CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Combustion in the cylinder of a diesel engine has a critical effect on the

efficiency of the engine and the contamination caused by the engine. In a diesel
engine, combustion is controlled by means of fuel injection. Therefore, it is of great
importance that the injection process of the fuel is controlled in a proper manner.
Conventionally, the injection system of a diesel engine comprises fuel-
injection pump, high-pressure pipe, and fuel injector. When the fuel is supplied via
through the high-pressure pipe by the injection pump, the fuel is sprayed into the
combustion chamber in finely atomized particles. These droplets vaporize due to heat
transfer from the compressed air in the combustion chamber and form a fuel-air
mixture. Due to continued heat transfer from hot air to the fuel, the temperature
reaches a value higher than its self-ignition temperature. This causes the fuel to ignite
spontaneously initiating the combustion process.
Quick and complete combustion is ensured by a well designed fuel injector
nozzle. The fuel injector nozzle is a part of the fuel injector which the liquid fuel is
sprayed into the combustion chamber. The design of fuel injector nozzle must be such
that the liquid fuel forced through the nozzle will be broken up into fine droplets, or
atomized, as it passes into the combustion chamber. Atomization is done by forcing
the fuel through a small orifice of nozzle under high pressure.
As mentioned above, investigating the fuel injector nozzle and designing the
fuel injector nozzle play a critical role in a diesel engine since it affects on the engine
performance and fuel economy. The fuel injector nozzle flow can be studied
experimentally or by means of a model.
In the diesel engine, the ignition is occurred by the compression. When the
temperature is reached to ignite the fuel, the ignition of the diesel engine is started and
burning of the fuel is continued and combustion of the fuel produces the power of the
engine as a form of mechanical power by turning of the crankshaft. However, if the
particle of the fuel sprayed by the nozzle is not correct in size and the amount, the
ignition of the diesel engines cannot start to burn the fuel.
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Therefore, the life of the diesel engine is depended on the operation of the
nozzle. In this paper, fuel injection nozzle, one of the essential parts of the diesel
engines is presented. The fuel injection nozzle is a device which can spray the fuel
into the combustion chamber or cylinder of the diesel engine.

1.1. Aim and Objectives

The main aim of this thesis is to design the fuel injector nozzle used in Light
Truck diesel engine for local industrial zone (Pakokku).
The objectives are explained below:
 to enable to know the fuel injection system of the diesel engine,
 to study the operation of fuel injection system,
 to study the injection system for 2c-diesel engine (light truck),
 to explain the working principle of fuel injection nozzle,
 to give the design calculation of fuel injection nozzle, and
 to improve the industrial production of the industrial zone of Myanmar.

1.2. Scope of Thesis

Fuel injection nozzle is a main component of the diesel engines. Its fuel
injection is to inject fuel into the combustion chamber of the internal combustion
engines. In this thesis, fuel injection nozzle is designed. The required fuel pressure,
amount of the fuel and spray pattern are measured and calculated.
In the design calculation, 94hp four cylinder diesel engines are chosen for a
sample design. Therefore, the results of the design calculation of this thesis are just
for 94hp diesel engine. This design calculation can be used as an example for the
other size of the diesel engine but its results are not used directly for the other size of
the diesel engine.

1.3. Implementation Program

 colleting the books related to the diesel engine, fuel injection system,
machine design, material, design consideration and calculation,
 studying the related theoretical background for fuel injection nozzle,
 discussion with the people who are using the diesel engine,
 looking at the damage parts of the fuel injection nozzle,
 disassembling fuel injection nozzle and inquired functions of the each part
searching the required data of the design calculation, and
 considering the selection material for the economic product.

1.4. Outline of Thesis

This thesis is organized with six chapters. Each chapter expresses clearly the
respective contents with the diagrams. The arrangement of this thesis is as follows;
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Chapter one is introduction. Chapter two is fuel injection system of diesel engine.
Chapter three presents the components and operation of fuel injection nozzle. Chapter
four consists of design consideration of fuel injection nozzle. Chapter five is design
calculation of fuel injection nozzle. Chapter six is discussion, conclusion and
recommendations.