MODULE 1: Introduction to History  Significant events are those that resulted in

great change over long periods of time for many

Kasaysayan vs History people
 A historical person or event can acquire
Kasaysayan significance if historians can link it to larger
 “saysay” trends and stories that are important for us today
 Salaysay (narrative, not fiction)
 Pre-colonial II. Primary Source Evidence
 Ear culture (epiko, mito, paniniwala): labelled by  Eyewitness accounts (SAKSI)
Spain as vain genealogies  “Litter of history” – letters, documents, records,
History diaries, drawings, newspapers
 “istorya” o raw materials, unpublished official
 HIStory: stories relayed by men documents
 Colonialism  can be written, oral, or material evidence
 Print culture (written documents)  contemporaneous to the period
 own interpretation of the past
Pre-colonial vs Colonial  written or created during the period of
investigation
Pre-colonialism
 “Salvajes, paganos, barbarous, ladrones” Secondary source – works produced after the event;
 Panahon ng Karimlan o Diablo commentary of events, people and institutions
Colonialism
 Christianity Contextualization in History
 Friar  Temporal Context
 Panahon ng Kaliwanagan o Heolohikal (age, era, eon, epoch,
period; Ice Age, Marcos Era, etc)
*Bipartite view of History: Panahon ng Karimlan at o Teknolohikal (paleolitiko, mesolitiko)
Panahon ng Kaliwanagan  Spatial Context
 Socio-cultural Context
HISTORY (19th century) o Tiyempo ng Hapon
 Leopold von Ranke (Father of Modern History) o Katangian ng kaligiran
 Positivism (influenced empiricism) o Yugto ng gawaing agricultural
 Observable, sensical, tangible o Klima: El Nino at La Nina
o Gregorian calendar: Enero – Disyembre
 Archival turn (written sources)
o Agricultural calendar: Kalinga, Ifugao
 Truth, objectivity
 Structures/conjunctures
 Chronology/periodization
19th century 1960s onwards
Discipline Discourse Chronology: sequence of events
Research centers Postist-phenomena (post- Periodization: categorizing the past into separate time;
colonialism, etc.)
Scientific history Cultural, social histories Example of Periodization:
(e.g. history of women,  Precolonial ? – 1565
slaves, children, other
 Colonial 1565 – 1946
microhistory)
 Spanish 1565 – 1898
Political/economic (the
great man theory)
Historical Method
 Primary sources are subjected to historical
Historical Literacy
method
 Historical events and processes through active
 Historical criticisms: investigate origin of texts
engagement with historical texts
o External
 Physical or biological aspects
Six Historical Thinking Concepts
 4Ws: who, what, when, where
(1) Historical Significance
 Authenticity and originality
(2) Primary Source Evidence
 Investigates writing loops
(3) Continuity and Change
(4) Cause and Consequence
(5) Historical Perspectives
o Internal
(6) Critical Dimension
 Significance or meaning
 Asks why and how
I. Historical Significance
 Credibility and reliability
 o No variance; unattainable
Validating Authenticity
 Paleographer: ancient writings Historical Perspectives
 Philologist: language Nationalist or generalist History of Mentalities
 Numismatics: coins, paper, money, medals Positivist Annales school (microhistory)
 Epigraphy: ancient inscriptions
Marxist History from above/below
III. Continuity and Change Feminist Post-colonial, post-modern
 History is a process (Early History, The Making Philology Pantayong pananaw
of History, Modern History, etc.)
Social constructivism
 Judgments can be made on the basis of
comparisons between some point in the past
and the present, or between two points in the
past VI. Ethical or Critical Dimension
 Change is evaluated over time using the ideas of  Ethical judgments about historical action
progress and decline  Learn from the past in order to face the ethical
issues of today
IV. Cause and Effect  “Historians attempt to hold back on explicit
 Asks the questions ‘how’ and ‘why’ to examine ethical judgments about actors in the midst of
both tragedies and accomplishments their accounts, but, when all is said and done, if
 “What ere the actions, beliefs, and the story is meaningful, then there is an ethical
circumstances that led to these consequences?” judgment involved.”
 Human agency: people play a part in promoting,
shaping, and resisting change Subfields of History
 Causes are multiple and layered, involving both Political or diplomatic Literary History
long-term ideologies, institutions, conditions, and Economic Historical demography
short-term motivations, actions, and events Cultural Historical geography
 Causes offered for a particular event may differ Social Psychoanalysis
based on the historian’s scale of history & Intellectual History Quantitative history
approach Environmental History Historical disciplines

V. Historical Perspectives (pananaw)

 Understanding the social, cultural, intellectual,
and emotional setting that shaped people’s lives
and actions in the past
 Demands comprehension of the vast differences
between the present and the past
 Understanding the foreignness of the past opens
a wider perspective from which to evaluate our
present preoccupations
 “The past is a foreign country, they do things
differently there.” – L.P. Hatty
 Examples: interpretations, frameworks,
paradigms, punto-de-bista, belief, reference
point, bias/prejudices (gender, ideologies,
economic status, age, etc.)

