I

IPUPHYSI
CS-LI
STOFFORMULAE

Chapt
er1:ELECTRI
CCHARGESANDFI
ELD
SL.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
NO

qq =poi
ntchar
ges
1 2

For
ceact
ingbet
ween 1 q1q2
F= 2
ϵ =per
mit
ti
vit
yofvacuum(
free
0
1 4πϵ r
t
wopointchar
ges 0 s
pace)
(
Coul
omb’sLaw)
r=di
stancebet
weent
hepoi
nt
char
ges

For
ceact
ingbet
weent
wo
1 q1q2
char
ges F= 2 ϵ=per
mit
ti
vit
yoft
heMedi
um
2 4πϵ r
Wi
thamedium bet
ween
t
hem

ϵ=Kϵ
0
Rel
ationbet
ween K=ϵr=Di
elect
riccons
tantof
per
mitt
ivit
yofmedi
um OR t
hemedi
um OR
3
andper
mi t
ti
vityofvacuum ϵ=ϵrϵ Rel
ati
veper
mitt
ivi
tyoft
he
0
(fr
ees pace) medium

F =f
orcebet
weent
hechar
ges
Ai
r

Toknowthediel
ectr
ic F i
nai
r
Ai
r
4 K=
const
antofamedium F
medi
um F =f
orcebet
weent
he
Medi
um
char
gesi
nmedi
um

Q=Char
geont
hes
urf
aceoft
he
Toknowthesurf
acecharge conduct
or
Q
5 densi
tyonacharged σ=
A A=Ar
eaoft
heconduct
or
conduct
or

Magnit
udeoftheresul
tant
2 2
6 f
orceacti
ngonacharge F= F+F+FFCos
θ θ= Angl
ebet
weent
wof
orces
1 2 1 2
(vect
ori
al)
 Relat
ionbet
weenElectr
ic ⃗ ⃗
7 E= F
fi
eldandElect
ricf
orce q

Q=poi
ntchar
ge

1 Q
E= ϵ =per
mit
ti
vit
yofvacuum(
free
El
ect
ricf
iel
dduetoapoi
nt 4πϵr
2 0
8 0 s
pace)
char
ge

r=di
stancebet
weent
hechar
ge
andt
hepoi
nt

2a =di
stancebet
weent
hepoi
nt
Di
pol
emoment(
P)ofan char
ges
9 ⃗
el
ect
ricdi
pol
e P = 2aq q=magni
tudeofoneoft
hepoi
nt
char
ges

El
ect
ricf
ieldduetoa
2P
10 di
pol
eatpointontheAXIS E= 3 P=di
pol
emoment
4πϵr
ofDipol
e. 0

Elect
ricf
ieldduet
oa
dipol
eatpointont
he P
11 E= 3 P=di
pol
emoment
EQUATORI ALAXISof 4πϵr
0
Di
pole.

P=di
pol
emoment
τ=PESi
nθ
Tor
queacti
ngonanelectr
ic
12 E=el
ect
ricf
iel
d
dipol
einel
ect
ricf
iel
d
=2aqESi
nθ
θ=angl
ebet
weenEandP

⃗⃗
ds
ϕ= Σdϕ=ΣE.
ϕ=el
ect
ricf
lux,
Tot
alel
ect
ricfl
uxacr
ossan OR
13 ds= ar
eael
ement
area
ϕ= EA
A=ar
eaoft
heencl
oseds
urf
ace

Q=Tot
alencl
osedchar
ge
Totalel
ectr
icfl
uxacrossa Q
14 ϕ=
cl
os edsur
face(Gaus
slaw) ε0 ϵ =per
mit
ti
vit
yofvacuum(
free
0
s
pace)

El
ect
ricf
ieldatapointdue λ q
15 toathi
n,long,st
raight E = λ= =l
inearchar
gedens
ity
2πεr l
0
conduct
or
 r=di
stanceofthepoi
ntf
rom
wir
e

El
ect
ricfi
eldatapoi ntdue q
σ σ= =s
urf
acechar
gedens
ity
16 toalar
ges heetofcharges E = A
ε
(
Plate) 0

q=Tot
alchar
geont
hes
urf
aceof
t
hes
pher
e
El
ect
ricf
iel
datapoi ntdue q
17 E= 2 r=di
stanceoft
hepointf
rom t
he
t
oaSphericalconduct
or 4πεr
0 centr
eofthes
phere

q=Tot
alchar
geont
hes
urf
aceof
El
ect
ricf
iel
datapoi ntON t
hes
pher
e
q
18 THESURFACEofa E= 2
4πεR R=Radi
usoft
hes
pher
e
Spher
icalconduct
or 0

Chapt
er2:ELECTRI
CPOTENTI
AL&CAPACI
TORS
SL.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
NO

V=W/
q V=el
ect
ricpot
ent
ial

1 El
ect
ricpot
ent
ial(
gener
al) OR W =Wor
kdoneOREner
gy

Ener
gy=W =Vq q=el
ect
ricchar
ge

Q=poi
ntchar
ge

ϵ =per
mit
ti
vit
yofvacuum (
free
El
ectr
icpot
ent
ialatapoint 1 Q 0
2 V= s
pace)
duetoapoi
ntcharge 4πε r
0

r=di
stancebet
weent
hechar
ge
andt
hepoi
nt

P=di
pol
emoment

[ ]
El
ect
ricpot
ent
ialatapoi
nt
1 Pcos
θ
3 duetoaanELECTRI C V= 2
4πε r r=di
stancebet
weent
hecent
reof
DI
POLE 0
t
hedi
pol
eandt
hepoi
nt.
 θ=angl
ebet
weenPandr

