ECE 330: Power Circuits and Electromechanics Fall 2018

Homework 2 Solution

Problem 2.16
(a)
Assuming a balanced 3-φ configuration, the complex power per phase is
S 3φ 750
S 1φ = = = 250 MVA.
3 3
Taking the line voltage to be the reference angle, the complex impedance per phase is
2
Vφ (345 kV)2
S 1φ = ∗ = ∗ = 250∠36.87◦
Zφ Zφ
Z φ = 476.1∠36.87◦ Ω

(b)
The phase current is

S 1φ = Vφ Iφ → Iφ = 724.64 A ,

while the line current for a delta-configured load has a magnitude of

√
Il = 3Iφ = 1255.1 A .

(c)
The real and reactive power per phase is

S 1φ = P1φ + jQ1φ = 250 (0.8 + j sin(36.87◦))

= (200 + j150) MVA
P1φ = 200MW
Q1φ = 150 MVAR .

(d)
The total complex power is simply

S 3φ = 3(200 + j150) MVA = 600 + j450 MVA .

1
Problem 2.17
(a)
The total 3-φ complex power may be determined by summing up the complex power consumed by each of the three
loads:
S 3φ = S 1 + S 2 + S 3
180
= 120∠−36.87◦ kVA + ∠53.13◦ kVA + (30 + j0) kVA
0.6
= 306 + j168 kVA .

(b)
The power factor, which is
306
pf = √ = 0.877 lag ,
3062 + 1682
must be lagging since the overall reactive power consumed by the load is positive.

(c)
The line current may be determined though the formula for complex power:
√
S 3φ = 3Vl Il ∠θ = 306 + j168 kVA
306 + j168 kVA
Il = √
3 × 2400 V
= 83.97 A

(d)
Using power factor correction to attain unity power factor for the system, the amount of total KVAR needed will be
exactly that of the existing reactive power in the system

Qcap−3φ = 168 kVAR .

Assuming a 60 Hz operating frequency, this correction would require 148.5 F to be added in parallel to each phase!
With a unity power factor, the resulting line current will be
306 kW
Il = √
3 × 2400 V
= 73.61 A

Problem 2.19
(a)
Before:

∗ 440∠0◦ V ∗
S 3φ = 3V φ I φ = 3 √ Iφ
3
120
∠31.79◦ kW
Iφ∗ = 0.85
3 × 254.03 V
Iφ = 185.25∠−31.79◦ A

2
After:

Vφ ∗
S 3φ = S y−3φ + S ∆−3φ = 3 √ I φ
3
= 120 + j24.37 kVA
Iφ = 160.67∠−11.48◦ A

(b)

120
pf = √ = 0.98 lag
120 + 24.372
2

Problem 2.20
(a)
The per -phase equivalent circuit is seen in Figure 1.

1.5∠75° Ω

+ a Zline a'

Van Va'n Zy-load 20∠30° Ω

n --
--

Figure 1: Circuit Diagram - Problem 2.20

(b)
Assuming a balanced 3-φ load and given that the voltage at the load is 4.16 kV line-line, the line currents of each phase
may be calculated as follows:
◦
4.16∠0
√ kV
V a′ n 3
Ia = =
Z y−load 20∠30◦ Ω
= 120.09∠−30◦ A
I b = 120.09∠−150◦ A
I c = 120.09∠90◦ A .

Using KVL, the line-to-neutral source voltages may be calculated to be

V an = V a′ n + I a Z line
= 2401.8∠0◦ V + (120.09∠−30◦ A)(1.5∠75◦ Ω)
= 2532.3∠2.88◦ V
V bn = 2532.3∠−117.12◦ V
V cn = 2532.3∠122.88◦ V ,

3
where the line-line voltages are
√
V ab = 3 V an ∠θ + 30◦
= 4386.1∠32.88◦ V
V bc = 4386.1∠−87.12◦ V
V ca = 4386.1∠152.88◦ V ,

(c)
The complex power consumed by the loads are

S 3φ = 3Vφ Iφ ∠θ
= 3(2401.8)(120.09)∠30◦ VA
= 749.4 + j432.6 kVA .

(d)
The complex power supplied by the generator is
∗
S gen = 3V an I a
= 3(2532.3∠2.88◦ V)(120.09∠−30◦ A)
= 766 + j496 kVA .

Problem 2.25
With the system specifications, the total complex power draw is
300
S 3φ = (0.6 + j sin (53.13◦))
0.6
= 300 + j400 kVA.

The amount of capacitive VARS required to obtain a power factor of 0.9 lag (θ = 25.84◦) is

Qc = Qold − Qnew
= 400 − 300 tan (25.84◦)
= 254.7 kVAR .

Special Problem 1
(a)
With only shunt capacitance added the power consumed by the load will remain the same, therefore Porig = Pnew = P.
Using this equality condition, the total 3-φ complex power consumed by the original load satisfies

S orig = P + jQorig S new = P + jQnew

2
S orig = P + Q2orig
2 2
S new = P2 + Q2new
2 2
P = S orig − Q2orig P2 = S new
2
− Q2new

4
 2
S orig − Q2orig = S new
2
− Q2new
√ 2 √ 2  2
3Vl Il−orig − Q2orig = 3Vl Il−new − Qorig − Qcap .

Reducing this equality, the load’s total 3-φ real and reactive power is found to be:
 
−3Vl2 Il−new
2 2
− Il−orig + Q2cap
Qorig =
2Qcap
= 12.856 kVAR
r
√ 2
Porig = 3Vl Il−orig − Q2orig

= 14.155 kW .

Special Problem 2
(a)
The total 3-φ complex power consumed by the three parallel loads is

S 3φ = S 1 + S 2 + S 3
60
= 100 (0.9 + j sin(25.84◦)) + (0.7 − j sin(45.57◦))
0.7
√
+ 3Vl Il (cos(25.84) + j sin(25.84))
= 247.2 + j29.46 kVA .

(b)
The magnitude of the source line current may be calculated using the total 3-φ power generated by the source with a
line voltage of 480 V:
√
S 3φ 247.22 + 29.462 kVA
Il = √ = √
3Vl 3 × 480 V
= 299.4 A

(c)
In order to adjust the power factor to unity, the required amount of reactive power per phase due to the addition of
parallel capacitance is

Im[S 3φ ]
Qcap−1φ = = 9.82 kVAR .
3

(d)
As a result of the power factor correction, the magnitude of the total source line current is reduced to
S 3φ
Il = √ = 297.3 A .
3Vl