Traditional Views of History

 Cyclical or fatalist
o History repeats itself
o Rise and fall of civilization; no progress
 Providential or teleological
o Apocalyptic history
o Philosophy of doom: ‘end of the world’
and ‘day of atonement’
 Linear or chronological
o Linear development
o Precolonial  Colonial  Post-colonial
 Unification history
o ‘unified’
o Product of nationalists
MODULE 2: The Philippine Archipelago
Main Attributes of a Modern State
 Territoriality
 Exercise of power
 Jurisdiction over a population
 Sovereignty
 Legal personality (known to other countries)
 Role as an international actor (international
meetings)
 Close association with the nation
 Compelling ideological appeal (supports
advocacies)
 Huge rice imports in a country which is home to
a major international center for rice research
 Internal geopolitics (case in Mindanao)
o Enduring religious cleavage
o Muslim terror groups
 External geopolitics
o Spratlys Island
o Claim to Sabah
 Ineffective land reform
 Idiosyncratic transporatation system
 Massive migration of Filipinos
The Filipino People

Location and Geography Population

 Western Pacific  106 512 074 in 2018; 104 918 090 in 2017
 Southeast Asia  1.52% growth rate
 ASEAN: August 8, 1967  311 sq. km.
 Archipelagic character: Ethnic Groups
o Geographical fragmentation  78 languages and 500 dialects
(regionalism)  8 major language group: Tagalog, Visayan,
o Led to insularism, social & political Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bicol, Waray, Pampango,
clannism Pangasinense
o Linguistic diversity, regional and ethnic  Bilingualism
identities have remained very strong  Filipino: based on Tagalog
 Philippines - one of the three pillars of the Coral  “Tagalog linguistic imperialism” (due to linguistic
Triangle mixing such as Taglish)
 Land area: 300 000 sq. km. Major Religions: Christianity and Islam
o 64th largest in the world  Roman Catholic – 82.9%
 Three major bodies of water: South China Sea,  Protestant – 5.4%
Philippine Sea, Celebes Sea  Islam – 4.6%
 Three major regions: Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao  Phil. Independent Church – 2.6%
 Tropical zone  Iglesia ni Kristo – 2.3%
o Monsoon: habagat and amihan  Others (including animism) – 2.2%
o Habagat or southwest monsoon (warm Religious Affiliation
& humid)  Religion and Politics
o Amihan or northeast monsoon (cold & o Iglesia ni Kristo became an important
dry) force in Phil. politics
 Stretches from Y’ami Islands to Sitangkai o Filipinos are not regarded as religiously
Islands doctrinaire (nominal Catholics)
o Strong maritime environment o Millenarianism: “containing a thousand”
o No land borders, but may maritime o Phil. politics: strong presence of
borders religious themes (1896 Revolution and
o One of the most terraqueous in the 1986 Edsa Revolution)
world  Religious syncretism
o Irregular shorelines, alluvial plains, o Result of the ‘localization’ of new belief
narrow valleys, mountains systems according to pre-existing social
needs
Geographical Issues  Folk Christianity:
 Economic development lagging behind Reinterpretation of Catholic
neighboring countries in Southeast Asia beliefs/practices
 A hard-to-tame Manila megacity  Folk Islam: combines Islamic
 Exposure to natural hazards such as volcanic teaching w/ pre-Muslim animist
eruptions, earthquakes among the Maguindanao’s
 Slow demographic transition leading to the fast
population growth of a youthful country Philippine Politics
 Deforestation and environmental issues
o Overexploitation/pollution Philippines
 Regional inequalities  17 regions
 Weak tourism attractiveness as compared to  79 provinces
other nations
  115 cities
 1499 municipalities Philippine Prehistory
 41 969 languages  Panahon ng Bato
o Callao Cave
Car o Tabon Cave
 6 provinces o Teorya ng pagtatao at pandarayuhan
 2 cities  Panahon ng Metal
 129 barangays  Paglaganap ng Kalakalan (1st century to 14th
century)
Political Administration
 Constitutional democracy that adopted some Kasangkapang Paleolitiko
of its structures and political rituals  Kulturang pebble
o Three branches of government o Lumitaw sa panahon ng pamamayani
 Bicameral legislature ng homo habilis hanggang homo
o Senate erectus
o House of Representatives o Tinapyas (flake) na talukab (shell) ang
o 20-at-large representatives ginamit
 Kasangkapang buod (core tool) at tinapyas
Philippine Archipelagic Doctrine (flake) na bato
 1982 UNCLOS which entered into force in
1994 Sapientisasyon
 Beginning of the UNCLOS  Maintenance tools – wood and stone
o 1958 UNCLOS I  “Lignic tradition”
o 1960 UNCLOS II
o 1967 UNCLOS III Teorya sa Pagtatao sa Pilipinas
o 1982 Signed Convention (Dec. 10)  Wave Migration Theory and Inland Push
o 1984 Ratified Convention Theory by Henry Beyer
 UNCLOS o The recent people push the first
o Constitution for the ocean and seas of people
our planet o Example: Indonesians pushing the
o Govern maritime disputes among Negritos into the interior (mountains)
member states o Limitations: There are some Negritos
o Most comprehensive treaty with its who can be found everywhere; not just
own dispute mechanism in a specific environment
o Codified customary international law  Nusantao Maritime Trading
o Concepts: EEZ, ECS…  Local Origins Theory by Felipe Jocano
(internal explanation)
Maritime Zones  Austronesian Diffusion by Peter Bellwood
1. Territorial seas o The Austronesians went to different
2. Contiguous zone countries
3. EEZ – Exclusive Economic Zone o They sailed from Southern China to
4. ECS – Extended Continental Shelf Taiwan to Batanes
5. High Seas (international waters) o Evidences: genetic evidence, artifacts,
6. The Area linguistics, weaving, trade (boat
culture), archaeological
Prehistory. Protohistory and History  Archaeological
 jade earrings (ling-ling-
Prehistory o) in Cordillera region
 Era: Cenozoic
 Period: Quaternary  Linguistic
 Ugnayan ng heolohiya, teknolohiya at kultura  Similarities with other
 Geology: Human Evolution and Hominization countries
o Miocene  Pongidae and Hominidae Others:
o Pleistocene  Homo erectus and  wangka (boat culture)
Homo habilis  manunggo jar
 Ebolusyong biolohikal (Hominization)  sea fairy culture
o Pisikal na pagbabago  Dungon in Cordillera (bangka-shaped)
 Ebolusyong kultural (Sapientization)  stilt houses (elevated bahay kubo)
 o spiritual beliefs: underworld and upper
world
o loft: for extra produce

