that the government has
decided to increase CNG price at
pumping stations from 200 Rials/Nm3
to 400 Rials/Nm3 started 22 November.
Earlier, by mid October, he announced
that the government planned to
gradually cut the amount of
heavily-subsidised gasoline for transport
sector from the next Iranian year and
would completely eliminate subsidies by
2011. From next Iranian year (March
2009-March 2010), the gasoline
allocation for private cars will gradually
be decreased upon the complete
subsidy elimination by 2011.
December 2008 25

CNG situation in Tehran

Already, 69 CNG stations are operating
in Tehran. Of those, 58 units are
dedicated CNG stations which were
constructed by government, while the
other 11 units are bi-purpose
gasoline-CNG stations. Fifty new CNG
stations are expected to be constructed
by March 2009.
By the end of this Iranian year (March
2009), 27 more CNG stations are going
to be built in this city and scheduled to
be opened by the next Iranian Year. Out
of those, 23 stations will be built by
Iranian Gas Khodro Co. and 4 stations
by private investors. Furthermore,
National Iran Oil Production Distribution
Co. (NIOPDC) has another plan to
install CNG dispensing units in 29 units
of existing gasoline stations in Tehran.
Furthermore, 269 cities in Iran already
have CNG refuelling facilities. Apart from
that, CNG stations are going to be
constructed in 188 more cities in Iran.
At the moment, 637 CNG stations are
in service in Iran, of which, only 51
dedicated CNG stations plus 90
stations CNG/gasoline stations were
built by private sector.
By: Alireza Rahnama, Iranian Gas Khodro
Co., Head of Planning and Project Control
Department

Iran to join
the 1 million
NGV club
This country,
which by IANGV
President Richard
Kolodziej was
forecasted to
become leading
country in the
NGV industry
within the next
five, is expected to join the 1,000,000
plus NGV countries soon.

Alireza Rahnama from the Head of

Planning and Project Control
Department of
Iranian Gas Khodro Co. stated that Iran
will enter the list of country with more
than 1.000.000 NGVs. The company is
currently compiling an accurate data
regarding the vehicle counting.

At the end of January this year, there

were only 612,000 NGVs in this coun-
try. At the beginning of May, Iran had
around 749,000 NGVs, while three
months later it added a whooping
78,000 vehicles when the total NGV
population was reported at 827,000
units. In October, the country had
around 846,000 NGVs.

Looking at this data, Asian NGV

Communications projected that Iran will
join the “1 million NGV club” before
summer 2009.
26 December 2008

Over 280 vehicle conversions per

month in Singapore
Despite of the current lower oil prices in Singapore, a new
CNG refueling station is scheduled to be opened by February
2009. Located in Serangoon North, the station is owned by
Smart Energy, a cab operator in Singapore.

Johny Harjantho, the company’s Managing Director, is

optimistic that the CNG business will remain attractive.
As other transport fuel prices, recently, CNG price was
lowered by nine cents from the previous rate at SGD1.65/kg.
By early November it was sold at SGD 1.56/kg before
discount at Smart Energy’s Mandai station.
The firm planned to decrease the price to SGD 1.48/kg by
mid November. Harjantho expects that the price will fall
further.

As oil traded at below US$70/barrel in the beginning of

November and premium and regular gasoline (octane 98 and
95) were sold at SGD 1.820/litre and SGD 1.746/litre, while
diesel cost SGD 1.503/litre, conversion of cars into NGVs
was slightly decreased from the July peak of 419 vehicles to
320 in August and 283 in September.

NGV share in Singapore’s total (on-road) transport sector is

Singapore experienced a 145% growth in NGVs adoption
during 2007-2008
almost 0.32% adoption. For a country which ahs just
“re-awaking” NGV business, this is quite reasonable
especially considering the size of the country (682.7 sqm of
land), the number of inhabitants (4,608,167 people), and the
total number of vehicles (about 850,000).
With 2,700 NGVs, Singapore’s NGV share within total vehicle
market in the country is 0.32%.
This, has positioned Singapore as the 28th country in the
world that has the biggest NGVs/vehicle ration.
Despite of the declining vehicle conversion rate, if Singapore
can keep retrofit ratio at, say, 250 vehicles per month, that
means that within a year, there would be an additional of
3,000 NGVs.

The success of NGV adoption in this country is heavily

dependent on government support. Stockholders of this
industry and owners of CNG cars expect that the government
will not lift tax incentives for NGVs.
Apart from that, more refuelling facilities and high quality
conversion workmanship and skills are required.
Although car owners prefer OEM NGVs, due to limited
selection—as only Mercedes E200-NGT is available in the
country—the role of conversion segment is substantial in
determining the success rate of NGV adoption.
It is crucial that conversion centres deliver high quality
conversion and have well-trained technicians.

Although the country is experiencing a decrease vehicle

conversion rate due to a fall in oil price, this situation might
change in the near future.

Editor of Energy News Portal EnergyAsia.com, Ng Weng

Hoong, said that this condition will not last.
Ng predicted that oil price will hit USD200/barrel by 2013.
December 2008 27

NGV business in Indonesia

By: Danny Praditya, PT CNG
28 December 2008

A homage for John Stephenson

Taken from Dr Garth Harris, IANGV Secretary General’s article
on “John Stephenson-A Tribute”.

The former IANGV Treasurer, John Stephenson, passed away

in Auckland, New Zealand, this year, which means a great loss
to the whole industry.

John contributed a lot to the NGV business in New Zealand

since the 70’s. He was also actively involved in the Vehicles
and Fuels Research Unit (VFRU) in New Zealand. John was
also Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department before
retiring in late 1980s.

