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EXPT.NO. 1 .VERNIER CALIPERS

AIM : 1)To measure diameter of a small spherical body.

2) To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given cylindrical object like beaker and hence
to calculate its volume.

APPARATUS: Vernier calipers, sphere, hollow cylinder and a glass beaker.etc

PRINCIPLE:
The value of Least Count (LC) is the minimum measurement that can be performed by an apparatus.
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝑴𝑺𝑫 𝟎.𝟏𝒄𝒎
Which is given as, LC = 𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 = 𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝑽𝑺𝑫
= 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒄𝒎
Hence , least measurement upto 0.01cm may be calculated.
Total Reading is given as 𝐓𝐑 = 𝐌𝐒𝐑 + ( 𝐂𝐕𝐃 × 𝐋𝐂 ) gives accuracy upto 2 decimal places.
Where MSR=Main Scale Reading, CVD = Coinciding Vernier Division and LC= Least Count.
𝐋𝐂
Error in the calculation is given by Error = ± 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞

PROCEDURE:
To find the Outer-diameter of the spherical body:
 The least count of the Vernier Calipers is determined by using the relevant formula.
 The given spherical object is placed between the two lower jaws. The readings on the main scale (to the
left of zero of Vernier scale) and the coinciding Vernier scale reading (1 of ten divisions zero to 9) on the
Vernier strip are noted. The total reading TR calculated by the formula TR = MSR + ( CVD × LC)
 The spherical object is rotated for three different positions and inserted between the lower jaws. The
readings on the Main Scale (MSR) and coinciding Vernier Division (CVD) are noted.
 Mean of all the total readings are calculated.
 The corrected diameter is calculated as 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 ± (𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓)
To find the Inner-diameter of the Hollow pipe:
 The upper jaws are inserted inside the given Hollow pipe and it is held firmly.
 The readings on the main scale and the coinciding Vernier scale reading on the Vernier strip are noted.
The total reading TR calculated.
 The Hollow pipe is rotated for three different positions and the corresponding readings are noted.
 Mean of all the total readings are calculated.
To find the internal volume of the beaker:
 The long strip of the Vernier Calipers is lowered below the mouth of the beaker to touch its bottom.
 The corresponding reading on MSR and CVD are noted. The TR is calculated using the above formula.
 The average depth can be calculated by taking the readings at different positions.
The internal diameter of the beaker is measured by using the upper jaws as explained
above.
𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
 The average radius is obtained by using the relation, 𝒓 =
𝟐
 Hence, volume of the cylinder may be calculated using the formula V = 𝞹r2h

RESULT : Corrected External diameter of the sphere is ……………………m

Corrected Internal diameter of the Hollow pipe is ……………………m

Corrected Volume of the given beaker is …………………m3

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OBSERVATION
DIAGRAM:

𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝑴𝑺𝑫 𝟎.𝟏𝒄𝒎

LC = 𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
= 𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝑽𝑺𝑫
= 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒄𝒎

(a) To find the diameter of the bodies:

Object Sl. MSR CVD TR Mean Diameter
No. (cm) (cm) (cm)
1.
Sphere(External) 2.
3.
1.
Hollow pipe(Internal) 2.
3.
Corrected diameter of the sphere = (measured diameter) ……cm

Corrected diameter of the Hollow pipe = (measured diameter) ……cm

(b) To find the 'h' and’d’ of the beaker:

Dimensions Sl.No. MSR CVD TR mean value

(cm) in cm (cm)
1.
Height (h) 2.
3.
1.
Diameter(d) 2.
3.
Corrected h = measured h = ……………..m

Corrected D = measured D = ……………..m

Radius of the object, r = D/2 = ……….m Volume = 𝞹r2h =…………..m3

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EXPERIMENT NO.2: SCREW GAUGE

AIM : i) To measure the diameter of a given wire

iii) To determine the thickness and volume of a glass plate

APPARATUS : Screw gauge , wire, glass plate , graph sheet

PRINCIPLE : Screw gauge works on the principle of micrometer screw. The instrument is capable of
measuring to the accuracy of a few tens of micrometers. Each of rotator motion is converted into translator
motion. By finding the pitch of the screw and least count, the total reading may be calculated using the formula,
𝐓𝐑 = 𝐏𝐒𝐑 + [( 𝐇𝐒𝐑 − 𝐙𝐄) × 𝐋𝐂 ]
Where PSR = Pitch Scale Reading, HSR = Head Scale Reading , ZE = Zero Error and LC = Least Count
The pitch of the screw is determined by using the formula.
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝑺 (𝒎𝒎) 𝟓𝒎𝒎
Pitch = = = 𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝟓
𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝒎𝒎
The least count of the instrument is calculated as, LC = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎

PROCEDURE:

 The screw is rotated so that the anvil and spindle just to make them contact with each other.
 The position of the head scale is noted. If zero lies above the reference line, the zero error is said to the
positive and if the zero lies below the reference line then the zero error is said to be negative.
 The screw is rotated so that zero of Head Scale (HS) coincides with the pitch line. A certain number of
rotations is given to the screw and its corresponding reading of the pitch scale is noted.
 The given wire is placed between anvil and spindle, and the screw is rotated so that the ratchet rotates
freely and the wire is secured between them. The corresponding readings on the pitch scale(PSR) and
head scale are noted.
The total reading is calculated by using the formula, TR = PSR + [( HSR − ZE) × LC ]
 The experiment is repeated at three different positions of the wire and the average thickness of the wire
is calculated.

To find the thickness of the glass plate:

 The glass plate is inserted between the studs.
 The screw is rotated so that the glass plate is secured between the studs.
 The readings on the pitch scale and head scale are noted.
 The experiment is repeated at different positions to obtain the average value of thickness.

To find the volume of glass plate:

 Trace the contour of the glass plate by placing it on a graph sheet.
 Count the number of squares it has covered. Let it be N.
 Calculate the area covered by the contour as, A= N X (1mm)(1mm)
 The volume of the plate can be determined by Volume V = Area X thickness

RESULT:
1. Thickness of the wire = …………………………m
2. Thickness of the glass plate =………………… m
3. The volume of the glass plate is = …………………m3

OBSERVATION
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DIAGRAM:

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝑺 (𝒎𝒎) 𝟓𝒎𝒎

Pitch = 𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏
= 𝟓
= 𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝒎𝒎
The least count of the instrument is calculated as, LC = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒎𝒎

To find the diameter of the wire:

Sl.No PSR HSR TR

(mm) (mm)
1
2
3
Mean diameter = ………………mm

To find the thickness of Glass Plate:

Sl.No PSR (mm) HSR TR (mm)

1.
2.
3.
Mean thickness of the glass plate = ……………..m

To find the volume of Glass Plate:

The Number of squares covered by the contour =N = ………

The area covered by the contour , A= N X (1mm)(1mm)……………m2

The volume of the plate, Volume V = Area X thickness……………..m3

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EXPERIMENT-3- SPHEROMETER

AIM:- To determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.

APPARATUS:-A spherometer, a spherical surface & a big size plane glass plate.

PRINCIPLE: The spherometer is placed on the spherical surface such that its three legs. A,B, and C stand on the
spherical surface and the tip of the screw O just touches the spherical surface. Then, the height of tip O of the
screw from the plane ABC of the legs is called the sagitta h. If 𝑙 is the average distance between two legs of the
spherometer, the radius of curvature 𝑅 of the spherical surface is given by

𝒍𝟐 𝒉
𝑹= +
𝟔𝒉 𝟐

PROCEDURE:-

 Note the value of one division on the pitch scale and the number of divisions on the circular scale.
 Give four rotations to the circular disc and find the distance moved by it on the pitch scale. Hence
calculate the pitch. Also calculate the least count of the spherometer.
 Place the given glass plate on a horizontal surface and keep a sheet of paper on it.
 Place the spherometer on the sheet of paper and press it lightly to get the impressions of the tips of the
legs on the paper. Find the distance between any two spherometer legs and its mean value be 𝑙.
 Place the given spherical surface on the plane glass plate and then place the spherometer on it raising
the screw sufficiently upwards.
 Rotate the central screw till it gently touches the spherical surface.
 Note the pitch scale reading and the reading on the circular scale. Hence, find the reading h1.
 Remove the spherical surface and place the spherometer on the glass plate. Turn the screw until it
gently touches the glass plate. Take the spherometer reading as before. Let it be h2.
 Find the value of sagitta h as the difference of h1 and h2.
 Determine the value of radius of curvature R of the spherical surface using the formula.
𝒍𝟐 𝒉
𝑹= +
𝟔𝒉 𝟐

RESULT:-

The radius of curvature of the given spherical surface = ………….cm.

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OBSERVATIONS:

To find least count

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝑺 (𝒎𝒎) 𝟓𝒎𝒎
Pitch = = = 𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝟓

The least count of the instrument is calculated as,

𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝒎𝒎
LC = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎

To find the mean distance between the legs

𝐴𝐵 = ________𝑐𝑚,

𝐵𝐶 = _______𝑐𝑚,

𝐶𝐴 = _______𝑐𝑚,
𝑨𝑩+𝑩𝑪+𝑪𝑨
𝒍= 𝟑
= _______𝒄𝒎

To measure sagitta h:

With spherical surface With horizontal plane surface

Circular Circular
scale scale
Pitch scale reading Total Pitch scale reading Total Sagitta
reading(PSR) (CSR) Reading(mm) reading(PSR) (CSR) Reading (mm) h=
Sl.No. (mm) h1=PSR+(CSRXLC) (mm) h1=PSR+(CSRXLC) h1~h2
1
2
3
4
Mean h =_______________mm

Radius of curvature of the given spherical surface is

𝑙2 ℎ
𝑅= +
6ℎ 2

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4: PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION

AIM: To measure the weight of a given body (wooden block) using the parallelogram law of vector addition.

APPARATUS: Gravesend’s apparatus, mirror strip, set squares, drawing sheet, pencil. Fractional weights (50
gm) each, hangers.

PRINCIPLE:

If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium and if two forces are represented by the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram both in magnitude and in direction and then their resultant is represented by
its diagonal.

By measuring the angle between the two forces and by noting the values P and Q, the resultant or
the weight of the wooden block may be determined by using the formula ,

𝑹 = √( 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝟐𝑷𝑸𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽)

PROCEDURE:

 The experimental arrangement is made as shown in the figure.

 For slotted weights representing P and Q and the wooden block representing R, the lines of these forces
are traced on a sheet of paper either by using a mirror strip or tracing along the shadows of the strings.
 Taking 50gmwt as an equivalent of length (in cm), each of the lines are marked according to their
converted value in scale using a compass and a parallelogram is constructed.
 The diagonal line drawn opposite to the string carrying the wooden block measures the weight of the
block.
 Also, by measuring the angle between P and Q with the help of a protractor , the weight of the wooden
box is determined using the formula , R = √( 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃)

RESULT:

Average mass of the wooden block = …………………….kg

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OBSERVATION

DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION:

Weight of each hanger = ………………….. N

Scale = ……….g/cm

Measurement of unknown weight of a body:

SL.No. P (g) =(weight of the Q in (g) Length of OC= (L) Angle COC' Unknown weight,
hanger + slotted wt) (in cm) (in degree) R = (L)X(Scale)……. (g)
1.
2.
3.

Average unknown weight, R = ……………………g = ………………..kg

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EXPERIMENT NO. 5 : SPRING CONSTANT

AIM: To find the force constant and effective mass of a helical spring by plotting T2 – m graph using the method
of oscillation.

APPARATUS:

Helical spring, scale, slotted weights, weight hanger, stop watch.

PRINCIPLE:
𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
Spring constant k = 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

(𝒎𝟏 −𝒎𝟐 )
Which can be given as , 𝑲 = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 … … 𝑵/𝒎
(𝑻𝟐𝟏 −𝑻𝟐𝟐 )

𝟏
Also,by plotting the graph of T2 – m we get mo = ( y-intercept)( ) kg
𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆

𝟒𝝅²
and spring constant k = (𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆) Nm-1

PROCEDURE:

 The given helical spring is suspended from the support.

 A pointer is attached to one end of the spring in such a way that the pointer moves slowly over the
vertical scale attached close to the spring.
 A suitable load is attached to the spring and pulled downward and released.
 The stop watch is started and the time for a known number of oscillations is noted.
 The experiment is repeated for different loads. A fixed number of oscillations are recorded and
calculated.
 For different values of tension, an average ʻkʼ can be calculated.
 A graph of T2 along the y-axis and ʻmʼ along the the x-axis is plotted.
 The mass of the string is calculated by using the relevant formula,

RESULT:

Mass of the spring =m= …………………..kg

Spring constant =k= ………………………Nm-1

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OBSERVATIONS:

DIAGRAM: GRAPH:

m0

SL .No. Mass Time for n oscillations (s) Period of T2 (𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 )

in kg oscillation (s2) 𝑲 = 𝟒𝝅𝟐
(𝑻𝟐𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐𝟐 )
1 2 3 Mean ʻtʼ (T) = 𝒏
𝒕
[N/m)
(s) (s) (s) in sec
(s)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Average k = …………….. Nm-1

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EXPERIMENT NO. 6 : NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

AIM: To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling graph.

APPARATUS:

Newton's law of cooling apparatus , thermometer, hot water, stop watch.

PRINCIPLE:
𝑑𝜃
From Newton's law of cooling , = -k dt
𝜃−𝜃˳

On integrating both sides we get, log (𝜃 − 𝜃˳) =-kt + C

A graph of log (𝜃 − 𝜃˳) along the y-axis and time along the t-axis is a straight line.

PROCEDURE:

 The room temperature is determined by using a thermometer.

 The least count of the stop watch is noted down.
 The initial temperature of hot water is found out using a thermometer.
 The stop watch is triggered on.
 The time for every 3℃ 𝑜𝑟 5℃ fall in temperature is recorded without resetting the stop watch.
 The difference (𝜃 − 𝜃˳) and the corresponding time are tabulated.
 A graph of ʻtʼ in sec along the x-axis and log(𝜃 − 𝜃˳) along the y-axis is plotted.
 The straight line verifies Newton's law of cooling.

RESULT: The straight line on log(𝜃 − 𝜃˳) verses graph verifies the law of cooling.

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OBSERVATION:

DIAGRAM: GRAPH:

Room temperature 𝜃˳ = ………………….℃

Sl. No. Temperature of Excess log(𝜽 − 𝜽˳) Time

hot water 𝜽 in ℃ temperature (s)
of hot water
(𝜽 − 𝜽˳) in ℃
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

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EXPERIMENT NO.7: SIMPLE PENDULUM

AIM: Using a simple pendulum plot L – T and L – T2 graphs and hence find the efficient length of seconds
pendulum using appropriate graph.

APPARATUS: vertical scale with side clamp, split halves of a rubber rock, table clamp, Vernier Calipers,
inextensible and torsion less string, metre scale, stop watch.

PRINCIPLE:

For an undamped oscillations of a pendulum and for a small angular displacement sin𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 (𝑟𝑎𝑑) and α = -𝜔2 𝜃

𝑳 𝟐𝝅
Hence, 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ 𝒈 , where, 𝝎 = 𝑻
rad s-1

Hence, T ∝ √𝐿 or T2 ∝ L

SECOND’S PENDULUM: A second’s pendulum is the one, which has a period of 2s.

PROCEDURE:

 The apparatus arranged is as shown in the figure.

 The radius of the bob is determined by using a Vernier Calipers.
 For a given length L = l + r , where,ʻ lʼ is the length from the point of support to the surface of the bob, ʻ r
ʼ is the radius of the bob, the time for 20 oscillation for each length is taken three times and the average
ʻt ʼ for 20 oscillation is calculated.
 The period of oscillation T = 𝑡⁄20 seconds is determined.
 The experiment is repeated for different lengths of the pendulum and for each length, the period of
oscillation is determined.
 The observation of L , T , T2 are tabulated.
 A graph of L along the x-axis and T along the y-axis is plotted.
 Similarly a graph of L along the x-axis and T2 along the y-axis is plotted.
 Corresponding to T2 = 4s on the curve, a vertical line is drawn to meet the x-axis. This gives the value of
the length of the seconds pendulum (Ls). T2 –L graph is a straight line proving that (L/ T2) is a constant.

RESULT:

L- T graph and L-T2 graph verify the laws of simple pendulum for small amplitudes.

The length of the seconds pendulum, Ls = ……………………..m

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OBSERVATION:

DIAGRAM GRAPH

To find the radius of the bob using a Vernier Calipers.

SL.No. MSR (cm) CVD TR = MSR + (CVD× 𝐿𝐶)cm

1.
2.

