EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PROBLEM:
A continuous beam as shown which is a part of a roof system supporting elements likely to
be damage by large deflection is to carry a dead load of 5 kN/m on all span and a live load of 5kN/m
on span BC and DE. Material properties used in the design are f’c=30 MPa, fy=414MPa, n=8.
Reinforcement at critical sections are shown.

A B C D E

Moment diagram 0 0
due to DL 6.57

13.94
22.50

Moment diagram
due to LL 0 0

0.33
7.70

22.50

50 mm 50 mm

As As'

400 mm 400 mm

As' As

50 mm 50 mm

250 mm 250 mm

Required:
1.) Determine the immediate deflection ∆iLL due to live load and total deflection ∆iTOT=∆iLL + ∆iLT at
the following locations
a. Midspan of beam BC
b. Free end of cantilever beam DE
2.) Are deflections controlled at the above locations?
Note: Use time dependent factor and corresponding to 4 years. Use weighted average Ieff.

Page 1 of 11
 ANALYSIS/METHODOLOGY:
In this laboratory exercise, the deflections were computed using the given data and with the
help of ACI TABLE.
The given values and figure were used to calculate the immediate deflection due to live load
and the total deflection at the Midspan of beam BC and free end of beam DE and also in determining
if the deflections are controlled or not.
Using the formulas:
5 M(L)2
∆𝑖 = k ( )
48 Ec (Ie )
Mcr 3 Mcr 3
Iem = (Mm) Ig + [1- (Mm) ] Icr ≤ Ig

RESULTS:
1.) a.) At Midspan of Beam BC
ΔιLL = 0.863 mm

ΔiTOT = 1.164 mm

b.) Free end of Cantilever Beam:

ΔιLL = 1.137 mm

ΔiTOT = 2.696 mm

2.) For the Continuous Beam BC:

10.417 mm > 1.164 mm
For the Cantilever Beam DE:
6.250 mm > 2.696 mm
The deflections for span of 4 years are controlled.

CONCLUSIONS:
We therefore conclude that it is highly required to control the deflections to ensure the
serviceability of the structure or for the structure to function well at a given span.
Also, the deflections depends on the loads carried by the beam and time is also a factor that
contribute to the deflection of the structure.
It is also essential that the requirements are fulfilled for every structure.
During the service period, a member carries the full dead load plus some fraction of live
load or maybe all the live load. ACI code for safety provisions has ensure that under service loads,
stresses in concrete and steel remains within the elastic limit. Consequently, there are loads that occur
once during service are so called immediate deflections/elastic deflections can be calculated based on
assumptions.

Page 2 of 11
APPENDIX
GIVEN:
WDL = 5 KN/m all span n=8
WLL = 5 KN/m on span BC and DE As = 0.667Pmax bd
f’c = 30 MPa As’ =0.334Pmax bd
fy = 414 MPa

SOLUTIONS:

5 M(L)2
∆𝑖 = k ( )
48 Ec (Ie )
Determining the parameters involved:

50 mm 50 mm

As As'

400 mm 400 mm

As' As

50 mm 50 mm

250 mm 250 mm

Ec = 4700√f′c
Ec = 4700√30
𝐄𝐜 = 𝟐𝟓, 𝟕𝟒𝟐. 𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚

bh3
Ig =
12
(250mm)(400mm)3
Ig =
12
𝐈𝐠 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒

fr Ig
Mcr =
yT
0.70√30 (1333.333x 106 mm4 )
Mcr =
200mm
Mcr = 25.560 x 106 N − mm or
𝐌𝐜𝐫 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

At Beam section B, C and D

As = Pmax bd
1
As’ = 2 Pmax bd
Page 3 of 11
 Pmax = 0.75 (Pb) +P ‘

β 600
Pb =
m 600+fy
fy
m=
0.85(f'c)
414
m=
0.85(30)
m=16.235

Since f’c > 28 MPa compute for β

.05(fc'-28)
β = 0.85 − 7
.05(30-28)
β = 0.85 − 7
β = 0.836

0.836 600
Pb =
16.235 600+414
Pb = 0.0305
As'
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0305) + bd

1
Since As’= 2 Pmax bd
1
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0305) + 2 Pmax
Pmax = 0.046

As = Pmax bd
As = 0.046 (250) (350)
As = 4025 mm2
1
As’ = 2 Pmax bd
1
As’ = 2 (0.046) (250) (350)
As’ = 2012.5 mm2

Using Varignon’s theorem to solve for x:

nAs

350-X

X
[Grab
(n-1)As
your
50 mm
reader
250 mm
’s
attenti
on
with a
great Page 4 of 11
 X
0 = nAs (d-X) – b (x) - (2n-1) As’ (X-50)
2
X
0 = 8 (4025) (350-X) - 250(x) 2 - (2(8)-1) (2012.5) (X-50)
X=156.049 mm

Tension steel
Io = 0 = negligible
Ad2 = nAs(d-x)2
Ad2 = 8(4025)(350-156.049)2
Ad2 = 1211.267x106 mm4

Compression steel
Io = 0 = negligible
Ad2 = (2n-1)As'(d-x)2
Ad2 = (2x8-1)(2012.5)(156.049-50)2
Ad2 = 339.500x106 mm4

Concrete
b(x)3 x 2
Io+Ad2 = +bx( )
12 2
250(156.049)3 156.049 2
Io+Ad2 = +250(156.049)( )
12 2
2 6 4
Io+Ad =316.667x10 mm

Icr=1867.434x106 mm4
At Beam section of midspan BC

As = 0.667Pmax bd
As’ = 0.334Pmax bd

Pmax = 0.75 (Pb) +P ‘

β 600
Pb = m 600+fy
fy
m = 0.85(f'c)
414
m = 0.85(30)
m = 16.235

Since f’c > 28 MPa compute for β

.05(f'c-28)
β=0.85- 7
.05(30-28)
β=0.85- 7
β=0.836
0.836 600
Pb = 16.235 600+414
Pb =0.0305

Page 5 of 11
 As'
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0305) + ; and since As’=0.334Pmax bd
bd
Pmax = 0.75 (0.0305) + 0.334Pmax
Pmax = 0.034

As = 0.667Pmax bd
As = 0.667 (0.034) (250) (350)
As = 1984.325 mm2

As’ =0.334Pmax bd
As’ = 0.334 (0.034) (250) (350)
As’ = 993.650 mm2

Using Varignon’s theorem to solve for x:

X
0 = b(x) 2 +(2n-1)As’(X-50) - nAs(d-X)
X
0 = 250(x) 2 +(2(8)-1)(993.65)(X-50)-8(1984.325) (350-X)
X=132.946 mm

For Icr:
Tension steel
Io = 0 = negligible
Ad2 =nAs(d-x)2
Ad2 =8(1984.325)(350-132.946)2
Ad2 =747.891x106 mm4

Compression steel
Io = 0 = negligible
Ad2 =(2n-1)As'(d-x)2
Ad2 =(2*8-1)(993.65)(132.946-50)2
Ad2 =102.545x106 mm4

Concrete
b(x)3 x 2
Io+Ad2 = +bx( )
12 2
250(132.946)3 132.946 2
Io+Ad2 = +250(132.946)( )
12 2
Io+Ad2 =195.814x106 mm4

Icr=1046.250x106 mm4

Page 6 of 11
1.) Midspan of beam BC
a.)
For Dead Loads
WDL (L)2
Mo = 8
5 (5)2
Mo = 8
Mo = 15.625 KN-m
MBDL +MCDL
Mm = Mo- Mave where: Mave= 2
13.94+6.57
Mm = 15.625 - 2
Mm = 5.370 KN-m
Mo
k = 1.2 – 0.20 Mm
15.625
k = 1.2 – 0.20 ( 5.370 )
k = 0.618

Solving for Ie:

Mcr 3 Mcr 3
Iem = (Mm) Ig + [1- (Mm) ] Icr ≤ Ig
25.56 3 25.56 3
Iem =( 5.37 ) (1333.333x106 ) + [1- ( 5.37 ) ] (1046.25x106 ) ≤ (1333.333x106 )
Iem = 32003.842x106 > 1333.333x106
Therefore, use 1333.333x106

Mcr 3 Mcr 3
IeB = ( MB ) Ig + [1- ( MB ) ] Icr ≤ Ig
25.56 3 25.56 3
IeB = (13.94) (1333.333x106 ) + [1- (13.94) ] (1867.434x106 ) ≤ (1333.333x106 )
IeB = 1425.004x106 > 1333.333x106
Therefore, use 1333.333x106

Mcr 3 Mcr 3
IeC = ( MC ) Ig + [1- ( MC ) ] Icr ≤ Ig
25.56 3 25.56 3
IeC = ( 6.57 ) (1333.333x106 ) + [1- ( 6.57 ) ] (1867.434x106 ) ≤ (1333.333x106 )
IeC = 29581.783x106 > 1333.333x106
Therefore, use 1333.333x106

Ieff. = 0.70 (Iem) + 0.15 (IeB+IeC)

Ieff = 0.70 (1333.333x106 ) + 0.15 (1333.333x106 +1333.333x106 )
Ieff = 1333.3333x106 mm4

Page 7 of 11
 5 M (L)2
∆iDL = k (48) E m(I
c eff )
5 5.37x106 (5000)2
∆iDL = 0.618 (48)
25742.96 (1333.333x106 )
∆iDL = 0.252 mm

For both dead load and live loads:

(WDL +WLL ) (L)2

Mo= ; since L=5m
8
(5+5) (5)2
Mo= 8
Mo=31.250 KN-m
MBDL+LL +MCDL+LL
Mm=Mo- Mave ; since Mave= 2
21.64+6.90
Mm=31.25 - 2
Mm=16.980 KN-m
Mo
k= 1.2 – 0.20 Mm
31.25
k= 1.2 – 0.20 (16.98)
k= 0.832

Solving for Ie:

Mcr 3 Mcr 3
Iem = (Mm) Ig + [1- (Mm) ] Icr ≤ Ig
25.56 3 25.56 3
Iem = (16.98) (1333.333x106 ) + [1- (16.98) ] (1046.250x106 ) ≤ (1333.333x106 )
Iem = 2025.463x106 > 1333.333x106 ;
Therefore, use 1333.333x106

Mcr 3 Mcr 3
IeB = ( MB ) Ig + [1- ( MB ) ] Icr ≤ Ig
25.56 3 25.56 3
IeB = (21.64) (1333.333x106 ) + [1- (21.64) ] (1867.434x106 ) ≤ (1333.333x106 )
IeB = 987.330 x106 < 1333.333x106
Therefore, use 987.330 x106

Mcr 3 Mcr 3
Iec = ( MC ) Ig + [1- ( MC ) ] Icr ≤ Ig
25.56 3 25.56 3
Iec = ( 6.90 ) (1333.333x106 ) + [1- ( 6.90 ) ] (1867.434x106 ) ≤ (1333.333x106 )
Iec = 25281.868x106 > 1333.333x106
Therefore, use 1333.333x106

Ieff = 0.70 (Iem) + 0.15 (IeB+IeC)

Ieff = 0.70 (1333.333x106 ) + 0.15 (987.330 x106 +1333.333x106 )
Ieff =1281.433x106 mm4
Page 8 of 11
Finally,
5 ML2
ΔιDL+LL = K (48)(EcIe)
1000 mm
5 (16.980 x106 N•mm)(5 m x )2
ΔιDL = (0.832)(48)[ N
1m
6 4
]
(25 742.960 2 )(1281.433 x10 mm )
mm
Δ𝛊𝐃𝐋+𝐋𝐋 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐦
ΔιLL = ιDL+LL - ΔιDL
ΔιLL = 1.115 mm – 0.252 mm
Δ𝛊𝐋𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟑 𝐦𝐦

For Long Term Deflection (4 years effect):

∆LT = λ∆SUS

1
Where: λ = ξ [1+5.0P']

Assuming ∆SUS = 100% DL

∆SUS = ∆iDL = 0.252 mm

Solving for ξ (by interpolation):

2- ξ 5-4
=
ξ -1.4 4 -1
ξ = 1.85

for P’ : use midspan values for continuous

As'
P’ = bd
993.650
P’ = (250)(350)
P’ = 0.011

1
Therefore, λ = 1.85 [1+5.0 (0.011)]
λ = 1.194

∆LT = λ∆SUS
∆LT = (1.194) (0.252)
∆LT = 0.301 mm

∆iTOT = ∆iLL + ∆iLT

∆iTOT = 0.863+0.301
∆iTOT = 1.164 mm

b.) Free end of cantilever beam:

