Best Management Practices For Municipal Concrete Infrastructure November 14 Published PDF

Best Management Practices for
Municipal Concrete
Infrastructure
Acknowledgements
Committee Members
Acknowledgement
Committee Members
Tracy Blanchard City of Orillia

Chris Bradley County of Peterborough
Peter Bziuk (Committee Chair) County of Essex
Sean Frye Danruss Contracting/Ready-mix
Rico Fung Cement Association of Canada
Devin Gordon Miller Group
Neil Johnston Slip Form Construction
Bart Kanters Concrete Ontario
Alen Keri Concrete Ontario
Gerald Kernohan Dufferin Concrete
Chris McColl Dufferin Concrete
Matthew Miedema City of Thunder Bay
Mark Popik Thurber Engineering
Mick Prieur Capital Paving
Eric Saunderson (Technical Editor) Region of Waterloo
Bradley Schmidt Dillon Consulting
Bryan Schulz Canada Building Materials
James Smith Ontario Good Roads Association
Tim Smith Lafarge North America
Frank Suppa City of Vaughan
Peter Waisanen exp Services
Corresponding Member: Doug Hooton,

Corresponding University
Member: Doug of Toronto
Hooton, Uninversity of Toronto
Disclaimer
The material presented in this text was carefully researched by the Ontario Good Roads Association
(OGRA), Municipal Concrete Liaison Committee. Unfortunately no warranty expressed or implied is
made on the accuracy of the contents or their extraction from reference to publications; nor shall
the fact of distribution constitute responsibility by OGRA, Concrete Ontario (previously Ready-
Mixed Concrete Association of Ontario - RMCAO) and the Cement Association of Canada (CAC), or
any researchers or contributing authors for omissions, errors or possible misrepresentations that
may result from use of interpretation of the material contained herein. This manual is intended to
represent a synopsis of concrete infrastructure best practices. The manual may require updates
as new applications mature and you are encouraged to share your best practice by contacting
Concrete Ontario or the Cement Association of Canada or the Ontario Good Roads Association.
3
Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure
Message from the Chair
The evolution of concrete-like structures pre dates the construction of the Roman Coliseum. The
continued development of concrete materials and most recent enhancements include air entraining
c.1930, fiber reinforcement c. 1970 and super plasticizer c. 1980.
With the addition of steel reinforcement the challenge of constructing sustainable concrete
infrastructure has delivered the Confederation Bridge (P.E.I.), the C.N. Tower (Toronto), the
Freeport Bridge (Kitchener Waterloo), the Canadian Museum of History (Gatineau), sections of the
400 series highways in Ontario and numerous other bridges and highways across Canada as shown
in Figure 1.
The concrete industry takes pride in producing reliable and sustainable infrastructure assets
to serve the needs of commuters, commerce and municipal customers. The reliability of those
concrete assets is vital to economic growth, movement of goods and employment. Similar to other
employment sectors, the concrete industry is at risk of an aging population about to retire. As the
workforce takes the exit ramp into their golden years, the institutional knowledge and experience
will also leave.
The people are key to the success of the concrete industry. While many of those people are
employed with contractors, consulting firms, educational institutions and government offices, some
of those same people are contributing authors to this Best Practices Manual. The primary objective
of this manual is the continued success of the concrete industry. The transfer of knowledge and
best practices starts here.
Figure 1: City Centre Drive, Mississauga (photo provided by Concrete Ontario).
4
Table of Contents Chapter 7 – Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill)
7.1 Introduction..................................................41
Acknowledgements.................................................3 7.2 Materials........................................................42
7.3 Plastic Properties........................................42
Message from the Chair........................................4 7.4 Harden Properties.......................................43
Glossary of Terms...................................................5 Chapter 8 – Architectural Concrete
8.1 Types of Architectural Concrete.............44
Chapter 1 8.2 Cast-in-Place Horizontal Surfaces-
Introduction..................................................................................9 Decorative Concrete...................................45
Chapter 2 – Sidewalk, Curb & Gutter 8.3 Qualifications and Specifications............49
Evaluation and Inspection Chapter 9 – Concrete Jointing
2.1 Sidewalk Inventory and 9.1 Construction Joints....................................53
Assessment....................................................10 9.2 Contraction Joints......................................54
2.2 Temporary Sidewalk Restoration.............10 9.3 Isolation Joints............................................54
2.3 Sidewalk Replacement................................11 9.4 Expansion Joints.........................................55
2.4 Sidewalk Condition Index............................11 9.5 Joint Sealant................................................56
2.5 Curb / Curb and Gutter Replacement......12 Chapter 10 – Procurement
Chapter 3 – Asset Management and Rigid 10.1 Plan Purchases and Acquisitions.............59
10.2 Planned Contracting...................................60
Pavement Selection
10.3 Contracts.......................................................61
3.1 Asset Management.......................................13
10.4 Contract Administration.............................62
3.2 Economical Assessment..............................13
10.5 Contract Closure..........................................63
3.3 Subgrade Soil and Traffic Evaluation......14
3.4 Pavement Selection.....................................15 Chapter 11 – Pre-Construction & Pre-
3.5 Equivalent Pavement Design.....................15 Placement Meetings
3.6 Components of a Conventional Concrete Pre-Construction & Pre-Placement Meetings.....................64
Pavement........................................................17
3.7 Types of Concrete Pavement....................18 Chapter 12 – Concrete Ordering Procedures
12.1 Concrete Order Entry.................................65
Chapter 4 – Concrete Bridges 12.2 Directions to the Jobsite...........................66
4.1 Introduction...................................................24 12.3 Dispatch Process.........................................66
4.2 Concrete Bridge Inspection.......................24 12.4 Specialty Concrete Products....................66
4.3 Bridge Rehabilitation...................................26
4.4 New Technologies........................................28 Chapter 13 – Transportation and Receiving
Concrete
Chapter 5 – Sustainability
5.1 Cement...........................................................29 Transportation and Receiving Concrete..............................68
5.2 Long Life Pavement....................................30 Chapter 14 – Convey, Placing, Consolidating
5.3 Traffic Delays................................................30
and Finishing Concrete
5.4 Heat Island Reduction and
Cooling Effects.............................................31 Convey, Placing, Consolidating and Finishing Concrete..70
5.5 Lighting and Electricity Use......................31 Chapter 15 – Concrete Protection and Curing
5.6 CO2 Sequestering.........................................32
Requirements
5.7 Reduction in Virgin Aggregate Usage....32
15.1 Concrete Protection....................................73
5.8 Pavement-Vehicle Interaction..................32
5.9 Two-lift Concrete pavements...................33 15.2 Concrete Curing...........................................75
5.10 Thin pavements...........................................33 Chapter 16 – Measurement, Testing and
5.11 Diamond Grinding/Grooving.....................34 Acceptance of Concrete
5.12 Concrete Recycling.....................................34 16.1 Minimum Testing Qualifications of
5.13 ECO Certified Plants...................................34 Laboratories and Personnel.....................79
5.14 Enhanced Aesthetics and Societal 16.2 Normal Plastic (On-site) Concrete Test
Benefits..........................................................35 Methods.........................................................80
Chapter 6 – Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 16.3 Standard Frequency of On-site Testing..80
16.4 Distribution of Concrete Test Reports...81
(LCCA) 16.5 Recording and Reporting of
6.1 Equivalent Pavement Design Example...38
Test Reports..................................................82
6.2 Equivalent Pavement Design – Initial
16.6 Evaluation of Concrete Hardened
Construction, Maintenance and
Rehabilitation Costs....................................40 Properties......................................................82
5
Table of Contents Appendix
Appendix A: RMCAO Plant Certification
Chapter 17 – Project Closeout and Program.....................................................................................109
Appendix B: OGCA Gold Seal Program................................110
Continuous Improvement Appendix C: Concrete Test Forms & Reporting -
17.1 Deficiency Identification and
CMATS™.......................................................................................111
Rectification Work......................................85
Appendix D: Concrete Order Form.......................................113
17.2 Substantial Completion and Contract
Appendix E: Mix Design Submission Form..........................114
Maintenance Period....................................85
Appendix F: Checklist for Concrete Pre-
17.3 Continuous Improvement and Lessons
Construction Conference........................................................116
Learned..........................................................86
Appendix G: CCIL Concrete Certification Program.........142
17.4 Contractor and Consultant Performance
Appendix H: Checklist for Concrete Pumping..................143
Evaluation......................................................86 Appendix I: Specialty Concrete Applications...................147
Chapter 18 – Troubleshooting 101 Appendix J: Summary of CSA Exposure Classes.............149
18.1 Plastic Concrete..........................................88 Appendix K: Checklist for Concrete Ordering and
18.1.1 Air Loss – Concrete pumping 88 Scheduling.................................................................................153
18.1.2 Air loss – Excessive vibration 88 Appendix L: Checklist for Concrete Curb and Gutters /
18.1.3 Excessive bleeding 89 Sidewalks...................................................................................158
18.1.4 Plastic shrinkage cracking 89
18.1.5 Blistering 90
18.1.6 Segregation 90
18.2 Vertical Work 91
18.2.1 Honeycombing 91
18.2.2 Cold Joints 92
18.2.3 Bugholes 92
18.3 Flatwork 93
18.3.1 Low Spots 93
18.3.2 Popouts 93
18.3.3 Uncontrolled drying shrinkage
cracks 94
18.3.4 Settlement Cracks 95
18.3.5 Crazing 95
18.3.6 Curling 95
18.3.7 Dusting 96
18.3.8 Scaling 97
18.3.9 Mortar Flaking 98
18.3.10 Faulting 98
18.3.11 Blow-ups 99
18.4 Pavements 100
18.4.1 Segregation 100
18.4.2 Joint Lockup 100
18.4.3 Longitudinal / transverse cracking
following placement 101
18.4.4 Low skid resistance 103
18.4.5 Noise Complaints 103
18.5 Common Troubleshooting 110
18.5.1 Low Strength 104
18.5.2 Thermal Cracking 105
18.5.3 Delamination 106
18.5.4 Discolouration 106
18.5.5 Alkali Aggregate Reactivity (Silica or
Carbonate) 107
18.5.6 Contamination 108
6
Glossary of Terms Contraction Joint (control joint): A sawed,
grooved, or formed joint in concrete used to
control random cracking caused by drying and
Air Content: The amount of entrapped or thermal shrinking of the concrete.
entrained air in a concrete mix; expressed as
a percentage of the total volume. Properly air Curing: An action taken which maintains
entrained concrete will prevent cracking during favourable temperature and moisture
freeze-thaw cycles. conditions in freshly placed concrete to allow
for it to set to its desired strength. The length
Air Entrainment: When an admixture is added of curing time varies depending on the size
to a concrete mix design which causes a and shape of the concrete section, mix design,
controlled quantity of very small air bubbles to cement type, weather, and future exposure
form in it. This is typically done to increase a conditions. Insufficient curing can lead to
concretes workability along with freeze/thaw premature failure.
resistance.
Curing Compound: A liquid chemical compound
Bull-Float: A tool made up of wood, aluminum applied to the surface of the concrete to
or magnesium used to spread and smooth prevent loss of moisture during early stages of
freshly placed concrete. hydration.
Carbonation: A chemical reaction between Cylinder Test: A lab test which determines
the carbon dioxide in the air and the hydration the compressive strength of a concrete
compounds in the cement of the concrete. cylinder; with a height to diameter ratio of 2:1,
by compressing it under a hydraulic ram to
Cold Weather: Those conditions when the determine the amount of pressure required to
air temperature is at or below 5°C. It is also fracture it. This test is usually used to verify
considered to exist when the air temperature is that the specified strength of a concrete mix
at or is likely to fall below 5°C within 96 hours has been achieved.
after concrete placement.
Direct Fired Heater: A style of heater that
Compressive Strength: The maximum forces air directly through a flame to heat the
compressive load which concrete can sustain air.
before it fractures.
Exposure Class: The minimum concrete
Concrete Pavement: A rigid pavement performance is specified based on which
structure with an exposed concrete surface. exposure class the concrete falls under. This
is determined by the applicable exposure
Consistency: The ability of a fresh concrete to conditions, structural, architectural and
flow, which can be measured by a slump test. durability requirements for the concrete.
Consolidation: The process of removing Feasibility Study: An analysis of the ability
entrapped air from freshly placed concrete. to complete a project successfully, taking
Several methods and techniques are available; into account legal, economic, technological,
however the most common method used is scheduling and other factors.
vibration.
Construction Joint: A joint where two

successive concrete placements meet or where
new concrete is placed against old concrete.
7
Flexural Test: A measure of an unreinforced the mix.
concrete specimen to resist failure (fracture) Slump: A measure of the consistency of freshly
in bending. The maximum flexural strength is mixed concrete. This can be checked with a
measured by loading the span of a concrete slump test. If more water is added to a mix
specimen; with a span length to depth ratio of design, the slump would increase.
3:1, until failure.
Tele-belt: A telescopic belt conveyor mounted
Fresno: A steel trowel used in finishing the on a truck used to place concrete.
surface of concrete after it has been floated
with a wood or magnesium float. Thermocouple: A device consisting of two wires
of dissimilar metals connected at two points,
Hot Weather: Those conditions when the air used to measure temperature in the concrete.
temperature is at or above 28°C. It is also
considered to exist when the air temperature is Tining: A style of concrete texturing creating
at or is likely to rise above 28°C within 24 hours grooves in the surface of the concrete
after concrete placement. commonly used to reduce tire-pavement noise.
Grooves can be transverse or longitudinal.
Housing and Heating System: An enclosure
built around concrete with heat applied used to
protect the concrete during the curing process.
Hydration: The water causes the hardening of

concrete through a process called hydration.
Hydration is a chemical reaction in which the
major compounds in cement form chemical
bonds with water molecules and become
hydrates or hydration products.
Hydronic Heating: A heating system in which

hot water runs through radiant tubing used to
maintain curing temperatures or thaw frozen
ground.
In-Direct Fired Heater: A style of heater that

uses a flame contained in a burn chamber
which heats an exchanger. Air passes over and
around the heat exchanger thus heating the air.
Permeability: The property which governs

the rate of flow of a fluid through a porous
concrete.
Plastic: The state at which a freshly mixed

concrete is workable and readily mouldable.
Segregation: In concrete technology,

segregation can be of two types. Firstly the
coarse aggregate may separate from the main
mass of concrete in its plastic state. Secondly,
the grout (cement paste) may separate from
8
Introduction
1
Chapter 1 – Introduction our industry today; however, this manual is

and Inspection
Curb & Gutter Management
Evaluation
only a synopsis of best practices available

Sidewalk,
2
The “Best Management Practices for Municipal in the market and may not entirely address
Concrete Infrastructure (BMP-MCI)” manual some of the issues encountered on municipal
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
has been developed by the Ontario Good concrete projects. For further information,
Asset
3
Roads Association (OGRA), Municipal Concrete participants should continue to work with their
Liaison Committee. The Committee consists local engineering professionals and industry
Concrete
of members from various municipalities all partners to develop solutions for project-
Bridges
4
over Ontario; consulting firms; contractors; specific issues

ready-mix concrete suppliers and associations.
Sustainability Cost Analysis Unshrinkable
The manual is setup to walk you through

5
It is the intention of this guide to provide a a project from the initial concept stage to
resource for municipal staff, consultants, the identification of future work, material
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
contractors and ready-mix concrete producers selection, planning, procurement, delivery,

6
for municipal projects and to have a single inspection, troubleshooting, and project
resource for information on municipal closeout. Figure 1.1 shows a typical unbonded
Fill (U-Fill)
concrete infrastructure across the province concrete overlay project in the Region of
7
of Ontario. The Committee recognized the Waterloo.

need to have a guide that summarizes the
Architectural
Concrete
best practices across the province in order

8
to provide consistency for contractors,

consultants and ready-mix producers. Having
Concrete
Jointing
everyone on the same page, no matter

9
where they work, should reduce problems

Procurement
and improve communication on municipal

10
infrastructure projects. Every effort has been

made to address the known issues facing
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
and Receiving Consolidating and
Concrete
13
and Finishing Requirements
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
Curing Acceptance of Continuous Troubleshooting
15
Measurement,
Testing and Closeout and
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
Figure 1.1 - Unbonded Concrete Overlay on Spragues Road (provided by Region of Waterloo)
18
9
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 2 – Sidewalk, Curb & Gutter municipality’s asset management system,
and Inspection
Evaluation
Evaluation and Inspection the data collector should add applicable
Sidewalk,
2
information for inventory purposes and
Infrastructure planning consists of include sidewalk assets for future assessment.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
assessing missing links of sidewalk and Any new sidewalk installed through capital
Asset
3
curb, infrastructure needs and condition works projects and/or new subdivisions are to
assessments. An annual review is required to be added to the inventory database for future
Concrete
document infrastructure condition of assets tracking, monitoring and planning purposes.
Bridges
4
in accordance with minimum maintenance
standards set out in Ontario Regulation On an on-going basis, municipal staff and/

239/02. Municipalities are required to address or consulting firms should be able to provide
5
a sidewalk defect / trip hazard greater than 2 an annual report on the status of sidewalk
cm within 14 days. assets and develop plans to capture their
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
respective City-wide sidewalk condition data
6
2.1 Sidewalk Inventory and Assessment for the entire sidewalk network. The sidewalk
assessment should include, but not be limited
Fill (U-Fill)
Inventory and assessment of sidewalks can be to, the following detailed information:
7
undertaken and administered through the use
of the municipal staff or outsourced to private • Itemized information on the municipalities
Architectural
Concrete
agencies through the Request for Proposal selected database;
8
(RFP) and procurement process. Inventory • Global Positioning System (GPS) location or
and assessment should be conducted on municipal address;
Concrete
Jointing
annual basis at the municipality’s discretion in • Length of sidewalk sections identified by
9
the spring of each year (weather permitting) database segments;
Procurement
to ensure sidewalk defects can be addressed • Width of the sidewalk and number of panels;
10
in a reasonable timeframe. • Date and time of field inspections or
assessments;
Construction
Placement
In accordance with provincial legislation, • Detailed documentation on sidewalk
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
municipalities are required to address known condition and appearance;
sidewalk defects and/or tripping hazards • Number of residential, commercial and
Procedures
within a 14-day period. Therefore, the industrial driveways;
Concrete
Ordering
12
municipality should document defects, such • Identification of potential restoration (ex.
as vertical joint deflections with electronic grinding) locations including measurements;
Transportation
Concrete
photographs denoting the date/time and type and
13
of defect found during the ‘pre-inspection’ • Prioritization of any urgent spot repairs and
process. Additionally, a ‘post-inspection’ sidewalk removals / replacements.

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
photograph should be taken following
14
restoration of the defect and stored in the 2.2 Temporary Sidewalk Restoration
municipality’s database for future monitoring. Protection
Concrete
Photographs can be provided in image file A thorough inspection is needed to identify

15
formats, such as JPEG, unless otherwise and estimate how many defects or joint
directed and/or approved in writing by the deflections exist throughout the municipality’s
Measurement,
Concrete
municipality. sidewalk network. The municipality will need

16
to establish an appropriate level of service

The information should be made available for the network and determine what height of
Improvement
Project
to whoever is collecting the data for their deflection is necessary to warrant the various
17
sole direct use for updating the status of types of repairs.

the sidewalk defect repair and maintenance
of the sidewalk condition database. If the One method to address trip hazards is to
18
section of sidewalk is not identified in the temporarily install asphalt ramps or grind the
10
Appendix

Introduction
1
edge of the joint to remove the deflection and 2.3 Sidewalk Replacement
and Inspection
Evaluation
provide a sloped surface until a permanent

Sidewalk,
2
repair can be completed. A precision guided Generally speaking, the need for sidewalk
grinder or diamond edge saw blade can replacement is mainly identified on an “as
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
be used to cut edges and create a tapered required” basis and typically performed by
Asset
3
surface which can provide a smooth transition municipalities under annual rehabilitation
between sidewalk panels. The contractor program. Sections of sidewalk should be
Concrete
conducting the work can then remove any identified for replacement based on the
Bridges
4
excess debris that has been cut from the overall needs for the network and prioritized
joint deflection and clean the surface to based on the parameters required, such as,
remove any slurry from the grinder or saw. the geographical location of the defects,
5
Upon completion, the surface of the sidewalk severity / number of defects and the
should be smooth, uniform, and aesthetically frequency of use by area residents and/or
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
pleasing, all while providing a slip-resistant businesses. For example, a section of sidewalk
6
repair for public use following restoration. adjacent to a school or high pedestrian
area should rank higher than a section of
Fill (U-Fill)
sidewalk with
7
low volume
use. Sidewalk
Architectural
Concrete
repairs that
8
present a
hazard to
Concrete
Jointing
pedestrians
9
(such as trip,
Procurement
slip and fall,

10
etc.) should
be promptly
Construction
Placement
addressed and
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
permanently
removed /
Procedures
replaced with
Concrete
Ordering
12
new concrete
sidewalk to
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
11
Appendix

Introduction
1
alleviate these issues. can use or derive their own guidelines from
and Inspection
Evaluation
the following examples to create criteria for
Sidewalk,
2
2.4 Sidewalk Condition Index curb repair or replacement as part of annual
road rehabilitation programs or reconstruction
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
One method of evaluating the condition of a projects. Some key deficiencies that can be
Asset
3
section of sidewalk is to assess the defects, considered in the planning of curb or curb and
severity of repairs required and develop a gutter repair or replacement work can include,
Concrete
Sidewalk Condition Index (SCI). As shown in but is not limited to, the following:
Bridges
4
Table 2.1, the SCI can be based on rankings
for segments of streets in terms of low, • Major stress cracks, 2 or more per driveway

medium or high priority or can be assigned entrance (or longer than 500mm each);
5
a numerical value for repair prioritization • Settlement areas and standing water along
in the network. Each segment or section of the gutter line (greater than 25mm);
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
sidewalk is assigned a maximum rating of 10 • Misalignment of curb lines;
6
and a specific number is deducted from this • Tilting or over-turning;
value based on the severity and extent of the • Missing sections of curb;
Fill (U-Fill)
sidewalk distress. In this particular evaluation • Type of curb (does not comply with current
7
process, a higher priority rating should be standards); and
applied to rank street segments in relation • Other defects affecting integrity of the curb
Architectural
Concrete
to other sections of the municipality. Based (such as, finish) that may affect public safety.
8
on these rankings, a sidewalk rehabilitation
program can be developed for a group of During the preliminary planning stages of a
Concrete
Jointing
streets with lower ratings. This approach will rehabilitation program and/or reconstruction
9
improve the contractor’s ability to schedule project, a feasibility study should be
Procurement
the repairs and provide a cost-effective undertaken to determine the benefit of
10
approach to completing the work. replacing existing curbing with current
standards (i.e. replacing barrier curb with
Construction
Placement
2.5 Curb / Curb and Gutter Replacement curb and gutter for drainage purposes).
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
The scope of work may vary from project to
In an effort to meet the expectations of project based on the type of work required
Procedures
residents and provide
Concrete
Ordering
12
adequate drainage on
roadways, the municipality
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
12
Appendix

Introduction
1
and overall objectives for the work. It is best temperature, drainage, etc.) may also affect
and Inspection
Evaluation
practice to replace substandard curb types as the performance of the pavement although,
Sidewalk,
2
part of a road resurfacing project, as shown are typically not included at this stage in the
in Figure 2.1, but it may not be cost-effective evaluation process.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
given the intended life-expectancy of the road

Asset
3
work. Conversely, the curbs may be in good A computer generated deterioration

condition although underground services curve predicts the rate of the pavement’s
Concrete
require replacement and it would be practical weakening and forecasts the “need
Bridges
4
to replace the curbs during this work. year” for rehabilitation or maintenance
improvements. A minimum acceptable
Chapter 3 – Asset Management and Rigid PQI rating is established for various
5
Pavement Selection pavement classifications, which influence

the identification and prioritization of the
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
3.1 Asset Management network. For example, arterial roadways

6
can be assigned a higher level of service

Similar to sidewalk management programs, based on the volume of vehicular traffic
Fill (U-Fill)
municipal roadways are evaluated on a and trigger rehabilitation or maintenance

7
regular basis utilizing network assessment improvements much earlier than other
applications within pavement management roadway classifications. Once identified for
Architectural
Concrete
systems. These computer programs provide future improvements, the particular pavement
8
a comprehensive approach to manage the section undergoes a user defined decision

existing roadway system and forecast future process to determine the most applicable road
Concrete
Jointing
maintenance and/or rehabilitation needs rehabilitation strategy.