Resul
tantElectri
cpotent
ial
4 atapointduet
charges
omany V=
[
1 q1 q2 q3
4πε0 r
1
+ + +…
r
2
r3
]
5
Rel
Fi
at
el
i
onbet
dandEl
weenEl
ectr
i
ect
cPot
r
i
ent
i
c
al
dV
E=- =
dx
V
x || x=di
stancebet
weent
hepoi
nts

r =di
stancebet
weent
hepoi
nt
1
Pot
ent
ialener
gybet ween 1 q1q2
6 W =U= char
ges
twochar ges 4πϵ r
0 1

P=di
pol
emoment

7 Pot
ent
ialener
gyofadi
pol
e U=PEcos
θ E=el
ect
ricf
iel
d

θ=angl
ebet
weenEandP

Q Q=char
geont
heconduct
or
C=
V
Generalexpres
sionf
orthe V=electr
icpot
ent
ialont
he
8
Capaci
tanceofaConductor OR sur
face

Q=CV

ϵ =per
mit
ti
vit
yofvacuum (
free
0

Capaci
tanceofaSpher
ical s
pace)
9
Conductor C= 4πε0R
R= r
adi
usoft
hes
pher
ical
conduct
or

ϵ =per
mit
ti
vit
yofvacuum (
free
0
s
pace)
Capaci
tanceofaParal
lel εA
10 C= 0
pl
ateCapaci
tor d A= Ar
eaoft
hepl
ates

d=di
stancebet
weent
hepl
ates

Capacit
anceofaParall
el
εA K=di
elect
riccons
tantoft
he
11 plat
eCapacitor(
medium C= K 0
d medi
um
betweentheplat
es)
2
Ener
gys t
oredina 1 1 2 1Q
12 U= QV= CV = Q=char
geont
heconduct
or
capaci
tor 2 2 2C
 V=p.
dbet
weent
hepl
ates

C=capaci
tanceoft
hecapaci
tor

K=di
elect
ricmedi
um bet
ween
t
hepl
ates

Ener
gydens i
tyoft
he 1 2 E=el
ect
ricf
iel
dbet
weent
he
13 U = KεE
elect
ricf
iel
d D 2 0 pl
ates

ϵ =per
mit
ti
vit
yofvacuum (
free
0
s
pace)

( )
Equi
valentcapaci
tance
1 1 1 1 Cs=effect
ivecapaci
tanceof
14 whenthreecapacit
orsare = + +
CS C1 C2 C3 ser
iescombinat
ion
connectedinseri
es

Equivalentcapacit
ance CC
1 2
15 whent wocapacitor
sar e C =
S C +C
connectedinseries 1 2

V=commonpot
ent
ialacr
oss

( )
p.
dacros
seachcapacitor C
16 whencapaci
tors(C1and V =V 1 combi
nat
ion
1 C +C
C2arei
ns eri
es) 1 2
V1=p.
dacr
ossC1

Chapt
er3:CURRENTELECTRI
CITY
SL.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
NO

I=dq/
dt qischar
geandti
s
t
ime.
OR
1 Bas
icexpr
ess
ionf
orcur
rent
I
=q/
t=ne/
t n=0,
1,2….
.

e=char
geonel
ect
ron

Ri
sres
ist
anceand
2 Ohm’sLaw V=RI Vi sp.
dbetweent
he
conduct
or
 l=l
engt
h

()
Relati
onbetweenResi
stanceand
l A=areaofcr
oss
3 r
esis
t i
vit
y(speci
fi
cResis
tance)Ofa R=ρ
A sect
ion
conduct
or
ρ=r
esi
sti
vit
y

I
4 Cur
rentdens
ity j=
A

1
5 Conduct
ivi
ty σ=
ρ

n=No.ofelect
rons
El
ect
riccur
r entinter
msofdr
ift peruni
tvol
ume
6 I=nAev
veloci
ty d

vd =dr
iftvel
oci
ty

τ=r
elaxat
iont
ime
Rel
ati
onbetweendri
ftvel
oci
tyand eEτ
7 v= E=el
ect
ricf
iel
d
rel
axat
ionti
me d m
m =mas
sodel
ect
ron

Expr
ess
ionforresis
tivit
yint
ermsof
relaxat
iont i
me m
8 ρ= 2
neτ
(
andot
hermi
cros
copi
cquant
it
ies
)

9
Rel
ati
onbet
weencur
conduct
i
rentdens
vit
y
ityand ⃗ ⃗
j= σ E ()
Expr
ess
ionf
ormobili
tyofel
ect
ronsi
n v eτ
10 μ= d
=
aconduct
or E m

R=f
inalr
esi
stance

R0=r
esi
stanceat00C
Expr
ess
ionf
orresi
stancechangedue
11 R=R (
1+α∆T)
t
otemperatur
e 0 α=t emp.coeff
ici
ent
ofr
es i
stance

∆T=changei
ntemp.

t
1 =i
nit
ialt
emp

Expr
ess
ionf
ort
hermalcoef
fi
cientof R -R R1 =i
nit
ialr
esi
stance
2 1
12 α=
res
ist
ance R t-R t t
2 =f
inalt
emp
12 21

R2 =f
inalr
esi
stance
 P=VI
2
V
13 Expr
ess
ionf
orel
ect
ricpower ORP=
R
2
ORP=IR

Rs = R +R ( 1 2
)
Ef
fect
ive(equi
val
ent)resis
tancewhen OR
14
res
ist
orsareconnectedinseri
es
RR
1 2
R =
P R +R
1 2