For dead loads only:

Since the beam is a cantilever
12
k= 5

Ie = Iem

Page 9 of 11
 Mcr 3 Mcr 3
Ie = (MD) Ig + [1- (MD) ] Icr ≤ Ig
25.56 3 25.56 3
Ie = (22.50) (1333.333x106 ) + [1- (22.50) ] (1867.434x106 ) ≤ (1333.333x106 )
Ie = 1084.440 x106 > 1333.333x106
Therefore, use 1084.440 x106

Finally,
5 𝑀𝐿2
Δ𝜄𝐷𝐿 = 𝐾 (48)(𝐸𝑐𝐼𝑒)
1000 𝑚𝑚 2
12 5 (22.50 𝑥106 𝑁•mm)(3 m x )
Δ𝜄𝐷𝐿 = ( ) ( ) [ 𝑁
1𝑚
]
5 48 (25 742.960 )(1084.440 x10 𝑚𝑚4 )
6
𝑚𝑚2
Δ𝛊𝐃𝐋 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟑 𝐦𝐦

For both dead load and live loads:

Since the beam is a cantilever
12
k= 5
Ie = Iem

Mcr 3 Mcr 3
Ie = (MD) Ig + [1- (MD) ] Icr ≤ Ig
25.56 3 25.56 3
Ie = (22.50+22.50) (1333.333x106 ) + [1- (22.50+22.50) ] (1867.434x106 ) ≤ (1333.333x106 )
Ie = 1769.560 x106 > 1333.333x106
Therefore, use 1333.333x106

Finally,
5 𝑀𝐿2
Δ𝜄𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿 = 𝐾 (48)(𝐸𝑐𝐼𝑒)
1000 𝑚𝑚
12 5 (22.50 𝑥106 𝑁•mm)(3 m x )2
1𝑚
= ( )[ ]
5 48 (25 742.960 𝑁 2 )(1333.333 x106 𝑚𝑚4 )
𝑚𝑚
Δ𝛊𝐃𝐋+𝐋𝐋 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦

Δ𝜄𝐿𝐿 = Δ𝜄𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿 − Δ𝜄𝐷

= 2.950 mm – 1.813 mm
Δ𝛊𝐋𝐋 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝐦𝐦

For Long Term Deflection (4 years effect):

Δ𝐿𝑇 = λ∆SUS
1
Where: λ = ξ [1+5.0P']

Assuming ∆SUS = 100% DL

∆SUS = ∆iDL = 1.813 mm

Solving for ξ (by interpolation):

2- ξ 5-4
=
ξ -1.4 4 -1
ξ = 1.85

Page 10 of 11
Solving for P’ : use Midspan values for continuous
As'
P’ = bd
2012.50
P’ = (250) (350)
P’ = 0.023
1
Therefore, λ = 1.85 [1+5.0 (0.023)]
λ = 0.860

Δ𝐿𝑇 = λ∆SUS
Δ𝐿𝑇 = (0.860) (1.813)
Δ𝐿𝑇 = 1.559 mm

Δ𝑖𝑇𝑂𝑇 = ∆iLL + ∆LT

Δ𝑖𝑇𝑂𝑇 = 1.137+1.559
Δ𝒊𝑻𝑶𝑻 = 2.696 mm

2.) Are deflections controlled at the above locations?

In the ACI Code under table 9.5b the permissible computed deflection are members subjected
to Loads (Dead and Live Loads)
Since the Beam members are continuous beam which are part of the roof system supporting
elements, it is likely to be damaged by a large deflection, so we can categorize its maximum deflection
L
as 480 and therefore,
L 5000
Δmax = 480 = 480

Δmax = 10.417 mm (for member BC)

L 3000
Δmax = 480 = 480

Δmax = 6.250 (for member DE)

Compare it to the solution above:
• For the Continuous Beam BC:
10.417 mm > 1.164 mm
• For the Cantilever Beam DE:
6.250 mm > 2.696 mm
THE DEFLECTIONS AT SPAN OF 4 YEARS ARE CONTROLLED!

Page 11 of 11