9
of the network. These needs are derived

Procurement
from empirical data collected by consulting 3.2 Economical Assessment

10
engineers through controlled surveys,

which translate a rating for each parameter At this point, an economical assessment and
Construction
Placement
of the road condition analysis. Common analysis is performed. The economic impact
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
condition ratings contain three major indices of implementing such strategies must be
or performance indicators; the Structural evaluated to determine the most effective
Procedures
Adequacy Index (SAI); Surface Distress type of rehabilitation based on long-term

Concrete
Ordering
12
Index (SDI); and Ride Comfort Index (RCI). objectives and the current condition of the
Collectively, these indicators create an overall roadway. The most effective or optimal
Transportation
Concrete
performance rating and Pavement Quality strategy is derived utilizing life-cycle economic
13
Index (PQI). analysis techniques and the most optimal

strategy is typically the sum of the capital cost
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
A detailed evaluation of each individual estimate / effectiveness of each particular

14
pavement section is analysed using type of rehabilitation or maintenance

performance prediction models based on the treatment. Each strategy can be assigned a
Protection
Concrete
parameters established by the municipality. ratio of effectiveness which is a result of the

15
These models are user defined and can offer benefit of the work and anticipated cost of
valuable feedback on the future deterioration construction. This allows particular strategies
Measurement,
Concrete
of the pavement’s quality. Typically, the to be assessed on a relative basis and the
16
performance of the pavement is a direct system can determine the most suitable
result of the overall strength of the pavement strategy based on time of implementation.
Improvement
Project
structure (for example, type, thickness and

17
quality of pavement materials), the frequency Once the economical assessment of the
/ magnitude of vehicular loading and the type network is complete and the output evaluated,
of subgrade soil(s). Additional factors, such a capital budget assessment and analysis is
18
as environmental conditions (ex. climate, performed to prioritize the implementation
13
Appendix

Introduction
1
of annual rehabilitation and preventative and improvement to the overall network.
and Inspection
Evaluation
maintenance programs. Due to budget This exercise will narrow down the project
Sidewalk,
2
restraints, the identified network needs may selection process, by determining the most
not be entirely addressed, or delayed, or effective approach and will further define
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
conversely, accelerated prior to need year due the municipality’s road rehabilitation and
Asset
3
to implications excluded from this engineering preventative maintenance programs.
exercise. For instance, implications such as
Concrete
new development, growth, social and political 3.3 Subgrade Soil and Traffic Evaluation
Bridges
4
needs are factors which may affect this
assessment. These aspects are acknowledged Once the program has been determined, the

throughout the planning process and technical design specifics for each project
5
modifications are carried out to balance these are accumulated to ensure an adequate
needs with the requirements of the overall pavement design. Geotechnical investigations
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
network. and non-destructive evaluations such as,
6
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and/or
Annually, a recommended improvement Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) data
Fill (U-Fill)
program is developed and a series of collection can be carried out by qualified
7
pavement sections are identified for consulting engineers to determine the
rehabilitation or maintenance through the condition of the subgrade and ensure the
Architectural
Concrete
utilization of pavement management systems. pavement foundation / drainage system is
8
This is only the starting point and additional designed properly. When constructing any
elements must be considered in order to pavement, it is important to investigate the
Concrete
Jointing
prepare a practical program for construction. subsurface conditions to ensure the pavement
9
As such, each pavement section is further is designed appropriately to ensure long-
Procurement
defined and an overall infrastructure term performance and reduce maintenance.
10
assessment is now performed to confirm the Geotechnical boreholes should be taken
suitability of the strategy. Assessments of between 100-250m along the pavement
Construction
Placement
such parameters include, but are not limited alignment to determine the soil type(s);
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
to, a condition evaluation of sidewalks, curbs, soil strength / stiffness; moisture content;
sewers and utilities. Once the inventory of gradation; frost susceptibility; water table
Procedures
the infrastructure is obtained, a project-level level; drainage characteristics; and chemical
Concrete
Ordering
12
assessment of the scope of work is completed characterization (if necessary) to determine
and the project selection process begins. if any contaminates exist in the right-of-
Transportation
Concrete
way. In addition to the soils information,
13
At this point, road sections will be selected the municipality should conduct a traffic
as part of the program review process and analysis and determine the current Average

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
a detailed evaluation of the anticipated Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) volumes. This
14
expenditures will be prepared. A capital data can then be used to determine the most
budget estimate for each section is completed appropriate traffic forecasts and Equivalent Protection
Concrete
to quantify the scope of work, strategy and Single Axel Load (ESAL) to be used in the
15
category of project. As noted previously, pavement design. Collectively, the existing

improvement strategies will vary from crack subsurface findings and anticipated traffic
Measurement,
Concrete
repair to reconstruction, and if reconstruction forecasts are evaluated to determine the

16
is required, a topographic survey / design proposed thickness design criteria for the
may be warranted in order to complete the pavement.
Improvement
Project
assessment. Furthermore, a separate budget

17
approach and planning process may also Subgrade issues such as high plasticity index
be necessary. In the end, a total estimated clays may be able to be addressed by cement
program cost for each strategy is then re- stabilization. This practice is known as Cement
18
evaluated to determine the optimal impact Modified Soils (CMS). For more details on this
14
Appendix

Introduction
1
potential solution, see the Guide to Cement 3.5 Equivalent Pavement Design
and Inspection
Evaluation
Modified Soils document prepared by the

Sidewalk,
2
Portland Cement Association. In Ontario, rigid and flexible pavements are

commonly used for both provincial highways
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
3.4 Pavement Selection and municipal streets. Each pavement

Asset
3
type is designed and constructed based on

Pavements generally fall into two broad anticipated traffic forecasts, subsurface
Concrete
categories: flexible pavements and rigid soil and environmental conditions. When
Bridges
4
pavements. Figure 3.1 illustrates the way evaluating which type of pavement structure
vehicular loads are transferred to the to choose, concrete or asphalt, it is important
subgrade for the various pavement types. to compare equivalent pavement designs; the
5
Concrete pavements, also known as a rigid initial / long-term costs for each alternative
pavement, will absorb most of the load within and benefits associated with each option. This
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
the pavement structure and evenly distribute will ensure the municipality has appropriate
6
the load over a large area. This distribution information to make a sound decision on
transmits a small portion of the load into the most optimal type of pavement to be
Fill (U-Fill)
the underlying granular base, sub-base used to ensure cost effectiveness and long-
7
and subgrade. On the other hand, a flexible term performance. The matrix shown in
pavement design such as, asphalt pavements the following Table 3.1 provides a general
Architectural
Concrete
will concentrate the load closer to the point of comparison for concrete and asphalt
8
impact and transmit more of the load to the equivalent pavement designs for municipal
underlying granular material and subgrade. roadways based on various levels of truck
Concrete
Jointing
Therefore, the flexible pavement structure will traffic and soil conditions. This table is taken
9
require the thickness of granular material to form the Methodology for the Development of
Procurement
be increased to withstand the same loads as Equivalent Pavement Structural Design Matrix
10
an equivalent concrete pavement structure. for Municipal Roads prepared by Applied

Research Associates Inc. (ARA).
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
15
Appendix

2 3 11 14 15 16 17
Sidewalk, Asset 4 6 7 8 9 Pre- 12 13 Convey, Concrete Measurement, Project
1
and Rigid Concrete 5 Life-Cycle
Sustainability Cost Analysis Unshrinkable Architectural Concrete 10
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
Transportation Placing, Protection
and Receiving Consolidating and Testing and Closeout and 18 Appendix
Introduction Evaluation Pavement Bridges (LCCA) Fill (U-Fill) Concrete Jointing Placement Procedures Concrete Curing Acceptance of Continuous Troubleshooting
and Inspection Selection Meetings Concrete Concrete Improvement

16
Introduction
1
In addition to the initial cost of the design, pavement resulting from the tensile and
and Inspection
municipalities should also consider the bending stresses in concrete slabs caused by
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
environmental and sustainability benefits shrinkage of the concrete during the cement
of each type of pavement. The Athena hydration process, traffic loading, and the
Sustainability Materials Institute has environmental conditions. Transverse joints
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
developed the Athena Pavement Life Cycle are perpendicular to the direction of traffic
Assessment (LCA) software which is an LCA- and should be placed in a square pattern
Concrete
based software package that measures the with the longitudinal joint. The spacing of
Bridges
4
environmental impact of Canadian and US transverse contraction or construction joints

regional roadway designs. This software is should be 1 to 1.5 times the width of the
available for free download from the Athena longitudinal joint.

5
Sustainability Institute website at http://

www.athenasmi.org/. Refer to Chapter 5 for Dowel bars: Dowel bars are commonly used
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
additional information on the sustainable in concrete pavements 180mm or more

6
benefits of concrete pavements. to provide additional load transfer across

transverse joints when traffic warrants.
Fill (U-Fill)
3.6 Components of a Conventional Typically, dowel bars are 450mm in length;

7
Concrete Pavement 32-36mm in diameter; spaced 300mm apart

along the joint; and manufactured with
Architectural
Concrete
Longitudinal joint: Longitudinal joints are smooth round steel to allow for horizontal
8
used to relieve warping stresses in the movement between the concrete slabs.
concrete pavement and are typically placed
Concrete
Jointing
between lanes of traffic; construction pours Tie-bars: Tie-bars are normally placed
9
and/or when the width of the concrete lengthwise between pours and/or longitudinal
Procurement
pavement exceeds 4.5m (15 ft.). Longitudinal joints to prevent slabs from separating
joints are parallel to the direction of traffic and drifting apart. The bars are ribbed and
10
and the width should be designed with the deformed to ensure the concrete will bond
Construction
pavement markings proposed for the new to the steel or protective coating. The size,
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
roadway where possible. length and spacing of tie-bars will depend on

the thickness of the pavement and grade of
Procedures
Transverse joint: The primary purpose of steel although, 750mm tie-bars at 600mm
Concrete
Ordering
12
transverse contraction joints is to control spacing is quite common.

the location of cracking in the concrete
Transportation
Base and/or sub-

Concrete
13
base course: The

Longitudinal joint
base is the granular
Concrete
drainage layer directly

Convey,
Placing,
Transverse joint
14
below the Portland

Cement Concrete (PCC)
Protection
Concrete
pavement and generally

15
consists of crushed /
graded aggregates.
Measurement,
Dowel bars
Concrete
As shown in Table
16
3.1 – Representative
Pavement Designs for
Improvement
Project
Ontario Municipalities,
17
Tie-bars
a sub-base is not
Subgrade Base and/or sub-base course typically required from
a pavement design
18
Figure 3.2 - Conventional concrete pavement components (provided by the CAC).

perspective and is often
17
Appendix

Introduction
1
placement. JPCP
and Inspection
Evaluation
controls cracks
Sidewalk,
2
by dividing the
pavement into
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
individual slabs
Asset
3
separated by
contraction
Concrete
joints. Slabs are
Bridges
4
typically one
lane wide and

omitted from the pavement structure. spacing typically
5
ranges between 3.7m (12 ft.) to 4.5m (15 ft).
Subgrade: The subgrade soil is the native As shown in Figure 3.3, depending on the
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
material found in-situ that supports the design requirements, JPCP may contain
6
pavement structure. Subgrade conditions dowel bars to improve load transfer between
may vary from fine grained soils such as slabs at the transverse joint if the thickness
Fill (U-Fill)
clay to coarse grained soils such as gravel of the concrete exceeds 180mm. Steel
7
or cobbles. The thickness of the concrete reinforcement tie-bars are also used at
and granular base layers are based on these longitudinal joints to prevent the concrete
Architectural
Concrete
subgrade conditions. from separating or drifting apart. JPCP
8
pavements are common for sidewalk, curbs,
3.7 Types of Concrete Pavement parking lots, municipal roads and highway
Concrete
Jointing
pavements applications.
9
Concrete can provide a durable and long
Procurement
lasting pavement which can be used for Jointed and Continuously Reinforced
10
new construction, reconstruction or the Concrete Pavement (JRCP and CRCP):
rehabilitation of deteriorated asphalt / As depicted in Figure 3.4 below, JRCP
Construction
concrete pavements. Listed below are
Placement
control cracks by dividing the pavement into
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
the different types of concrete pavement individual slabs separated by contraction
and rehabilitation treatments available to joints and CRCP uses reinforcing steel rather
Procedures
municipalities: than contraction joints for crack control. Slab
Concrete
Ordering
12
sizes are typically much longer in JRCP than
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP): JPCP, typically ranging from 7.5 to 9m (23-30
Transportation
This is the most common type of rigid
Concrete
ft.) in length. The JRCP uses reinforcing steel
13
pavement in Ontario. The concrete mix within each slab to control cracking between
typically consists of 32 MPa; air entrainment; the joints.

Concrete
a blend of aggregates; and relatively low
Convey,
Placing,
14
slump (approximate 20-30mm) for machine JRCP can be used in isolated cases where the
geometry Protection
Concrete
of the slab
15
JRCP CRCP makes it

impossible
Measurement,
Concrete
to respect
16
the rules
for proper
Improvement
Project
17
18
18
Appendix

Introduction
1
contraction joints. If there are panels that perspective with an appearance similar to an
and Inspection
Evaluation
you know will crack then having a couple asphalt base course mix. For higher speed
Sidewalk,
2
panels with JRCP will ensure the integrity of traffic, the surface of the RCC can either
the rest of the pavement will be maintained be diamond ground (as discussed further in
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
without having to reinforce the entire Chapter 5) or overlaid with an asphalt surface
Asset
3
pavement. An example of this would be using to improve the smoothness of the ride.
a few reinforcing bars at the corners of the
Concrete
catch basins to provide crack mitigation for RCC is a concrete mixture but its composition
Bridges
4
the re-entrant corners. is not the same as conventional concrete.

Typically, RCC mixes have much lower
CRCP can be used when there are cement content and aggregate gradations
5
embedment’s such as heating lines, conduit, similar to an asphalt mix design. Due to the
traffic loops, etc.; near the surface of the lower cement content, RCC pavements can
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
concrete that may be compromised during be a more sustainable solution compared to

6
saw cutting operations for the contraction conventional concrete. RCC is a zero slump
joints. Using CRCP in these applications concrete and contains a small amount of
Fill (U-Fill)
lowers the risk of the embedment’s being water, the typical water-cementitious ratio
7
accidently cut. Another application would is in the range of 0.32-0.38 w/c. The RCC
be if longer joint spacing is required than material is mixed in a pug mill; transported
Architectural
Concrete
the typical 25 times the slab thickness and to site in dump truck or ready-mix truck;
8
maximum 4.5 metre rule recommended placed with a conventional or heavy duty
by CSA A23.1. CRCP are regularly placed asphalt spreader; and compacted with 10
Concrete
Jointing
for interior slabs on grade and are used in tonne vibratory steel-drum rollers. There
9
Montreal’s arterial freeways system and are no forms, no steel and no finishing
Procurement
some municipal bus stops to minimize future equipment required in this type of concrete
10
maintenance costs. pavement application. The material has less

shrinkage due to the reduced water content
Construction
Placement
Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) so shrinkage cracks develop at a greater

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Pavement: RCC otherwise known as “really spacing than conventional concrete, typically
cool concrete” was originally developed in every 6 to 18 m. For industrial RCC jobs
Procedures
British Columbia, Canada for the logging joints are often allowed to randomly crack
Concrete
Ordering
12
industry but is now being used for residential to provide full depth aggregate interlock for
uses including municipal streets, parking lots load transfer. When joints are saw cut they
Transportation
Concrete
and other industrial facilities. RCC is ideal for are usually put at a range of 6 to 9 metre
13
applications where frequent truck loading joint spacing. Figure 3.5 shows the installation
/ turning is anticipated or as a base in a of an RCC project at an industrial facility in
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
composite pavement design with an asphalt Ontario.

14
overlay. For low to medium speed traffic,

RCC is adequate from a road smoothness For additional information on RCC, refer to
Protection
Concrete
the Concrete Pavement

15
Technology Center (CP

Tech Center), “Guide for
Measurement,
Concrete
Roller-Compacted Concrete
16
Pavements” available on the

National Concrete Pavement
Improvement
Project
Technology Center website

17
cptechcenter.org/
Pervious Concrete:
18
Pervious concrete is also
19
Appendix

Introduction
1
known as permeable concrete or no fines installation of a pervious concrete sidewalk in
and Inspection
Evaluation
concrete. Pervious concrete is a highly porous Ontario.
Sidewalk,
2
pavement that allows water to drain through
it into a granular storage layer. Typical For additional information on Pervious
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
pavement design for pervious concrete include Concrete, refer to the Concrete Ontario
Asset
3
a thick storage layer of Granular “O” or clear website at http://www.rmcao.org/why-
stone placed on the subgrade and the pervious concrete/applications/ and the CAC website
Concrete
concrete on top. A geotextile is usually used at http://www.cement.ca/en/Parking-Lots/
Bridges
4
between the subgrade and storage layer when Pervious-Concrete.html
the subgrade has fines which may migrate into

the storage layer over time. Pervious concrete Interlocking Concrete Pavers (ICP): Pre-cast
5
has a uniform aggregate gradation (often concrete paving stones are manufactured for
smaller than conventional concrete) and high both, permeable or impermeable applications,
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
void ratio / porosity of 15% to 35%. With this and can be designed to accommodate a
6
type of permeability, 200 litres or more of range of loading for a variety of applications
storm water can flow through each square including; municipal roadways, parking areas
Fill (U-Fill)
metre of previous concrete per minute. and pedestrian sidewalks / plazas. ICP are
7
provided in a variety of styles / sizes and
Previous concrete is used in parking lot or are typically offered in 75mm (3”) or 100mm
Architectural
Concrete
other flatwork applications and permits (4”) thicknesses. Figure 3.7 is a photo of two
8
water to pass through the concrete slab different types of ICP installed in a permeable
and stay in the storage layer until it pavement application for monitoring purposes
Concrete
Jointing
percolates into the underlying soil. This at the Kortright Centre for Conservation in
9
type of concrete pavement reduces the Woodbridge, Ontario. For more information on
Procurement
amount of surface water runoff entering the ICP visit the Interlocking Concrete Pavement
10
storm sewer systems, allows groundwater Institute’s website at www.icpi.org.
sources to recharge and provides site
Construction
Placement
development designers with an opportunity Pre-cast Concrete Pavement: More recently,
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
to seek stormwater management credits for pre-cast concrete panels have been used for
Leadership in Energy and Environmental concrete pavement repair and replacement
Procedures
Design (LEED). In situations where the on heavily travelled roadways where,
Concrete
Ordering
12
subgrade material is impervious, a drainage construction timelines are constrained and
system is installed to collect the water which traffic must be reinstated in a compressed
Transportation
Concrete
can be reused to water trees, plants and timeframe. Fully cured pre-cast concrete
13
grass when required. Figure 3.6 shows the panels are manufactured off-site, transported

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
20
Appendix

Introduction
1
The Fort Miller Co. Inc. website at www.super-

and Inspection
Evaluation
slab.com.
Sidewalk,
2
Concrete Overlays: Concrete pavements can

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
be used to resurface or overlay deteriorated

Asset
3
asphalt, composite and existing concrete

pavements. There are two main types
Concrete
of pavement rehabilitation techniques;

Bridges
4
bonded and unbonded concrete overlays.

Bonded overlays utilize the strength of the
existing pavement and the design takes into

5
consideration the combined thickness of

the new pavement structure. On the other
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
hand, unbonded concrete overlays are a new

6
Figure 3.7 - Interlocking Concrete Pavers (ICP) for pavement constructed independently on a
a Permeable Pavement Applicatinos (provided by stable base and existing pavement.
Fill (U-Fill)
Concrete Ontario
7
Bonded overlay options require the

to site and installed on a precision graded
existing pavement structure be in good
Architectural
Concrete
base to match proposed roadway gradients.

to fair structural condition. The concrete
8
overlay eliminates surface distresses in the

The pre-cast concrete panels are connected
existing pavement and the new overlay /
Concrete
Jointing
to the existing concrete pavement with steel

underlying pavement act as a monolithic
9
dowels during construction and the joints

structure. Unbonded overlay options add
are filled with unshrinkable grout. Figure 3.8
Procurement
structural capacity to the existing pavement

shows the placement of a pre-cast concrete
10
system and do not require bonding to the

panel on Highway 427 in Toronto, Ontario.
existing pavement. Unbonded overlays can
For more information on this particular type
Construction
Placement
be placed on poor or even deterio¬rated

Meetings
& Pre-
of concrete pavement repair system, refer to

Pre-
11
pavements providing
the structure has
Procedures
uniform support. As
Concrete
Ordering
12
shown in Figure 3.9,

both bonded and
Transportation
Concrete
unbonded overlays
13
can be installed on
existing asphalt,
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
composite or
14
concrete pavements.
For additional
Protection
Concrete
information on
15
concrete overlays,
refer to the National
Measurement,
Concrete
Concrete Pavement
16
Technology Center
(CP Tech Center) -
Improvement
Project
Guide for Concrete

17
Overlays.
Concrete Pavement
18
Applications: The
21
Appendix

Introduction
1
following provides a general list of best • Curbs
and Inspection
Evaluation
practice applications for concrete pavements • Abutment walls
Sidewalk,
2
and appurtenances: • Wing walls
• Barrier walls
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Applications where stresses from heavy to
Asset
3
moderate vehicular loads are expected or
deteriorated asphalt is present such as:
Concrete
• Bus bays and bus lanes: fully loaded school
Bridges
4
bus or transit bus; References:
• Alleys: refuse disposal vehicles and

commercial delivery vehicles; Applied Research Associates (ARA),
5
• Highways: Local, collector roadways, arterial “Methodology for the Development of
roadways and freeways; Equivalent Pavement Structural Design Matrix
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
• Commercial parking lots, plazas and malls; for Municipal Roadways”, (2015).
6
• Commercial or industrial distribution centers
truck loading docks and trailer storage areas; Cement Association of Canada (CAC),
Fill (U-Fill)
• Intersections including designated turn lanes description of concrete pavement provided
7
or dedicated bus lanes; and on association website, www.cement.ca/en/
• Port, Intermodal facilities and container highways
Architectural
Concrete
terminals.
8
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA),
Locations where higher light reflectivity “Technical Advisory T5040.30 Concrete
Concrete
Jointing
would be beneficial such as: Pavement Joints” (1990). https://www.fhwa.
9
• Intersections dot.gov/pavement/t504030.cfm
Procurement
• Pathways
10
• Parking lots National Concrete Pavement Technology
• School zones Center (CP Tech Center), “Guide for Roller-
Construction
Placement
Compacted Concrete Pavements” (2010).
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Locations where less service interruption is
required or long term reliability is required National Concrete Pavement Technology
Procedures
such as: Center (CP Tech Center), “Guide for Concrete
Concrete
Ordering
12
• Noise barrier walls Overlays, Third Edition”, (2014). http://
• Storm water pipes across highways www.cptechcenter.org/research/research-
Transportation
Concrete
• Catch basins and access chambers initiatives/overlays/
13
• Bridges and culverts
• Freeways Pavement Interactive website, www.

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
• Loading docks pavementinteractive.org/article/pcc-
14
• Business areas pavement/
• Hospital entrances Protection
Concrete
• Emergency access/egress at fire stations Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) website, http://

15
and hospitals www.rmcao.org/why-concrete/applications/

Measurement,
Concrete
The Fort Miller Co., Inc. website, www.super-

16
Locations for stormwater management slab.com

should be taken into consideration:
Improvement
Project
• Pervious concrete sidewalk or pathway

17
• Pervious parking lots

• Pervious tree pits
• Boulevards
18
Locations where lateral restraint is required:
22
Appendix

23
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
Introduction
1
Chapter 4 – Concrete Bridges “Every bridge shall be kept safe and in good
and Inspection
repair…”
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
4.1 Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to provide some
Pavement
Municipalities are the largest bridge guidance for the inspection and maintenance
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
infrastructure owners in Ontario. The majority of concrete bridges such as shown in Figure
of bridges in current municipal inventories 4.1. This chapter is intended to provide some
Concrete
were constructed between 1950 and 1980 and highlights on key issues associated with
Bridges
4
are approaching time for major rehabilitation concrete bridges that should be considered
and provide municipalities with

some direction to obtain more
5
detailed resources for further study.
This chapter does not replace the
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
requirement of having a licensed
6
structural engineer be a part of the
investigation and design process. In
Fill (U-Fill)
addition, the design and construction
7
of new concrete bridges is beyond
the scope of this document although,
Architectural
Concrete
it should be noted that concrete
8
remains to be the most versatile and
common material used in most new
Concrete
Jointing
bridge construction projects.
9
Procurement
All resources noted in this chapter
10
are available from the Ministry
of Transportation, Ontario (MTO)
Construction
website:
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/
or replacement. Structures constructed publications/mto-research-library-online-
Procedures
prior to 1970’s are more susceptible to catalogue.shtml
Concrete
Ordering
12
deterioration from chloride penetration and
freeze-thaw cycle effects due to the use of 4.2 Concrete Bridge Inspection
Transportation
non-air entrained concrete; minimal concrete
Concrete
13
cover for reinforcing steel; exposed concrete Regular inspections as illustrated in Figure
bridge decks; and/or a lack of waterproofing. 4.2, are important to identify repairs and

Concrete
Convey,
provide opportunity to create long-term
Placing,
14
In the Province of Ontario, bridge owners are plans for maintenance based on their existing
mandated by law to assess and maintain their Protection
Concrete
infrastructure under the Public Transportation

15
and Highway Improvement Act, Ontario

Regulation 104/97 (O. Reg 104/97), Standards
Measurement,
Concrete
for Bridges. In accordance with the O. Reg

16
104/97, “The structural integrity, safety and

condition of every bridge shall be determined
Improvement
Project
through the performance of at least one

17
inspection in every second calendar year

under the direction of a professional engineer
and in accordance with ‘the Ontario Structure
18
Inspection Manual; and
24
Appendix

Introduction
1
condition, thereby reducing the risk of to rate or indicate the safety of a bridge
and Inspection
Evaluation
failures. The Ontario Structure Inspection but is meant to help an owner prioritize
Sidewalk,
2
Manual (OSIM) prepared by the MTO provides capital expenditures and plan maintenance /
guidance for engineers and municipalities rehabilitation work.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
regarding bridge inspection.