In 1981 he produced a lot of reports regarding technical

information on CNG for vehicles application in this country (which
at the time mainly used Italian equipment even though vehicle
technologies used in New Zealand were different from those in
IANGV Executive Committee Members in photo with
Italy). His reports were in great demand all over the world. John Stephenson (third from right) in Sweden in 1992

As IANGV was established in 1986, John became Treasurer
shortly after its formation and held this post 1988 – 2000. More
importantly, John gave his technical and other advice to Garth
Harris, the Secretary-General, and to the President and
Executive Committee, and meetings which he regularly
attended at various locations around the world. Because he
had had such a wide range of experience in his working life, his
contributions to discussions were greatly valued.
A notable and lasting piece of work was his authorship and
editing of the IANGV Position Paper that provides detailed
information about NGV technologies and their application, and
about the economic and legislative issues that are being
tackled by the NGV industry. While there were contributions
from several IANGV members, John was responsible for
various chapters and overall editing.
We all owe John a great debt for his dedication to the
development and growth of the NGV.
Asian NGV Communications team send condolences to his
family and IANGV.
December 2008 29
30
Techo Update
Diesel-to-natural gas conversion
When Omnitek first started to offer
diesel-to-natural gas conversion kits, it
became apparent that most technicians
did not understand the fundamental
differences between a diesel and a
natural gas engine. This resulted in low
quality engine conversions, causing
many problems which gave the industry
a bad name. So many engines had
catastrophic failures, that many said a
diesel engine cannot be converted to
natural gas. Low engine power,
overheating, bad fuel economy and the
occasional melted piston were just a
few complaints. The most
misunderstood area we found was how
to decide and calculate the optimum
compression ratio for the converted
engine. How to design the perfect mixer
and why a closed-loop control system
for air to fuel ratio adjustment is so
important, were also highly
misunderstood areas.
Omnitek decided not just to sell the
diesel-to-natural gas conversion kits,
but also to spend a significant amount
of time to teach our dealers and
customers in detail the difference
between a diesel and a natural gas
engine and how to perform a
successful conversion. The key to
Omnitek’s success is our advanced
electronic control unit (ECU) and the
use of high quality components. Now
we are happy to report that our
customers have mastered the
conversion process, with engines
having good power, no overheating
problems, low fuel consumption and no
catastrophic failures. The Omnitek
conversions are reliable and offer a 12
month warranty. Return on investment
is about 10 to 18 months, depending
on diesel / natural gas cost difference
and the amount of kilometers driven
each month. Considering that the cost
to convert a truck or bus will be around
$ 10,000 (Generator around $ 5000)
and fuel savings are reported at about $
800 to $ 1200 per month, even with oil
at $65 a barrel, converting a diesel to
natural gas makes economic sense.
Here I would like to outline some of the
most important mechanical differences
between an engine burning diesel and
one burning natural gas. It is significant
enough that many modifications to the
engine have to be performed.
Basically, a diesel engine is a
compression ignition engine, meaning
there are no spark plugs. The heat
generated by the high compression
ratio is igniting the fuel mixture. So the
two most important modifications are,
a) the compression ratio has to be
reduced and b) spark plugs have to be
installed where formerly the diesel
injectors were located. The optimum
compression ratio for a natural gas
engine can range from 10:1 to about
14:1 (18:1 for the diesel), depending on
the engine and the intended application.
This requires modifications to the piston,
or even a newly designed piston.
Propane Natural Gas Gasoline
Octane Octane 125 Octane 85
104 F to 130 to 93
Air/Fuel Air-Fuel Air-Fuel
Ratio: 15.5 Ratio: 16.8 Ratio: 14.7
The other major modifications are: c)
the diesel engine has no throttle for the
intake air so a correctly sized throttle
body has to be installed, and d) a
camshaft sensor for engine speed and
position has to be installed.
Fuel Quality Requirements
Natural gas is composed primarily of
Methane (CH4), with small quantities of
other hydrocarbons, nitrogen, carbon
December 2008
dioxide, and water. The quality of the
natural gas, with respect to the
percentage makeup of component
gases, will directly affect the conversion
process, resulting engine power,
efficiency, emissions, and longevity of
the engine. As a general rule, higher
methane content results in higher
engine power and lower fuel
consumption.
Combustion characteristic for some
common fuels used in spark-ignited
engines
The Engine Control System
Omnitek is offering two distinctly
different conversion kits, just like there
are two distinctly different engines. 1)
Engines without turbocharger use the
Reducer/Mixer System, and 2) engines
with turbocharger use the Injection
System.
A turbocharged engine should only be
converted using a fuel injection system.
Over time, a reducer/mixer system is
very difficult to properly work on
engines with turbochargers and the
reliability is terrible. Engine power is also
reduced and frequent overheating is the
norm. When used anyway, it almost
always results in engine failure.
A reducer/mixer system can be used
with high reliability and good engine
power only on engines without
turbocharger.
Reducer/Mixer systems are capable of
achieving EURO III Emission Standards,
whereas, fuel injection systems are
capable of achieving EURO VI Emission
Standards.
December 2008
Techo Update
Cylinder Head Modified for
Spark Plugs
The cylinder head is modified to allow
for the installation of spark plugs.
Generally, the spark plugs are installed
in the same location as the diesel
injectors were.
Pistons
Pistons are redesigned to result in the
appropriate compression ratio.
Piston Rings