VR
1
V =
1 R +R
1 2

V=commonpotent
ial
15 p.
dacr
osseachr
esi
stor acros
sthe
VR combinat
ion
2
AndV =
2 R +R
1 2

16
Ef
f
r
ect
es
i
i
s
ve(
tor
equi
sar
val
ent)r
es
econnect
i
s
edi
tancewhen
nparal
lel
1
R
P
=
( )
1 1
+
R R
1 2

I
R
2
I=
1 R +R
1 2

I=mai ncurrent
17 Cur
rentt
hrougheachr
esi
stor thr
oughthe
I
R combinat
ion
1
andV =
2 R +R
1 2

V=t
ermi
nalpd
Rel
ati
onbetweenemf,termi
nalpdand
18 V=ε-I
r ε=emf
int
ernalr
esi
stanceofacel
l
r=i
nter
nalr
esi
stance
 ε

( )
Rel
ati
onbet
weenter
minalpdandemf V=
19 r
ofacell 1+
R

equi
val
entemfwhent
wocell
sar
e
20 εeq =ε1 +ε2
connect
edins
eri
es

21
equi
valentemfwhent
connect
edi
wocel
nparal
lel
lsar
e
εeq =
( )
ε1r
2
+ε2r
r
1

+r
1 2

Conditi
onforbalanceofa P R
22 =
Wheat
stone’snet
wor k(I
g=0 ) Q S

Tof
indtheunknownr es
ist
ance(
X) R=knownr
esi
stance
Rl
23 X=
usi
ngamet erbri
dge (
1-l) l=bal
anci
ngl
engt
h

l1=bal
anci
ngl
engt
h
Tocompar
et heemfbet
weentwocel
ls E l duet
oE1
1 1
24 =
usi
ngapotenti
omet
er E l l2=bal
anci
ngl
engt
h
2 2

duet
oE2

Chapt
er4:FORCEACTI
NGON MOVI
NGCHARGES
SL.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
NO

For
ceact
ingonamovingchar
gei
n q=el
ect
ricchar
ge
1 F = qE
anElect
ricf
iel
d E=el
ect
ricf
iel
d

v=veloci
tyoft
he
char
ge
For
ceact
ingonamovingchar
gei
na
⃗ ⃗ [
F=q v× B ]
2 B=magnet
icf
iel
d
Magnet
icf
iel
d
F= qvBs
in
=angl
ebet
weenvand
B

3 Expr
ess
ionf
orLor
ent
zfor
ce ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
F =q(E + vXB)

Radi
usofachargedpar
ticl
emovi
ng mv m =mas sofchar
ged
4 r=
i
namagneti
cfield Bq par
ticl
e
 fr
equencyofachar
gedpar
ticl
e Bq
5 f=
movingci
rcul
arl
yinamagnet
icfiel
d 2πm

Vel
ocit
yofachargedpar
ticl
emovi
ng BqR
6 v=
ci
rcul
arl
yinmagnet
icfiel
d m

E
7 Condi
ti
onf
orvel
oci
tys
elect
or v=
B

I=cur
rent

μ0=per
meabi
li
tyoff
ree
s
pace
Magneti
cfiel
datapointduet
oa μ0 I
.dl
.Si
nθ
8 dB= =anglebetween
2
curr
entel
ement(dl) 4π r curr
entel
ementandl
ine
j
oini
ngthepoint

r=di
stancebet
ween
t
hedlandthepoint

r=r adi
usoft
he
conduct
or
2
μ 2πnI
r
Magneti
cfi
eldatapointontheaxi
s B= 0
9 4π 3 x=distanceoft
hepoint
ofacir
cul
arconductor
(x+r)
2 2
2
f
rom t
hecentreofci
rcl
e

n=numberoft
urns

Magnet
icf
iel
datthecent
reoft
he μ nI
10 B= 0
circul
arcoi
l 2r

BT =tangenti
al
mag.fi
eldtothe
Mat
hemat
icalform ofAmper
e’s
11
circui
tallaw ∮B .dl=μ I
T 0e
enclosedloop

I
e=encl
osedcur
renti
n
t
hel
oop

r=dist
ancebetween
Magnet
icfi
eldatapoi ntduet
oa μI
12 B= 0
t
hepointandthe
str
aightconductor 2πr
st
rai
ghtconduct
or

n=N/
L=t
urnsr
ati
o
Magnet
icfiel
datapoi
ntinsi
det
he N=totalnumberof
13 B=μ nI
s
olenoidal
ongi
tsaxi
s 0
t
urns

L=l
engt
hoft
he
 s
olenoi
d

I=cur r
entint
he
conductor

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ L=l engthoft
he
Forceact
ingonacurr
entcarr
ying F =I(lX B) conductor
14
conduct
orinamagnet
icfi
eld
F=BI
lsi
nθ B=magnet
icf
iel
d

=angl
ebet
ween
dir
ecti
onof IandB

I1andI
2=c ur
rent
Forceacti
ngbetweentwol ong, μ 2IIl bet
weentheconduct
ors
F
15 = 0 12
st
raight
,paral
lelconduct
ors l 4π d d=dis
tancebet
ween
t
hem

n=no.oft
urnsi
nthe
coi
l
Expr
ess
ionformagnet
icdi
pol
e
16 M = nI
A
moment I=cur
rent