Asset
3
To assist in the planning process, it best

In accordance with the Act, the following practice that municipalities consider a
Concrete
structures shall be inspected every two years Bridge Management System (BMS) for both,
Bridges
4
(biennially): bridges, culverts, and tunnels quantitative-based and qualitative-based

with spans greater than 3.0m; retaining walls; bridge data collection. An example of a
and moveable bridges. An exception can be quantitative-based BMS is the OGRA Municipal
5
made for retaining walls and culverts ranging DataWorks (MDW) program. For additional
between 3.1m to 6m in span length, the information, refer to MDW website at http://
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
inspection interval can be increased to four www.municipaldataworks.ca/

6
years providing the structure is considered to

be in good condition; and that the condition is The OSIM inspection may provide follow-
Fill (U-Fill)
not anticipated to change significantly before up recommendations based on condition

7
the next inspection. such as, additional inspections required;

comprehensive structural evaluations and/
Architectural
Concrete
As part of the inspection, the following or load posting; maintenance, repairs and
8
components of a concrete bridge should be rehabilitation. Structures over 30 years old

assessed for both their material condition with critical components in poor condition
Concrete
Jointing
and overall performance: bridge barriers such as shown in Figure 4.3, should have an
9
and approach guiderails; asphalt surface (if Enhanced OSIM inspection completed every
Procurement
any) and top of the bridge deck; underside of six years. An Enhanced OSIM Inspection
10
a bridge deck and beams / girders; support is a visual inspection to be completed at a

bearings; abutments, piers and retaining
Construction
Placement
walls; streetlights and signs; and slopes,

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
embankments, drainage systems and/or

adjacent water courses. When inspecting, it’s
Procedures
important to determine the overall condition

Concrete
Ordering
12
and consider the global performance of the

structure. Attention should be paid to signs of
Transportation
Concrete
movement which could be an indication of a

13
potential instability of the structure, such as

wide cracks in the bridge substructure, sliding
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
of footings and rotation of concrete walls in

14
open frame bridges.

Protection
Concrete
The Bridge Condition Index (BCI) rating is

15
a planning tool that helps owners schedule

maintenance and upkeep of their bridge
Measurement,
Concrete
inventory. A BCI value for a bridge can be distance no greater than an ‘arm’s length’
16
calculated as the ratio of the sum of the from the bridge components and may require
current value of the various components to specialized equipment for access such as, the
Improvement
Project
the total replacement value of the structure. use of a ladder, scaffolding, bridge master /
17
The current value can be determined based elevated work platform and/or boat / barge.
on condition data obtained from the OSIM
inspection and the anticipated industry costs
18
for these components. The BCI is not used
25
Appendix

Introduction
1
If an emergency situation exists where a
and Inspection
Evaluation
structural component contributing to overall
Sidewalk,
2
stability of the structure has failed, or is in
imminent danger of failure, or public safety is
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
in any way at risk, a detailed visual inspection
Asset
3
should be carried out immediately and
consideration should be taken for closing all
Concrete
or part of the structure until the extent of the
Bridges
4
damage / risk has been confirmed. Problems
that may cause an emergency situation to

develop are: an accident or vehicle collision
5
with a structure; spring run-off or major
flooding; an earthquake; loose concrete
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
in an overhead structure; and advanced
6
deterioration creating the potential for
structure instability (i.e. concrete cracking or
Fill (U-Fill)
spalling below support bearings).
7
Through the OSIM inspection process, a
Architectural
Concrete
structure may be identified by the engineer treatments. Today’s bridges are designed
8
for further evaluation. Such studies may to last 75+ years but frequent maintenance
consist of structural load evaluations and and an appropriate rehabilitation program
Concrete
Jointing
bridge deck condition surveys (BDCS). The is required to maintain structures in sound
9
inspector and/or structural engineer will make working condition. Bridges will require a
Procurement
recommendations based on the observed number of rehabilitation projects over their
10
condition of each bridge component. Various lifetime depending on the type of bridge,
levels of condition surveys can be taken and usage and quality of the maintenance
Construction
program. For example, bridge decks typically
Placement
may include, more detailed visual inspections;
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
concrete delamination surveys; half-cell last 50± years and major rehabilitation
potential surveys to estimate the level of programs last 25± years.
Procedures
corrosion in the structure (black steel only);
Concrete
Ordering
12
concrete coring and testing (ex. strength, air The following provides some guidance on the
voids and/or chloride penetration); and partial expected life-spans for various rehabilitation
Transportation
treatments and techniques noted in the
Concrete
asphalt removals / deck assessments.
13
MTO Structural Financial Analysis Manual.
This information can assist the engineer as to When considering various treatments or

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
the state when making decisions for renewal techniques, the remaining life of the structure
14
of the structure and provide repair quantity should be determined and a life-cycle cost /
information for estimating the cost of a benefit analysis should be considered when Protection
Concrete
particular rehabilitation approach. determining the most appropriate renewal or

15
rehabilitation option for a bridge.

An example of a repair can be seen in Figure
Measurement,
Concrete
4.4. • Mill and pave surface course asphalt (15

16
years);
4.3 Bridge Rehabilitation • Concrete patch repair, replacement of
Improvement
Project
waterproofing and asphalt (30 years);

17
In general, municipalities should perform • Concrete overlay (30 years) as seen in

regular bridge maintenance to sustain / Figure 4.5, applicable to:
extend the life of existing structure and o Normal concrete
18
prevent more costly repairs or rehabilitation o Latex modified concrete
26
Appendix

Introduction
1
consideration should be given to using

and Inspection
Evaluation
proprietary products for large repairs as

Sidewalk,
2
the durability of these products is typically

considered secondary to ready-mix concrete.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
These products can be placed by trowel, form

Asset
3
and place, or form and pump depending on

the manufacturer. It is highly recommended
Concrete
that the requirements of the manufacturer

Bridges
4
are followed to ensure the utmost quality of

the final product.
Figure 4.5 - Placement of concrete deck overlay

o
5
There are several methods available for

repairing cracks. It is most important to
Life-Cycle
Silica fume concrete

(LCCA)
determine the cause of the cracking such that

6
• Cathodic protection (15 to 30 years); an appropriate material can be utilized. For

• Deck, sidewalk and parapet wall replacement instance, a polyurethane injection is often
Fill (U-Fill)
(50 years); recommended where there are active cracks

7
• Replace seals (5 to 15 years); that are opening and closing. For non-active
• Replace expansion joints (15 to 30 years); cracks where the structural integrity needs
Architectural
Concrete
and to be restored, epoxy injection is preferred.

8
• Eliminate expansion joints (50 years); Removal of the surrounding concrete and
o Semi-integral abutments patch repairing is yet another option if the
Concrete
Jointing
o Link slabs at piers cause of the initial crack is determined to be

9
no longer present.
The best management practice guideline
Procurement
for the rehabilitation of concrete bridges in

10
Expansion Joint Removal: Leaking

Ontario is the MTO Structure Rehabilitation expansion joints are one of the main causes
Manual. This resource covers many
Construction
Placement
for premature deterioration of a structure.

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
requirements for the rehabilitation of bridge

11
Where possible, a review of the possibility

including those identified for BDCS. The for the removal of expansion joints should be
following provides a brief introduction on
Procedures
undertaken in conjunction with a life-cycle

Concrete
Ordering
the most common considerations when

12
cost analysis of potential rehabilitations

rehabilitating concrete structures. design options. Pier expansion joints can
Transportation
Concrete
sometimes be replaced with a semi-continuous

13
Concrete Repairs: best practice for the concrete deck or by using a flexible link slab
repair of spalled or deteriorated concrete that is designed to crack in a controlled
is to repair “like” with “like” or, in other

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
manner in-lieu of a typical movement joint.

14
words, repair normal or ready-mix concrete Semi-integral abutment retrofits as seen in

with normal concrete whenever possible. Figure 4.6 eliminate the joint at the girder
Protection
For overhead and vertical repairs, form and

Concrete
ends and transfer the expansion movement

15
pump concrete is recommended. Shotcrete to the ends of the approach slabs where salt-
(specifically, bagged silica fume shotcrete) laden runoff does less damage.
Measurement,
can provide an alternative for overhead

Concrete
16
repairs however form and pump concrete, if For additional information, refer to the MTO
completed correctly, is expected to provide resource “Retrofitting of Existing Bridges with
Improvement
better durability.
Project
Joints to Semi-Integral Bridges”. In addition,

17
there are several journal papers available on-

Another alternative includes proprietary line regarding link slab design.
(bagged) cementitious products which are
18
useful for small or shallow repairs. Careful
27
Appendix

Introduction
1
Concrete sealers and surface applied
and Inspection
Evaluation
Specifying Concrete for Rehabilitation: corrosion inhibitors provide some additional
Sidewalk,
2
Ontario Provincial Standard Specification durability for concrete surfaces that are
(OPSS) 928 and 930 describe the standard exposed to salt splash such as curbs, sidewalks
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
requirements for concrete removals, repair and barriers or parapet walls. Typically
Asset
3
and the placement of concrete overlays. For concrete sealers need to be reapplied after a
concrete repairs the provincial version of number of years to remain effective.
Concrete
OPSS 930 provides a designer with the most
Bridges
4
current or state-of-the-art requirements and is
the recommended resource at the time of this

publication. For full depth concrete component
5
replacement or construction, OPSS 904 is the
most relevant specification. OPSS 932 should
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
be used as the basis for crack repairs. OPSS
6
931 or MTO Standard Special Provision 931S01
can be considered as the basis for specifying
Fill (U-Fill)
shotcrete.
7
4.4 New Technologies
Architectural
Concrete
8
When conducting bridge inspections, Ground
Penetrating Radar (GPR), in conjunction with
Concrete
Jointing
a BDCS can be used to establish concrete
9
cover in bridge decks and is able to identify References:
Procurement
both top and bottom reinforcement cover
10
measurements with good accuracy. Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Downsview
Bridge Office. “Structural Financial Analysis
Construction
Placement
Self-consolidating ready-mix concrete is Manual” (1993). https://www.library.mto.gov.
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
gaining popularity for concrete repairs due to on.ca/
its high flowability and self-leveling qualities
Procedures
which make it especially effective where there Ontario Ministry of Transportation, St.
Concrete
Ordering
12
is high reinforcing steel congestion or shallow Catharines Bridge Office. “Retrofitting of
repair depths. Existing Bridges with Joints to Semi-Integral
Transportation
Concrete
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bridges” (2004). https://www.library.mto.gov.
13
reinforcement is gaining popularity for bridge on.ca/
rehabilitations as an economical and durable

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
option for new or rehabilitated cast-in-place Ontario Ministry of Transportation, St.
14
concrete barriers and parapet walls. GFRP may Catharines Bridge Office. “Structure
also be a suitable alternative in bridge decks Rehabilitation Manual” (2007). https://www. Protection
Concrete
to reduce the weight of reinforcement where library.mto.gov.on.ca/

15
existing substructure support is unknown.

Ontario Ministry of Transportation, St.
Measurement,
Concrete
Where additional strength or durability is Catharines Bridge Office. “Structure

16
desired for a structure the use of FRP (glass or Inspection Manual (OSIM)” (2008).
carbon) wrapping can be employed. Examples https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/
Improvement
Project
of this include wrapping of concrete girders

17
where shear or bending strength is inadequate Province of Ontario, Public Transportation and
and pier columns for added confinement and Highway Improvement Act, O. Reg. 104/97:
durability. “Standards for Bridges” (2006). https://www.
18
ontario.ca/laws/regulation/970104/v2
28
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 5 – Sustainability
and Inspection
Evaluation
The Athena software looks at a ‘Cradle-to-

Sidewalk,
2
The pressures for accountability on climate Grave’ or a ‘Cradle-to-Cradle’ scenarios which

change issues are becoming a higher priority estimate the total impact of the proposed
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
to most governments. Governments are a design. It is important during the evaluation

Asset
3
driver for change and it is important they of sustainable options that the total life of
adopt new practises in order to facilitate a the structure is analyzed. Some designs may
Concrete
sustainable approach to municipal concrete look good based on initial construction cost,
Bridges
4
construction. When selecting materials for a but if they require frequent repairs or the
project, it is important to ascertain how the environmental impact of the option in more
material will function from a safety, financial damaging then initial construction approach
5
and serviceability perspective as well as the will not provide a clear picture. Only by
impact on society and the environment. evaluating the total life-cycle of the structure
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
will the analysis be meaningful.

6
Our youth are more aware now of their

impact on the globe than ever before. It has
Fill (U-Fill)
even been suggested that in order to retain

7
‘millennial’ generation staff, it is important

that organizations and agencies have a
Architectural
Concrete
comprehensive policy on climate change.

8
Millennials (also known as Generation “Y”)

are known to stay with companies they feel 5.1 Cement
Concrete
Jointing
provide a positive impact on the globe (Dr.

9
Karyn Gordon RMCAO Annual Conference Concrete is the most widely used man-made
Procurement
2013). material in the world; the only natural product

10
used more is water. Cement is the glue that

There are many new programs available to binds together the concrete and hence is an
Construction
Placement
determine how “Green” your practises are integral part to achieving a quality concrete.
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
in the industry. One of the local products Due to the carbon dioxide (CO2) release
provided by the Ministry of Transportation during the manufacturing process of cement,
Procedures
Ontario (MTO) is the “GreenPave” ranking it has been given a reputation for not being
Concrete
Ordering
12
system. The GreenPave system looks at a sustainable product, as well as being very
various criteria and applies a point system harmful to the environment. Although this
Transportation
Concrete
to rank the pavement. The more points argument may have been valid in the past,
13
generated, the greater the “sustainability” of today most cement plants in Canada are very
the pavement. conscience of their environmental impact
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
and go to great lengths to further reduce

14
Another program available on the market is the release of CO2 into the atmosphere. For
the Athena Institute’s LCA Impact Estimator example, some producers are investigating
Protection
Concrete
for Highways. The Athena software is a more ways to capture their CO2 output and using
15
comprehensive system where environmental it to produce other products. One producer

effect of the road and construction equipment in Ontario is capturing their CO2 and other
Measurement,
Concrete
is input into the program. The software emissions from their cement plant and is
16
calculates for the specified design project the using it as feedstock for algae which is grown
total Fossil Fuel Consumption (MJ); Global in ponds. This algae is then dried and can be
Improvement
Project
Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq); Acidification used as a bio-fuel.

17
Potential (moles of H+ eq); HH Criteria (kg

PM10 eq); Eutrophication Potential (kg N eq); Another initiative by the cement producers
Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq); and is Contempra cement and/or PLC (Portland-
18
Smog Potential (kg O3 eq). Limestone Cement). Contempra is a cement
29
Appendix

Introduction
1
product where up to 15% of the limestone concrete can be selected as the material of
and Inspection
Evaluation
is held back from the kiln and then added construction. Concrete Ontario has been
Sidewalk,
2
to the clinker after the firing process. This involved in educating Municipalities on
reduces the CO2 impact of the cement by potentially using concrete as an asphalt
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
approximately 10%. Contempra is identified alternative and provides a Pavement Design
Asset
3
in the Canadian Standards Association, CSA Assistance Program (PDAP) to assist in
A23.1, “Concrete Materials and Methods of making an informative decision for the
Concrete
Concrete Construction / Test methods and new/existing pavement. PDAP provides an
Bridges
4
Standard Practices for Concrete” as PLC alternate concrete pavement design which
cement. Type GUL cement is commonly includes a life cycle cost analysis using

shown on mix designs from producers CANPav™. It is a very helpful tool in ensuring
5
although, PLC is readily available in the that both materials, asphalt and concrete,
Ontario market. PLC cement has been used are considered when constructing a new
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
in Europe with good success for a number of pavement or rehabbing an existing one.
6
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
years and has been approved by the MTO / For more information please visit
9
City of Toronto. For additional information www.pdap.ca.
Procurement
on PLC cement, refer to the CAC website at
10
http://www.cement.ca/contempra/ . 5.3 Traffic Delays
Construction
Placement
5.2 Long Life Pavement As commuters sit in traffic as a result of
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
construction related delays, their vehicles
Concrete, when properly designed and are idling and pollutants are released to the
Procedures
constructed, is known to have a very long atmosphere. Sustainable solutions look to
Concrete
Ordering
12
service life. Products that do not need to reduce traffic delays over the long term.
be repaired frequently are usually very “Santero et al. (2011a) hypothesis’ that traffic
Transportation
Concrete
sustainable. The City of Winnipeg, Manitoba delays may be a more significant contributor
13
has the oldest exposed concrete roads in to a pavements environment impact than the
Canada. Alexander Avenue was constructed entire construction, material and equipment.”

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
in 1903 and is still in use at the date of this (CP Tech Center 2012). Once again it is
14
report. The oldest concrete road in North important to understand the maintenance
America is Ontario Street in Toronto, which requirements over a long term period. Protection
Concrete
was constructed in 1890. The concrete is still

15
in place, although, an asphalt overlay is now One example is the intersection of

covering the concrete. Courtneypark Drive and Kennedy Road in the
Measurement,
Concrete
City of Mississauga, Ontario. (Figure 5.1) The

16
It is important when designing pavements intersection has a very high volume of truck
to ensure the proper design is used with traffic and one left-turn lane was experiencing
Improvement
Project
sufficient thickness to ensure it will last to 75-100 mm of asphalt rutting every 2 years.
17
the desired service life, but not too thick The City decided to try a concrete pavement
that it is economically unfeasible. Depending for the lane. The two lanes were closed
on the application of the pavement and at 10 am in order to start removal of the
18
design parameters required, asphalt or asphalt and at 3 pm the concrete placement
30
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Concrete
Bridges
4
5 Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
started. Using the maturity testing methods for energy usage for cooling of buildings.
to determine the strength of the concrete For every 0.6 °C increase in summertime
in-situ, it was determined that the minimum temperature the estimated increase in
Concrete
Jointing
9
strength of 20 MPa was achieved and the peak utility load is 1.5-2.0% for medium and
road could have been opened to traffic by 1 large cities (United States Environmental
Procurement
am. Since the design thickness was based on Protection Agency - EPA, 2003).
10
a 100 year design life, there will be minimal

maintenance and repairs required in the 5.5 Lighting and Electricity Use
Construction
Placement
Meetings
future for this specific turning lane.

& Pre-
Pre-
11
Concrete pavements offer the best

5.4 Heat Island Reduction and Cooling surface for lighting purposes due to the
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
Effects high reflectance and luminance qualities

12
of the Portland cement. Luminance is the

Concrete has a high solar reflectance measurement of light used in street light
Transportation
Concrete
compared to other construction products design to determine the intensity of the

13
due to the inherent light colour of material surface brightness. A lighter coloured
(although, it should be noted that colour alone concrete pavement, parking lot or walkway
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
is not the only indicator of solar reflectance). will require less light fixtures or luminaries
14
The natural colour of concrete can be than a darker coloured surface such as
made even lighter with the use of white asphalt. Studies have shown that the
Protection
Concrete
coloured pigments (such as, titanium dioxide luminance of concrete is approximately 1.5
15
photocatalytic) or ground granulated blast times greater than asphalt and concrete
furnace slag (slag cement). provides improved uniformity (or maximum
Measurement,
Concrete
to minimum ratios in the levels of light) over

16
Solar reflectance is important since it the surface. This distinction is based on the
Improvement
contributes to the creation of the urban heat specularity of the pavement and associated
Project
17
island effect where surface temperatures scaling factor associated with determining
are found to be higher than surrounding the overall “lightness” of the surface.
rural areas. As urban areas increase in High reflectance leads to greater visibility
18
temperature, there is a greater increase in and improved safety for the users of the
smog formation, as well as, a greater need pavement. Concrete pavements will not only
31
Appendix

Introduction
1
provide a savings on the initial capital costs 5.8 Pavement-Vehicle Interaction
and Inspection
Evaluation
for electrical streetlight installations but will
Sidewalk,
2
also provide long-term saving saves on the While vehicles are travelling on a roadway
electrical consumption over the life of the there are many forces at work. The engine
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
pavement, parking lot or pedestrian walkway. is turning the tires, the wind is resisting
Asset
3
the forward movement and the tires are
5.6 CO2 Sequestering interacting with the pavement. Road
Concrete
smoothness plays a role in the ability of
Bridges
4
As concrete ages, there is a natural reaction the tires to move on the pavement, but the
with the concrete and CO2 in the environment. stiffness of the pavement also has an effect.

The concrete sequesters CO2 which helps Concrete roads are intentionally textured
5
offset some of the CO2 released during the and tined in order to provide additional skid
manufacturing of the cement. Any concrete resistance, while this affects the roughness
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
surface exposed to air will carbonate which test reading, the area that is actually being
6
will sequester CO2 into the concrete. During driven on is a smooth surface. The other
the service life the pavement, the top portion component for pavement-vehicle interaction
Fill (U-Fill)
(millimetres) of the exposed surface will is the stiffness of the pavement which
7
carbonate. At the end of pavements service correlates to rolling-resistance. As shown in
life, the concrete can be crushed and any Figure 5.2, when the pavement stiffness is
Architectural
Concrete
surface of the crushed aggregate exposed to reduced, the tires “sink”\ into the pavement
8
the air will carbonate as well. and the net effect for the vehicle is a slight
uphill climb.
Concrete
Jointing
5.7 Reduction in Virgin Aggregate Usage
9
In the early 2000’s, Taylor and Patten at the
Procurement
Concrete pavements distribute stresses National Research Council (NRC) of Canada
10
over a wide area; consequently they do not published several papers that show with
require strong base layers to carry the load stiffer pavements there is potential for up
Construction
Placement
from vehicles. Concrete pavements are to 6.9% fuel savings for full tractor-trailers
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
less sensitive to subgrade resilient modulus travelling at 60 km/hr. Since this original
than other pavement types, therefore many study was published, additional studies were
Procedures
are designed for a worst case scenario. By completed from Swedish Lund University,
Concrete
Ordering
12
designing concrete pavements assuming 2007; VTI (Swedish National Road and
weak subgrade, during spring conditions, Transport Research Institute), 2009, 2010,
Transportation
Concrete
there is no need to increase base layers to 2013; University of Texas Arlington, 2010;
13
improve the pavement strength. Concrete Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012
pavements require good

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
drainage and a uniform
14
subgrade to control frost
heave. If these conditions Protection
Concrete
are met, concrete

15
pavements do not require

thick subbase layers. This
Measurement,
Concrete
can significantly reduce the

16
cost of the pavement and

amount of virgin
Improvement
Project
17
aggregate that needs to be

used on a project.
18
32
Appendix

Introduction
1
& 2013; UK- Transport Research Laboratory, 5.9 Two-lift Concrete pavements
and Inspection
Evaluation
2007; Japan –Nippon Expressway Research

Sidewalk,
2
Institute, 2010; and Florida International Similar to asphalt, concrete can be placed in
University, 2013. In all of these studies, it was multiple lifts in order to reduce the quantity
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
shown that concrete roads improve rolling of high quality aggregates required for the
Asset
3
resistance and can save fuel consumption. design. Prior to January 2012 there have
While up to 7% fuel savings may not seem been eleven two lift pavement projects in
Concrete
like a lot, the total savings can be substantial the United States. In 2012/13, the Illinois
Bridges
4
due to the high volume of vehicles and trucks Tollway reconstructed I-88 using wet-on-wet
travelling our roadways. (Two lift concrete) pavement. The bottom
lift was designed to use high amounts of

5
The Cement Association of Canada did a case recycled material including; fractionated
study and presents the range of potential reclaimed asphalt pavement as a coarse
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
fuel savings and reductions in emissions that aggregate, recycled concrete aggregate and
6
could be achieved for a 183 km section of Hwy a high percent replacement of supplementary
401 from London to Toronto based on the cementing materials. The thinner top lift used
Fill (U-Fill)
NRC 2002/2006 studies and MTO traffic data a higher cement content and a high quality
7
from 2005. From the study, a comparison was aggregate for improved skid resistance. The
performed for a rigid pavement and a flexible bottom lift is not the riding surface and will
Architectural
Concrete
pavement. The study assumed a bulk diesel be protected from the elements thus, a lower
8
fuel price of $0.87/litre between January and quality concrete mix can be used to optimize
June, 2006 and a heavy truck efficiency of 43 cost and the sustainable benefits of the
Concrete
Jointing
litres/100km. If only the heavy trucks were pavement.