Some converted diesel engines suffer
from high oil consumption. The cause
for this is almost always the piston
rings. The piston rings for a diesel
engine are significantly different than the
rings for a natural gas engine. Since the
diesel engine is without a throttle, the
engine creates virtually no vacuum.
However, when a throttle is added
during the conversion process, the
resulting high vacuum can increase the
oil consumption as oil finds its way past
the piston rings.
Camshaft
Very few know how to optimize a
camshaft for a natural gas engine.
This is especially true if the engine is a
converted diesel one.
Considerations include engine load,
torque and horsepower requirements,
drivability, fuel economy expectations,
exhaust emissions, engine life, etc.
Other variables include: intake manifold
design, carburetion type, engine Rpm
and exhaust characteristics, just to
name a few.
Lubrication Oil
Engine oils specially formulated for
natural gas MUST be used to assure
engine longevity. When using a “diesel
oil”, oil change intervals are greatly
reduced and severe engine damage is
all but assured. Natural gas oils have
vastly different formulation, to protect
against high-temperature and oil oxidation.
It also helps to prolong valve wear.
A dedicated natural gas engine does
not produce many oil contaminations
and oil change intervals can reach
20,000 km, when high-quality natural
gas engine oils are used.
Ignition System, Spark Plugs
and Ignition Wires for CNG
Omnitek supplies a proprietary
high-power ignition controller,
proprietary 12V/24V ignition coils, and
special spark plugs that were all
specifically designed for the
31
requirements of natural gas engines.
Natural gas puts high demands on
spark plugs and the ignition system.
Omnitek offers long-life Iridium/Yttrium
spark plugs, which routinely reach
60,000 km before needing to be
replaced.
Reducing the spark plug gap reduces
the ignition demand and adds to plug
life. The spark plug electrode gap
should be about .5 mm, spark plugs
with a colder heat range are also
advantageous.
Since spark voltage and engine
temperature on gaseous fueled engines
are higher, high quality silicone ignition
wires must be used.
Summary
The above comprises a basic outline of
the conversion process and some of
the challenges encountered when
converting a diesel engine to natural
gas. The basic concept has been
around for many years, but only recently
has the quality of the components
improved enough to offer a reliable and
cost effective option to fleet owners.
Omnitek has spent many years
improving and optimizing the
conversion kits and is offering some kits
which are customized to specific engine
models. We have solutions for engines
with or without turbocharger in any size
and for any application. Omnitek is
operating, or has representation, in 12
countries around the world.
Contact
Omnitek Engineering, Corp.
1945 S. Rancho Santa Fe Rd.
San Marcos CA, 92078 – USA
Tel. (1) 760-591-0089
Fax. (1) 760-591-0880
info@omnitekcorp.com
www.omnitekcorp.com
www.cryostar.com
32
Techo Update
Using LNG as an alternative source of gas supply to refuel your NGVs
LNG as a source of gas can be used
for two types of refuelling stations:
LCNG (Liquid to Compressed Natural
Gas) and LNG (Liquid Natural Gas)
stations. The distinctiveness of these
stations is its ability to allow customers
to refuel both CNG and LNG vehicles at
the same refuelling station.
Introduction
It is commonly known that using LNG as
a gas source is the most effective way
to provide NG for vehicles when there is
no CNG grid available. Moreover, LNG is
the best fuel solution for High-Duty
Vehicles (HDVs) and Medium-Duty
Vehicles (MDVs) fleets, as it improves
considerably the driving distance
covered by this fuel compared to when
using CNG as fuel. The following article
presents the different steps which have
to be considered for the construction of
an LCNG or an LNG station.
Decision factors
The factors listed below will help potential
investors to asses if LCNG or LNG project
would be viable to be implemented in
December 2008
their country or in the chosen areas.
Before investing in an LNG or LCNG
station, various parameters have to be
considered and validated such as:
® 1. The inexistence of the gas grid, or
the presence of a poor gas network;
® 2. The availability of LNG, which
comes either from an LNG terminal, or
from a small scale liquefaction plant;
® 3. The number of customers, their
size and profile, in order to decide what
type of fuelling station would be most
applicable: an LCNG, LNG, or
combined LNG+LCNG station;
® 4. The use of LNG for HDVs which
would definitely position LNG as the
only possible gas supply source. So far,
LNG is not used to fuel Low-Duty
Vehicles (LDVs), while CNG can be
used in LDVs and HDVs.
The size of the station
Once the decision to bring LCNG or
LNG station is taken, investor/project
planner must define the size of the
station. This will mainly depend on the
flow of gas output required from the
station. Moreover, the size of the station
will be calculated differently depending
on the type of the station, whether it will
be an LNG or an LCNG station.
® LNG station: 1 dispenser nozzle can
dispense up to 68 kg/minute of LNG
® LCNG station: 1 dispenser nozzle can
dispense up to 20 kg/minute of CNG
Investment cost
The investment cost for such stations
will depend on different factors such as
the equipment costs, the installation
costs, the civil work costs, the land
costs, and the permit-related costs.
Nevertheless some indications on
equipment and civil/engineering costs
can be given in order to evaluate the
potential of the projects:
® For an LNG station, the investment
cost will more likely be around 101
Euro/kg of gas (LNG) output per hour
for the station (not including the land
costs and permit costs).
® Concerning an LCNG station, we can
typically consider an investment cost of
1,100 Euro/kg of gas (CNG) output per
hour for the station (not including the
land costs and permit costs).
(The above-mentioned indication was
calculated based on an LCNG station
with gas output of 800 Nm3/hour or 574
kg/hour. A gas station with this capacity
can refuel about 50 cars per hour).
If the investor wants to have LNG
dispensing units (output), then we should
December 2008 33