A=ar
eaoft
hel
oop/
coi
l

m =magnet
icdi
pol
e
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
τ = mXB
Torqueact
ingonamagnet
icdi
pol
e τ=mBSi
nθ B=magnet
icf
iel
d
17
placedi
namag.Fiel
d τ=nABI
Sinθ
=angl
ebet
ween
dir
ecti
onof m andB

e=char
geofel
ect
ron

Magneti
cdipol
emomentofan -e me=mas
sofel
ect
ron
18 μ = (
L)
elect
roninaHydrogenat
om l 2me
L=angularmoment
um
ofor
bit
alel
ect
ron

0 eh
19 Expr
ess
ionf
orBohrmagnet
on μ = h=Pl
anck’scons
tant
l 4πme

θ 1 nAB C=coupl
eperuni
t
20 Cur
rents
ens
iti
vit
yofagal
vanomet
er = =
I K C t
wis
t

I
g=c ur
rentf
or
Shuntres
ist
ancetoconverta maxi
mumdef l
ect
ion
21 S=
I
g
G
gal
vanomet
erint
oammet er (I-I)
g G=r esi
stanceof
gal
vanometer
 I=r
angeoft
heammet
er

Loadr es
ist
ancet
oconver
ta V
22 R= -G V=vol
tmet
err
ange
galvanomet
erint
ovol
tmeter I
g

Chapt
er5:MAGNETI
SM ANDMATTER
SL
.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
N
O

1 Magnet
icf
iel
dduet oamagnet
ic μ 2m
0
B= 3
dipol
e 4π r

2 I I=momentof
Ti
meper
iodofanos
cil
lat
ingmagnet T=2π
mB i
ner
tiaoft
hemagnet

3 Pot
ent
ialener
gyofamagnet
icdi
pol
e U= -mBcos
θ

4 H =magnet
ic
Tot
alMagnet
icfi
eldduetoas
olenoid i
ntens
ity
B=μ (
H+M)
woundoveramagneti
cmat
erial 0

M =Magnet
izat
ion

5 M
Magnet
ics
uscept
ibi
li
ty χ=
H

6 Rel
ati
vemagnet
icper
meabi
li
ty μr=(
1+χ)

7 Expr
ess
ionf
orMagnet
icf
iel
d B=μ μrH
0

8 Rel
ati
onbet
weenper
meabi
li
tyand μ =μ μr
0
 r
elat
iveper
meabi
li
ty

()
9 Mat
hemat
icalf
orm ofCuri
e’sl
awof μ C=Cur
ie’scons
tant
0
χ=C
Par
amagneti
c T T=abs
olut
etemp

10 χ=
C
C=Cur
ie’scons
tant
Magnet
icsus
cept
ibil
it
yofa T-TC
f
err
omagneti
c TC =Cur
ie’st
emp.
(
forT>TC)

Chapt
er6:ELECTROMAGNETI
CINDUCTI
ON
SL
.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
N
O

1 Rel
ati
onbet
weenmagnet
icf
iel
d ϕ Φ =magnet
icf
lux
B
B=
andMagnet
icf
lux A A=ar
ea

2 dϕ
Mat
hemat
icalf
orm ofFar
aday’sl
aw e=-
dt

3 L=l engthof
conductor
Expr
ess
ionf
ormot
ionalemf e= -Bl
v
V=vel oci
tyof
conduct
or

4 dI L=s
elfi
nduct
ance
Rel
ati
onbet
weens el
finduct
ionand e=-L
dt
inducedemf dI/
dt=rat
eofchange
ofcur
rent

5 n=no.t
urnsperuni
t
l
engt
h
Expr
ess
ionf
orsel
finduct
anceofa 2
L=μ0nAl
coi
l A=ar
eaofcoi
l

l=l
engt
hoft
hecoi
l

6 Ener
gys
tor
edi
nas el
finduct
ance 1 2 I=currentt
hrough
U= LI
coi
l 2 thecoi
l

7 2
Expr
ess
ionf
ormut
uali
nduct
ance M =μ0n1n2πrl n1=t
urnsr
ati
oin1st
1
 coi
l

n2 =tur
nsr
ati
oin2nd
bet
weent
wocoi
ls
coil

r=r
adi
usoft
hecoi
ls

8 ε0 =peakemf
Expr
ess
ionf
ors
inus
oidalemf ε=εSi
nωt
0
ω=angul
arf
requency

9 Meanval
ueoverahal
fcycl
eofAC Vmean =2Vo/
π V0 =peakvol
tage

Chapt
er7:ALTERNATI
NGCURRENT
SL
.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
N
O

1 I
0 =peakcur
rent
Si
nus
oidalcur
rent I=ISi
nωt
0
ω=angul
arf
requency

2 Vmean =2Vo/
π V0 =peakvol
tage
Meanval
ueoverahal
fcycl
e
ofAC I
0 =peakcur
rent
I
mean
=2I
o
/π

3 Ohm’sl
awf
orAC Vrms=I R R=r
esi
stanceoft
heci
rcui
t
rms

4 V
0
Vrms=
Rmsvolt
age andRms 2
curr
ent
I
0
I =
rms 2
2
5 Expr
essi
onf oravg.
poweri
n IR
0
Pavg =
aresi
stancecircui
t 2

6 Si
nus
i
oi
dalACi
nduct
i
napur
veci
rcui
t
e
=ISi
I
0
nωt
-
π
2( )
7 X =ωL=2πf
L
L
f=f
requencyofAC
I
nduct
iver
eact
ance OR
L=s
elfi
nduct
ance
Vrms
X =
L I
rms
8 Peakcur
rentininduct
ive V
0
I=
ci
rcuit 0 X
L

9 Si
nusoidalACi
capacit
i
napur
veci
rcui
t
e
I=ISi
0
nωt
+
π
2 ( )
10 1 1
X = =
C ωC 2πf
C
f=f
requencyofAC
Capaci
ti
ver
eact
ance OR
C=Capaci
tanceofcapaci
tor
Vrms
X =
C I
rms

11 Peakcur
rentinCapaci
ti
ve V
0
I=
ci
rcui
t 0 X
C

12 Si
nus
oidalACi nser
ies Ф =phas
edi
ff
.bet
weenVand
n(
I=ISi -φ)
ωt
LCRcircuit 0 I

13 V -V
L C
t
anϕ=
V
Phasedi
ff
erencebetweenV R

( )
andIinLCRci r
cuit
X -X
L C
t
anϕ=
R

14 Z= R +X -X
2
( L
)
C
2

I
mpedanceinseri
esLCR

( )
2
ci
rcui
t 2 1
= R +ωL-
ωC

15 I
mpedanceinseri
esLCR V Vrms
0
Z= =
ci
rcui
t I I
0 rms

16 Expr
ess
ionforResonant 1
f=
f
requency 0 2π LC

17 V0
Maxi
mum curr
entdur
ing I =
max
R
r
esonance

( )
18 Cos
ф =powerf
act
or
Averagepoweri
nLCR VrmsI
rms
Pavg = cosϕ
ci
rcuit 2 Papp =appar
entpower
,rms
power
 Pavg = Papp cos
ϕ

19 R
Expr
ess
ionf
orPowerf
act
or cosϕ=
Z

20 Ns,Np=no.oftur
nsi
n
secondar
ycoi
landpr
imar
y
Transf
ormerf
ormul
aoft
urns N V coil
S S
=
rat
io N V Vs,Vp=volt
ageacros
s
P P

secondar
ycoilandprimar
y
coil

21 Pin =Pout
Powerl
awi
ntr
ans
for
mer
s
V I =V I
PP SS

22 Pout
Ef
fi
ciencyoft
rans
for
mer
s ef
fi
ciency=
Pin

Chapt
er8:ELECTROMAGNETI
CWAVES
SL
.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
N
O

1 Maxwel
di
spl
l
’sequati
onf
acementcurr
or
ent
i= ε
d ()
0
dϕ
E

dt
dфE/
el
dt=r
ect
ricf
l
at
ux
eofchangeof

2 (
Maxwel
l’seqns
) Q
Gaus
sLawi
nel
ect
ros
tat
ics
∮E.dA=ε Q=t
otalencl
osedchar
ge
0

()
3 (
Maxwel
l’seqns
) dϕ dфB/dt=rateofchangeof
Far
aday’sl
aw
∮E.dl=- dt B
magneti
cflux

4 (
Maxwel
l’seqns
)

Gaus
sLawi
nmagnet
ism
∮B.dl=0

()
5 (
Maxwel
l’seqns
) dϕ
Amper
e-Maxwel
lequat
ion
∮B.dl=μ I+μ ε dt
0 0 0
E
I=encl
osedcur
rent
 Chapt
er9:RAYOPTI
CS&OPTI
CALI
NSTRUMENTS
SL
.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
N
O

1 f=f
ocall
engt
hofmi
rror
Rel
ati
onbet
weenRandfofa R
f= R=r adi
usofcur
vat
ureof
mir
ror 2
mi
rror

2 1 1 1 u=obj
ectdi
stance
Mi
rrorequat
ion + =
v u f v=i
magedi
stance

3 '
h v
h'=hei
ghtoft
hei
mage
Li
nearmagni
fi
cat
ionbyami
rror m= = -
h u h=hei
ghtofobj
ect

4 V1 =vel
oci
tyofl
ighti
n
s
t
Ref
racti
veindexofamedium 2wr
t v 1 medium
1
n=
1
medi
um 1(Relat
iveRI
) 2 v V2=vel
ocit
yofl
ighti
n
2
nd
2 medium

5 Ref
ract
iveindexofamedium 2wr
t c c=veloci
tyofl
ighti
n
n=
vacuum (
Absol
uteRI) v vacuum

6 λ1 =wavel
engt
hofl
ight
s
t
Ref
ract
ivei
ndexofamedi
um 2wr
t λ in1 medium
1
n=
1
medi
um 1 2 λ λ2=wavel
engthofl
ight
2
nd
in2 medium

7 n1=abs
olut
eRIof
Rel
ati
onbet
weenAbsol
uteRIand n medi
um 1
1
n=
1
rel
ati
veRI 2 n n2=absol
uteRIof
2

medium 2

8 s
ini
1 n2 =
s
inr i=angl
eofi
nci
dence
Snel
l’sl
aw(
Lawofr
efr
act
ion)
OR r=angl
eofr
efr
act
ion

nsi
ni= nsi
nr
1 2
9 t
sin(i
-r) t=thicknes
soft
he
Lat
erals
hif
t Ls =
cosr medium

10 t=thicknes
soft
he
Nor
mals
hif
t Ns =t1-
1
n() medi

n=RI
um

11 RIoft
hemedi
um usi
ngNor
mal Real
dept
h t WhereNs=realdept
h–
n= =
shi
ft Appar
ent
dept
h a app.dept
h

12 Rel
ati
onbet
weenRIandcr
iti
cal 1
n= i
c=cr
iti
calangl
e
angl
e s
ini
c

13 Expr
ess
ionf
orangl
eoft
hepr
ism A= r + r
1 2

14 Expr
ess
ionforangleofdevi
ati
on
byapr i
sm
( )
δ= i+i -A
1 2

15
RIofpr
isminter
msofangl
eof
s
in ( ) A+Dm
2

()
n=
min.
deviat
ion A
s
in
2

16 Mi
nimum devi
ati
onbyapr
ism δ= (
n-1)
A

17 dv,nv=angl
eofdevi
ati
on
θ= d -d andRIforviol
et
Angulardis
persionpr
oducedbya V R

pris
mf oranytwocol
ors
(
θ= nv-nrA ) dR,nR=angl
eofdevi
ati
on
andRIforred

18 Dis
per
s i
vepowerofapr
ismf
orany n1 ~n2
ω= n=avg.RI=(
n1+n2/
2)
t
wocolors n-1

19 eof1stpr
A=angl ism

n=RIof1stpr
ism
Condit
ionf
ordi
sper
sionwi
thout
A= -
(n-1)A
1 1

devi
ati
on (
n-1) eof2nd pr
A’=angl ism

eof2nd pr
A’=angl ism

20 n2n n-n R=radiusofcur

vat
ureof
Rel
ati
onbet
weenn,u,vandR - 1= 2 1
v u R t
hes
ur f
ace
21
Powerofas
pher
icals
urf
ace P=
(n ~n).
1 2

22 f=f
ocall
engt
hofal
ens
Focall
engt
hofal
ens(
thi
nlens 1 1 1
= - v=i
magedi
stance
f
ormula) f v u
u=obj
ectdi
stance

23
Lensmaker
’sf
ormul
a
1
f
(
= n -1
12
1 1
-
R R
) [ ] 1 2

24 v
m=
u

OR
Li
nearmagni
fi
cat
ionofal
ens
v-f f
m= =
f u-f

25 1
Powerofal
ens P=
f

26 Equi
valentf
ocallengt
hwhent
wo 1 1 1
= +
t
hinlensesareincontact f f f
1 2

27 Equivalentf
ocallengthwhent
wo
1 1 1 d
thi
nl ensesareseparat
edbya = + -
dis
tanced f f f ff
1 2 12

28 D=l eas
tdist
anceof
Li
nearmagni
mi
croscope
f
icat
ionofas
impl
e
m = 1+
D
f ( ) dis
t
poi
i
nctvi
nt
s
ionOR,near

29 I=h/ fistheangle
subtendedbyi magewi
th

()
pri
ncipalaxis
θi D
Angul
armagni
fi
cat
ion =
θ f O =h/ -u i
stheangle
O
subtendedbyobject
.
30 Magni
ficat
ionbyacompound DL
mi
croscope
m=
ff
oe

31 α=anglesubt
endedby
obj
ectatt
helens

β=angl
esubt
endedat

()
β f t
heeyebyt
hefinali
mage
o
Magni
fi
cat
ionbyat
eles
cope m= =
α f
e f0=focallengt
hof
obj
ective

fe=focall
engt
hof
eyepiece

32 Lengt
hofat
eles
cope L=f+f
o e

Chapt
er10:WAVEOPTI
CS
SL
.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
N
O

1 Conditi
onf
orConst
ructi
ve
ϕ=2nπ n=0,
1,2,
3…….
I
nter
fer
ence(
phasedi
ffer
ence)

2 Condi
tionf
orCons
tructi
ve n=0,
1,2,
3…….
δ=nλ
I
nter
fer
ence(pat
hdif
ference) λ=wavel
engt
hofl
ight

3 Conditi
onforDes
tructi
ve
ϕ=(
2n-1)
π n=0,
1,2,
3…….
I
nter
ference(
phasediff
erence)

4 Conditi
onf
orDes
truct
ive λ n=0,
1,2,
3…….
δ=(
2n-1)
I
nter
fer
ence(
pat
hdiff
erence) 2 λ=wavel
engt
hofl
ight

5 I
0 =ori
ginali
ntens
ityof
2ϕ
l
ight
I
ntens
ityoft
hes
uper
pos
edwave I=4Icos()
0 2 Ф =phas
edi
ff
erencebt
w
t
hewaves

6 I
1 =i
ntens
ityof1stwave
Res
ult
anti
ntens
ityoft
hewaves I=I+I+2 IIcosϕ
1 2 12
I
2=i
ntens
ityof2nd wave
 Ф =phas
edi
ff
erencebt
w
t
hewaves

7 n=0,
1,2,
3….

D=di st
anceofs
creen
nλD
Pos
iti
onofnt
hbr
ightf
ringe xn = f
rom s
lit
s
d
d=s epar
ati
onf
rom t
he
sl
it
s

8 λD
Pos
iti
onofnt
hdar
kfr
inge xn =(
2n-1)
2d

9 Expr
ess
ionf
orf
ringewidt
h(br
ight λD
β=
anddark) d

10 a=s
izeoft
heobj
ect
δ = as
inθ = nλ
Condit
ionf
orDi f
fract
ionmaxima =angl
eofdi
ff
ract
ion
(pat
hdif
ferenceandphas e n=1,
2,3….
dif
ference)
ϕ = 2nπ λ=wavel
engt
hofl
ight
us
ed

11 a=s
izeoft
heobj
ect
(
2n+1)
λ
δ = as
inθ =
Condit
ionf
orDi ff
ract
ionmi
nima 2 =angl
eofdi
ff
ract
ion
(pat
hdif
ferenceandphase n=1,
2,3….
dif
ference)
ϕ= (
2n+1)
π λ=wavel
engt
hofl
ight
us
ed

12 λ=wavel
engt
hofl
ight
us
ed
λ
Li
mitofRes
olut
ionofami
cros
cope dx= n=RIoft hemedium bt
w
2ns
inθ obj
ect
iveandobject

=s
emi
-ver
ticalangl
e

13 1 2ns
inθ
Res
olvi
ngpowerofami
cros
cope RP= =
dx λ

14 1.
22λ λ=wavel
engt
hofl
ight
Li
mitofRes
olut
ionofat
eles
cope dθ=
D us
ed
 D=Di amet
erofthe
obj
ect
ivel
ens(aper
tur
e)

15 1 D
Res
olvi
ngpowerofat
eles
cope RP= =
dθ 1.
22λ

16 (
1.22)
λf f=focall
engt
hoft
he
Wi
dthofacent
ralmaxi
ma d=
D lens

17 I=int
ensi
tyofthe
pol
ari
zedl
ight

2 I0 =i
ntensi
tyof
Mal
us’sl
aw I=Icosθ
0 unpolari
zedli
ght

=anglebtwtheaxesof
anal
yserandpol
ari
zer

18 n=RIoft
hemedi
um
Br
ews
ter
’sl
aw n=t
anθ
P
p =pol
ari
zingangl
e

Chapt
er11:DUALNATUREOFMATTERANDRADI
ATI
ON
SL
.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
N
O

1 e=char
geonel
ect
ron
Maxi
mum KEofel
ect
ronsemi
tt
ed Kmax =eV
0
V0 =s
toppi
ngpot
ent
ial

2 0 =t
hres
hol
dfr
equency

hc λ0 =t
hres
hold
Wor
kfunct
ionofamet
al ϕ =h =ϕ =
0 0 0 λ wavel
ength
0

h=Pl
anck’scons
tant

3 Ei
nst
ein’sequat
ionofphot
oel
ect
ric
E=ϕ + Kmax
ef
fect 0

4 Ei
nst
ein’sequat
ionofphot
oel
ect
ric 1 2 0 =t
hres
hol
dfr
equency
ef
fect 2
mv =hν-ν
0
( )
 =i
nci
dentf
requency

5 Ei
nst
ef
f
ein’sequat
ect(i
nt er
i
onofphot
msofwavel
oel
ect
engt
r
h)
ic
Kmax =
[ ]
hc 1 1
eλ λ
-
2 1

6 K2-K1
h=
ν2-ν1
K1 ,K2=max.KEof
el
ectrons
Expr
ess
ionf
orPl
anck’scons
tant
( )
V -V
=e 2 1
ν2-ν1
V1,V2 =s
pot
ential
s
toppi
ng

7 P=poweroft
hes
our
ce
Numberofphotonsemi
tt
edf
rom a Pt
λ
n= t=t
ime
source hc
λ=wavel
engt
hofl
ight

9 h h p=moment
um oft
he
De-br
ogl
ie’sr
elat
ion λ= =
p mv par
ticl
e

10 De-br
ogl
ie’sr
elat
ion(int
ermsof h h q=char
geoft
hepar
ticl
e
λ= =
KEofpart
icles
) 2mE 2mqV V=appl
iedp.
d
-10
11 De-br
ogli
e’srel
ati
on(
for 27X10
12.
λ= V=appl
iedp.
d
el
ect
rons) V

12 hν
Moment
um ofaphot
on p=
c

Chapt
er12:ATOMS
SL
.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
N
O

1 D=di st
anceofcl
oses
t
I
mpactpar
amet
er
D
b= cot
2
θ
2 () appr

=s
oach

cat
ter
ingangl
e
2 L=angularmoment
um of
el
ect
ron
Bohr
’squant
um condi
ti
on l=mvr=n ()
2π
h
n=1,
2,3….

h=Pl
anck’scons
tant

3 =frequencyofemi
tt
ed
phot
on
E -E
Bohr
’sf
requencycondi
ti
on ν= 2 1

h E1 =i
nit
ialener
gyl
evel

E2 =f
inalener
gyl
evel

4 n=1,
2….
.

m =mas
sofel
ect
ron
2 2
Radi
usofnt
horbitofel
ect
roni
nan ε0nh e=char
geofel
ect
ron
r = 2
atom n
πmZe ε0 =per
mit
ti
vit
yoff
ree
space

Z=at
omi
cnumber

5 r0 =r usof1stbohr
adi

()
orbit
Radi
usofnt
horbi
tofhydr
ogen r
o 2
r = n
at
om n
Z 53A0
=0.

2
6 Ze
Vel
oci
tyofel
ect
roni
nnt
hor
bit vn =
2ε0nh

7 v0 =vel
oci
tyof1stbohr
orbit
Vel
oci
tyofelect
hydr
r
oninnt
ogenat
om
hor
bitof
vn =v ()
0
Z
n =2.
6
18×10ms
–1

2
8 1 Ze
Pot
ent
ialener
gyofanel
ect
ron Ep=-
4πε r 0

2
9 1 1 Ze 1
Ek = =
Ki
net
icener
gyofanel
ect
ron 24π∈0 r 2
(
Ep)
 2 4
10 mZe
Ener
gyofanel
ect
roni
nanat
om En =- 2 2 2
8εnh
0

2
11 Ener
gyofanelectr
oni
na Z
En= –(
13.
6eV) 2
hydr
ogenatom n

4
12 me
Expr
ess
ionf
orRydber
gcons
tant R= 2 3
8εoCh

13
Spect
rals
eri
esofhydr
ogen
̅ 1 1
n n( )
ν =R 2- 2
1 2
n1=1,
2,

n2 =2,
3,

3,
4….

4,
.

5…….