9
considered for a rigid pavement compared to

Procurement
a flexible pavement the potential annual fuel 5.10 Thin pavements

10
savings and emissions reduction would be:

emissions reduction would be as shown in A researcher from Chile, South America has
Construction
Placement
Table 5.1 below. developed a patented concrete pavement

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
design system known as TCPave that will

For detailed calculations on Pavement- allow for thinner pavements than normal,
Procedures
Vehicle interaction fuel savings and other compared to the American Association of
Concrete
Ordering
12
environmental impacts, the Athena Institute State Highway and Transportation Officials
Impact Estimator for Highways (discussed in (AASHTO) 1993/98 designs. The designs are
Transportation
Concrete
Chapter 3) is readily available for utilization. currently being investigated and assessed by
13
the University of Illinois. The TCPave system

utilizes smaller concrete panel sizes in order
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
33
Appendix

Introduction
1
to reduce curling of the slab and minimize the Alternatively, diamond grooving does not
and Inspection
Evaluation
amount of tensile stresses in the concrete. remove the surface. Diamond grooving
Sidewalk,
2
In some cases, pavements between 100 -150 cuts thin grooves into the pavement to
mm have been used to carry medium to heavy improve the macro-texture of the pavement.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
truck volumes of traffic. Since the concrete Grooving is a good method to improve the
Asset
3
is thinner than conventional pavements, skid resistance of the concrete on high speed
there is a potential for substantial savings on roadways.
Concrete
initial construction costs as well as the added
Bridges
4
sustainable benefits. This system has been In the Street Smart report prepared by
around since 2007 and over 2.5 million m2 Applied Research Associates (ARA), the first

has been placed in South America although, diamond grinding operation is recommended
5
the design concept is still under evaluation at year 25 for concrete pavements with traffic
in North America and further research is between 7,500-10,000 AADTT. For lower
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
required. For additional information, refer volume roads the texturing can be extended
6
to the TCPavements website at www. beyond 25 years. By only having to remove
tcpavements.com 5-10 mm of your pavement surface every 25
Fill (U-Fill)
years, the sustainable benefits are enhanced
7
5.11 Diamond Grinding/Grooving compared to a rehabilitation overlay project.
For additional information, refer to the
Architectural
Concrete
Diamond Grinding/Grooving is a repair Street Smart report at http://www.cement.
8
technique used for concrete to improve the ca/images/content/streetsmartara_report_
ride quality, noise and skid resistance. For feb%202012.pdf
Concrete
Jointing
concrete pavements, it may be helpful to
9
initially design the pavement slightly thicker 5.12 Concrete Recycling
Procurement
than required to accommodate future repairs.
10
Diamond grinding removes the top 5-10 mm of Concrete is 100% recyclable and can be
the concrete surface to provide longitudinal reused for other purposes at the end of
Construction
Placement
grooves as shown in Figure 5.3. Diamond the structures service life. For concrete
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
grinding will correct some surface defect pavements, sidewalks, curbs and buildings;
issues such as, ride comfort, joint faulting and the concrete can be brought back to a local
Procedures
noise issues. facility for crushing and processing into
Concrete
Ordering
12
new recycled aggregates. OPSS 1010 allows
Figure 5.3 – Diamond grinding surface texture recycled concrete aggregates in Granular
Transportation
Concrete
A only and the University of
13
Waterloo, led by Susan Tighe, is
performing research on Granular

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
B with good success. Additional
14
research performed by the
University of Waterloo suggests Protection
Concrete
that up to 30% of RCA does

15
not impact the service life of

the pavement or other concrete
Measurement,
Concrete
infrastructure assets.
16
5.13 ECO Certified Plants

Improvement
Project
17
In order to be a member of
the Ready-mixed Concrete
Association of Ontario (RMCAO),
18
otherwise known as Concrete
34
Appendix

Introduction
1
Ontario, all ready-mixed plants must be Architectural Concrete.

and Inspection
Evaluation
certified by an independent consulting References:

Sidewalk,
2
engineer. As part of that process, the

engineer must ensure the plant is capable National Concrete Pavement Technology
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
of meeting the Ministry of Environment Center, “Sustainable Concrete Pavements: A

Asset
3
and Climate Change (MOECC) Ontario Manual of Practice” (2012).

requirements for air and noise pollution,
Concrete
water taking and water discharge. The US Environmental Protection Agency,

Bridges
4
process also allows members to be granted “Cooling Summertime Temperatures:

further acknowledgement for exemplary Strategies to Reduce Urban Heat Islands”
controls through the ECO Gold certification (2003).

5
program. By being an ECO Gold facility

the member has exceeded the MOECC Athena Sustainable Materials Institute,
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
requirements. For additional information, “Impact Estimator for Highways” (2015).

6
refer to the Concrete Ontario website at

http://www.rmcao.org/certification/rmcao- Swedish Lund University, Lengrenn C.A.,
Fill (U-Fill)
production-facilities/ Faldner L., “Fuel Cost Considerations

7
Regarding Truck Rolling Resistance on

5.14 Enhanced Aesthetics and Societal Different Pavement Types” (2010).
Architectural
Concrete
Benefits
8
VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport

The sustainability of concrete can have Research Institute), Hultqvist B.,
Concrete
Jointing
positive impacts on society and designers “Measurement of Fuel Consumption on

9
should consider enhanced concrete Asphalt and Concrete Pavements North of

Procurement
treatments to improve the public realm / built Uppsala” (2009).

10
environment. One of the benefits of concrete

is its ability to be molded and conformed to a University of Texas Arlington, Ardekani S.A.,
Construction
Placement
vast array of shapes and sizes. Concrete can Sumitsawan P., “Effect of Pavement Type
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
also be coloured, on Fuel Consumption and Emmisions in City

textured and/or Driving” (2010)
Procedures
impressed with a
Concrete
Ordering
12
variety of finishes Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

to further enhance Akbarian M., Ulm, F., “Model Based
Transportation
Concrete
its aesthetics. Pavement-Vehicle Interaction Simulation for

13
Landscape, Life Cycle Assessment of Pavements” (2012)

streetscape and
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
urban designers UK-Transportation Research Library,

14
apply a wide Benbow E., Iaquinta J, Lodge R., Wright A.,

variety of concrete “Investigation of the Effects of Pavement
Protection
Concrete
treatments to Stiffness on Fuel Consumption” (2007)

15
enhance their
projects; create Japan-Nippon Expressway Research Institute,
Measurement,
Concrete
a sense of place; Yoshimoto T., Kazato T., Hayakawa I., “Effect

16
and make the of Pavement Type on Rolling Resistance and

built environment Fuel Consumption of Heavy-Duty Vehicles”
Improvement
Project
more appealing (2010).

17
for the public.

For additional
information, refer
18
to Chapter 8 –
35
Appendix

2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

36
Structure on Vehicle Fuel Consumption, Phase
Rigid Versus Flexible Pavements Along I-95 in
Jiao X., “Comparison of Fuel Consumption on
Florida International University, Bienvenu M.,
Influences Lighting Design, Lighting Design +
White – and Green, MIT Technology Review”

National Research Council Canada, Taylor
Rosenfeld, A.H. et al., “Painting the Town

Stark R.E., “Road Surface’s Reflectance
G.W., Patten J.D., “Effects of Pavement
Application” (1986).
Florida” (2013).
III” (2006).
(1997).
Introduction
1
Chapter 6 – Life-Cycle Cost Analysis new pavement platform including, removal of

and Inspection
Evaluation
(LCCA) the existing pavement, excavation, granular

Sidewalk,
2
base materials, shoulders, curbs and/or

The modern municipal roadway network any other related item associated with the
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
generally consists of platforms constructed roadwork. Additional costs for underground

Asset
3
with concrete and/or asphalt. On occasion, a infrastructure upgrades such as, drainage
platform with brick pavers or a combination of improvements and utility work may be
Concrete
one material overlaid on a different material omitted from the analysis.

Bridges
4
may be encountered. The focus of this

chapter will consider conventional concrete Maintenance Costs: The maintenance costs
and asphalt pavements only, and the purpose are the future costs anticipated to maintain
5
of assessing the life-cycle costs to conduct the pavement platform at a reasonable

an economic comparison or “best value” level of service in accordance with minimum
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
evaluation of each alternative. maintenance standards set out in Ontario

6
Regulation 239/02. For example, maintenance

The phrase “pay it now or pay it later” for a concrete pavement may include but is
Fill (U-Fill)
provides the impetus to assess pavement not limited to; concrete panel replacement,
7
design alternatives or strategies in greater joint maintenance, crack sealing and diamond-
detail in order to make an educated decision grinding to improve the skid-resistance of the
Architectural
Concrete
before investing capital expenditures on surface.

8
new roadway improvements. It is in the best Salvage/Residual Value: The salvage and/
interest of the municipality to determine or residual value is the expected value of the
Concrete
Jointing
the overall goals of the project (ex. short pavement at the end of the analysis period. If
9
or long-term rehabilitation objectives), the pavement is anticipated to be replaced in

Procurement
conduct a LCCA and select the most optimal its entirety at the end of the analysis period,
10
pavement design strategy based on the best the salvage value may include the recycling
value for money (VFM). The VFM concept of materials that will be removed and reused.
Construction
Placement
considers not only the minimum purchase Generally speaking, it is prudent to assume
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
price (initial capital expense) but also the the salvage value will be minimal in this
maximum efficiency and effectiveness of each scenario unless there is a specific use and
Procedures
alternative. intent by the municipality. Conversely, the

Concrete
Ordering
12
residual value should be included in LCCA if

In order to complete a LCCA, an the pavement is still in service and is intended
Transportation
Concrete
understanding of the general terminology is to be used after the analysis period.

13
required prior to proceeding:

Analysis Period: The analysis period is Present Worth: The present worth or present
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
the duration of time considered as part value is the total cost of expenditures in the
14
of the economic evaluation. The duration future discounted to present-day dollars.

period must be long enough to analyse Essentially, this concept recognizes that
Protection
Concrete
the maintenance requirements of each certain costs or benefits will occur in different
15
alternative and include at least one (1) time periods and converts these values into
major rehabilitation event. For example, comparable amounts. This concept recognizes
Measurement,
Concrete
a 50-year duration period will include the fact that money in today-dollars has the
16
several maintenance and rehabilitation ability to earn interest over time (known as
(M&R) milestones for concrete and asphalt the time / value of money), and the notion
Improvement
Project
pavements. that economic assessments are required to

17
evaluate financial decision-making options

Initial Cost of Construction: The initial cost over various time periods.
of construction is the total capital expense
18
required to plan, design and construct the
37
Appendix

Introduction
1
Interest Discount Rate: The rate at which 6.1 Equivalent Pavement Design Example
and Inspection
Evaluation
current funds are discounted to a future year
Sidewalk,
2
value. Typically expressed as a percentage For this example, a 50-year analysis period
figure for an annual rate, the discount rate for the construction and maintenance of 1
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
represents the interest money is anticipated km of 4-lane roadway was considered for
Asset
3
to earn over the analysis period. A reasonable comparable concrete and asphalt pavement
interest rate at which money can be invested designs. The existing subgrade is assumed to
Concrete
in bonds or used for debentures is the be in the medium category (low plasticity /
Bridges
4
appropriate discount rate to use in these silt = 40 MPa and/or CBR=4) and the Annual
economic evaluations. Average Daily Truck Traffic (AADT) is 2,500

vehicles. For these design conditions, the
5
With the intention of bringing future costs proposed concrete pavement section consists
to the present value and adding the present of 200 mm of concrete; and 200 mm Granular
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
worth of capital investment, the following “A” base. The proposed asphalt pavement
6
formula is derived for LCCA: section consists of 140 mm of hot-mix asphalt
Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) = Initial (HMA); 150 mm of Granular “A” base; and 450
Fill (U-Fill)
construction cost + maintenance costs – mm of Granular “B” sub-base. The resulting
7
salvage value data from this analysis is summarized in
Tables 6.1 and 6.2. For additional information
Architectural
Concrete
LCC = A + E1 (PWF1) + … + Ek (PWFk) – S on pavement design comparisons, refer to 3.4
8
(PWFn) Pavement Selection, Table 3.2 - Equivalent
where; Pavement Structure Design Matrix for
Concrete
Jointing
Municipal Roadways.
9
LCC = Life Cycle Costs (present worth of the
Procurement
expenditures over the pavement’s life) The sum of the data in Table 6.3 provides a
10
A = initial cost of construction present worth value of the proposed concrete
Ek = maintenance cost in year k pavement to be:
Construction
Placement
PWFi = present worth factor = (1 / (1+r))i $980,100 (Initial construction cost) + $136,916
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
(where, r = discount rate, i = year of repair) (maintenance costs – salvage value) =
n = analysis period $1,117,016 (LCCA). Some of the maintenance
Procedures
S = salvage value treatments included in this analysis is as
Concrete
Ordering
12
follows;
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
38
Appendix

Introduction
1
Joint Resealing: Presently, there are two blowing and/or vacuuming of the joints is
and Inspection
Evaluation
philosophies on the requirement for joint recommended to ensure longevity of the saw
Sidewalk,
2
sealing. The first school of thought suggests cut over the life of the pavement.
that the joints should not be sealed due
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
to ongoing maintenance needs, the other With joint sealing, after the concrete receives
Asset
3
school suggests otherwise and recommends the initial saw cut to relieve shrinkage
sealing the joints. There are advantages stresses during the curing period, a wider
Concrete
and disadvantages to both options. The idea saw cut is sawn. The joint should then be
Bridges
4
behind not sealing the joints is that joint cleaned, backer rod installed and then the
sealants typically last 10-15 years at which sealant material. The sealant material helps
point the sealant should be removed and reduce the amount of water that infiltrates
5
replaced with new joint sealing compounds. into the sub-base at the joint and prevents
By putting in the sealant the municipality incompressible materials from entering the
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
is recognizing that additional maintenance joint. The main disadvantage is the sealants
6
activities are required over the life of the typically last less than 10 years, at that time
pavement albeit, incompressible particles will the joint has to be cut wider and new sealant
Fill (U-Fill)
not enter the joint and cause the concrete installed. Successive saw cutting will create
7
to chip in seasonal freeze / thaw conditions. wider joints over time that may lead to
With no sealant in the joints, incompressible potential noise complaints.
Architectural
Concrete
materials can enter the joint, especially during Both methods have worked successfully for
8
maintenance operations in the winter months. various municipalities in Ontario. It is the

If the incompressible material is not removed, municipality’s option to determine which
Concrete
Jointing
the individual concrete panels may lock up maintenance activity is best suited over the
9
and expand in the summer months when life of the pavement. The same approach
Procurement
the panels move due to the summer heat. applies for asphalt pavements, crack sealing
10
If joint sealant is not used then sweeping, for roadways prevent and slow down
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
39
Appendix

Introduction
1
deterioration although, new joints are formed an entire panel instead of cutting out small
and Inspection
Evaluation
and crack sealing must be reapplied regularly. section. Small repairs are prone to cracking
Sidewalk,
2
For thinner concrete pavements, the unless the length to width ratio greater than
movement of the joint becomes quite limited 1.5. For example, if a panel is to be cut 600
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
and the width of the saw cuts can be reduced mm wide then the length of the panel to be
Asset
3
due to the size of panels / joint spacing. As a saw cut cannot be greater than 900 mm. If
result, joint sealing is not normally required the panels are not “square” or under the 1.5
Concrete
for these projects. ratio, then the panel will normally crack mid-
Bridges
4
panel and cracking may transfer to adjacent
Partial and Full Depth Repair: Partial depth concrete panels.

concrete repair is a maintenance technique
5
used to repair either joint spalling or surface Comparative Asphalt Design:
imperfections. A partial depth repair typically
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
consists of removing approximately 75 mm Following the same life cycle cost analysis
6
of the concrete around the repair area and method, the initial construction costs of the
replacing the surface with new concrete or a asphalt cross-section and the maintenance
Fill (U-Fill)
specialized patch material. Full depth repairs requirements over a 50 year period are as
7
are completed in order to repair panels that follows:
have been damaged during service, such as
Architectural
Concrete
cracking, ravelling and / or faulting at joints. Table 6.4 - Initial and long-term maintenance
8
Fast track concrete can be used in order costs for an asphalt pavement with 2,500
to accelerate curing period and reopen the AADTT and 40MPa subgrade
Concrete
Jointing
roadway to traffic. The repair is similar to a (provided by CAC – Street Smart Report,
9
utility cut repair where, it is best to replace ARA).
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
Table 6.4 - Initial and long-term maintenance costs for an asphalt pavement with 2,500 AADTT and
40MPa subgrade (provided by CAC – Street Smart Report, ARA).
40
Appendix

Introduction
1
The sum of the data in Table 6.4 provides a

and Inspection
Evaluation
present worth value of the proposed asphalt

Sidewalk,
2
pavement to be: $991,620 (Initial construction

cost) + $200,051 (maintenance costs – salvage
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
value) = $1,191,671 (LCCA)

Asset
3
The decision to construct and maintain the

proposed concrete pavement results in a
Concrete
savings of $74,655.
Bridges
4
References:
Concrete Ontario (RMCAO), Pavement Design

5
Assistance Program (PDAP), “Concrete

Pavement Proposal - King Street North, Region
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
of Waterloo” (2015).
6
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal

Highway Administration Pavements LCCA
Fill (U-Fill)
7
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/
recycling/98042/20.cfm
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
41
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 7 – Unshrinkable Fill (U-Fill) Based on the low strength of the material,
and Inspection
U-Fill can be removed with hand tools and
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
7.1 Introduction provides easy access to the utilities if / when
repairs or reinstallations are required in the
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Every year in cities and towns across future.
Asset
3
Ontario, existing roadways are excavated
and trenched at times to repair or install new U-Fill is a controlled, low strength, self-
Concrete
utilities. When the repair or installation is compacted, backfill material (or CLSM -
Bridges
4
complete, the pavement must be restored and Controlled Low-Strength Materials) used
reopened to vehicular traffic. Over the years, in utility cuts and trenches as shown in

inadequate performance of these restored Figure 7.1. Similar to concrete, U-Fill is
5
utility trenches has shortened the life of the manufactured using cement, water, fine
pavement; resulted in settlements / further and/or coarse aggregates. In addition, it is
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
repairs; and a large annual outlay of public an extremely low-strength concrete with a
6
funds for maintenance activities to provide an maximum strength usually specified, rather
acceptable level of service to the travelling than a minimum strength as for normal
Fill (U-Fill)
public. concrete. The minimum 24-hour compressive
7
strength should be 0.07 MPa with a maximum
This chapter describes a flowable backfill compressive strength of 0.7 MPa at 28 days.
Architectural
Concrete
material called U-Fill and how it should be The density of the material is controlled such
8
used in place of compacted granular as a that no compaction is required to achieve
viable backfill material to restore excavations an adequate bearing capacity, as would be
Concrete
Jointing
for the installation of storm and sanitary the case if granular materials were used for
9
sewers; maintenance manholes; catch backfilling purposes. Bearing capacity is a
Procurement
basins and ditch inlets; valve chambers for common criterion used for measuring the
10
watermains; and other utilities. The use of ability of a soil to withstand or support a load,
U-Fill eliminates future settlement of the and soils in excess of 0.3 MPa to 0.7 MPa
Construction
trench material, restores the riding quality would represent a well-compacted fill.
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
and prolongs the service life of the pavement.
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
42
Appendix

Introduction
1
7.2 Materials quality properties than concrete aggregates,

and Inspection
Evaluation
including recycled concrete aggregates up

Sidewalk,
2
U-Fill, also known as flowable fill, usually to 25% replacement are a potential source
consists of water, cement, fine and/or of CLSM materials and should be considered
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
coarse aggregates, but may also contain fly in U-Fill mixtures although, variations of the
Asset
3
ash or slag or air entrainment admixtures. physical properties in the aggregates will
Special attention should be taken when have a significant effect on the mixture’s
Concrete
fly ash or slag is used, as it may result in performance. Aggregates that have been
Bridges
4
slower development of early strength and used successfully include:

the eventual development of strengths in
excess of that required. Selection of materials • Pea gravel with sand;

5
should be based on availability, cost, specific • 19 mm (3/4”) minus aggregate with sand;
application, and the necessary characteristics • Native sandy soils, with more than 10%
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
of the mixture, including flowability, strength, passing a 75 m (No. 200) sieve; and
6
excavatability of earth, and density. • Quarry waste products, generally 10 mm

(3/8”) minus aggregates.
Fill (U-Fill)
Cement: Cement is the bonding agent for

7
concrete and U-Fill, provides cohesion in Fly ash: Coal-combustion fly ash is sometimes
the mixture and ultimate strength for the used to improve flowability in concrete and
Architectural
Concrete
material. For most applications, Type GU or U-Fill mixtures. High fly ash content mixtures
8
GUL cement conforming to CSA A3001 is result in low-density CLSM when compared
normally specified. with mixtures with high aggregate contents.
Concrete
Jointing
Under these circumstances, it is best practice

9
Admixtures: The inclusion of air entrainment to conduct trial mixtures to determine

Procurement
in U-Fill mixtures can improve the workability whether the mixture will meet the specified
10
of the material; reduce shrinkage; result requirements.

in little or no bleeding; provide minimal
Construction
Placement
segregation; lower unit weights; and control 7.3 Plastic Properties

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
strength development. For air content greater

than 6%, it may increase segregation of the Flowability: High flowability is achieved when
Procedures
mix. Water content can be reduced as much there is no noticeable segregation observed
Concrete
Ordering
12
as 50% when using air-entraining admixtures. in the mixture and the U-Fill material is at
The use of these materials may require least 200 mm (8 in.) in diameter with the
Transportation
Concrete
modifications to typical U-Fill mixtures. slump cone test. Flowability ranges can be
13
To prevent segregation when utilizing expressed as follows:

high air contents, the mixtures need to be
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
proportioned with sufficient fines to promote •Low flowability: less than 150 mm (6 in.);
14
cohesion. •Normal flowability: 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8

in.); and
Protection
Concrete
Water: Water typically used in concrete •High flowability: greater than 200 mm (8 in.).
15
mixtures is acceptable for use in U-Fill

mixtures. Set Time: Setting time is the approximate
Measurement,
Concrete
period of time required for U-Fill to

16
Aggregates: The type, grading, and shape of consolidate from a plastic state to a
aggregates can affect the physical properties hardened state with sufficient strength to
Improvement
Project
of the mixture, such as flowability and support the weight of a person. This time is
17
compressive strength. Aggregates complying greatly influenced by the amount and rate
with CSA A23.1 are generally used, because of bleed water released from the mixture.
concrete producers have these materials When excess water leaves the mixture, solid
18
in stock. Granular materials with lower- particles realign, provide greater contact and
43
Appendix

Introduction
1
the mixture becomes rigid. Hardening time is Measurements taken months after the
and Inspection
Evaluation
greatly dependent on the type and quantity placement of a large U-Fill installations have
Sidewalk,
2
of cementitious material in the U-Fill. Final shown good performance with no shrinkage
set time can be as short as one (1) hour, but or settlements observed.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
generally takes three (3) to five (5) hours
Asset
3
under normal conditions. Normal factors Codes and Standards: Canadian Standards
affecting the hardening time are: Association (CSA) A23.1-14 Concrete Materials
Concrete
and Methods of Concrete Construction,
Bridges
4
• Type and quantity of cementitious material; clause 8.11 regarding Controlled Low-Strength
• Permeability and degree of saturation of Materials (CLSM) provides guidance for the

surrounding soil that is in contact with U-Fill; U-Fill, performance requirements relating
5
• Moisture content of U-Fill; to compressive strength, and recommended
• Proportioning of U-Fill; methods of construction. Additional
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
• Mixture and ambient temperature; information regarding U-Fill can also be found
6
• Humidity; and in OPSS 1359.
• Depth of trench / cut.
Fill (U-Fill)
References:
7
7.4 Harden Properties
Canadian Standards Association; A23.1-14
Architectural
Concrete
Strength: Unconfined compressive strength is Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete
8
a measure of the load-carrying ability of U-Fill. Construction
The compressive strength of 0.3 to 0.7 MPa
Concrete
Jointing
equates to an allowable bearing capacity of a American Concrete Institute; ACI 229-R13
9
well-compacted soil. It is the primary objective Report on Controlled Low-Strength Materials
Procurement
for U-Fill installations to provide adequate
10
bearing support while maintaining low level Ontario Provincial Standard Specifications;
strengths to ensure future excavation (if OPSS 1359, “Material Specification For
Construction
Placement
necessary) can be accommodated at a later Unshrinkable Backfill”. (2006)
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
date. Some mixtures that are acceptable at
early ages continue to gain strength with
Procedures
time, making future excavation with hand
Concrete
Ordering
12
tools difficult to complete.
Transportation
Concrete
Density: Wet density of an U-Fill, in place, is
13
in the range of 1,840 to 2,320 kg/m3, which is
greater than most compacted materials. The

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
dry density of the mixture can be expected
14
to be substantially less than that of the
wet density due to water loss. Lower unit Protection
Concrete
weights can be achieved by using lightweight

15
aggregates, high entrained-air contents, and

foaming agents.
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Settlement: Earth fills can settle and

consolidate even when compaction
Improvement
Project
requirements have been met during

17
construction. In contrast, U-Fill does not

shrink after installation and settlement
will not occur after hardening, providing
18
the mixture properties have been met.
44
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 8 – Architectural Concrete to the site in an agitator truck. The most

and Inspection
Evaluation
common surface of a cast-in-place concrete

Sidewalk,
2
Concrete is one of the most versatile is patterned form-tie holes and a smooth
and widely used construction materials surface finish. For vertical structures such as
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
in the world. One special subset is called foundations and retaining walls, this method
Asset
3
architectural concrete, which refers to can accommodate countless types of finishes

a substance that provides an aesthetic such as, textures created by various forming
Concrete
finish and structural capabilities in one. methods and revealed after the concrete has
Bridges
4
This material is made to be seen. Canadian been cast (ex. patterned form liners).
Standards Association (CSA) A23.1-14, defines Cast-in-Place Horizontal: also known as
architectural concrete as concrete that is decorative concrete, in this method of

5
exposed to view as an interior or exterior construction, the concrete is placed into

surface. Whether creating broad expanses forms and then the surface is textured and
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
or minute details, concrete permanently / or coloured with a variety of techniques to

6
captures the chosen look. Achieving an provide a decorative finish. Some techniques
architectural or decorative appearance used for cast-in-place concrete flatworks
Fill (U-Fill)
usually requires something different to be include; texturing in alternating directions

7
done to the concrete to make it stand out. (using brooms, trowels or other hand tools);
Whether that involves special forms, special exposed aggregate finishes using retardants
Architectural
Concrete
finishing techniques, or special ingredients, to slow the hardening process; sand blasting
8
the variety of effects is almost endless and or shot blasting to provide a coarse surface;
open to the designer’s imagination. stamping; acid etching and staining.
Concrete
Jointing
9
Architectural concrete can be defined as Precast: In this method of concrete

Procurement
concrete which is exposed as an interior construction, formwork is erected off-site,