Techo Update
add the required LNG output/hour times
101 Euro/kg to the above required CNG
output. This way, you can get the
investment cost indication of an LCNG
station with CNG and LNG output.
Following Air Liquide Encyclopedia, the
conversion rate of 1 Nm3 of CH4 (pure
methane) for CNG is 0,717 kg, while for
LNG, 1 litre of liquid CH4 is equal to
0,422 kg. Those above-mentioned
indicated cost will have to be studied on
a case by case basis in order to reflect
the reality of each project.
investors who wish to set up LNG or LCNG
stations. Nevertheless, a more detailed
study shall be conducted to get more
precise parameters about the environment,
the station performances, and the local
regulations. Following that detailed study, the
potential investor will be able to set up a
feasible business plan and to show that an
LNG or an LCNG refuelling station would be
the best option to provide gas refuelling
facility for the targeted NGVs. So take your
chance in a bright, clean natural gas world.

Operational costs By: Philippe Heisch, Cryostar Automation,

The operational costs of LNG and LCNG Sales Engineer Filling/Refuelling Stations
stations are mainly related to maintenance
and electricity consumption. That is the
reason why the following numbers can
be considered for operational costs:
Type of Electricity Maintenance
station consumption cost
0,05 KwH/kg of
LCNG CNG 0,01 € per kg
dispensed
0,0024 KwH/kg
LNG of LNG 0,0006 € per kg
dispensed

Design requirements and

regulations
As soon as a decision for investing in an
LNG or LCNG refuelling station is taken,
the design phase starts. The design
should follows various standards and
regulations for those stations. Below are
few examples of several regulations that
should be met (non exhaustive list, as
regulations will depend on countries):
® NFPA 59-A ⇒ Standard for the
Production, Storage, and Handling of
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
® EN 1473 ⇒ Installation and
equipment for liquefied natural gas.
Design of onshore installations
® ATEX94/9 CE ⇒ European explosive
atmosphere regulation (for manufacturer)
® ATEX99/92 CE ⇒ European explosive
atmosphere regulation (for customer)
The investors should ensure the
provision of all required utilities on site,
such as electrical power, air-instrument,
phone lines, and a fire alarm control
centre which meet the local fire
regulations. Customer will also take
care of providing the land for the
installation of the station, and make
sure that the connections to the road
can be realized.

Conclusion
The purpose of this article is to give a
simple advice and indications for potential
34
BusinessCentre
Get – Emmegas in the NGV world
An interview with Marketing Manager
Ugo Ubberti Foppa
In September this year, Emmegas SpA
and GET group SA showed their
equipment during the II World Fair of
NGVs, Biogas & H2Vs in Turin City, Italy.
GET Group SA, a manufacturer of CNG
compressors, which offers a full
package of components for a CNG
station in its product portfolio, exhibited
its compressors and dispensers during
the fair. The company offers Getpack
pro/easy equipped with vertical
reciprocating compressor designed in
compliance with the latest regulator
such as api 618, Ped and Atex.
GET has a high-tech control panel with
built-in scada system and colour touch
screen, dispenser with three pressure
levels, NGV1 or 2 connection,
December 2008
independent priority panel and storage ® Self adapting during use of the vehicle
cascade. What GET customers can ® Universal CNG/LPG applicability
also have is the high level of 3-4-5-6-8 cyl. engines
consultancy to proper design the ® Diagnosis of new switch (and
station configuration. GET warehouse memory of errors, present and stored)
has spare parts ready for shipment so ® Software full version (not expiring)
that our worldwide clients can source with complete map, no need of key,
original OEM parts. download available on the web
During the Turin show, Emmegas
presented its new ‘HPI07‘ High
Performance Injection Sequential sys-
tem. The system is based on exclusive
and innovative features such as:
® Gasoline signal self-learning cylinder
per cylinder
® Auto calibration at idle
® Map adjustment by sectors (or free)
® Cut injector wiring integrated into
main wire
® Possibility to program a delay cylin-
der per cylinder during the petrol/gas
switch
® Not invasive into the vehicle electronics
® user friendly, small dimension c/u,
easy program
December 2008 35

Dispenser Manifolds
Priority Fill
Manifolds
Pressure
Regulators
Relief Valves
& Manifolds
Tel: +44 (0) 1895 457 553
Enquiries to:
alternativefuels@halehamilton.com.

www.halehamilton.com
Michele Rosatti from Emmegas and Ugo Uberti Foppa from GET
36 December 2008

BusinessCentre
Export your NGV/station equipment to Asia, the biggest
NGV market in the world
By mid 2008 Asia became number of Heavy-Duty and increase your presence and sales in
the biggest user of CNG in Low-Duty vehicle Asia by keeping reminding your current
transport sector with the Volume III Number 17
June 2008
manufacturers (OEMs) are customers about your firm and
main share of world’s NGVs 49% NGVs & 40% NG stations offering NGV models. Many promoting your products to potential
in the world are in Asia
and NG refuelling stations. car manufacturers are also buyers by advertising in Asian NGV
Offering your equipment in conducting R&D and plan to Communications.
this region means selling to launch more NGV models in
the world’s number one their sales portfolio. Asian NGV Communications is an
NGV/station equipment independent magazine that publishes
buyers market. Iran
In the refuelling sector, more information on natural gas vehicle and
China
500,000 NGVs by
2010 than 1,100 NG stations are
Expected to be
the new NGV leader
in 5 years refuelling station related issues in the
In the vehicle sector, yet to be constructed in Asia-and the Pacific, Middle East and
conversion segment is the 2009. A huge market for distributors of North African regions every month, in
most important market in the NGV CNG compressors, dispensers, meters, six Asian languages.
business in Asia. This portrays a steady valves, and other fuelling equipment.
and promising destination for suppliers Below is our 2009 journalistic timetable.
of CNG cylinders, conversion kits, Expand your market to Asia! For those
regulators, and other accessories. companies already entering this market, Contact: asia@ngvgroup.com
On the other hand, an increasing it is essential to maintain or even Website: www.asiangv.com

Events with
Editions Deadline Special report massive
distribution
Safety in vehicles and fuelling sectors.
January December 10th Notes from equipment manufacturers regarding high
quality products

February January 12th The voice of cylinder suppliers

NGV India 2009
South Asian edition: equipment supply and current
March February 10th 24-26 March
market activities
New Delhi, India

April March 10th Country review: China and South-East Asian market

May April 10th HDV market and its fuelling facilities

GNV2009 Madrid
Asian buyer in Europe.
(with NGVA Europe)
June May 11th Market reviews: current and future projects
17-19 June
and targets
Madrid, Spain
July June 10th Compressor and dispenser manufacturer’s views

August July 10th The world of vehicle conversion segment

1st Latin American Summit of NGV

September August 10th Asian export-import with North and South America and Alternatives Fuels
24-26 September - Lima, Peru
ANGVA2009
October September 10th Special ANGVA 2009 edition 27-29 October
Donghae, South Korea
Technology and equipment used by NGV
November October 12th
manufacturers in Asia. LNG/LCNG fuelling sector

The 2009 statistical reviews.