14
Lymans
eri
es
̅ 1
n( )
ν =R 1- 2 n=2,
3,4…….

15
Bal
mers
eri
es
̅ 1 1
ν =R - 2
4n ( ) n=3,
4,5…….

16 2πr =nλ
De-br
ogl
ie’scondit
ionf
orBohr
’s n

orbi
t

Chapt
er13:NUCLEI
SL.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
NO

1 R0=radi
usofhydr
ogen
Nucl
earr
adi
us
1
nucl
eus(
prot
on)=0.5fm
R = RoA3
A=mas
snumber

2 A=mas
snumber
Neut
ronnumber
N =(
A– Z)
Z=at
omi
cnumber

3 mp=mas
sodpr
oton
Nucl
earmas
s M =Zmp +(
A– Z)mn
mn =mas
sofneut
ron

4 Einst
ein’smass- C=vel oci
tyofl
ighti
n
E=m c2
ener
gyr el
ati
on vacuum

5 M =massoft
hewhol
e
Mas
sdef
ect ∆m = [Zmp + (
A–Z)mn]– M
nucl
eus
 2
6 Bi
ndi
ngener
gy E =( c =(
∆m) ∆m)
931MeV
B

7 Specifi
cBinding
E
energy(BEper Sp.Bi
ndi
ngener
gy= B

A
nucl
eon)

8 (
M-A) M =at
omi
cmas
sofan
Packi
ngf
ract
ion f=
A at
om

9 dN
LawofRadi
oact
ivi
ty = – λN λ=decaycons
tant
dt

10 Numberofparent
-λt N0 =init
ialnumberof
nucl
eiatanyi
ns t
ant N =N e
0 or
iginalparentnucl
ei
ofti
me

11 Act
ivi
tyatanyins
tant -λt A0 =i
nit
ialact
ivi
tyoft
he
A=A e
oft
ime 0 sampl
e

12 Massofthesampleat -λt m0 =i
nit
ialmas
soft
he
m =m e
anyins
tantoft
ime 0 sampl
e

13 Expr
ess
ionforhal
f- 0.
693
T1 =
l
if
e 2
λ

14
Thenumberofat
l
eftaf
t
oms
ernhalf
N = ()
No
2
n Wher
en=t
/T

l
ives

15
Massofasampl
e M0
af
ternhal
fli
ves M= n
2
16 Expr
ess
ionformean 1
τ=
li
fe λ

17 Expr
ess
ionformean T1 =0.
693τ
li
fe 2

()
18 Thet
imer
equi
redby
N
Noat
omst
odecayt
o t= 3.
323Tl
og10
N0
N at
oms

()
Tofi
ndtheageofa R=cur
rentact
ivi
ty
2.
303 R
radi
oact
ives
ample t= l
og10
λ R0 R0 =ear
lieract
ivi
ty
 Chapt
er14:SEMI
CONDUCTORELECTRONI
CS
SL.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
NO

1 λm =maximum
Energygapofa hc
Eg = wavelengt
hdetect
abl
eby
phot
odiode λm
photodi
ode

2 Effect
ivebarr
ier V=appl
iedvol
tage
heightunderfor
ward
VB = V0 -V
bias V0 =bar
rierpot
ent
ial

3 Effect
ivebarr
ier V=appl
iedvol
tage
heightunderfor
ward
VB = V0 +V
bias V0 =bar
rierpot
ent
ial

4 Dynamicres
ist
ance
oft
hediodein ∆V
r=
ForwardandRevers
e ∆I
bi
as

5 I
E=emi
tt
ercur
rent
Currenteqnfor
I =I +I I
B=bas
ecur
rent
t
ransist
ors E B C

I
C =col
lect
orcur
rent

6 VBE =vol
tageacros
sBas
e
I
nputr
t
r
es
i
ans
s
i
s
t
t
ancei
ors
n
r
i
=
[ ]
∆V
BE

∆I
B V =cons
CE
t
-Emi

∆I
tt
erj

B =c
unct
i

hangei
on

nbas
e
currrent

7 VCE =vol t
ageacros
s

[ ]
Collector
-Emitt
er
Out
putres
istancei
n ∆V
r= CE j
unct i
on
tr
ansist
ors 0 ∆I
C I=cons
t
B
∆IC =changei
ncol
lect
or
currrent

8 Cur
rentampl
f
act
or
i
fi
cat
ion
β= []
∆I
C

∆I
B VCE=cons
t

cur
rentgai
n I
β= C

I
B
 9 VO =out
putvol
tage

Vol
tagegainof Vo Vi=i
nputvol
tage
Av =
ampli
fier Vi

10 Vol
tagegainof -βR
Av = L
RL =l
oadr
esi
stance
ampli
fier r

11 Powergainofan
A =AvX βac βac=accur
rentgai
n
ampli
fi
er P

Chapt
er15:COMMUNI
CATI
ON SYSTEMS
SL.
DESCRI
PTI
ON FORMULA TERMS
NO

1 Distancetot he R=r
adi
usoft
heear
th
hori
zon( spacewave
d = 2Rh hT =hei
ghtoft
he
li
neofs i
ght T T

propagation) tr
ansmit
ti
ngantenna

2 Distancetot he R=r
adi
usoft
heear
th
hori
zon( spacewave
d = 2Rh hR =heightofthe
li
neofs i
ght T R

propagation) recei
vingantenna

3 Max.LOSdi stance
bet
weentransmitter
D = 2RhT + 2RhR
andr
eceiver

4 Lengt hofantenna
λ
r
equi redtot
ransmit/ L= λ=wavel
engt
hofs
ignal
4
receiveas i
gnal

5 Am =amplit
udeoft
he
Am modulat
ingwave
Modul
ati
onI
ndex μ=
A AC =ampl
it
udeofcar
rier
C

wave