10
finish or exterior surface in a public space usually in a controlled factory setting such
or municipal right-of-way; contributes to the as a precast concrete plant. Typically, these
Construction
Placement
visual character of the space or structure; and structural members or panels are used as
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
is designated in the contract documents as exterior cladding for buildings as previously

architectural concrete. shown in Figure 8.1 and other structures such
Procedures
as, bridge abutments shown in Figure 8.2. This

Concrete
Ordering
12
8.1 Types of Architectural Concrete method is quite common when a consistency

of colour, texture and finish is required to
Transportation
Concrete
There are many ways in which concrete can acquire a desired appearance. Precast panels
13
be formed; however, they generally fall into are often viewed as a cost-effective approach
one of two main categories: concrete that is due to the amount of time saved during
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
cast where it will remain, and concrete that installation. In addition, precast concrete can
14
is cast elsewhere and transported to site provide a particularly artful appearance and
for installation. Within these two categories, creative form for any surface.
Protection
Concrete
the most common methods of concrete

15
construction are cast-in-place and precast. Tilt-up: In this method of precast concrete,
These techniques are described briefly below, a cast-in-place concrete floor slab is usually
Measurement,
Concrete
and are further explained in surface and basic used as formwork for the cladding/wall of
16
techniques. the building. Once the floor slab has cured,

formwork is erected to form the edges of the
Improvement
Project
Cast-in-Place Vertical: In this method of wall slabs, which are then cast horizontally on
17
concrete construction, formwork is erected the floor slab, sometimes in stacks on top of
on-site and the concrete is typically placed via each other. Once cured, they are hoisted and
ready-mixed concrete where, the material is tilted into place.
18
batched at a local concrete plant and trucked
45
Appendix

Introduction
1
This method of construction requires Cast-in-Place Horizontal Surfaces-Decorative
and Inspection
Evaluation
substantial manoeuvring space for the lifting Concrete
Sidewalk,
2
equipment and proper planning.
Coloured Concrete: Concrete is a product
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Applied: Applied concrete is not as common known to be mouldable into many shapes and
Asset
3
now as it used to be. It is often recognizable is well known to have many different colours
at a zoo, skate park, or pool, or one of the as is illustrated in Figure 8.3. Coloured
Concrete
spaceship-like buildings from the 1960s. The concrete is produced through the use of iron
Bridges
4
application of shotcrete, using a pneumatic oxide pigments in the mix and have been used
sprayer is one way that curvilinear shapes are in concrete to provide earth-tone elements

achieved. for over 50 years. The pigments are either
5
mined from the ground or manufactured in
chemical plants around the world. Pigments
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
8.2
6
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
46
Appendix

Introduction
1
are available from suppliers in either powder, which any pigment has been added. Pigment
and Inspection
Evaluation
liquid and granular forms. Iron oxide pigment can be added to the concrete mix integrally
Sidewalk,
2
particles are ten times smaller than cement in the mixing process or can be applied to the
and cover the cement particle when mixed surface after the concrete has set.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
in concrete to create a coloured concrete

Asset
3
appearance. White Portland Cement is an ingredient in

the production of coloured concrete. It can
Concrete
This is the primary reason the quantity of also be used on its own and allow for a broad
Bridges
4
color is typically based on the weight of spectrum of colours from bright whites to
the cement content or a percentage of the pastels or saturated colors. Mix designs for
overall mix. The supplier and / or contractor white or coloured concrete are formulated
5
should control the amount of water added with respect to the following ingredients,
to the concrete
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
to ensure the
6
mix provides a
consistent colour
Fill (U-Fill)
throughout the
7
entire project. If
additional water
Architectural
Concrete
is added during
8
construction then
the proportions
Concrete
Jointing
of the mix
9
will change
Procurement
resulting in the
10
colour fading or
becoming lighter
Construction
Placement
in appearance.
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Concrete
Procedures
inherently is a
Concrete
Ordering
12
natural coloured
material and
Transportation
Concrete
consistency
13
depends on many
factors from
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
batch to batch.
14
These factors
include but are
Protection
Concrete
not limited to; the

15
temperature of
the mix; moisture
Measurement,
Concrete
content of the
16
aggregates; the
source of the
Improvement
Project
cement; types of
17
supplementary
cementing
materials; and Figure 8.3 - Decorative patio and pool entry with exposed aggregate surface
18
the accuracy in using coloured beaded glass (provided by Concrete Ontario)
47
Appendix

Introduction
1
paying particular attention to the resultant technique can be applied using a variety of
and Inspection
Evaluation
effect on color; (1) type and color of cement; decorative aggregates (ex. black granite);
Sidewalk,
2
(2) type and quantity of pigment; (3) type and vary in size; and the depth of penetration can
quantity of chemical admixtures; (4) type, be controlled based on desired amount of
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
gradation, color, and cleanliness of fine and aggregate exposed. For example, the concrete
Asset
3
coarse aggregates; (5) type and quantity of on the left in Figure 8.4 has been constructed
supplementary cementing materials such as, with a light etch or micro-exposed aggregate
Concrete
slag, fly-ash, dark or white silica fume; and (6) finish to expose the sand grains in the mix
Bridges
4
consistent water to cementing materials ratio only. This technique provides texture surface
(w/cm ratio). but is still comfortable for bare feet or bicycle

traffic. Right beside is the same colour of
5
Exposed Aggregate: A textured surface can concrete only stamped with a subtle stone
be constructed to provide colour changes surface. By simply changing the texture of
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
and surface finishes such as, impressed the concrete, the finished product gives the
6
brick or stone. Another simple way to impression that a different colour of concrete
change the texture is to provide an exposed has been used.
Fill (U-Fill)
aggregate finish with a surface retardant
7
to slow down the setting process. This In Figure 8.5, is a concrete surface with
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
48
Appendix

Introduction
1
a medium-exposed aggregate finish and Stamped (or Impressed) Concrete: Stamped

and Inspection
Evaluation
flagstone stamped surface and broom concrete, or sometimes called impressed

Sidewalk,
2
finished on the left respectively. This surface concrete or patterned concrete, is a method
treatment removes the concrete paste just of concrete construction that provides
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
enough to expose the top of the coarse a finished surface that resembles other
Asset
3
aggregate. On the right is a traditional materials such as, slate, flagstone, brick,
(full depth) exposed aggregate surface and hardwood, cobbles, etc.
Concrete
conventional broomed surface commonly

Bridges
4
used to finish sidewalks or walkways. The Stamped concrete offers a wide array of
traditional (full depth) exposed aggregate options to municipalities when creating a
removes more paste from the surface; reveals desired look for new streetscapes, sidewalks,
5
more aggregate colours in the mixture and parking lots, parks and other public spaces.
provides a rougher surface appearance. Stamped concrete has the ability to provide
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
When texturing and colour are combined, a a cost-effective surface treatment without
6
beautiful concrete walkway can be created as compromising on appearance. There are

shown in Figure 8.6. hundreds of stamped concrete patterns
Fill (U-Fill)
available in the market, such patterns include;

7
Shown subsequently in Figure 8.7 is another random or repetitive interlocking stones, tiles,
technique municipal designers may want fieldstone, flagstone and other natural stone
Architectural
Concrete
to consider for their decorative concrete finishes. The concrete mats used to create
8
applications. Similar to the examples these finishes vary in size and can offer an
above, the treatment involves texturing array of jointing designs or seamless stone-
Concrete
Jointing
the surface with micro-exposed aggregate like finishes. When applied with coloured
9
finishes although, jointing is imprinted release agents and concrete sealers, the
Procurement
into the concrete with plastic stencils municipality can enhance the appearance
10
to develop a brick paving stone pattern. of the surface and create a two-tone finish
The styles of patterns are limitless to the similar to natural stone, in Figure 8.8 or
Construction
Placement
designer’s imagination as the stencils can be interlocking pavers.

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
manufactured with computer programs to

suit a particular design objective.
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
49
Appendix

Introduction
1
For examples on stamped concrete finishes The following is a general list of items that
and Inspection
Evaluation
and / or products, refer to the following can be considered in the contract documents
Sidewalk,
2
supplier websites for additional information; to control the quality of decorative concrete
Brickform - http://www.brickform.com/ work. These items include but are not
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Textures/About-Our-Textures/; and Proline limited to; jointing patterns and advising
Asset
3
the contractor that the representative will
Tools - http://www.prolinestamps.com/ approve all chalk lines prior to saw cutting;
Concrete
concrete_stamps.aspx?id=1 contractor’s opportunity to patch and repair
Bridges
4
Figure 8.8 – Decorative coloured concrete damaged and / or nonconforming sections of
with stamped stone finish (provided by decorative concrete; color variations between

Concrete Ontario) concrete placements and the contractor’s
5
responsibility to control / verify mix designs;
8.3 Qualifications and Specifications contractor’s opportunity to review and
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
recommend changes to the concrete mixture
6
It is best practice to include in the contact to improve performance; and trial batches or
documents, a special provision outlining mock-ups required for representative review /
Fill (U-Fill)
the municipality’s quality expectations for approval prior to concrete placement.
7
architectural or decorative concrete, the
monitoring / controlling procedures during Mock-ups: The mock-up can be a separate
Architectural
Concrete
placement and subsequent acceptance standalone item in the contract or built-in to
8
requirements. The contract should define the unit cost of the architectural or decorative
the qualifications required by the general concrete items providing the description of
Concrete
Jointing
contractor and the municipal representative work is clearly identified for contractor’s
9
who will evaluate the concrete for compliance bidding on the work. It is in the best interest
Procurement
with the specifications. In order to mitigate of all parties that a mock-up of the proposed
10
any misunderstandings, it is imperative work is conducted to ensure the contractor
that the specifications are clear to the and municipal representative have agreed
Construction
Placement
contractor and the municipal representative on a sample of the architectural/decorative
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
is readily available to guide and approve the concrete work prior to proceeding with larger
performance of the work. placements.
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
50
Appendix

Introduction
1
It is recommended the concrete specifications • Size of the mock-up should represent repair
and Inspection
Evaluation
have a defined scope of work for the mock-up and patching of concrete if required;
Sidewalk,
2
installation and approval thereof.

• Consider specifications that permit the
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Enclosed are some tips for ensuring a positive municipality to request additional mock-
Asset
3
outcome from the mock-up: ups if necessary. This will be difficult for the
contractor to bid thus, the number of mock-
Concrete
• Construct the mock-up as close reasonably ups possibly required should be specified;
Bridges
4
possible to the actual work in every detail; • Place the mock-up somewhere it can remain
• Include multiple sections of a mock-up to until the job is complete and accepted at final
represent various aspects of the project if completion; and

5
required. The mock-ups may be expensive but • Provide acceptance, direction, objections, or
it will identify the preferred quality of work rejection in writing to the contractor.
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
and alleviate any schedule delays resulting The Canadian Standards Association
6
from disputes and / or replacing the work; (CSA), Concrete Materials and Methods
• When multiple lifts of concrete are required of Concrete Construction (A23.1-14) has
Fill (U-Fill)
in the design, pour at least the second lift that provisions on Architectural Concrete. For
7
is going to be exposed on the surface. additional information, refer to Clause 8.3

• Use the same amount of rebar in the mock- for information on “Reference samples”;
Architectural
Concrete
up as in the real structure to represent the “Mock-up Field Samples”; “Formwork for
8
actual congestion; Special Architectural Finishes”; “Placing of

• Placing methods must be the same. If you Architectural Cast-in-Place Concrete”; and
Concrete
Jointing
use a pump during construction, then use a “Special Finishes”.

9
pump for the mock-up;

Procurement
• Do it more than once. A couple of practice References:

10
sessions are helpful to ensure a consistent

product; The Concrete Network, Understanding
Construction
Placement
• Determine the curing methods, cleaning Coloured Concrete. http://www.

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
methods, and weather protection, if required, concretenetwork.com/chris_sullivan/colored_

and decide who is responsible for maintaining concrete.htm
Procedures
the protection throughout the duration of the

Concrete
Ordering
12
job;
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
51
Appendix

2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

52
“Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete
Institute’s Technical Brochure, “Architectural
Construction, A23.1-14” (2014). – http://shop.

csa.ca/en/canada/concrete/a231-14a232-14/
Precast Concrete” (2009). http://www.cpci.
The Canadian Standards Association (CSA),

Canadian Precast / Prestressed Concrete
ca/en/resources/technical_publications/
invt/27012102014
Introduction
1
Chapter 9 – Concrete Jointing wide variety of slumps at any given w/cm

and Inspection
Evaluation
ratio. As the concrete hydrates the water of

Sidewalk,
2
Joints are used in concrete pavement to convenience will bleed out of the concrete
control the location and geometry of the which will then lose volume. The loss of
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
transverse and longitudinal cracks. These volume is a phenomenon called drying

Asset
3
cracks develop due to stresses in the shrinkage in the concrete. Low shrinkage
concrete caused by shrinkage during the concrete is defined by the Canadian
Concrete
curing period; inconsistent temperature Standards Association (CSA) A23.1, Clause

Bridges
4
and moisture differences; and traffic 8.8.2 as concrete that has shrinkage not
loading applied to the surface. Concrete greater than 0.04% at 28 days when using
moves for a variety of reasons and if the 75 x 75 mm prisms, or 0.035% when using
5
concrete is restrained in any way cracking 100 x 100 mm prisms in accordance with CSA
may occur. A pavement can move on the A23.2-21C. Conventional concrete has typical
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
base shrinking towards the centre of the drying shrinkage values between 0.035%
6
panel, there are frictional forces generated and 0.070%.

between the soil and the concrete. The
Fill (U-Fill)
friction prevents full contraction of the panel In order to allow for drying shrinkage,
7
and if the resistance force is greater than joints must be placed in the concrete at
the tensile capacity of the concrete, the predetermined intervals or random cracking
Architectural
Concrete
concrete will crack. Restraint is also caused will occur which will not be as aesthetically
8
by appurtenances such as, catch basins, pleasing as a controlled joint. For example,
light poles, maintenance holes or other assume a pavement is 4.5 m in length with
Concrete
Jointing
appurtenances embedded in the concrete. an average shrinkage of 0.06%, then the

9
The primary causes for concrete movement concrete will shrink 2.7 mm and jointing
Procurement
are drying shrinkage and thermal expansion should be installed to control any shrinkage
10
/ contraction. cracking. In addition, the American Concrete

Pavement Association (ACPA) provides a
Construction
Placement
Concrete requires water / cementitious Joint and Sealant Movement Estimator” App
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
ratios (w/cm) between 0.28 and 0.32. The free for downloading at http://apps.acpa.org/
current Canadian edition of Design and applibrary/JointMovement/.
Procedures
Control of Concrete Mixtures states this

Concrete
Ordering
12
ratio excludes evaporable water, the water For municipal applications, concrete is placed
to Portland cement ratio (by mass) should for exterior applications that are subject to
Transportation
Concrete
be approximately 0.22 to 0.25 in order the elements. When the concrete is heated
13
to completely hydrate the cementitious or cooled there is a corresponding change

particles in the mixture. In order to place in volume of the material. The amount of
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
the concrete, typical w/cm ratios are change is determined by the concrete’s
14
between 0.70 and 0.40. For sidewalks and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE).
curb applications, the w/cm ratio specified Figure 9.1 shown below represents the
Protection
Concrete
is a maximum 0.45 and bridge decks are a average CTE for various types of aggregates.
15
maximum 0.40. Roller Compacted Concrete For a typical limestone concrete mix, the
(RCC) has a lower w/cm ratio of 0.38 or average CTE is 7.8 x10-6 m/m/°C. For
Measurement,
Concrete
lower (which reduces shrinkage cracking). the same 4.5 m concrete section noted
16
The primary difference in the w/cm ratio above, the length of the pavement will now
is the water required to make the concrete vary by 0.7 mm due to thermal expansion
Improvement
Project
more flowable at the desired slump, this term / contraction for temperatures ranging
17
is called “the water of convenience”. between -10 to 10 °C. This is not a significant
change when compared to the shrinkage that
With the latest technologies in concrete occurs during curing although, this expansion
18
water reducers, it is possible to have a / contraction may cause the concrete to chip
53
Appendix

Introduction
1
if the joints are filled with incompressible consideration when determining the limit of
and Inspection
Evaluation
materials. the concrete pavement.
Sidewalk,
2
To accommodate these movements there For sidewalks and curbs, the edge loads
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
are four types of jointing techniques that are are the most predominate load condition
Asset
3
commonly used: whereas, interior loads are the most
(1) construction joints; (2) contraction joints; predominant load condition for concrete
Concrete
(3) isolation joints; and (4) expansion joints. pavements. It is important to understand the
Bridges
4
For these types of jointing applications, the difference since interior loads can change
joints can be sealed or not sealed depending to edge loads if the joints in a concrete

on the municipality’s preference. pavement separate, become wider and the
5
load transfer between panels is reduced. The
Concrete jointing is an important transition from edge load to interior load is
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
consideration in the design and longevity determined by the radius of relative stiffness
6
of the pavement. As shown in Figure 9.2, of the concrete pavement which is beyond
there are three critical cases for stress in the limits of this manual.
Fill (U-Fill)
the pavement; interior load, corner load and
7
edge load. Interior loads are in the middle 9.1 Construction Joints
of the panel and they are usually the lowest
Architectural
Concrete
stress condition. Corner loads are at the Constuction joints occur for two primary
8
corner of the panels and edge loads are reasons; the concrete work has continued
at the limit of the concrete where there is from a previous concrete pour or delays
Concrete
Jointing
no load transfer between adjacent panels. have been experienced on a project and
9
Edge loads are usually the highest stress the pour had to be completed due to time
Procurement
condition and designers should take this into constraints between placement. Depending
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
54
Appendix

Introduction
1
on the application, construction joints are joint does not allow load transfer between
and Inspection
Evaluation
typically formed with a smooth vertical face the panels and the slabs will act indepently
Sidewalk,
2
when there is new concrete placed beside when loading is applied. This is acceptable
old concrete. The following is a list of best for light load conditions or when there
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
practice methods that can be considered for is potential for cracking and the limit of
Asset
3
various applications and are illustrated in cracking should be contained within a panel.
Figure 9.3: Under this scenario, load transfer is not
Concrete
needed if the panel is designed for edge load

Bridges
4
Butt Joint with Expansion Joint Material: conditions.

This method is the most common
construction joint for concrete sidewalk Butt Joint with Expansion Joint Material
5
applications and is used to isolate and Dowel Bars: This method is used in
appurtenances such as, maintenance hole concrete pavements where one panel is
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
frames or poles, and is placed for separation likely to crack due to appurtenances in the
6
between consecutive sidewalk pours. This concrete but load transfer is required across
the joint and /or
Fill (U-Fill)
it is necessary to
7
prevent faulting
(lifting) of the joint.
Architectural
Concrete
This method includes

8
an expansion
joint material
Concrete
Jointing
which provides
9
seperation and
Procurement
prevents the crack

10
from propagating
to the adjacent
Construction
Placement
panel. The steel

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
dowel will prevent

vertical movement
Procedures
of the joint and

Concrete
Ordering
12
provide load transfer

between the panels
Transportation
Concrete
to ensure a smooth
13
surface. In this
case, an edge
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
condition design is
14
not required as the

panels are acting
Protection
Concrete
homogeniously.
15
Butt Joint with Tie-

Measurement,
Concrete
bars or Dowels: This

16
method is used is
commonly used in
Improvement
Project
slip-form concrete
17
paving when it is not

necessary to isolate
the panels. Tie-bars
18
are typically placed
55
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Concrete
Bridges
4
5
transeversley to the direction travel and a maximum ratio of 1:1.2). Sawn contraction
placed between pours to connect the slabs. joints should be cut between 8 and 24
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Dowel bars are placed longetudinally at hours after placement depending on the
6
construction joints but should only be used environmental conditions (eg. temperature,
for pavements greater than 180 mm thick. wind, etc). Early entry saws can be used
Fill (U-Fill)
to reduce the cut time to approximately 4
7
Butt Joint with Chipped Concrete Face: hours after placement. When the pavement
Architectural
This method is used in lieu of dowels for or sidewalk is not isolated from the curb
Concrete
8
pavements less than 180 mm thick. Since through the use of expansion joint material,
dowels are not practical for this application, then sawcuts in the curb should be aligned
the joint is manually chipped to provide a with the adjacent slab to control the location
Concrete
Jointing
9
rough surface and cleaned to enhance the of cracking.
bond of the new concrete. This method
Procurement
promotes aggregate interlock between the 9.3 Isolation Joints
10
pours and encourages the panels to act as
one. It is important that the chipped face Isolation joints are needed around embedded
Construction
Placement
Meetings
does not undercut the existing concrete as appurtenances or ironworks in the concrete.
& Pre-
Pre-
11
it will be difficult to fill the void and potential Embedded ironworks in the concrete may
reduce the effective thickness of the restrain the concrete when movement
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
pavement. occurs and cause the concrete to crack.
12
There are three examples provided in
9.2 Contraction Joints Figure 9.5 below. Panel 1 has a lamp post
Transportation
Concrete
in the bottom left corner which will be fixed
13
Contraction joints are joints that are either when the panel moves towards the centre
sawn into the pavement or tooled in using of the panel. Therefore, the concrete at

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
a grooving tool. Contraction joints are the top right corner has to move farther to
14
installed to a depth of 1/4 to 1/3 of the slab accommodate the fixed point when shrinkage
thcikness (T/4 or T/3). Some municipalities occurs in the concrete. In Panel 2, there
Protection
Concrete
prefer sawn joints to reduce bumps for is no restraint and the panel will have the
15
wheelchairs and accessibility purposes. ability to shrink towards the centre of the
Measurement,
In accordance with Canadian Standard panel. Lastly, the lamp post is located in
Concrete
Association (CSA) A23.1, the spacing of the centre of Panel 3 which is the preferred
16
contraction joints should be approximately location as the panel will shrink towards the
Improvement
25 times the slab thickness and should not centre. Most of the drying shrinkage occurs
Project
17
exceed 4.5 m. The concrete panels should in the first month of placement and cracking
be as square as possible with the length to may be observed within a couple months of
wide ratio not exceeding 1:1.5 (note: If you concrete placement.
18
have an Open Graded Drainage Layer (OGDL)

under the concrete it is recommended to use
56
Appendix

Introduction
1
Another reason for cracking in the concrete to the “Design and Construction of Joints for
and Inspection
Evaluation
results from the thermal expansion of the Concrete Streets” guideline provided on the
Sidewalk,
2
concrete and steel embedments. The CTE ACPA website at www.acpa.org.

for steel is aproximately 12 x10-6 m/m/°C.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
When the steel and the concrete are heated 9.4 Expansion Joints
Asset
3
by the sun, both materials will expand in the

same space and cracking may occur if they Expansion joints are used to isolate concrete
Concrete
are not isolated correctly. In Figure 9.6, panels that are anticipated to move differently
Bridges
4
the maintenance hole fame and cover does than adjacent concrete sections. For sidewalk
not need to be isolated for drying shrinkage and curb applications, expansion joints can be
although, needs to be isolated due to the placed between the sidewalk and the curb and
5
thermal expansion of the two materials. If the sections of sidewalks that are perpendicular
concrete was installed on a base with minimal to each other. The curb and sidewalk are
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
friction then the concrete could expand different thicknesses and widths therefore,
6
without cracking. the concrete is anticipated to expand at

different rates. For sidewalks, most of the
Fill (U-Fill)
For additional information on isolation joints expansion is in the longitudinal direction

7
and construction details for telescoping and misalignment or cracking may occur if
maintenance holes, catch basins, etc., refer perpendicular sections are not isolated from
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
57
Appendix

Introduction
1
each other. Expansion joints are also used shown in Figure 9.7. Expansion joints should
and Inspection
Evaluation
at approaches to bridge structures. If a be carefully planned during the design stage
Sidewalk,
2
concrete pavement was constructed adjacent of a concrete pavement project. If there are
to a bridge approach, expansion in the too many expansion joints in a pavement,
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
concrete pavement would apply stress on the the pavement may move and cause the
Asset
3
bridge abutments if proper expansion joints contraction joints to separate and widen.
were not constructed. When the contraction joints widen excessively
Concrete
then there will be loss of load transfer at the
Bridges
4
Similar to expansion joints, it is best practice contraction joints. (Figure 9.8)
to construct expansion joints the full

thickness of the slab with fiber board or other 9.5 Joint Sealant
5
expansion joint material such as, rubber or
foam. If the joints are not constructed the Joint sealing or no sealing is a very hot topic
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
full depth of the slab, then sections of the with numerous experts sitting on both sides
6
sidewalk or pavement are still connected and of the dividing line. As pavement designers
expansion may cause the concrete to crack as are aware, water can have a damaging effect
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
58
Appendix

Introduction
1
on the performace of the pavement if water Cement Association of Canada (CAC),

and Inspection
Evaluation
enters the base and doesn’t drain properly. Kosmatka, Steven H.; Kerkhoff, B.;
Sidewalk,
2
The pro-sealing group states that joints need Panarese, William C.; MacLeod, Norman F.;
to be sealed to keep the water out and to and McGrath, R.J. “Design and Control of
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
limit the amount of incompressible materials Concrete Mixtures, 8th Canadian Edition”
Asset
3
entering the joints. The primary problem (2011).

with sealing is that if it is done incorrectly
Concrete
it can trap water which may become a Canadian Portland Cement Association
Bridges
4
large problem. Typically, joint sealants last (CPCA). “Thickness Design for Concrete
aprroximately 10-15 years before failures Highway and Street Pavement Canadian
occurs and the sealant requires replacement Edition/Metric” (EB209.03P)

5
or maintennce. Each maintenance cycle

requires the joint to be sawn wider which Canadian Standards Association (CSA).
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
can contribute to increased noise of the “Concrete Materials and Methods of

6
pavement. Concrete Construction / Test Methods and

Standard Practices for Concrete - A23.1/2”
Fill (U-Fill)
The no-seal group suggests the joints should (2014).