December November 10th
Valves and electronic equipment technologies
December 2008 37

BusinessCentre 8

2.00 C14 C7 B10 B9

Expo GNV Peru 2009 12m2 12m2 12m2 12m2

AUDITORIUM A10

On September 24-26 2009, the 1st 4.00 B8 B7

B2 A9
16m2

C6 C5
24m2 24m2 A8
Latin-American Summit of NGV and C13
12m2
C12
12m2 16m2

6.00B6 B5
Alternative Fuels II EXPO GNV PERU D6
48m2
48m2 48m2 60m2 60m A7
16m2
36m2 36m2
2009 will be carried out. This event 24m2 A6

constitutes a significant international D5

16m2

8.00 C11 C10 C4 C3 B1 A5

happening that will include the presence 24m2 8.00 B4
10.00 10.00
A4
48m2 48m2 48m2 48m2
of NGVs/station equipment providers D4
100m2 60m2 60m2
24m2

16m2
and stakeholders from the local and D3
A3

regional market, as well as authorities 16m2

C9 C8 C2 C1
24m2

D2 10.00 A2
B3
from various countries. In the Jockey 16m2
8.00 A1
10.00 16m2
REGISTRO
Plaza Convention Center, located in D1 60m2 60m2 60m2 60m2 100m2 REGISTRATION
16m2 60m2
Lima, those attending the summit will
be able to participate in the
INGRESO
conferences offered by specialists of the with 48 service stations and 27 units Booked ENTRANCE

sector, test drive, exhibition and
presentations of the latest products of
the segment, technical tour, among
others activities. The summit is
celebrated at a time when the region
experiences a marked development of
natural gas, and Peru is witnessing a
singular growth. The host country is, at
present, one of the main NGV markets
in the South American region. This is
clearly evidenced by Peru’s NGV figures
from last September: 48,192 NGVs in
which 35,722 were converted vehicles,
under construction, plus 127 retrofit
centres. In the meantime, the Peruvian taxis have been converted to CNG system.
transport system switches to NGVs. At the same time, different companies
CNG buses are incorporated in public provide, in numerous places nationwide,
bus fleets in this country. In the near funding for the acquisition of NGVs, as
future they will multiply, thanks to well as for the conversion.
different municipal and regional The rising global crude oil price has
programmes that facilitate conversion, positioned CNG as the most accessible
responding to the high need to take and economical fuel in transport sector
care of the environment and to improve in Peru. CNG is also the best option for
citizens’ quality of life. Likewise, the the diversification of the energy matrix at
conversion multiplies in taxi fleets. a time when many countries around the
Thanks to “My Taxi” programme, 2,000 world seek alternatives to petroleum.

12a Conferenza ed Esposizione fieristica dell’Associazione

Internazionale dei Veicoli a Gas Naturale - IANGV
12th Conference and Exhibition of the International
Association for Natural Gas Vehicles - IANGV

Dal 8 al 10 giugno 2010

June 8-10, 2010
Nuova Fiera di Roma New Rome Fair
Padiglioni 9, 10 e area esterna Pavilions 9, 10 and outdoor area
Roma, Italia Rome, Italy

La soluzione attuale
per un trasporto migliore
Today's solution
for sustainable transport

Un evento di Ospitato da Organizzato da

An event of Hosted by Organized by

www.ngv2010roma.com
info@ngv2010roma.com
38 December 2008

Asian NGV statistics

NGV statistics
Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations Monthly gas consumption (M Nm3)
Average
Country Cars/LD MD/HD MD/HD Under VRA consumption The Last update
Total
Vs buses trucks Others Total Public Private
construction (actual consumption Reported
report) in theory consumption
Iran 846.169 839.957 6.200 12 637 547 90 668 169,80 0,0% October 2008
Pakistan 1.900.000 1.849.960 40 50.000 2.430 2.430 200 335,61 0,0% November 2008
Bangladesh 180.000 46.602 1.553 8.355 123.490 229 6 223 13 13 21,36 25,91 82,5% April 2008
Armenia 101.352 69.971 9.831 19.626 1.924 214 9 205 8 23,80 57,88 41,1% March 2008
Tajikistan 10.600 10.600 53 53 4,13 1,91 216,5% December 2007
India 821.872 315.200 12.000 715 493.957 325 6 319 60 52,00 118,01 44,1% March 2008
Egypt 87.733 58.370 5.367 3.356 20.640 115 111 4 18 30,00 30,32 98,9% March 2008
Myanmar (Burma) 10.900 2.902 6.373 1.625 20 20 19,72 0,0% December 2006
Kyrgyzstan 6.000 6.000 6 6 0,60 0,30 200,0% December 2007
Uzbekistan 47.000 47.000 43 43 4,25 8,46 50,2% December 2007
China 336.062 95.545 45.321 100 195.096 561 453 108 1 193,33 163,00 118,6% January 2008
Georgia 3.000 3.000 4 4 0,54 0,0% December 2007
Malaysia 37.258 37.077 170 11 90 88 2 38 10 14,80 7,19 205,8% October 2008
Thailand 117.727 94.566 7.975 13.513 1.673 253 228 25 100 69,86 51,84 134,8% November 2008
Singapore 2.700 2.682 12 4 2 3 3 2 0,52 0,0% November 2008
Russia 95.000 18.000 8.000 35.000 34.000 224 199 25 13 8 24,00 61,36 39,1% October 2008
Korea 17.123 247 16.538 338 121 121 13 49,93 0,0% June 2008
Turkey 3.056 2.564 492 9 5 4 1 0,40 1,94 20,6% July 2008
United Arab Emirates 305 305 0 0 2 1 1 0,05 0,0% March 2007
Japan 35.720 13.778 1.417 19.312 1.213 327 294 33 674 22,24 0,0% September 2008
Indonesia 2.453 1.755 238 210 250 9 9 3 1,21 0,0% March 2008
Australia 2.453 130 1.263 1.060 146 127 19 130 4,66 0,0% March 2007
New Zealand 283 180 66 37 14 14 0,23 0,0% March 2007
Philippines 36 11 25 3 1 2 0,08 0,0% February 2006
Taiwan 4 4 1 1 0,01 0,0% April 2005
Total Asia 4.664.806 3.510.402 122.885 101.612 929.907 5.839 4.765 1.074 1.124 849 438,53 1132,73 1252,2% November 2008

Notes: The column 'theoretical monthly consumption' is calculating total monthly consumption if cars consume 180, buses 3000, and trucks 800 Nm3/month.
There is, of course, a huge difference between different truck types. A 44 ton truck may consume up to 8000 (not 800) Nm3 per month. The final column compares this
number with the reported consumption (if available), otherwise shown as 0 %. Figures far below 100 % might indicate that the true fleet of vehicles is lower than reported,
alternatively that vehicles reported as trucks or buses are light/medium duty vehicles. In the "other vehicles" section, New Zealand has 6 tractors, 3 motorbikes, 12 motor-
caravans, and 16 forklifts. Russia has 3 forklifts, 15 tractors, and 2 locomotives powered by NG. Already included in Russian's total NG stations are 2 public and 1 private
LNG stations. Eurasian countries (Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan with 249,408 NGVs and 494 NG stations) are included in the above "Total Asia" counting.

World Reviews
Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations Monthly gas consumption (M Nm3)
Country VRA Average consumption The Last update
Total Cars/LDVs MD/HD MD/HD Others Total Public Private Under consumption Reported
buses trucks construction (actual report) in theory consumption
Asia 4.415.398 3.369.867 104.562 46.986 893.983 5.345 4.505 840 1.102 841 386,08 1.002,55 38,5%
Eurasia 249.408 140.535 18.323 54.626 35.924 494 260 234 22 8 52,45 130,18 40,3%
Africa 226 220 6 7 6 1 0,06
Europe 887.518 743.089 40.397 45.058 58.974 2.572 2.121 451 155 3.226 130,81 300,87 43,5% November
2008
S/C America 3.769.004 3.686.858 13.820 9.660 58.666 4.180 4.179 29 109 515,30 723,38 71,2%
North America 112.140 96.000 11.240 2.500 2.400 917 901 16 8.092 55,00 53,12 103,5%
World total 9.433.694 8.036.569 188.348 158.830 1.049.947 13.515 11.972 1.542 1.308 12.276 1.139,64 2.210,16 51,6%

Region shares within global NGV business

Natural Gas Vehicles share (region/world NGV market) Refuelling stations Share of monthly world gas consumption
Country VRA The Last update
Total Cars/LDVs MD/HD MD/HD
Others Total Public Private Under
Actual report consumption
buses trucks construction
in theory
Asia+Eurasia 49% 44% 65% 64% 89% 43% 40% 70% 86% 7% 38% 51%
Asia only 47% 42% 56% 30% 85% 40% 38% 54% 84% 7% 34% 45%
Eurasia only 3% 2% 10% 3% 4% 2% 15% 2% 0% 5% 6%
November
Africa 0,002% 0% 0% 28% 0,05% 0,05% 0% 0,003%
2008
Europe 9% 9% 21% 6% 6% 19% 18% 29% 12% 26% 11% 14%
S/C America 40% 46% 7% 2% 6% 31% 35% 2% 1% 45% 33%
North America 1% 1% 6% 0,2% 7% 8% 1% 66% 5% 2%
Notes: The shares of each region was based on the ratio of each segment (vehicle, station, etc) in each region divided by each type of the respective segment in the countries with NGVs. The data
of these countings can be found in table "World review, November 2008".
39 December 2008

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Cities with CNG refuelling stations Country shares within world NGV market
Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations
Country Number of cities Last Update Country %of the % of total Last update
Total global Total fuelling
Iran 251 Oct. '08 NGV fleets stations
Russia 172 Aug. '07 Pakistan 1.900.000 20,14% 2.430 17,98% November 2008
China 74 Sept. '04 Iran 846.169 8,97% 637 4,71% October 2008
Pakistan 50 Apr. '08 India 821.872 8,71% 325 2,40% March 2008
Thailand 39 Aug '08 China 336.062 3,56% 561 4,15% January 2008
Armenia 37 Mar. '08 Bangladesh 180.000 1,91% 229 1,69% April 2008
Korea 34 May. '05 Thailand 117.727 1,25% 253 1,87% November 2008
Egypt 16 Apr '06 Armenia 101.352 1,07% 214 1,58% March 2008
India 8 Oct.' 06 Russia 95.000 1,01% 224 1,66% October 2008
Bangladesh 8 Nov. '05 Egypt 87.733 0,93% 115 0,85% March 2008
Malaysia 6 Oct. '06 Uzbekistan 47.000 0,50% 43 0,32% December 2007
Turkey 2 Aug. '04 Malaysia 37.258 0,39% 90 0,67% October 2008
United Arab Emirates 2 Oct. '06 Japan 35.720 0,38% 327 2,42% September 2008
Indonesia 2 Sept. '08 Korea 17.123 0,18% 121 0,90% June 2008
Philippines 1 Oct.'05 Myanmar (Burma) 10.900 0,12% 20 0,15% December 2006
Singapore 1 Jul. '05 Tajikistan 10.600 0,11% 53 0,39% December 2007
Taiwan 1 Apr'. 05 Kyrgyzstan 6.000 0,06% 6 0,04% December 2007
Total 704 Nov. '08 Turkey 3.056 0,03% 9 0,07% July 2008
Georgia 3.000 0,03% 4 0,03% December 2007
Singapore 2.700 0,03% 3 0,02% November 2008
Indonesia 2.453 0,03% 9 0,07% March 2008
2,330 Australia 2.453 0,03% 146 1,08% March 2007
704 United Arab Emirates 305 0,003% 2 0,01% March 2007
New Zealand 283 0,003% 14 0,10% March 2007
Philippines 36 0,0004% 3 0,02% February 2006
Taiwan 4 0,00004% 1 0,01% April 2005
Asia Worldwide Asia+Eurasia 4.664.806 49,45% 5.839 43,20% November 2008
World Total 9.433.694 100% 13.515 100% November 2008

Fuel price, 2008 CNG price advantage to other fuels (round up%)
Premium Regular CNG CNG price CNG price
Country Gasoline Gasoline Diesel (Euro/ equivalent per equivalent per Country CNG to Premium CNG to Regular CNG to Diesel
(Euro/litre) litre gasoline litre diesel
(Euro/litre) (Euro/litre) Nm3)

Armenia 0,79 0,73 0,71 0,27 0,24 0,28 Armenia 34,2% 33,1% 38,0%
Bangladesh 0,52 0,49 0,34 0,18 0,16 0,18 Bangladesh 34,6% 32,9% 52,9%
China 0,48 0,43 0,40 0,26 0,23 0,27 China 54,2% 54,2% 65,0%
Egypt (a) 0,19 0,13 0,08 0,06 0,05 0,06 Egypt 31,6% 41,3% 75,0%
India 0,83 0,76 0,53 0,27 0,24 0,28 India 32,5% 31,8% 50,9%
Indonesia 0,55 0,44 0,61 0,23 0,21 0,24 Indonesia 41,8% 46,8% 37,7%
Iran (b) 0,110 0,075 0,012 0,015 0,014 0,015 Iran 13,6% 18,2% 125,0%
Japan (c) 1,39 1,31 1,19 0,68 0,52 0,58 Japan 48,9% 39,9% 57,1%
Korea (a) 1,07 1,06 0,43 0,39 0,44 Korea 40,2% 40,6%
Kyrgyzstan 0,60 0,70 0,26 0,23 0,27 Kyrgyzstan 38,8% 37,1%
Malaysia (d) 0,48 0,46 0,46 0,18 0,16 0,18 Malaysia 37,5% 35,1% 39,1%
Pakistan (e) 0,75 0,62 0,45 0,40 0,46 Pakistan 60,0% 72,6%
Philippines 0,89 0,87 0,22 0,20 0,23 Philippines 24,7% 25,3%
Russia 0,80 0,72 0,7 0,22 0,20 0,23 Russia 27,5% 27,4% 31,4%
Singapore (d,f) 1,03 0,92 0,86 0,52 0,46 0,53 Singapore 50,3% 50,5% 60,3%
Tajikistan 0,55 0,45 0,21 0,19 0,22 Tajikistan 34,2% 46,7%
Thailand (d,g) 0,75 0,72 0,66 0,17 0,15 0,17 Thailand 22,2% 20,7% 25,2%
Turkey (h) 1,70 1,60 1,26 0,78 0,68 0,76 Turkey 45,9% 42,5% 61,9%
Uzbekistan 0,49 0,34 0,34 0,11 0,10 0,11 Uzbekistan 22,4% 29,0% 32,4%

Notes: (a): In Korea and Egypt diesel is only allowed in heavy duty engines, buses and trucks. Notes: This calculation in this table was made based on the ratio between CNG and the
(b): Iranian fuel energy contents: CNG= 13.9kWH/kg = 10.78kWH/m3; diesel = 10.44 respective oil prices. Also, the energy content of each fuels in each country was taken into
kWH/litre; gasoline = 9.79kWH/litre. The normal density of CNG is 0.775kg/Nm3. consideration.
(c): The 5% VAT is not yet included. In Japan, normally, CNG price depends on the consumption
volume of the customers.
(d): CNG price in Malaysia is set in litre equivalent gasoline (0.68 MYR/lt eq.). It is equal to 1.04 Assumption made for fuel price calculation
MYR/kg or 0.84 MYR/Nm3.CNG is actually measured in KG using massflowmeter at the CNG
dispenser, but converted and displayed in litre equivalent at the dispenser for the customer to CH4 content in natural gas is 97%
see and pay. (e): In these countries the local gauge unit is Euro/kg, the conversion factor CNG energy content is 9.6 kWh/Nm3
depends on the normal density of gaseous natural gas in each country. Gasoline energy content is 8.6 kWh/litre
(f): The normal density of 1 Nm3 CNG in Singapore is 0.76 kg
(g): Thai's CNG normal density is 0.96 kg/Nm3.The energy contents are: CNG=10.53 kWh/Nm3, Diesel energy content is 9.85 kWH/litre
gasoline=9.42 kWh/litre, diesel=10.76 kWh/litre. These conversion units are used in CNG price equivalent to
(h): All taxes included. Fuel energy content in Turkey: CNG = 10.24 kWH/Nm3; diesel =
9.95kWH/litre; gasoline = 8.93 kWH/litre; LPG = 7.15kWH/litre. LPG price is 0.75 Euro/litre in
gasoline and diesel, except the exact units of each countries
November 2005. Normal density of CNG is 0.7172 kg/Nm3. are notified in the foot notes.
December 2008 40

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NGV share in total vehicle fleets
Human Vehicles/ NGVs/
All Vehicles NGV shares (%)
Total
Country population 1,000
NGVs
1,000 All road vehi- LD cars, MD/HD MD/HD Share of LD cars, MD/HD MD/HD
(millions) population population cles vans and Buses Trucks total vans and
vehicles trucks Buses Trucks
trucks
Iran 65,88 17 846.169 12,85 1.102.720 76,73%
Pakistan 167,76 16 1.900.000 11,33 2.724.000 2.441.000 110.000 173.000 69,75% 75,7870% 0,04% 0,00%
Bangladesh 153,55 2 180.000 1,17 293.472 61,33%
Armenia 2,97 110 101.352 34,14 327.477 30,95%
Tajikistan 7,21 23 10.600 1,47 162.370 6,53%
India 1.148,00 13 821.872 0,72 14.554.000 5,65%
Egypt 81,71 29 87.733 1,07 2.373.723 3,70%
Myanmar (Burma) 47,76 6 10.900 0,23 296.910 3,67%
Kyrgyzstan 5,36 38 6.000 1,12 205.520 2,92%
Uzbekistan 28,27 60 47.000 1,66 1.700.000 2,76%
China 1.330,00 27 336.062 0,25 35.860.638 0,94%
Georgia 4,63 108 3.000 0,65 500.000 0,60%
Malaysia 27,00 275 37.258 1,38 7.419.643 0,50%
Thailand 65,49 380 117.727 1,80 24.916.525 24.073.830 116.054 726.641 0,47% 0,3928% 6,87% 1,86%
Singapore 4,61 184 2.700 0,59 850.000 0,32%
Russia 140,70 227 95.000 0,68 31.900.000 26.400.000 800.000 4.700.000 0,30% 0,0682% 1,00% 0,74%
Korea 49,23 232 17.123 0,35 11.400.300 0,15%
Turkey 71,89 72 3.056 0,04 5.206.725 0,06%
United Arab Emirates 4,62 125 305 0,07 578.035 0,05%
Japan 127,29 615 35.720 0,28 78.279.000 0,05%
Indonesia 237,51 23 2.453 0,01 5.497.075 0,04%
Australia 20,60 655 2.453 0,12 13.491.401 0,02%
New Zealand 4,17 558 283 0,07 2.329.210 0,01%
Philippines 92,68 28 36 0,0004 2.559.968 0,001%
Taiwan 22,92 289 4 0,0002 6.614.000 0,0001%
Asia+ Eurasia 3.911,82 64 4.664.806 1,19 251.142.712 1,86%
Africa 243,94 8 226 0,0009 1.878.279 0,01%
Europe 552,85 481 887.518 1,61 265.655.312 0,33%
South & Central America 479,41 141 3.769.004 7,86 67.660.360 5,57%
North America 337,04 753 112.140 0,33 253.663.527 0,04%
In NGV countries 5.525,049 152 9.433.694 1,71 840.000.190 2,25%
Rest of the world 1.125,877 17 0 0 19.315.654 0,00%
World total 6.650,926 129 9.433.694 1,42 859.315.844 2,2%
Notes: By mid November 2008, more than 9.4 million NGVs were reported to be in operation. The actual figure should be bigger than this because some countries have not done the yearly
counting yet. Of those countries which have not reported the 2008 data, few big NGV countries with NGV population above 40,000 are included, such as: China (data submitted by beginning
January 2008), Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela.International Gas Union and International Association for NGVs expect to see a tenfold to twentyfold growth by 2030 in the NGV population
segment, in which 100-200 million NGVs should ply in many countries all over the world.NGVs share in total vehicle population in the world by mid November 2008 was 1.1%. Meanwhile, NGVs
share in total vehicle market in NGV countries itself is 1.12%. Countries with the biggest NGV share within each country's total vehicle market were found in 6 Asian and 4 South American nations.
In fact, the top four countries were located within the Asian region. The worldwide ranking is as follows: Iran, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Armenia, Argentina, Colombia, Bolivia, Tajikistan, India, and Brazil.
Number of vehicle population (incl. detail data on cars/LDVs, buses, and trucks) were from 2006. Numbers of total vehicle population in Malaysia and Singapore were from 2008 estimation. Number
of human population in Malaysia was estimated for end 2008. NGVs share in the total vehicle population is based on the total number of NGVs including off-road NGVs divided by number of road
vehicles. However, the deviation is very low as the number of off-road NGVs is very small (in total, below 1,000 worldwide).

NGV and fuelling station growth, 2007-2008

Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations
Country Date of reference
2007 2008 Difference Growth 2007 2008 Difference Growth
Pakistan 1.650.000 1.900.000 250.000 15% 1.847 2.430 583 32% Nov. 07 - Nov. 08
Iran 611.516 846.169 234.653 38% 347 637 290 84% Dec. 07 - Oct. 08
India 354.000 821.872 467.872 132% 325 325 0 0% Dec. 07 - Mar. 08
China 200.873 336.062 135.189 67% 486 561 75 15% Jan. 07 - Jan. 08
Bangladesh 160.000 180.000 20.000 13% 200 229 29 15% Dec. 07 - Apr. 08
Thailand 55.864 117.727 61.863 111% 166 253 87 52% Dec. 07 - Nov. 08
Armenia 101.352 101.352 0 0% 206 214 8 4% Dec. 07 - Mar. 08
Russia 95.000 95.000 0 0% 222 224 2 1% Dec. 07 - Oct. 08
Egypt 81.441 87.733 6.292 8% 114 115 1 1% Jul. 07 -Mar. 08
Malaysia 28.405 37.258 8.853 31% 60 90 30 50% Sep. 07 - Oct. 08
Japan 33.359 35.720 2.361 7% 324 327 3 1% Dec. 07 -Sep. 08
Korea 15.523 17.123 1.600 10% 121 121 0 0% Dec, 07 - Jun. 08
Turkey 2.567 3.056 489 19% 6 9 3 50% Dec. 07 - Jul. 08
Singapore 1.102 2.700 1.598 145% 1 3 2 200% Dec. 07 - Nov. 08
Indonesia 1.460 2.453 993 68% 7 9 2 29% Dec. 07 - Mar. 08
Asia 3.392.462 4.584.225 1.191.763 35% 4.432 5.547 1.115 25% November 2008

Notes: The growth rate in the total "Asia" counting above is not an absolute growth of the region as data from some Asian countries which lacks 2007 or 2008 updates are not included in this table.