Island Origin:
 Archaic
 Incipient
 Formative
 Established Filipino

Proto-Philippine Stage
 Panahon ng Metal
o Tanso (2500 B.C.)
o Bronse (3000 B.C.)
o Bakal
 Pagpapanday ng bakal (Malay forge) at
teknolohiya ng bakal
 Batayan ng pagpasok sa kagubatan,
pagpapatayo ng irigasyon, batayan ng paglaki
ng populasyon
Pagsibol ng Lahing Pilipino at Kapaligiran
 Naging kapuluan ang Pilipinas dahil sa
paggalaw ng mga platong tektoniko (tectonic
plate)
o Panahon ng Cretaceous hanggang
Pleistocene
o Pleistocene: nabuo ang kasalukuyang
kapuluan
 Pagkakalikha ng likha
o Panahong Paleolitiko hanggang
Neolitiko
 Sa paglubog ng tulay-lupa, nagsimula ang
pagkalat ng mga taong lahing Austronesyano
o Pasipiko  Taiwan  Hilagang Luzon
 East Timor
 Ang kapuluan ng Pilipinas ay nagsimula sa
proto-Philippine na nabuo sa panahong
heolohikal ng Cretaceous
 Ang paggalaw ng mga continental plate ay
nagbunga rin ng bulkanismo at paglindol
 Sa mahabang panahon ng paggalaw ng mga
kalupaan, ang Pilipinas ay humantong sa
kinaroonan nito ngayon
o Malapit sa equator at nasa gilid ng
Pasipiko
o Fun Tao Tana (Melu's brother)
 Placed the people's nose
upside down, making them
drown when the rain pours
 Manuvu myth:
o The evil Ogassi (Manama's mirror
image)
 Incorporated white abaca
strands into the clay
 Doomed to grow white hair,
get old and die
The Loneliness of the Sky God
 Hebrew God
o Complete in himself and created the
world
 "Second creation, the presence of a rival
creator, and the creator's loneliness all point
to a creator who is less than omnipotent"

The Native Idea of Creation

 'first creation'
o Creation out of nothing
o Found principally in the Judaeo-
Christian-Moslem tradition
o Creator: perfectly omnipotent being

The Second Creation

 Creation out of some underlying material
o E.g. a sub-stratum is used to form the
tree (wood, clay, or rock)
 Believed by early Filipinos
 Melu, the Bagobo creator, used the leavings
of his body to fashion the earth
 "In the Bikol account, after their unsuccessful
rebellion against their grandfather, Langit the
sky, the copper body of Bulan became the
moon, and the golden body of Aldao became
the sun"
 American Indians believe that the swimming
animals brought up slime from the bottom of
the sea, and then spread it over the back of
another animal and it grew into the world

The Bad Brother

 'brother'
o Envious and short of imagination
o Responsible for the defects and
imperfections of creation
 Bagobo myth: