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Moments of Inertia
최해진
hjchoi@cau.ac.kr
School of Mechanical
Engineering
Contents
Introduction Sample Problem 9.6
Moments of Inertia of an Area Sample Problem 9.7
Moment of Inertia of an Area by Mohr’s Circle for Moments and Products
Integration of Inertia
Polar Moment of Inertia Sample Problem 9.8
Radius of Gyration of an Area Moment of Inertia of a Mass
Sample Problem 9.1 Parallel Axis Theorem
Sample Problem 9.2 Moment of Inertia of Thin Plates
Parallel Axis Theorem Moment of Inertia of a 3D Body by
Moments of Inertia of Composite Integration
Areas Moment of Inertia of Common Geometric
Sample Problem 9.4 Shapes
Sample Problem 9.5 Sample Problem 9.12
Product of Inertia Moment of Inertia With Respect to an
Principal Axes and Principal Moments Arbitrary Axis
of Inertia Ellipsoid of Inertia. Principle Axes of
Axes of Inertia of a Mass
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9- 2
Introduction
• Previously considered distributed forces which were proportional to the
area or volume over which they act.
- The resultant was obtained by summing or integrating over the
areas or volumes.
- The moment of the resultant about any axis was determined by
computing the first moments of the areas or volumes about that
axis.
• Will now consider forces which are proportional to the area or volume
over which they act but also vary linearly with distance from a given axis.
- It will be shown that the magnitude of the resultant depends on the
first moment of the force distribution with respect to the axis.
- The point of application of the resultant depends on the second
moment of the distribution with respect to the axis.
• Current chapter will present methods for computing the moments and
products of inertia for areas and masses.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9- 3
Moment of Inertia of an Area
r
• Consider distributed forces DF whose magnitudes are
proportional to the elemental areas DA on which they
act and also vary linearly with the distance of DA
from a given axis.
• Example: Consider a beam subjected to pure bending.
Internal forces vary linearly with distance from the
neutral axis which passes through the section centroid.
r
DF = kyDA
R = k ò y dA = 0 ò y dA = Qx = first moment
M = k ò y 2 dA 2
ò y dA = second moment
• Example: Consider the net hydrostatic force on a
submerged circular gate.
DF = pDA = gyDA
R = g ò y dA
M x = g ò y 2 dA
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9- 4
Moment of Inertia of an Area by
Integration
• Second moments or moments of inertia of
an area with respect to the x and y axes,
I x = ò y 2 dA I y = ò x 2 dA
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9- 5
Polar Moment of Inertia
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9- 6
Radius of Gyration of an Area
• Consider area A with moment of inertia
Ix. Imagine that the area is
concentrated in a thin strip parallel to
the x axis with equivalent Ix.
I
I x = k x2 A kx = x
A
kx = radius of gyration with respect
to the x axis
• Similarly,
Iy
Iy = k y2 A ky =
A
JO
J O = kO2 A kO =
A
kO2 = k x2 + k y2
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9- 7
Sample Problem 9.1
SOLUTION:
• A differential strip parallel to the x axis is chosen for
dA.
dI x = y 2 dA dA = l dy
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9- 8
Sample Problem 9.2
SOLUTION:
• An annular differential area element is chosen,
dJ O = u 2 dA dA = 2p u du
r r
J O = ò dJ O = ò u (2p u du ) = 2p ò u 3du
2
0 0
p
JO = r4
2
I = ò y 2 dA
I = ò y 2 dA = ò ( y ¢ + d )2 dA
= ò y ¢ 2 dA + 2d ò y ¢dA + d 2 ò dA
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 10
Parallel Axis Theorem
= 54 p r 4
I BB¢ = I AA¢ - Ad 2 = 12 ( )2
1 bh 3 - 1 bh 1 h
2 3
1 bh 3
= 36
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 11
Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
• The moment of inertia of a composite area A about a given axis is
obtained by adding the moments of inertia of the component areas
A1, A2, A3, ... , with respect to the same axis.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 12
Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 13
Sample Problem 9.4
SOLUTION:
• Determine location of the centroid of
composite section with respect to a
coordinate system with origin at the
centroid of the beam section.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 14
Sample Problem 9.4
SOLUTION:
• Determine location of the centroid of composite
section with respect to a coordinate system with
origin at the centroid of the beam section.
.0008184
Y å A = å yA Y = = 0.08 m
.01013
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 15
Sample Problem 9.4
• Apply the parallel axis theorem to determine moments of
inertia of beam section and plate with respect to composite
section centroidal axis.
I x¢ = 208.17 ´ 10 -6 m 4
SOLUTION:
• Compute the moments of inertia of the
bounding rectangle and half-circle with
respect to the x axis.
• The moment of inertia of the shaded area is
obtained by subtracting the moment of
inertia of the half-circle from the moment
of inertia of the rectangle.
Determine the moment of inertia
of the shaded area with respect to
the x axis.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 17
Sample Problem 9.5
SOLUTION:
• Compute the moments of inertia of the bounding
rectangle and half-circle with respect to the x axis.
Rectangle:
I x = 13 bh3 = 13 (240 )(120 ) = 138.2 ´ 106 mm 4
Half-circle:
moment of inertia with respect to AA’,
I AA¢ = 18 pr 4 = 18 p (90 )4 = 25.76 ´ 106 mm 4
moment of inertia with respect to x’,
4r (4 )(90 )
( )(
I x¢ = I AA¢ - Aa 2 = 25.76 ´ 106 12.72 ´ 103 )
a= = = 38.2 mm
3p 3p = 7.20 ´ 106 mm 4
b = 120 - a = 81.8 mm
moment of inertia with respect to x,
2 2
A = 12 pr = 12 p (90 ) ( )
I x = I x¢ + Ab 2 = 7.20 ´ 106 + 12.72 ´ 103 (81.8)2
= 12.72 ´ 103 mm 2 = 92.3 ´ 106 mm 4
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 18
Sample Problem 9.5
• The moment of inertia of the shaded area is obtained by
subtracting the moment of inertia of the half-circle from
the moment of inertia of the rectangle.
I x = 45.9 ´ 106 mm 4
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 19
Product of Inertia
• Product of Inertia:
I xy = ò xy dA
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 20
Principal Axes and Principal Moments of
Inertia
• The change of axes yields
Ix + I y Ix - I y
I x¢ = + cos 2q - I xy sin 2q
2 2
Ix + I y Ix - I y
I y¢ = - cos 2q + I xy sin 2q
2 2
Ix - I y
I x¢y¢ = sin 2q + I xy cos 2q
2
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 22
Sample Problem 9.6
SOLUTION:
• Determine the product of inertia using
direct integration with the parallel axis
theorem on vertical differential area strips
• Apply the parallel axis theorem to
evaluate the product of inertia with respect
to the centroidal axes.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 23
Sample Problem 9.6
SOLUTION:
• Determine the product of inertia using direct integration
with the parallel axis theorem on vertical differential
area strips
æ xö æ xö
y = hç1 - ÷ dA = y dx = hç1 - ÷dx
è bø è bø
æ xö
xel = x yel = 12 y = 12 hç1 - ÷
è bø
I xy =1 b2h2
24
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 24
Sample Problem 9.6
• Apply the parallel axis theorem to evaluate the
product of inertia with respect to the centroidal axes.
x = 13 b y = 13 h
1 b2h2
I x¢¢y ¢¢ = - 72
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 25
Sample Problem 9.7
SOLUTION:
• Compute the product of inertia with
respect to the xy axes by dividing the
section into three rectangles and applying
the parallel axis theorem to each.
• Determine the orientation of the
principal axes (Eq. 9.25) and the
principal moments of inertia (Eq. 9. 27).
For the section shown, the moments of
inertia with respect to the x and y axes
are Ix = 4.32 x 106 m4 and Iy = 2.901 x
10-6 m4.
Determine (a) the orientation of the
principal axes of the section about O,
and (b) the values of the principal
moments of inertia about O.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 26
Sample Problem 9.7
SOLUTION:
• Compute the product of inertia with respect to the xy axes
by dividing the section into three rectangles.
Apply the parallel axis theorem to each rectangle,
(
I xy = å I x¢y ¢ + x yA )
Note that the product of inertia with respect to centroidal
axes parallel to the xy axes is zero for each rectangle.
I xy = å x yA = -2.723 x 10 -6 m 4
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 27
Sample Problem 9.7
• Determine the orientation of the principal axes (Eq. 9.25)
and the principal moments of inertia (Eq. 9. 27).
I a = I max = 6.4244 x 10 -6 m 4
I b = I min = 10.7966 x 10 -6 m 4
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 28
Mohr’s Circle for Moments and Products
of Inertia
• The moments and product of inertia for an area
are plotted as shown and used to construct Mohr’s
circle,
Ix + I y æ Ix - I y ö 2
I ave = R = çç ÷÷ + I xy
2 è 2 ø
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 29
Sample Problem 9.8
SOLUTION:
• Plot the points (Ix , Ixy) and (Iy ,-Ixy).
Construct Mohr’s circle based on the
circle diameter between the points.
• Based on the circle, determine the
orientation of the principal axes and the
principal moments of inertia.
The moments and product of inertia • Based on the circle, evaluate the
with respect to the x and y axes are Ix = moments and product of inertia with
7.24x106 mm4, Iy = 2.61x106 mm4, and respect to the x’y’ axes.
Ixy = -2.54x106 mm4.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the
principal axes about O, (b) the values of
the principal moments about O, and (c)
the values of the moments and product
of inertia about the x’ and y’ axes
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 30
Sample Problem 9.8
SOLUTION:
• Plot the points (Ix , Ixy) and (Iy ,-Ixy). Construct Mohr’s
circle based on the circle diameter between the points.
( )
OC = I ave = 12 I x + I y = 4.925 ´ 106 mm 4
( )
CD = 12 I x - I y = 2.315 ´ 106 mm 4
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 31
Sample Problem 9.8
• Based on the circle, evaluate the moments and product
of inertia with respect to the x’y’ axes.
The points X’ and Y’ corresponding to the x’ and y’ axes
are obtained by rotating CX and CY counterclockwise
through an angle Q = 2(60o) = 120o. The angle that CX’
forms with the x’ axes is f = 120o - 47.6o = 72.4o.
I x¢ = 5.96 ´ 106 mm 4
I y ¢ = 3.89 ´ 106 mm 4
• In SI units,
(
I = ò r 2 dm = kg × m 2 )
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 34
Parallel Axis Theorem
• For the rectangular axes with origin at O and parallel
centroidal axes,
( ) [ ]
I x = ò y 2 + z 2 dm = ò ( y ¢ + y )2 + ( z ¢ + z )2 dm
= ò (y ¢ 2 + z ¢ 2 )dm + 2 y ò y ¢dm + 2 z ò z ¢dm + (y 2 + z 2 )ò dm
I x = I x ¢ + m (y 2 + z 2 )
I y = I y¢ + m(z 2 + x 2 )
I z = I z¢ + m(x 2 + y 2 )
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 35
Moments of Inertia of Thin Plates
• For a thin plate of uniform thickness t and homogeneous
material of density r, the mass moment of inertia with
respect to axis AA’ contained in the plate is
I AA¢ = ò r 2 dm = rt ò r 2 dA
= r t I AA¢,area
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 36
Moments of Inertia of Thin Plates
I CC ¢ = I AA¢ + I BB¢ = 12 mr 2
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 37
Moments of Inertia of a 3D Body by
Integration
• Moment of inertia of a homogeneous body
is obtained from double or triple
integrations of the form
I = r ò r 2 dV
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 38
Moments of Inertia of Common Geometric
Shapes
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 39
Sample Problem 9.12
SOLUTION:
• With the forging divided into a prism and
two cylinders, compute the mass and
moments of inertia of each component
with respect to the xyz axes using the
parallel axis theorem.
• Add the moments of inertia from the
components to determine the total moments
of inertia for the forging.
[ ]
I y = 121 m 3a 2 + L2 + mx 2
[ 2 2
]
= 121 (.15kg ) 3(.025 m ) + (.076 m ) + (.15 kg )(.06 m )
2
= 63.56375 x 10 -5 kgm 2
[ ] [
I y = 121 m 3a 2 + L2 + m x 2 + y 2 ]
each cylinder :
[ 2
= 121 (.15 kg ) 3 x (.025m ) + (.076 m ) +
2
]
(
m = gV = (10000) p x 0.025 2 x .076 ) (.15 kg )([ .06 m )2 + (.076m )2 ]
m = 0.15 kg
= 150.20375 x 10 -5 kgm 2
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 41
Sample Problem 9.12
prism (a = 0.5m, b = 0.15m, c = 0.05 m):
[ ] [ 2
I x = I z = 121 m b 2 + c 2 = 121 x .38 (0.15 m ) + (0.5 m )
2
]
= 7.9167 x 10 - 4 kgm 2
[ ] [ 2
I y = 121 m c 2 + a 2 = 121 (0.38 kg )(0.05) + (0.05)
2
]
= 1.5833 x 10 -4 kgm 2
prism :
( )
m = gV = 10,000 kg/m 3 (.05 m) (.05 m)
(.05 m) = 3.75 N
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 42
Moment of Inertia With Respect to an
Arbitrary Axis
• IOL = moment of inertia with respect to axis OL
2 r r2
I OL = ò p dm = ò l ´ r dm
r r
• Expressing l and r in terms of the vector
components and expanding yields
I OL = I x l2x + I y l2y + I z l2z
- 2 I xy l x l y - 2 I yz l y l z - 2 I zx l z l x
School of Mechanical
Engineering 9 - 44