7
be designed with closer spacing to reduce

the amount of movement in the joint and Hein, D. and Sullivan, S. Transportation
Architectural
Concrete
minimize the amount of incompressible Association of Canada. “Concrete

8
materials entering the joint. In addition, if Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) and
the pavement is designed with good drainage Its Significance in Mechanistic-Empirical
Concrete
Jointing
then water entering the joint and / or base Pavement Design” (2012).
9
should not be an issue. The main concern

Procurement
with no sealant is incompressibles entering Ontario Provincial Standards and

10
the joint which may lead to concrete chipping Specifications, OPSD 310.010 (2005).
and potential blow-outs of the joint during
Construction
Placement
expansion / contraction. To address these Ontario Provincial Standards and

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
concerns, routine cleaning of the joints is Specifications, OPSD 551.032 (2008).

recommended to remove incompressible
Procedures
material such as aggregates. Additionally, Ontario Provincial Standards and

Concrete
Ordering
12
it would be best practice to seal granular Specifications, OPSD 552.020 (2008).

shoulders to minimze the migration of
Transportation
Concrete
aggregates that may travel along the surface

13
and enter the joint.

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Both approaches have performed well on

14
pavements in Ontario with good success.

For additional information regarding joint
Protection
Concrete
sealant, refer to the following website which

15
has been dedicated to this topic

www.sealnoseal.org. In addition, jointing
Measurement,
Concrete
design information can be found at the ACPA

16
website at www.wikipave.org
Improvement
Project
References:
17
American Concrete Paving Association

ACPA, Design and Construction of Joints for
18
Concrete Streets, 1992.
59
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 10 – Procurement estimating and cost-benefit analysis during
and Inspection
Evaluation
this decision making process. Through the
Sidewalk,
2
This chapter provides a guideline for economic evaluation process, the agency
municipal concrete designers and contract should identify potential risks and the impact
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
administrators during the procurement phase of making such procurement related decisions.
Asset
3
of a project and preparation of contract
documents. The procurement phase can be Depending on the complexity of a particular
Concrete
defined as the process of which the acquisition project, such as a skate-park seen in Figure
Bridges
4
of products, services or results are obtained 10.1 or reconstruction of a concrete bridge
from an outside external source. It is in the for example, the procurement schedule

best interest of government agencies that should be considered as part of the overall
5
projects are procured appropriately in order work plan for the project. The preferred
to ensure good value for the work in terms of timing of the reconstruction work may
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
cost, time, quality and scope of work. dictate the schedule for procurement and
6
the agency’s ability to meet key milestones
The initial step in the municipal procurement dates, including; advertising timelines; bidding
Fill (U-Fill)
process is to identify the purchasing needs period; closing / opening of bids; acceptance
7
of the agency and establish a strategy to period; recommendation for award; and
satisfy these requirements. This strategy execution of the contract documents. The
Architectural
Concrete
typically includes a series of steps and can procurement schedule can significantly
8
be categorized in the following five process influence this process and the development of
groups. These groups can be summarized a Procurement Management Plan may assist
Concrete
Jointing
as follows; Plan Purchases and Acquisitions; agencies in administering the procurement
9
Planned Contracting; Contracts; Contract phase of a project.
Procurement
Administration; and Contract Closure.
10
Items to be considered as part of a
10.1 Plan Purchases and Acquisitions Procurement Management Plan include;
Construction
Placement
• Products, services or results to be procured
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
This process identifies which needs can be with justification statements and anticipated
met by purchasing or acquiring products, timelines;
Procedures
services or results from outside of the agency. • Procurement related costs, evaluation
Concrete
Ordering
12
This process typically includes considerations of purchasing options and selection
of how, what and when to acquire products, methodology;
Transportation
Concrete
services or results. During this process, • Risks associated with procurement
13
the agency may seek services and support management and potential mitigation
from subject matter experts or specialists in strategies;

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
disciplines such as engineering, contracting, Standardized procurement templates or
14
financing, purchasing and law. documents to be used (e.g. Request for
Quotation – RFQ); Protection
Concrete
The Plan Purchases and Acquisitions process • General instructions for bidders such as,
15
includes reviewing the risks when determining contract schedules and work breakdown
whether to perform the work with in-house structure (WBS);
Measurement,
Concrete
resources or soliciting the work from outside • Procurement coordination with other agency
16
of the organization. This process generally projects (if required);

involves the agency determining whether • Identification of potential bidders and
Improvement
Project
to ‘make-or-buy’ a product or service under possible bidding constraints, for example,

17
conditions when specific resources or current industry conditions, competing

specialized skills may not be available. It projects and contractor availability for
is good practice to make use of economic specialized work (ex. concrete pavement
18
evaluation tools and techniques such as, construction);
60
Appendix

61
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
Introduction
1
• Concrete Ontario third party certification of submitting a detailed submission for review
and Inspection
Evaluation
the concrete plant and delivery vehicles as per and consideration by the agency. Potential
Sidewalk,
2
the requirements of OPSS 1350.MUNI. bidders are required to provide detailed
• Development of a bidder’s list, notification information pertaining to, but not limited to,
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
process and industry liaison strategy; information about the general contractor;
Asset
3
• Contract approval process, deliverables and project management experience and
deadlines; and qualifications of supervisory staff; insurance
Concrete
• Criteria for vender performance evaluations. / bonding capabilities; company financial
Bridges
4
statements; past work history; the value of
work completed; project references; and

10.2 Planned Contracting performance reports / ratings.
5
Provided that the agency determines to solicit After the closing date for pre-qualified
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
the work from outside of the organization, bid submissions, the proposals may be
6
the Planned Contracting process prepares forwarded to a multi-discipline review
the documents required to facilitate the bid Committee consisting of agency staff, external
Fill (U-Fill)
submissions from General Contractors and consultants and/or subject matter experts (ex.
7
the subsequent selection / approval process. Structural Engineers retained on a concrete
The Planned Contracting process obtains bridge construction project). The review
Architectural
Concrete
responses from the concrete industry, such as Committee will assess, evaluate and rate
8
tendered bids or proposals from Contractors each proposal based on a set criteria defined
interested in performing the work. The bids for the project. Once completed, general
Concrete
Jointing
and/or proposals are received by the agency contractors will be shortlisted; a summary of
9
and evaluated to ensure the submissions the results / recommendation will be prepared
Procurement
meet the requirements of the contract for the agency’s approval body, such as
10
documents. Many factors can be considered Council; and the list of qualified contractors
when evaluating submissions, such as, cost; will provide a bid as part of the second stage
Construction
Placement
contractual compliance; list of suppliers / of the procurement process.
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
subcontractors; past performance; references;
and bonds / insurance. 10.3 Contracts
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Pre-Qualification of General Contractors: The municipal procurement process often
Depending on the type of concrete involves Purchasing Contracts between a
Transportation
Concrete
project planned by the agency, designers buyer and seller, or government agency and
13
/ contract administrators may consider general contractor. A mutual agreement,
pre-qualifying general contractors prior promise and/or contract is developed to bind

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
to the bidding process to ensure potential this relationship that defines the terms and
14
bidders are capable of delivering the project; obligations of each party. For example, the
conducting the work; and meet the minimum seller or general contractor shall provide Protection
Concrete
requirements in the contract documents. The the product, service or result for a set price
15
primary benefits of pre-qualification process over a certain period of time, and the buyer
include; reduced time between closing and or agency shall provide a monetary payment
Measurement,
Concrete
award of a contract; ensuring consistent for work performed in accordance with the
16
delivery of high-quality construction conditions of the contract.

projects; and making the best use of agency /
Improvement
Project
contractor resources. One of the primary requirements for a

17
contract to be enforceable is the condition

The pre-qualification process is typically that all parties accept the terms of the legal
open to the public where potential bidders agreement. This is commonly achieved
18
are invited to express their interest by through signature and seal of party
62
Appendix

Introduction
1
agreements, but in some jurisdictions, the various methods of payment; the preferred
and Inspection
Evaluation
acceptance of contacts have evolved to timelines for completion; and the level of risk /
Sidewalk,
2
include e-tendering processes and various responsibility associated with the work.
forms of electronic bid submissions.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Regardless of the format of an agreement, It is the responsibility of the agency to

Asset
3
a contract is a legally binding relationship tailor the Contract to the specific needs of
subject to remedy of the courts and the project and clearly define the roles of
Concrete
arbitration. the agency and General Contractor. Where

Bridges
4
possible, the terms and conditions should

If any, one (or more), of the following identify risks, which party is responsible for
elements is not present in an agreement then the risk and potential mitigation strategies
5
the contract is not formed and the agreement to manage the risk. The type of Contract that
is not enforceable by law. These essential bears the most amount of the risk will typically
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
elements include; offer and acceptance of the cost agency more to complete. Alternatively,
6
terms / conditions of the contract; mutual the Contractor may better suited to manage
intent to complete the contract work and or mitigate the risk and in turn, the agency
Fill (U-Fill)
requirements; financial consideration or may find the cost of the project to be more
7
something of monetary value is exchanged economical.

between the parties; capacity of the persons
Architectural
Concrete
contracting with each other is clear; and the The type of Contracts can be generally
8
intended outcome of the contract is for lawful categorized into three main groups, these
purposes. groups include;
Concrete
Jointing
9
In Canadian Contract law, the agency’s Fixed price (either Lump Sum or Unit Price):
Procurement
request for bidders on a project constitutes Compensation is based on a predetermined

10
as an offer and ‘Contract A’ is formed when value for the scope of work and may include
the offer is accepted upon submission of each incentives for meeting or exceeding selected
Construction
Placement
bid / bid deposit from general contractors. project objectives such as, defined timelines
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
‘Contract B’ is formed when the agency for Contract completion through performance
awards the bid submission or tender to the bonuses / liquidated damages (ex. bonus /
Procedures
successful bidder. This concept has recently penalty clauses);

Concrete
Ordering
12
been adopted by the courts to ensure fairness

for both, the agency / owner and bidders Cost reimbursable (or Cost plus): This type
Transportation
Concrete
during the procurement process. In essence, of Contract reduces the risk endured by the
13
this concept protects the right of both parties Contractor as the agency compensates the
and instills confidence that bid submissions Contractor for actual work performed plus
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
are valid / irrevocable; and that general a set fee for profit, both parties are held
14
contractors can expect an equal opportunity accountable for completing and funding the
to successfully bid on the work. project; and
Protection
Concrete
15
Contract Types: There are several types of Time and Material (T&M): Similar to cost
contracts that agencies may want to consider plus arrangements except the Contractor’s
Measurement,
Concrete
during the procurement phase of a project. risk is limited as the value of the Contract is
16
Expectations on a project can vary and the open ended as the scope of work is undefined
type of contract should be selected to best and the full value of the work has not been
Improvement
Project
suit the expected outcome of the work, based determined at the time of Contract award.
17
on the parameters of the project. The agency

should consider the anticipated dynamics
of each contract; the type of relationship
18
formed with the general contractor; the
63
Appendix

Introduction
1
10.4 Contract Administration for the change; the basis for approval; level
and Inspection
Evaluation
of authority protocols; the person or group
Sidewalk,
2
On a conventional concrete construction that authorizes the change; tools / templates
project, the agency’s role in managing to be used; procedures / requirements for
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
the work includes ensuring the General supporting documents; and links to other
Asset
3
Contractor complies with the terms and Contract management procedures.
conditions of the Contract, as well as
Concrete
documenting and agreeing on any changes Depending on the complexity of the concrete
Bridges
4
that may arise during the implementation project, the Change Control process could
of the work. Contract Administration can involve other monitoring and controlling

be defined as the process of managing the procedures, for example, schedule and cost
5
delivery of Contract work for the purposes performance forecasting utilizing tools such
of optimizing financial and operational as Earned Value Management. Regardless of
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
performance, while monitoring and the project, the key to change control success
6
controlling the agency’s level of risk. is to have a well-defined and documented
process that allows agency’s to monitor the
Fill (U-Fill)
The Contract Administration process may progress of project. Changes to a Contract
7
include the management of many different may often reflect lessons to be learned and
processes (often at multiple levels of agencies may benefit from the transfer of
Architectural
Concrete
complexity). Some examples include, but are knowledge on future projects.
8
not limited to; monitoring and controlling
the project schedule; financial tracking / 10.5 Contract Closure
Concrete
Jointing
reporting of work performed; documenting
9
and evaluating on the Contractor’s At the completion of the project, the
Procurement
performance; administrating quality control; agency will be required to close-out the
10
and integrating change control procedures. Contract and provide a formal notice to the
It is important to note that Contracts can General Contractor that the requirements
Construction
Placement
be amended at any time by mutual consent of the Contract have been completed; the
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
of all parties involved, through the change Contractor is no longer responsible for the
control process identified in the conditions of work performed; and that all outstanding
Procedures
Contract. matters have been reconciled. The Contract
Concrete
Ordering
12
Closure procedure should be defined in the
Change Control: An efficient Change Control general conditions of Contract, often in the
Transportation
Concrete
process should be clear to all parties at the form of a signed completion certificate and/
13
onset of the project. The process should or letter documented in the project file for
be fair and flexibility although, provide the future reference.

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
agency with the ability to control scope of
14
work changes on a Contract. If the process For more information on the Contract Closure
is too onerous, valuable changes may be procedures / processes, please refer to Protection
Concrete
overlooked or lead to uncontrolled scope Chapter 17: Project Closeout.

15
creep and reconfiguration of the Contract

objectives. If the process is too lenient, then References:
Measurement,
Concrete
changes to the Contract may be implemented

16
with insufficient thought and consideration of City of Calgary, Prequalification for

the potential consequences. Construction Prime Contractor - http://
Improvement
Project
www.calgary.ca/CA/fs/Pages/Bid-and-
17
Generally speaking, the Contract Documents Vendor-Information/Prequalification-for-

may include the following steps and/or Construction-Prime-Contractor.aspx
requirements as part of the change control
18
process. These steps include; the rationale
64
Appendix

Introduction
1
Project Management Docs, Procurement

and Inspection
Evaluation
Management Plan Template - http://

Sidewalk,
2
www.projectmanagementdocs.com/
project-planning-templates/procurement-
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
management-plan.html#axzz42tbpzjd9
Asset
3
Project Management, Contract Management

Concrete
Guide - http://zo-d.com/blog/archives/taking-
Bridges
4
the-pmp-exam/taking-the-pmp-exam-appendix-
b-contract-types.html
5
Public Works and Government Services

Canada, Contractor Performance Evaluation
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Report Form (CPERF) - http://www.tpsgc-

6
pwgsc.gc.ca/app-acq/forms/2913-eng.html
Fill (U-Fill)
The ePMbook, Scope & Change Control - http://

7
www.epmbook.com/scope.htm
Architectural
Concrete
University of Waterloo, Contract Law,

8
Engineering Law and Professional Liability

(Case Studies): Changes to the Professional
Concrete
Jointing
Engineers Act (2010) -https://ece.uwaterloo.

9
ca/~dwharder/PPE/Contracts/; and https://

Procurement
ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/PPE/Part_B_
10
cases/
Construction
Placement
Wikipedia, Contract A, Contract Management

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
and Procurement - https://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Contract_A; https://en.wikipedia.org/
Procedures
wiki/Contract_management; and https://

Concrete
Ordering
12
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
65
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 11 – Pre-Construction & In some cases, it is advisable to specify a
and Inspection
Evaluation
Pre-Placement Meetings pre-placement trial batch or test section in
Sidewalk,
2
order to ensure the contractor can meet the
Depending upon the size and scope of the requirements of the contract, textured finish-
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
project, a pre-placement meeting as seen in es, colour, placement rate, etc. During this
Asset
3
Figure 11.1 should be held regardless of its for- time, it is best practice to obtain samples of
mality. Having a set of plans for the contrac- the concrete and conduct material testing for
Concrete
tor is advisable, this allows the contractor to compressive strength; flexural strength; air
Bridges
4
plan the work accordingly, determine the size void; and / or rapid chloride permeability to
of crew, pour schedule, construction staging ensure the concrete mix can meet the specifi-

and equipment requirements. cations after placement.
5
Parties present for a pre-placement meeting Ultimately, it will be up to the contractor to
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
can vary depending on the size and com- alleviate any concerns from the municipali-
6
plexity of the concrete pour; for example, ty and / or owner’s engineering consultant.
miscellaneous sidewalk pours across a large Concerns may include, but are not limited to;
Fill (U-Fill)
area are often facilitated in the format of a determining the method of concrete con-
7
pre-construction meeting with the munici- struction; quality of concrete mixtures; possi-
pality to discuss items such as, special re- ble discharge locations and rates. The role of
Architectural
Concrete
quirements of the contract; schedule / hours the supplier will be to assure the contractor
8
of work; traffic control; access for adjacent that the desired discharge rate can be met
property owners / businesses; and other re- during construction to ensure contractor
Concrete
Jointing
lated matters. Large pours, such as the pour is productive. The contractor and supplier
9
for a concrete pavement project or bridge will have to work together to determine the
Procurement
structure should be held weeks prior to the most appropriate discharge / delivery rate
10
actual pour, with all invested parties (suppli- and stay in constant communication while
er, contractor, consultant, engineering firm, the work proceeds to address any problems
Construction
Placement
owner, local municipality representative, etc.) should they arise.
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
present to ensure the work is well planned
and coordinated.
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
In advance of the meeting, it would
be beneficial to develop a Concrete
Transportation
Concrete
Placement Plan and include topics
13
such as, the type of concrete; rate
of hydration; haul route; discharge

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
rate; placement techniques; finish
14
of the concrete; discharge locations
permitted; clean-out areas; road Protection
Concrete
closures, traffic control or detours;

15
testing procedures; remedial mea-

sures if potential problems occur
Measurement,
Concrete
(ex. during inclement weather) and

16
any other concerns that an invested

party may have regarding the work.
Improvement
Project
For additional information, refer to

17
Appendix F, “Checklist for Concrete

Pre-Construction Meeting”.
Figure 11.1: Concrete pave-in demonstration and meeting
18
(provided by Region of Waterloo).
66
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 12 – Concrete Ordering Procedures each concrete company use a checklist

and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
for ordering and scheduling ready-mixed

2
While general contractors and concrete concrete. A sample is provided in Appendix K

suppliers all have unique procedures for the and was developed by the National Ready-mix
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
processing and handling of concrete orders Concrete Association (NRMCA) and American
Asset
3
for their construction projects, it is important Society of Concrete Contractors (ASCC) in

that the minimum ordering requirements the United States and modified by Concrete
Concrete
Bridges
are identified and addressed by both Ontario for use on Canadian projects.
4
stakeholders.
The recommended minimum information
It is strongly recommended that a formal required for entering an order is:

5
quotation is provided by the concrete supplier

and a purchase order is issued / used by • Name and address of the customer;
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
the general contractor for ordering the • Individual placing the order and contact
6
concrete. These documents should specify information (preferably a mobile phone

the anticipated quantity of concrete; class of number);
Fill (U-Fill)
concrete mix being ordered; and identify the • Date and time the order was received;
7
unique mix number. If performance mixes • Customer number - all customers, except
Architectural
are required, the mix specifications should pre-paid and cash-on-delivery (COD)
Concrete
be submitted on Ontario Provincial Standard customers, should be assigned a customer

8
Form (OPSF) 1350-1 in OPSS Muni.1350 number by the concrete supplier accounting
at least 2 weeks prior to delivery of the department;
Concrete
Jointing
9
concrete, the mix code provided on OPSF • Product and quantity desired. This should
1350-1 should be used to order the concrete include the mix number and any additional
Procurement
during construction. requirements such as fibres, colour, etc.;

10
• Type of order – Is the order confirmed?

General contractors should place orders Contractor will call later, weather permitting,
Construction
Placement
for concrete directly with the appropriate etc.;

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
order entry / dispatch personnel. Concrete • Purpose or use of the concrete and method
sales and management personnel may of placement;
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
assist by facilitating communications • Address of the delivery and detailed

12
between company dispatch personnel and directions or access to the site;

the customer. Although, confirmation • Requested date and time of delivery;
Transportation
Concrete
of the order and time of delivery should • Frequency of concrete delivery required for
13
be the responsibility of the order entry / larger pours / multiple loads;

dispatch personnel to ensure correct supply • Special site conditions when on-site. Clean-
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
requirements are provided to the contractor. out locations; personal protective equipment
14
The concrete supplier should explain the (PPE); construction gate access, etc.;
preferred method for receiving orders. Most • Confirm the type of placement via pumping,
Protection
Concrete
orders are received by telephone, over a bucket transfers, standard chutes, etc.;
15
dedicated line, or directly into the order entry • Any special requests such as, minimum truck
/ dispatch office. Some company’s receive size, conveyor belt, concrete pumps, ice, etc.;
Measurement,
Concrete
orders by fax and most recently by email. and

16
• Appropriate filed staff receiving the order,

12.1 Concrete Order Entry general contractor or sub-contractor, etc..
Improvement
Project
17
As orders are received, they are recorded All orders should be verified with OPSF 1350-1
on the appropriate order entry form or and Purchase Order or Concrete Order Form,
18
entered directly into the concrete supplier’s where applicable. A sample Concrete Order
dispatch software. It is recommended that Form is provided in Appendix D. In addition,
67
Appendix

Introduction
1
the general contractor should identify who It is best practice that all concrete customers,
and Inspection
Evaluation
has authority to change the type of mixture; whether it is a municipality or contractor
Sidewalk,
2
add supplements or make other requests working on a municipal project, to contact
to the order; and the acceptable method of suppliers in advance of the work taking
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
verification (either verbal over the phone, via place and submit their orders with a
Asset
3
email, updated purchase order number, etc.). minimum of 24 hours’ notice. For specialty
concrete applications and products, this
Concrete
12.2 Directions to the Jobsite pre-ordering period are likely extended to
Bridges
4
ensure appropriate materials are in-place
Once the concrete order has been placed, the and available. If such limitations are required

concrete supplier should be provided with then the supplier should advise municipality
5
clear and understandable site information in / contractor during both, the quotation stage
order to properly dispatch the concrete trucks and during the pre-construction meeting. For
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
to the jobsite. The person placing the order example, requirements for ice to cool the
6
should also provide additional information, temperature of the concrete may require
such as: more than 24 hours’ notice.
Fill (U-Fill)
7
• Street entrance location with assigned gate The general contractor is responsible
numbers when there are multiple entrances; for supplying the dispatcher with the
Architectural
Concrete
• Layout of the proposed structures and requested concrete quantity, type of work
8
buildings indicating the appropriate names and anticipated delivery rates. It is the
of the structures (i.e. West Bridge Pier responsibility of the concrete dispatcher
Concrete
Jointing
# 1, westbound curb & gutter, lane one / to integrate these requests into their daily
9
northbound pavement, etc.); production schedules and to load trucks in an
Procurement
• Layout of proposed concrete pumping orderly fashion as seen in Figure 12.1. As a
10
locations; result, the concrete dispatcher may request a
• Location for concrete truck washout areas; large volume or high delivery rate for concrete
Construction
Placement
and projects to be scheduled during off-peak load
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
• Location for proper site egress. times. In these circumstances, there may be a
need to schedule the pour during the evening
Procedures
12.3 Dispatch Process or weekend to accommodate such demanding
Concrete
Ordering
12
projects. Like many aspects of the project,
When the concrete supplier is developing early communication of these requirements
Transportation
Concrete
their delivery cycle, they must consider between the parties is critical to ensure the
13
many factors, including but not limited to, success of the project.
unique dispatching systems; total number of

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
trucks available in their fleet; the number and 12.4 Specialty Concrete Products
14
locations of concrete plants that could supply
the project; and the frequency and production Canadian Standards Association (CSA) A23.1 Protection
Concrete
demands of additional concrete customers requires that all concrete products used in
15
while the work is taking place. In some the production of ready-mixed concrete be
instances, this process is now automated added by the concrete supplier. To meet
Measurement,
Concrete
but the majority of suppliers still dispatch this specification, early communication of
16
the concrete via radios to the driver. The additional products required is necessary to
concrete supplier must consider all these ensure the concrete supplier can have the
Improvement
Project
factors when attempting to balance their necessary quantity of material on hand for the
17
delivery cycle and ensure the concrete can be project. Such products may include but are not
delivered to the jobsite when necessary. limited to, colour pigments; fibres; corrosion
inhibitors; non-chloride based accelerators;
18
specialty aggregates; ice; etc.
68
Appendix

Introduction
1
It is the responsibility of the ready-mixed

and Inspection
Evaluation
Specialty concrete products raise the issue concrete supplier to inform the contractor
Sidewalk,
2
of whether the material should be added at if the temperature of the concrete mixture
the plant versus adding the material on-site. is approaching the maximum threshold
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Where possible, the preferred location for the for the project. The ready-mixed concrete
Asset
3
addition of these materials is at the concrete supplier and contractor should ensure that
supplier’s plant. The plant will provide greater all provisions are taken into consideration
Concrete
controls through the use of automated to ensure the concrete is kept cool during
Bridges
4
dispensing systems and reduce likelihood of the curing period. This may be difficult for
potential errors when added on-site. This speciality mixes such as, coloured concrete,
does not mean that the addition of material where conventional (white) curing compounds
5
on-site should be eliminated entirely as there cannot be used. Under these circumstances,
may be instances where the addition of raw cool water and light mists can be applied
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
materials is either warranted or preferred through the use of sprinklers.