Average diameter = ………………………..cm = ……………………….m

𝑑
r = 2 = …………………m

SL.No. L=l+r Time for 20 oscillations T= 𝒕⁄𝟐𝟎 T2

(in s) (in s) (s2)
(m) 1 2 3 Avg t (s)

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EXPERIMENT NO. 8: SONOMETER

AIM:

 To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under a constant tension using a
sonometer.
 To study the relation between the length of the given wire and tension for constant frequency using a
sonometer.

APPARATUS: Sonometer, 6 tuning forks, meter scale, rubber pad, paper rider, hanger, half kg weights, wooden
bridges.

PRINCIPLE:The fundamental frequency with the given wire vibrates in unison with the tuning fork is given by,

1 𝑇
n = 2𝑙
√
𝑚

1
For a given material of wire, n ∝ √𝑇 and n ∝ and T2 ∝ 𝑙
𝑙

1
A graph ʻlʼ along x-axis and T2 along the y-axis is a straight line. Similarly ( ) along the y-axis , n(Hz) along the x-
𝑙
axis is a straight line with a slope.

PROCEDURE:

 For each of the tuning fork, resonating length is determined. This is obtained by placing a load of ,say
2kg in the hanger and moving the bridge so that the paper riders flutter and fall down.
 The results are tabulated as shown below.
1
 A graph of 𝑙
along the y-axis and frequency n in Hertz along the x-axis is plotted. The straight line
verifies the laws of vibration of a stretched string.
 For a given frequency resonating lengths are determined for various loads or tensions in the string.
 A graph of ʻl2ʼ along the y-axis and T along the x-axis is plotted and this graph is a straight line.

RESULT:

 The laws of vibration in a stretched string are verified.

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OBSERVATIONS

DIAGRAM: GRAPH

Observation:

Frequency Resonating 1
(Hz) length(l) in 𝑙
m (cm-1)
1
2
3
4

Variation of l with T

Sl.No T = mg l (m) l2 𝑻
𝒍𝟐
(N) (m2)
(Nm-2)
1
2
3

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EXPERIMENT No.9 : RESONANCE COLUMN

AIM: To determine the velocity of sound in air at room temperature by using a resonance tube.

APPARATUS: Resonance tube, tuning forks, long and short metallic/ PVC tubes , thermometer, rubber pad,
metre scale, vertical scale clamps etc.

PRINCIPLE:

When a pipe is immersed in water it acts as a closed pipe system. For the lower mode of vibration
only half segment is formed with node at the closed end. This corresponds to the Ist resonating length. With a
longer pipe, II resonating length is obtained.

So that velocity of sound in air at room temperature, 𝑣 = 2𝑓 (𝑙2 – 𝑙1 ) is obtained.

PROCEDURE:

 A given short pipe is immersed partially inside water.

 A tuning fork is excited and brought near the mouth of the short pipe. The pipe is slowly lifted up so that
for a particular length, a maximum resonating sound is heard. length l1 is noted down.
 Similarly, the excited tuning fork is brought near the mouth of long pipe immersed partially inside
water. The pipe is lifted up so that the air column inside the pipe resonates with the tuning fork.length l2
is taken.
 The difference (l2 – l1) is tabulated for each of the tuning fork. The velocity of sound in air at room
temperature is determined using the formula, v = 2f (l2 – l1). The average from the different tuning forks
is computed.

RESULT: The velocity of sound in air at room temperature = ………………….ms-1

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OBSERVATIONS:

DIAGRAM:

Room temperature t = ………0C

Frequency Sl.No. Ist- Resonating length (m) IInd-Resonating length (m) (l2 – l1) vt = 2f (l2 – l1)
(Hz) 1 2 Avg. l1 1 2 Avg. l2 in (m) m/s
1.
2.
3.

Avg. vt = ……………………ms-1

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EXPERIMENT NO.10 : VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID

AIM: To determine the viscosity of a given liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a spherical body.

APPARATUS:

A wide bore glass tube (1.25m), steel balls of known diameter, a funnel, a transparent viscous
liquid (castor oil), meter scales, forceps, rubber bands, stopwatch.