6
from a concrete performance standpoint. For

example, a load of concrete could contain
Fill (U-Fill)
low air entrainment and the supplier may be

7
allowed to increase the quantity of admixture

on-site to ensure the concrete meets the
Architectural
Concrete
specified requirements.
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
Figure 12.2: Portable concrete plant and truck

FIGURE 12.1: Concrete truck loading at plant loading area
69
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 13 – Transportation and Receiving 90 minutes of initial charging for ready-mix
and Inspection
Evaluation
Concrete trucks and 30 minutes for dump trucks on a
Sidewalk,
2
concrete pavement project.
The majority of concrete delivered to a site is
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
provided via a ready-mix truck, or a volumetric Upon reaching the site, it is best practice that
Asset
3
concrete mixer as shown in Figure 13.1. For the concrete contractor and / or the material
large highway projects or roller compacted testing consultant confirm that the load of
Concrete
concrete projects, dump trucks may be used concrete has been batched correctly and is
Bridges
4
for delivery providing travel distances are specifically intended for the site, especially
suitable and the material can be delivered if there is more than one concrete trade

with a reasonable timeframe. For any present on the project. Once the concrete has
5
transportation method, trucks are considered been delivered, the contractor may have to
heavy vehicles and operators must adhere consider different methodologies for further
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
to local traffic by-laws; designated trucking transportation of the material on-site and
6
routes; and maximum load restrictions (ex. will need to incorporate this approach in the
bridge structures requiring repair). concrete placement plan. As shown in Figure
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Figure 13.1: Concrete ready-mix truck (left) and volumetric mixer (right)
Concrete
Ordering
12
[Provided by Concrete Ontario]
Transportation
Concrete
13
Planning of the work in advance will 13.2, the placement of concrete may involve
allow invested parties to choose the most a paving train. The placement will be fairly

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
appropriate method of handling the delivery of straightforward if a pour can be done simply
14
the concrete to the jobsite. Due to the nature by off-loading the concrete from the ready-
of concrete, the hydration process will occur mix truck via chutes to its desired position. Protection
Concrete
as soon as the ingredients in the concrete Conversely, the placement process may
15
have been charged and the water / cement require the use of pumps; conveyers; tele-
have been combined. The initial setting of belts; concrete buggies; wheel barrows, etc. to
Measurement,
Concrete
the concrete will occur within 30 minutes transport the material to the desired location.
16
although, this time period can be prolonged These operations may impact productivity and
if the concrete is continuously mixed and the supplier / contractor should be fully aware
Improvement
Project
agitated in a ready-mix truck. However, the of these requirements prior to placement.

17
concrete should be fully discharged within Once the logistics are known, the contractor
a 2 hour period from the initial charging of and supplier can work together to develop an
the material. OPSS 1350.07.07 states that action plan to ensure the pour is conducted
18
the discharge of concrete should be within successfully.
70
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Concrete
Bridges
4
5 Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Figure 13.2: Concrete paving operation and dump truck (provided by County of Essex.)
Concrete
Jointing
9
The supplier will determine the best course

Procurement
of transportation for the concrete pour upon

10
examining the type of project; the quantity

of concrete required; the geographical
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
location; detouring routes; access to the

Pre-
11
site; and pouring schedule. The preferred

method chosen must be able to accommodate
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
the capacity of work planned in order to

12
avoid any cold joints during construction,

Transportation
if a delay occurs unexpectedly. Once the

Concrete
concrete arrives on-site, the material must

13
be transported by the contractor the location

of placement as expeditiously as possible

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
without compromising segregation or any loss

of the mixture.
Protection
Concrete
15
References:
Measurement,
Cement Association of Canada (CAC),

Concrete
16
Kosmatka, Steven H.; Kerkhoff, B.; Panarese,

William C.; MacLeod, Norman F.; and McGrath,
Improvement
R.J. “Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures,

Project
17
8th Canadian Edition” (2011).

18
71
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 14 – Convey, Placing, Consolidating and moisture content. As illustrated in
and Inspection
Evaluation
and Finishing Concrete Figure 14.1, the contractor must ensure
Sidewalk,
2
the formwork has been installed correctly;
After the pre-planning, ordering and meets the desired alignment, layout; and is
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
transportation of the concrete has occurred properly supported to maintain the desired
Asset
3
successfully, it is then the responsibility of shape during construction. Additionally, if the
the contractor to take the concrete from the concrete requires steel reinforcing; internal
Concrete
delivery truck to its final placement position. embedments for load distribution; electrical
Bridges
4
conduit, or plumbing,
then these applications

must also be placed and
5
confirmed prior to the
arrival of the concrete.
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
These quick checks will
6
allow the contractor to
install the concrete with
Fill (U-Fill)
fewer delays once the
7
material has arrival on-site.
Architectural
Concrete
The sequence on how the
8
concrete pour will progress
must be determined.
Concrete
Jointing
Large pours will require
9
construction, contraction
Procurement
and / or expansion joints at
10
pre-determined locations.
In these circumstances, it
Construction
Placement
Figure 14.1: Concrete base and formwork preparation would be beneficial to place
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
(provided by Mick Prieur) the concrete in long / narrow
sections to allow enough
Procedures
room for the discharge
Concrete
Ordering
12
truck to travel beside the pour between the
Before the concrete has arrived on site, longitudinal joints. The size of the placement
Transportation
Concrete
the base that the concrete will be placed crew will vary with the nature of the concrete
13
upon needs to be checked for grade; any pour and type of application. For example,
undulations; compaction; standing water; small sidewalk pours can be performed with

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
as little as 4 workers whereas; a large pour
14
for a bridge deck or pavement as shown in
Figure 14.2, may require several crews to Protection
Concrete
complete the work.

15
The application of moving the concrete from

Measurement,
Concrete
the point of delivery to its placement location

16
can be achieved by multiple possibilities,

including; crane and bucket; pumping; tele-
Improvement
Project
belt; conveyer belt; chute discharge; concrete

17
Figure 14.2: Concrete bridge deck buggy; skid-steer or back-hoe bucket; wheel
(provided by County of Essex) barrow; and other hand tools. These can be
utilized, as long as, the methodology doesn’t
18
disrupt the even distribution of the concrete
72
Appendix

Introduction
1
properties and the process of pouring can and consolidated as the work proceeds.
and Inspection
Evaluation
be done as expeditiously as possible without Over-loading an area and attempting to

Sidewalk,
2
degrading the desired mix composition and achieve proper grade of the concrete by
strength of the concrete. When discharging, dragging a vibrator across the surface is not
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
always be aware of the conditions surrounding recommended, since this method of placement
Asset
3
the site. Booms, pumps, conveyors and may lead to segregation and weakening of the
even ready-mix concrete trucks may come in concrete. An alternative is a vibratory screed
Concrete
contact with overhead lines. It is important to as shown in Figure 14.3. Open tooth rakes
Bridges
4
make sure the pathway for equipment is clear should be discouraged because they can cause
of overhead lines or appropriate means should segregation of the concrete by “grabbing” and
be taken to alter the discharge location and displacing larger aggregate. In addition, all
5
avoid the hazard. strike off tools should be checked for trueness
prior to being applied to the surface of the
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Upon initial placement of the concrete, the concrete.

6
material is worked into place and agitated

through a variety of means to achieve proper After the initial placement, consolidation and
Fill (U-Fill)
consolidation. Internal vibrators are common striking off the concrete the desired finish can
7
for cast in-place vertical pours greater than be initiated. The desired finish of the surface
200mm in thickness and /or around areas is typically related to the intended appearance
Architectural
Concrete
with a significant amount of reinforcing steel. and function of the concrete. For example,
8
For slabs on grade, sidewalks, parking lots factory floors typically require a smooth-
or pavements, a mechanical screed or laser finish with minimal undulations whereas,
Concrete
Jointing
screed can be used to place the concrete and an exterior concrete sidewalk application
9
agitate the surface, this allows for both grade will have a broom-finish texture to provide
Procurement
control and consolidation of the pour. For better traction for walking pedestrians. This
10
additional information on laser screeds, refer finishing process would likely include the
to the Somero Enterprises website at http:// following steps; placement, consolidation and
Construction
Placement
www.somero.com/ screeding of the concrete; bull-floating the

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
concrete; hand-floating the concrete edges

The placement and spreading of concrete and areas where the bull-float could not reach;
Procedures
should be conducted to minimize any possible incorporating expansion joints to the desired
Concrete
Ordering
12
segregation of the concrete mix. Large sidewalk spacing; providing a broom- finish
pours using pumps and buckets should be to the concrete; edging the concrete with
Transportation
Concrete
done in layers, with each layer being agitated finishing tools; and applying concrete curing
13
techniques.
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Additionally, the type of concrete also

14
determines the type of equipment and tools

used to finish the concrete. Concrete that
Protection
Concrete
contains air entrainment should never be

15
finished with a steel trowel or hand tool.

The use of this tool will seal the surface of
Measurement,
Concrete
the concrete and facilitate the formation of

16
surface irregularities that will likely become a

deficiency. Figure 14.4 shows the bad practice
Improvement
Project
of applying additional water to the concrete

17
surface as this increases the water to cement

ratio on the surface and impacts the durability
Figure 14.3: Vibratory screed concrete pour of the concrete.
18
(provided by County of Essex)
73
Appendix

Introduction
1
structural walls with continuous rebar require
and Inspection
Evaluation
a rougher surface for the next pour of
Sidewalk,
2
concrete to ensure a mechanical bond.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
The finishes for concrete pavements should be
Asset
3
a texture surface to improve vehicular traction
and skid resistance. The initial texturing
Concrete
should be performed with a longitudinal burlap
Bridges
4
drag to produce a uniform textured surface.
The burlap should be kept clean in a damp

condition, free from tears and encrusted
5
mortar. Concrete pavements should also
receive a final tining texture using equipment
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Figure 14.4: Concrete finishing bad practice manufactured to produce longitudinal or
6
(provided by Concrete Ontario) transverse tines (3mm wide on 16mm centres
with a tine depth of 4mm). Once complete, the
Fill (U-Fill)
surface of the concrete shall be free of any
7
Upon initial set-up, or when the concrete has displaced aggregate particles and localized
achieved enough strength to not be marred, projections.
Architectural
Concrete
the application of tooled contraction joints
8
should be initiated. The early introduction of References:
contraction joints will minimize the formation
Concrete
Jointing
and risk of random cracking. If tooled jointing America Concrete Institute (ACI) Craftsman
9
is not specified, then it is imperative to finish Workbook Publication CP-10(10), ACI
the concrete surface; cure the concrete
Procurement
Certification Concrete Flatwork Technician and
slowly and apply saw cut contraction joints
10
Flatwork Finisher. ACI Certification Programs
when the concrete has hardened sufficiently Committee, American Concrete Institute,
to avoid chipping at the joints. For additional
Construction
Placement
Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2012.
Meetings
& Pre-
information, the America Concrete Institute
Pre-
11
(ACI) offers a Certification Program for Cement Association of Canada (CAC),
Concrete Flatwork Technician and Flatwork
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
Finisher. Contained within the course,
12
many more applications; problem solving R.J. “Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures,
Transportation
and planning for most flatwork applications
Concrete
13
are covered. In addition, Ontario Provincial
Standard Specification (OPSS) documents for National Ready-mixed Concrete Association.

specific concrete applications contain detailed
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Pervious Concrete Contractor Certification.
14
placement techniques and methodologies. National Ready-mixed Concrete Association,
Publication 2PPCRT, Silver Spring, MD, August Protection
All finishing techniques and desired finishes

Concrete
2010.
15
should be known well in advance to actually

pouring the concrete. Different concrete Ontario Provincial Standard Specifications.
Measurement,
applications require different finishing

Concrete
Material Specifications for Concrete –

16
techniques. For example, industrial floor Materials and Production. OPSS Metric, OPSS
applications require the surface to be smooth Muni 350, 353, 356, 904 and 1350. Most
Improvement
and contractors commonly use a Fresno,

Project
recent publication.
17
and either a walk-behind trowel machines or

ride-on trowels machines. Pervious concrete
requires a rotating cylinder to provide both
18
strike off and consolidation of the concrete;
74
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 15 – Concrete Protection and When the temperature falls outside the
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
Curing Requirements normal range for curing concrete (above

2
28°C or below 5°C), a protection system

After placement and finishing of the is required to control conditions during
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
concrete, the final stage of the concrete construction and ensure the concrete
Asset
3
construction process begins. In this correctly performs. Hot weather conditions

last stage, contractors install curing exist when the temperature rises above
Concrete
Bridges
protection systems and maintain an optimal 28°C. When this occurs, the heat from the
4
environment for the concrete resulting in a ambient air plus the heat generated from
finished concrete product that has achieved the hydration process results in a shortened
the desired strength and durability for its reaction time for the cement. This in turn
5
intended use. leads to cracking in the concrete and an

overall lower strength in the final product.
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
15.1 Concrete Protection

6
To monitor temperature, the contractor

In the planning stages of the work, the can install thermocouple wires and digital
Fill (U-Fill)
contractor selects a protection system temperature indicator(s). The thermocouple

7
for the worst weather conditions that wires are embedded during placement of the
Architectural
may be anticipated at the site during the material near the surface of the concrete.
Concrete
concrete pour. Previous weather records, The thermocouple should have an accuracy
8
future weather forecasts, and current site of ± 1°C and capable of recording / displaying
conditions are a few factors that should be the temperature of the concrete mixture.
Concrete
Jointing
9
taken into consideration. Through proper The contractor / municipality can monitor
planning, the contractor will have the the reading during the curing period and
Procurement
appropriate protection measures on-site document the readings for future reference
10
and readily available on the day of the pour or evaluation following construction.
in case of inclement weather or excessive
Construction
Placement
temperatures. Weather and temperature are Typically, a hot weather protection system
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
important factors to consider when selecting will consist of one or a combination of the
the most appropriate protection system. following; sun shades; wind breaks; water /
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
fog spray; wet burlap (Figure 15.1); and / or

12
moisture vapour barrier. Each

system has different benefits
Transportation
Concrete
and the preferred approach

13
should be based on the

conditions and temperature
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
at the jobsite.
14
Cold weather conditions

Protection
Concrete
present a different type

15
of problems. When the

temperature falls below 5°C,
Measurement,
Concrete
the hydration of the cement

16
is slowed down significantly

and leaves the concrete
Improvement
Project
susceptible to freeze /
17
thaw conditions, which may

Figure 15.1: Concrete curing with wet burlap during hot weather cause serious damage to the
18
conditions (provided by County of Essex) concrete. The strength of the

concrete can be significantly
75
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Concrete
Bridges
4
5 Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
reduced by up to 50% if the concrete is frozen provides an outline of the different types
before reaching a minimum of 3.5 MPa, and of protection that are required for different

the concrete should be at least 20 MPa prior thicknesses of concrete at different air
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
to the exposure of multiple freeze / thaw temperatures.
cycles. Protection
All pathways where the cold weather can enter

Concrete
15
Typically, a cold weather protection system the protected area should be covered. Pay
will consist of one of the following: moisture close attention to corners and edges as these
Measurement,
vapour barrier; moisture vapour barrier areas are the most susceptible to heat loss.
Concrete
16
with insulation; insulated formwork; and / or For example, reinforcement bars that protrude
full enclosures with heat (ex. `Housing and through the forms and extend outside the
Improvement
Heating’). The type of protection selected protected area should be covered. In some
Project
17
in cold weather will depend on the outside instances, additional layers of insulating
temperature and the thickness of the concrete protection may be required to ensure the
being placed. Ontario Provincial Standard concrete cures correctly.
18
Specification (OPSS) 904, Table 3 (Table 15.1)
76
Appendix

Introduction
1
may be required to provide

and Inspection
Evaluation
a constant temperature
Sidewalk,
2
range within the preferred

limits.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
In either hot weather or

cold weather conditions, the
Concrete
protection measure installed

Bridges
4
should be properly anchored

and tightly secured around
the concrete, unlike shown

5
in Figure 15.2. High wind

can be detrimental to the
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
protection system and cause

6
unwanted airflow into the

protected area or loss of the
Fill (U-Fill)
entire protection system.

7
Figure 15.2: Unsecured protection system

Through proper selection,
Architectural
Concrete
(provided by Concrete Ontario)

implementation, and
8
maintenance of the
protection system, the concrete has the
Concrete
Jointing
When using a housing and heating system, opportunity to gain strength at a normal
9
caution should be taken to ensure the proper rate and help prevent early damage by
selection of the heat source and ventilation.
Procurement
unfavourable weather conditions.

Typically, there are three types of heaters
10
used in cold weather concrete, these include; 15.2 Concrete Curing

(1) direct fired; (2) indirect fired; and (3)
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
hydronic systems. The type of heat source

11
The concrete curing process starts

selected is dependent on the closure set-up. immediately following the placing and finishing
For example, direct-fired heaters are suitable
Procedures
operations. During this process, the goal is

Concrete
Ordering
for enclosures where the concrete is not

12
to maintain the optimal moisture content

exposed to the heater or exhaust directly. and temperature of the concrete for an
Transportation
Conversely, an indirect heat method is

Concrete
appropriate period of time. This will allow the

13
preferred in areas where the heat source is in concrete to obtain the strength and durability
close proximity to the concrete. This approach that is needed for its desired use.
should avoid carbonation and the development

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
of a soft-dusty surface on the fresh concrete. The left and centre photographs in Figure
The third option, hydronic systems, can be 15.3 are examples of improper application
Protection
used to provide heat through the circulation of

Concrete
of curing compound on concrete sidewalk.

15
glycol or hot water in a closed system of pipes. The photograph on the left shows uneven
placement of the curing compound on a
Measurement,
As the concrete continues to cure, the

Concrete
section of sidewalk. The photograph in the

16
temperature differential between the middle shows a section of sidewalk poured

concrete and exterior air must be monitored. with no curing compound or alternate curing
Improvement
The difference in temperature should be

Project
method provided in an appropriate timeframe.

17
less than 20°C between the centre of the The last photograph on the right shows an
concrete component and the surface. If large improved application of curing compound
fluctuations in the temperature are observed, although, additional effort should be applied
18
then modifications to the protection system to ensure the compound is completely uniform
77
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Concrete
Bridges
4
5 Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
across the entire surface. When complete, Taking proper care when applying the curing
the surface should be consistently covered compound in this step will help mitigate
Procurement
with white curing compound, unlike the minor potential problems on the surface of the
10
spots of grey are observed in this application. concrete after it has cured. In most cases,
A second pass of the curing compound at concrete placement takes place when the
Construction
Placement
90 degrees to the first spray was needed to weather conditions are moderate, making
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
eliminate this inconsistency. the curing process easily managed by the
contractor or municipality. The application
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
When using curing compounds, proper of curing compound or covering the
12
application of the compound is key to the concrete with vapour barrier / wet burlap
success of the curing process. Curing are common types of curing measures used
Transportation
Concrete
compounds must be applied in a uniform under these conditions. However, additional
13
manner across the entire surface of the curing measures may be required when the
concrete. There should be an even thickness temperature begins to rise above or fall below

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
/ colour throughout and the compound the normal temperature range for cold or hot
14
must be free of breaks. In addition, the weather concrete.
curing compound must be placed on the Protection
Concrete
concrete within an appropriate timeframe. The time period and temperature restrictions
15
Most manufacturers recommend the curing that are to be followed during the curing
compound should be applied when the process should be noted in the contract
Measurement,
Concrete
water on the surface disappears from the specifications. Table 15.2, presents the
16
horizontal surface of the concrete. OPSS 904 allowable curing times in accordance with CSA
Improvement
requires the curing compound to be placed A23.1 – Table 19.

Project
immediately following the finishing operation

17
and states a second application of curing Best practices for curing concrete in hot
compound should be applied within 30 to 60 weather include:
18
minutes after the first application. • Moisture applied immediately following the
finishing operation. The first few hours after
78
Appendix

Introduction
1
finishing the concrete are crucial in keeping with heated enclosures, forms provide a way
and Inspection
Evaluation
the surface moist in hot weather conditions; to distribute the heat evenly and help prevent
Sidewalk,
2
• Apply moisture in a continuous manner drying;

instead of in a wet – dry cycle. Applying • At sites where the concrete will be exposed
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
moisture continuously will avoid premature to freeze / thaw conditions and road salt, a
Asset
3
surface cracking; general rule of thumb is to provide at least

• Avoid pooling water, use fogging sprays or 28 days of curing time and another 28 days
Concrete
soaker hoses; prior to any freeze / thaw cycle and /or road
Bridges
4
• Apply a moisture retaining curing compound, salt application. In some cases, there may be
if accepted by the municipality; and maintenance limitations and road salt must
• Upon completion of the initial curing period, be applied. If this is the case, contractors and
5
the concrete should be allowed to dry out municipalities should discuss this concern with
slowly. This will help prevent surface cracking their local concrete supplier to determine the
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
or crazing best mitigation option available. One option

6
may include using lower slumps along with

Best practices for curing concrete in cold additives to reduce the water content in the
Fill (U-Fill)
weather include: mix while providing the desired workability

7
during construction; and

• Avoid using overly wet curing methods as • Upon completion of the curing period and
Architectural
Concrete
this may result in premature defects in the removal of the protection system, avoid large
8
surface of the concrete; variations in temperature.

• Allow for longer curing period than normal
Concrete
Jointing
weather conditions (ex. a minimum of 7 days Acceptable temperature differentials are

9
of curing should be provided for vertical indicated in Table 20 of CSA A23.1. (Table
Procurement
formwork applications); 15.3)

10
• Leave the forms in place for the duration of

the curing period or as long as possible. Even
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
79
Appendix

2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

80
R.J. “Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures,
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) A23.1-
Ontario Provincial Standard Specification,
“Construction Specification for Concrete

14, “Concrete Materials and Methods of
Municipal Edition (OPSS.MUNI) 904,

Concrete Construction” (2014).
Structures“ (2012).
References:
Introduction
1
Chapter 16 – Measurement, Testing and minimum qualifications for the performance

and Inspection
Evaluation
Acceptance of Concrete of the concrete testing program should be as

Sidewalk,
2
follows:
This chapter will outline testing requirements,
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
concrete mix design verification and delivery Laboratory Certification Requirements: The
Asset
3
ticket information required for acceptance of concrete laboratory should be both certified
concrete by the municipality from samples to CSA A283 – Qualification Code for Concrete
Concrete
cast on-site and from cores drilled from the Testing Laboratories; and also have Canadian
Bridges
4
elements. Prior to any pour, the mix design Council of Independent Laboratories (CCIL)
must be submitted to the municipality for Type H certification. It is in the best interest
review. It must meet specifications stipulated of the municipality to obtain copies of both
5
in the contract documents and / or applicable certificates at the pre-construction meeting.

specifications. The concrete supplier must be In addition, the laboratory should only conduct
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
certified and proof of Ready-mixed Concrete the concrete testing for the test methods that
6
Association of Ontario (RMCAO) Certification they are certified to perform. This information
must be forwarded to the municipality. is included in CSA A283 and includes the
Fill (U-Fill)
following levels.
7
16.1 Minimum Testing Qualifications of

Laboratories and Personnel • Category O – Basic Tests (CSA A23.2 1A, 1C,
Architectural
Concrete
3C, 4C, 5C, 9C & ASTM C1064);

8
The Municipality shall ensure that the • Category I – Intermediate Tests (CSA
concrete testing agency retained for testing A23.2 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 10A, 11A, 12A,
Concrete
Jointing
services supplies qualified and certified 13A, 2C, 6C, 7C, 14C); and
9
personnel to perform testing. All concrete • Category II – Advanced Tests (CSA A23.2 8A,
Procurement
testing is to be performed in accordance 9A, 18A, 11C, 12C).

10
with Canadian Standards Association

(CSA) A23.1/.2 and is a major concern for Field Personnel Certification Requirements:
Construction
Placement
all members of the construction team. The The concrete field testing technician
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
performing the onsite testing of the concrete

must be either CSA or American Concrete
Procedures
Institute (ACI) certified and must have a valid

Concrete
Ordering
12
CCIL Type J certification in order to test

the concrete. The CCIL Type J certification
Transportation
Concrete
includes annual verification of testing

13
competence and allows for third party

verification of proper testing procedures.
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Concrete Testing and Reporting: Concrete

testing is the most common method used
Protection
Concrete
to confirm that the concrete supplied to the

15
project meets the project specifications.

The contract documents must therefore
Measurement,
Concrete
clearly identify the concrete test methods

16
(ex. Compression test in Figure 16.1) and

the acceptance criteria that will be used to
Improvement
Project
evaluate the concrete supplied to the project.