PRINCIPLE:

The coefficient of viscosity of the liquid can be calculated using the formula,

𝟐𝒈𝒓𝟐 (𝝆 − 𝝈)
𝜼 = … … … . Nsm−2
𝟗𝒗

Where, 𝝆 – density of spherical steel ball

𝒓 – radius of the steel ball

𝝈 – density of liquid

g – acceleration due to gravity

𝒗 - terminal velocity of the steel ball

PROCEDURE:

 Take a wide bore glass tube and fix it vertically straight on a stand.
 Fill the tube with castor oil.
 Fix two rubber bands A and B around the tube such that A is 40cm below the mouth of glass tube
and the distance between A and B is 30cm. let this distance be h.
 Take a set of identical, clean and dry steel balls. Measure their radius using a screw gauge.
 Rinse these steel balls with the experimental liquid.
 Fix a funnel at the top of glass tube.
 Drop a steel ball into the liquid through the funnel. Start the stopwatch as soon as the ball
crosses the mark A and stop the watch when the steel ball crosses the mark B.
 Note the time taken by the ball to cross the distance h.
𝒉
 Calculate the terminal velocity by 𝒗 = 𝒕
 Repeat the above two steps for the remaining steel balls and find the mean value of the terminal
velocity.
 Calculate the coefficient of viscosity of liquid using the relevant formula.

RESULT coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid 𝜼 = …………………. Nsm-2

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OBSERVATION:

DIAGRAM:

Density of spherical steel ball: 𝝆 =…………………..kgm-3

Density of given liquid: 𝝈…………………..kgm-3

Acceleration due to gravity: 𝒈 =…………………..ms-2

Diameter of the steel ball : d = …………………………m

Radius of the steel ball : r = d/2 ………………………..m

Distance between the marks A and B : h = ……………………..m

Sl.No Time taken by the ball Terminal velocity

to move from A to B V = h/t
t (second) (ms-1)
1
2
3
4
5

Mean terminal velocity v = …………………..ms-1

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EXPERIMENT NO.11 : SURFACE TENSION

AIM: To determine the Surface Tension of water by capillary rise method.

APPARATUS:

Travelling Microscope(TM) , Capillary tube(CT) , beaker, ball pin, dilute nitric acid, dilute caustic
soda solution, thermometer, rising platform.

PRINCIPLE:

Due to surface tension, there will be a rise in water in the tube. By determining the rise of water in
the tube and radius of the capillary bore, surface tension can be calculated using the formula,

1
𝑇 = 𝜌𝑔𝑟ℎ
2

Where, h – rise of water in the Capillary tube

r – radius of the Capillary tube

ρ – density of water

g – acceleration due to gravity

∆T ∆ℎ ∆𝑟
Error in T, = +
T ℎ 𝑟
∆ℎ ∆𝑟
Therefore, ∆T =T( + ) Where, ∆ℎ = 0.001cm and ∆𝑟 =0.001cm
ℎ 𝑟

ST= (T ± ∆𝑇) Nm-1.

PROCEDURE:

 A pin is fixed at a certain position of the CT by means of a rubber band. This pin serves as the index for
taking down the reading of the surface of water.
 The CT is mounted on a stand and dipped inside water such that the tip of the pin is in contact with the
surface level.
 The TM is focused for the meniscus of water in the CT and the corresponding reading is taken as R1.
 The TM is focused at the tip of the pin after removing the beaker placed on the platform. This reading is
taken as R2.
 R2∼ R1 = h, gives the rise in water in the CT.
𝑑н+𝑑𝑣
 The CT bore is focused for horizontal and vertical diameter. d = 2
gives the average diameter and
half of which gives the radius of the CT bore.

By using the above formula, surface tension of the water can be determined.

RESULT Surface tension of water = …………………. Nm-1

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OBSERVATION:

DIAGRAM:

Least Count (LC)

of Travelling Microscope
1
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑀𝑆𝐷 𝑐𝑚
LC= 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑆𝐷
= 2050

0.05
= = 0.001𝑐𝑚
50

Water

To find ʻhʼ : TR = MSR + (CVD× 𝐿𝐶)

Sl. No. R1 (cm) R2 (cm) h = R1- R2

MSR(cm) CVD TR = R1(cm) MSR(cm) CVD TR = R1(cm) h(cm)
1.
2.
3.

Avg h = ……………….cm = ……………………..m

𝐿𝐶
Corrected value of ℎ = 𝑎𝑣𝑔. ℎ ± 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 ℎ = ℎ ± ℎ
= ......................m

Avg diameter = …………………..cm

𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Radius of CT = = …………………cm
2

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