17
The concrete testing requirements listed

Figure 16.1: Concrete compression test below apply to both private developments
(provided by exp Services). that will be assumed by the municipality and
18
projects located within the public right-of-way.
81
Appendix

Introduction
1
Reviewing the test methods specified from the start of the filling to the removal of
and Inspection
Evaluation
and setting up the appropriate concrete the mould, without interruption and within an
Sidewalk,
2
verification system is one of the major tasks elapsed time of 2 minutes. (Equipment shown
of the pre-construction meeting. Through in Figure 16.2)
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
the process of measuring key indicators,
Asset
3
monitoring the concrete placement and
analyzing the results of the testing program,
Concrete
we can; (1) evaluate the consistency of the
Bridges
4
concrete supplied to the project; (2) improve
the concrete production and placing process;

and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of the
5
concrete testing system in ensuring quality
concrete is supplied to the project.
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Where Ontario Provincial Standard
Specification, Municipal Edition (OPSS.MUNI)
Fill (U-Fill)
1350, Material Specification for Concrete –
7
Materials and Production, is referenced in the
project specifications, it should be noted that
Architectural
Concrete
the exposure class, compressive strength, and Figure 16.2: Concrete slump test (cone)
8
air content of the concrete being designed apparatus
must meet the requirements of CSA A23.1- Provided by Concrete Ontario
Concrete
Jointing
14. Testing of all concrete must meet the
9
requirements of CSA A23.2-14. CSA A23.1-9C Compressive Strength of
Procurement
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens: Calibration
10
16.2 Normal Plastic (On-site) Concrete Test of testing equipment to ASTM E4 is required
Methods every 12 months maximum.
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
The standard concrete test methods that 16.3 Standard Frequency of On-site Testing
can be used on all projects include (with
Procedures
highlighted clause): Delivery Ticket Information: Upon arrival, the
Concrete
Ordering
12
delivery ticket must be checked for the mix
CSA A23.2-1C Sampling Plastic Concrete: Take design number, concrete type and batch time.
Transportation
Concrete
the sample between the 10% and 90% points
13
of the discharge.

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
CSA A23.1-3C Making and Curing Concrete
14
Compression and Flexural Test Specimens:
Mould the specimens in as close proximity as Protection
Concrete
is practicable to the place where they are to

15
be stored during the first 28 h ± 8 hr.

Measurement,
Concrete
CSA A23.2-4C Air Content of Plastic Concrete

16
by the Pressure Method: Complete the test for

air content within 10 minutes after obtaining
Improvement
Project
the sample, including transporting and

17
remixing.
Figure 16.3: Concrete air content test Provided
CSA A23.2-5C Slump and Slump Flow of by Concrete Ontario
18
Concrete: Carry out the entire operation,
82
Appendix

Introduction
1
The maximum allowable time from batch time the concrete and the concrete supplier
and Inspection
Evaluation
to delivery is 90 minutes. must have immediate access to the test

Sidewalk,
2
information since they are in the position to

Strength: The frequency for casting concrete take immediate corrective action to address
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
cylinders for concrete compression testing any potential problems. While 7-day test
Asset
3
should not be less than one test for every 100 results are not typically used for acceptance,
m³ of concrete placed, with no less than one it is critical that this information be supplied
Concrete
test for each class of concrete placed on any to the construction team since these results
Bridges
4
one day as per CSA A23.1-14, Clause 4.4.6.3.1. may prompt changes to the mix designs on
the project even before the 28-day results
Slump: It best practice to test the slump for are available. Maturity testing as shown in
5
each casting of strength test cylinders and at Figure 16.4 can also be used to determine how
periodic intervals to ensure the concrete is the concrete is performing without waiting
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
being consistency supplied to the jobsite. 28 days. With respect to a new development
6
or subdivision project; it is best practice that

Air Content: All concrete mixes should municipal staff and / or their agents are
Fill (U-Fill)
be tested for air entrainment (whether air included on the distribution list and receive a
7
entrained or not). For classes C-2, C-1 and copy of the concrete test reports when they
C-XL, every load until consistency is attained, are provided to the construction team.
Architectural
Concrete
every 3rd load thereafter. An air test must

8
be performed with every strength test as per

CSA A23.1-14, Clause 4.4.4.1.1.3. (Pressure
Concrete
Jointing
method air meter shown in Figure 16.3)

9
Procurement
Speciality Testing Requirements:

10
Non-standard test
methods such as Hardened
Construction
Placement
Air Void System (AVS) and

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Rapid Chloride Permeability

(RCP) shall be identified in
Procedures
the contract documents

Concrete
Ordering
12
and specifically addressed

during the pre-construction
Transportation
Concrete
meeting.
13
16.4 Distribution of
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Concrete Test Reports

14
Concrete test reports

Protection
Concrete
should be immediately
15
distributed to all members

of the construction team
Measurement,
Concrete
preferably using Concrete

16
Test Forms & Reporting

(CMATS™) provided in
Improvement
Project
Appendix C to ensure that

17
everyone has immediate

access to the test
information. In all instances, Figure 16.4: Concrete cylinder and maturity monitoring gauge to
18
both the person ordering determine real-time strengths insitu (provided by Concrete Ontario)
83
Appendix

Introduction
1
16.5 Recording and Reporting of Test Clause 4.4.6.4.4. (Field cured specimens are
and Inspection
Evaluation
Reports used to determine the actual strength of the
Sidewalk,
2
concrete in place to assist in project planning
Access to the concrete test result information for form removal, cold weather protection
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
should be supplied instantaneously to all removal or other special conditions and
Asset
3
parties identified on the concrete test therefore the lower acceptance criteria does
result distribution list developed at the pre- not apply.)
Concrete
construction meeting. The testing company
Bridges
4
should provide an electronic copy of the For in-situ core testing of concrete
standard test report in Portable Document constructed on-site, CSA recommends that

Format (PDF) for use by the construction this method should be used in cases where
5
team. In addition to the standard test the strengths of the cylinders cast during
reports, the material testing company should construction fail to satisfy the requirements
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
identify and provide a detailed summary of mentioned above, or where the casting
6
non-conforming concrete test results with of cylinder testing was not done as in
potential risks / recommendations highlighted. accordance with the standard sampling /
Fill (U-Fill)
curing requirements. CSA states that the
7
16.6 Evaluation of Concrete Hardened compressive strength of the concrete in
Properties the area represented by core tests shall be
Architectural
Concrete
considered adequate if (1) the average of each
8
This section describes some of the typical set of 3 cores from the portion of the concrete
hardened properties specified in concrete being evaluated is at least 85% of the
Concrete
Jointing
construction; provides guidance to the specified strength; and that (2) no single core
9
interpretation of test results; and offers is less than 75% of the specified strength.
Procurement
recommendations for additional testing in Figure 16.5 shows a typical compression test
10
order to provide supplementary information of a core sample performed in the lab. For
on the concrete evaluated on site. additional information, refer to CSA A23.1-14,
Construction
Placement
Clause 4.4.6.6.2.
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Compressive Strength: CSA A23.1-14 lists the
minimum compressive strength for a variety When combined, maturity testing and
Procedures
of classes of concrete based on its intended concrete cylinder testing can determine the
Concrete
Ordering
12
use and exposure condition to the elements. compressive strengths of the pavement prior
In addition, CSA provides circumstances to opening the roadway to vehicular traffic.
Transportation
Concrete
where the following tests should be performed As part of this process, the contractor and /
13
on concrete cylinders cast on-site during or consulting engineering firm can develop
placement of the material, as well as cores a quality control plan with details of all

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
that can be drilled from the hardened equipment and procedures to be used for
14
concrete constructed. estimating the in-place compressive strength
of concrete pavement by the maturity Protection
Concrete
CSA states that the strength level of each method. Once available, the test results can
15
class of concrete shall be considered be provided on a regular basis to determine

satisfactory if (1) the average strength tests when the roadway can be re-opened for
Measurement,
Concrete
results for all sets of 3 consecutive cylinders vehicular use. The plan can generally include
16
for that class (at one particular curing time the following information; (1) field procedure
range) are equal or exceed the specified and equipment to be used for maintaining,
Improvement
Project
strength; and that (2) no individual strength monitoring and recording the internal
17
test is more than 3.5 MPa below the minimum temperature of the in-place concrete with
specified strength for the concrete. Although, respect to time; (2) laboratory calibration
these requirements shall not apply to field procedure and equipment for developing
18
cured specimens as described in CSA A23.1-14, the equivalent age vs. strength relationship;
84
Appendix

Introduction
1
(3) calibration chart indicating temperature-

and Inspection
Evaluation
time factor vs. time; and (4) calibration

Sidewalk,
2
chart indicating temperature vs. time of the

concrete and ambient air temperatures.
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Hardened Air Void System (AVS): A suitable

air void system is important for the long-
Concrete
term performance of concrete exposed to

Bridges
4
freezing and thawing and to chlorides. The

AVS properties shall be determined prior to
the start of construction once the materials,

5
mix proportions and mixing procedures

have been confirmed for use on the project.
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Presently, there is no standard requirement

6
for frequency of testing although, it is

recommended that cylinders are cast on-site
Fill (U-Fill)
for AVS purposes every 500 m3 for exposure

7
classes C-XL, C-1, and C-2.

Architectural
Concrete
The testing for hardened air voids shall be

8
in accordance with the American Society for

Testing and Materials (ASTM) specification
Concrete
Jointing
C457, using a magnification range of 100-125

9
times, with testing performed on concrete

Figure 16.5: Concrete core compression test
Procurement
cylinders cast from delivered concrete in

Provided by exp Services
10
accordance with CSA A23.2-3C. A typical test

sample is shown in Figure 16.6. The air void
Construction
Placement
system is considered to be satisfactory when shall be pre-qualified prior to use on a project.

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
the average spacing factor is ≤ 230 μm, with Pre-qualification shall include testing of a
no single test greater than 260 μm and the air minimum 2 cylinders, cast of concrete made
Procedures
content is ≥ 3.0% as per CSA A23.1-14, Clause

Concrete
Ordering
with the same materials, mix proportions and

12
4.3.3.4. mixing procedures intended for use on the

project. Test results shall be valid for a period
Transportation
Concrete
AVS testing can be used to determine if the

13
quantity of air voids is adequate after cores

have been drilled from the concrete. This
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
type of testing is typically carried out if there

14
is concern with early deterioration or if test

results of the plastic concrete are inconclusive
Protection
Concrete
or not available.
15
Rapid Chloride Permeability (RCP): The

Measurement,
Concrete
permeability of concrete is important in

16
reinforced concrete structures that are

exposed and susceptible to chlorides. The
Improvement
Project
resistance to chloride ion penetration shall

17
be determined in accordance with ASTM

C1202, on cylinders cast in accordance with
Figure 16.6: Hardened air void test sample
CSA A23.2-3C using the equipment in Figure
18
Provided by exp Services

16.7. Any mix for which RCP is a requirement
85
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
R.J. “Design and Control of Concrete
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Mixtures, 8th Canadian Edition” (2011).
Asset
3
Ontario Provincial Standard Specification,
Concrete
Municipal Edition (OPSS.MUNI) 1350, “Material
Bridges
4
Specification for Concrete – Materials and
Production“ (2014).

5 Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
Figure 16.7: Rapid Chloride Permeability test
9
apparatus (provided by exp Services).
Procurement
of 12 months and may be obtained from the
10
supply of concrete to another project.
Construction
Placement
Meetings
The suggested ASTM C1202 acceptance
& Pre-
Pre-
11
testing parameter for concrete exposure
class C-1 is 1500 coulombs average with no
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
single result greater than 1750 coulombs
12
when tested at 56 days. Considering that
the ASTM C1202 test is subject to variations,
Transportation
Concrete
it is recommended that the target coulomb
13
value be less than 1150 to have a reasonable
assurance that the 1500 coulomb requirement

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
will be met.
14
Presently, there is no standard requirement
Protection
Concrete
for frequency of testing although, it is

15
recommended that RCP testing be conducted

for every 500 m3 of concrete delivered to the
Measurement,
Concrete
site for exposure classes C-XL and C-1.

16
Improvement
References:
Project
17
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

A23.1/2-14, “Concrete Materials and Methods
18
of Concrete Construction” (2014).
86
Appendix

Introduction
1
Chapter 17 – Project Closeout and walkthrough of the project to document

and Inspection
Evaluation
Continuous Improvement deficient work and/or determine the estimated

Sidewalk,
2
monetary value to rectify these defects.

As the construction phase nears completion The contract administrator has the right to
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
on a municipal concrete infrastructure project holdback payment for incomplete or defective

Asset
3
as shown in Figure 17.1, agency representatives work until such time that the contractor
and/or the contract administrator for the addresses these product deficiencies.
Concrete
project should consider the following closeout

Bridges
4
procedures / processes; During this phase of the project, it is important

to keep in mind that the Construction Lien
1. Deficiency Identification and Rectification Act does not permit funds to be held back
5
Work; for deficiency work as part of the statutory

2. Substantial Completion and Contract holdback process. For that reason, the
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Maintenance Period; contract administrator needs to determine

6
3. Continuous Improvement and Lessons the monetary value of deficiencies or

Learned; and outstanding work and deduct this amount
Fill (U-Fill)
4. Contractor and Consultant Performance from the payment certificate, prior to the
7
Evaluation. commencement of statutory holdback process

and 45-day construction lien period. Once the
Architectural
Concrete
contractor has rectified the outstanding work,

8
then the deficiency holdback can be released

and payment can be processed accordingly.
Concrete
Jointing
9
17.2 Substantial Completion and Contract

Procurement
Maintenance Period
10
In accordance with the General Conditions

Construction
Placement
of Contract and Construction Lien Act, the

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
maintenance period commences on the

date of substantial completion (or date of
Procedures
substantial performance); and the contractor

Concrete
Ordering
12
has completed the project to state acceptable

by the agency, and is ready for use or is
Transportation
Concrete
being used for its intended purposes. Once

13
this date has been established, the contract

administrator should prepare a certificate of
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Figure 17.1: County Road 22 substantial performance and issue a formal

14
Provided by County of Essex notice to the general contractor. Upon

receipt of the certificate, the contractor shall
Protection
Concrete
publish the date of substantial performance

15
17.1 Deficiency Identification and in a construction newspaper (such as the

Rectification Work Daily Commercial News) and the date of
Measurement,
Concrete
advertisement shall form the commencement

16
Prior to completion of the construction phase, of the 45-day lien period required by the
it is important to revisit the work completed Construction Lien Act.
Improvement
Project
on a project and identify any quality defects

17
or deficiencies to be rectified before final Within the context of the tender document and
acceptance / closure of the contract. The the contract, it is imperative that the contract
contract administrator and general contractor administrator identify the conditions of the
18
performing the work should conduct a final contractor’s responsibilities and duration of
87
Appendix

Introduction
1
the maintenance period. For the construction collaboratively by all parties involved and was
and Inspection
Evaluation
of concrete pavements, it is recommended there the proper level of mutual respect?
Sidewalk,
2
that a two (2) year maintenance period is
considered when preparing these conditions, Team Identification / Performance: Did
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
as cracks have been found in the second year all members of the project team fulfill their
Asset
3
after completion. Otherwise the maintenance responsibilities and meet the objectives /
period is typically one (1) year following expectations of the contract? Are there any
Concrete
the date of substantial completion. It is the recommendations to improve the delivery of
Bridges
4
responsibility of the agency and the contract the project and relationship between these
administrator to evaluate the needs of each parties to ensure project success?

project and determine the most appropriate
5
maintenance period for the work. Concrete Testing: Was the inspection and
quality control testing performed properly?
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
17.3 Continuous Improvement and Lessons Were the results shared completely and
6
Learned expeditiously with all of the appropriate team
members? Are there any quality control
Fill (U-Fill)
Following closure of the contract and/or changes to be considered as part of future
7
completion of the concrete phase of a project, projects?
team members should reconvene to conduct
Architectural
Concrete
a post-construction meeting to review and Concrete Ordering / Delivery: Were there
8
document issues encountered on the project. any communication problems ordering and
This meeting will provide an opportunity delivering the concrete while the work was
Concrete
Jointing
for stakeholders to reflect on problems taking place? If so, how were issues managed
9
experienced during the implementation of the and corrected during construction?
Procurement
project; discuss lessons learned from these
10
issues; identify opportunities to improve best Placement and Finishing: Were any problems
practices; and mitigate similar problems on or specific issues during construction? Are
Construction
Placement
future contracts. In addition, key stakeholders there any recommended changes to the
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
should have an opportunity to provide input construction specifications and placement
to the contract administrator on the general requirements for concrete?
Procedures
contractor’s performance completing the
Concrete
Ordering
12
work. The meeting discussions / outcomes Payments: Was there an acceptable progress
should be documented by the governing payment process and have all monetary issues
Transportation
Concrete
agency and considered further as part of been resolved?
13
the continuous improvement process when
planning work on similar projects. Topics to 17.4 Contractor and Consultant

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
be considered as part of the post-construction Performance Evaluation
14
meeting include, but are not limited to:
The client / agency may elect to conduct a Protection
Concrete
Specifications / Drawings: Were the concrete formal performance evaluation of the contract
15
specifications / design drawings clear and administrator and or the general contractor
complete? Are there any recommendations and shall rate the performance of the
Measurement,
Concrete
and how the work was completed or carried- contractor (or consultant) based on standard
16
out during construction? set of criteria adopted by the organization.

A copy of the Performance Evaluation
Improvement
Project
Communication: Was the communication form should be provided to the contractor

17
process well defined and understood by all for information in advance of the contract
parties involved in project? Were construction commencing. Significant performance
communiques provided with clear and issues should be noted in writing with a copy
18
concise directions? Were problems addressed provided to the contractor, the agency’s
88
Appendix

Introduction
1
purchasing representative and documented problems; quality of plans and specifications;

and Inspection
Evaluation
in the project file. Performance issues should and significant changes in the scope of work.
Sidewalk,
2
be discussed in project progress meetings and

acknowledged in the minutes in an effort to Project Supervision: The extent to which
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
assist in the contractor during performance the general contractor takes control of
Asset
3
evaluation / improvement process. and effectively manages the work has a

direct effect on the successful completion
Concrete
It is important to note that the intent of such of the project. The evaluating agency
Bridges
4
evaluations is to work with the contractor should consider the experience / knowledge
and/or concrete suppliers to improve their of the contractor’s supervisory staff /
performance on agency contracts. Numerous superintendent; the contractor’s ability

5
agencies have implemented this evaluation to promptly commence the work; provide
process and experience has shown that realistic schedules and project updates;
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
quality of work has improved as a result of provide a comprehensive work plan; promptly
6
the program being implemented. The results provide reasonable quotations for contract
of a performance evaluation may be disclosed change orders; establish effective quality
Fill (U-Fill)
to other municipalities or government bodies control procedures; promptly correct

7
upon request, where it can be demonstrated defective work as the project progressed;
that the general contractor has listed the effectively coordinate and manage the work
Architectural
Concrete
agency as a reference when bidding on similar of subcontractors; and co-operate when

8
work. In order to ensure that the evaluation directions are issued by the agency.
process is open, transparent and fair, an
Concrete
Jointing
agency review / sign-off procedure should be Contract Compliance: The effectiveness

9
established and the contractor should have of the general contractor to administer the
Procurement
an opportunity to comment on the evaluation work of a contract in accordance with the

10
results. conditions and special provisions outlined

in the drawings/documents. The evaluating
Construction
Placement
Although the performance criteria may vary agency should consider the contractor’s
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
from agency to agency, the evaluation form performance when providing specified
should be included in the tender document documents for contract execution; managing
Procedures
and/or agency’s specifications. Performance occupational health and safety provisions;

Concrete
Ordering
12
evaluation topics may include, but are not submitting payment claims accurately to
limited to; represent the work completed and material
Transportation
Concrete
delivered to the site; notifying the agency

13
Quality of Work: The contract administrator of all subcontracting activities in a timely

may consider how the workmanship compares fashion; dealing with any claims from
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
with industry standards; the quality of members of the public; maintaining records of
14
workmanship provided by other contractors the project; and ability to finalize settlements
on similar projects; and the contractor’s during contract disputes.
Protection
Concrete
compliance with provisions outlined in the

15
drawings / contract documents. References:

Measurement,
Concrete
Time Management: For the purpose of Construction Lien Act R.S.O. 1990, Chapter
16
evaluating the contractor’s performance C.30

to manage the delivery of the project,
Improvement
Project
consideration should be given to conditions OPSS General Conditions OPSS.MUNI 100

17
beyond the general contractor’s control such November 2006

as; availability / access to the site; unexpected
changes in soil or site conditions; inclement
18
weather; material / equipment supply
89
Appendix

2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

90
Chapter 18 – Troubleshooting
Plastic Concrete
18.1
91
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

92
93
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

94
95
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

96
97
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

98
99
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

100
101
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

102
103
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

104
105
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

106
107
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

108
109
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
PCA – Concrete Information – Concrete Slab Surface Defects: Causes, Prevention & Repair

110
Concrete Ontario – Conc
References:
Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Appendix
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Appendix A: RMCAO Plant Certification Program

Concrete
One of the most valuable initiatives of Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) is the assurance of quality concrete supply and production
Bridges
4
through the execution of a strict plant certification process. The RMCAO certification process was first implemented in the early
1960’s. Starting in 2015, the RMCAO Plant Certification Program also includes a requirement to meet or exceed Ministry of
Environment standards for water discharge, air pollution discharge and noise. It is completed by independent third party engineers
and has become the most stringent concrete certification program in North America.
5
RMCAO certification designation means that all materials, material handling, batching methods and
tolerances, statistical product quality analysis, truck mixers, weighing equipment, certificates and records
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
meet or exceed CSA A23.1 requirements.

6
Current concrete specifications such as those of the Ministry of Transportation (MTO), Ontario
Municipalities, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture (OMAF), consulting engineers, design/build firms and general
Fill (U-Fill)
contractors typically require RMCAO plant certification.

7
Highlights of the RMCAO Plant Certification process include:

Architectural
Concrete
x Third party consulting engineer inspections

8
x Raw material conformance to CSA, OPSS or MTO requirements

x Scale inspection and calibration on a 6 month basis
x Batching inspection and accuracy requirements
Concrete
Jointing
x Inspection and certification of mixing and transportation equipment

9
x Standardizing of minimum information requirements for delivery tickets and mix designs
x Implementation of a mix design statistical analysis program for two categories of concrete
Procurement
x Record keeping
10
x Random plant inspections and audits

x Ensures producer meets or exceeds Ministry of Environment requirements
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
For additional information please contact Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) at www.rmcao.org or info@rmcao.org
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
111
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Appendix B: OGCA Gold Seal Program
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
The Ontario General Contractors Association (OGCA) remains a strong supporter of continuing education
for the construction industry. Gold Seal is an excellent opportunity for contractors to expand the
Concrete
qualifications of their staff which in return improves the professionalism at every level from the site to the
Bridges
4
office, and results in better productivity, fewer problems, safer sites and a better bottom line for the
contractor.

The Gold Seal Certification Program was developed by the Canadian Construction Association to recognize
5
the skills and competence of the key managerial positions of Superintendent, Estimator and Project
Manager on a national basis.
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Certification Requirements
6
Certification of Superintendents, Estimators and Project Managers requires satisfaction of 3 criteria –
Experience – Education – Examination. Applicants must have a minimum level of experience and have
Fill (U-Fill)
undertaken at least five construction management courses totalling 150 hours of instruction to qualify to
7
write the Gold Seal examination. The only exemption from the three criteria permitted by the National Gold
Seal Committee is for “senior” managers who have a lengthy demonstrated track record in the industry. A
Architectural
separate guideline is available upon request by senior practitioners. A development category, known as the
Concrete
Gold Seal Intern (GSI), is available to candidates who do not meet the examination eligibility criteria.
8
Experience as a Superintendent, Estimator or Project Manager in a non-residential construction firm is the
first critical criterion to be met. In order to be eligible to challenge the Gold Seal examination, an applicant
Concrete
Jointing
9
must document a minimum of three years’ experience in the occupation.
Education in construction management courses is a key requirement. The Gold Seal Certification program
Procurement
will recognize construction management training in subject areas defined in the Gold Seal Curriculum
10
Standard. The Curriculum details the content of the following management courses:
x Law and Contracts in Construction
Construction
x Construction Planning and Scheduling
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
x Project Costing Control and Accounting
x Construction Job Site Controls
x Communication
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
x Construction Safety
12
x Management of Human Resources
x Construction Estimating
Transportation
Concrete
13
For more information, please contact www.ogca.ca or www.cca-acc.com

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
112
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Appendix C: Concrete Test Forms & Reporting - CMATS™

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Log onto… WWW.CMATS.COM

Concrete
What Is CMATS¥ ¥?
Bridges
4
CMATS¥ is a secure website where

construction industry concrete test data
can be recorded, viewed and

distributed to owners, architects,
5
engineers, testing companies,

contractors and material suppliers, on a
Life-Cycle
project by project basis.

(LCCA)
How CMATS¥ Works

Fill (U-Fill)
Quite simply, users access the

7
CMATS¥ website via their web browser

and enter their email address and password to instantly obtain access to the test results for all the
Architectural
projects they are involved with. CMATS¥ mirrors the existing paper method of providing test information
Concrete
8
to construction team members and is implemented by the testing company. At the start of a new project, the
testing company identifies those who will be given access to the test information (owner, architect, engineer,
etc.) when they create a new project.
Concrete
Jointing
9
The software immediately notifies all the users via email of the new project and updates their security
records to provide them access. The testing company then performs the necessary testing and inputs the
Procurement
results into CMATS¥. Once the information has been entered, reviewed and certified by the supervising
engineer of the testing company, the information is then immediately viewable to all users.
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
113
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Key Advantages of CMATS¥ include:
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
x Instant secure access to the project data from any location via the internet
3
x Rapid distribution of material test results to all members of the construction team
x Quality assurance features to identify trends and provide statistical analysis
Concrete
Bridges
x Graphing features allow users to view
4
control charts on material quality
x Electronic notification when new test

data is available
x Eliminates repetitive data entry
5
x Eliminates paper handling and
distribution costs
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
x Creates greater accountability while
6
improving project communication
x Improved reaction times result in a
higher quality final project
Fill (U-Fill)
x Download features allow users to
7
create historic records electronically
and to perform additional statistical analysis
Architectural
Concrete
8
While CMATS¥ currently handles concrete test results, work is underway to add additional modules for
both aggregate and hot mixed asphalt test data. In fact, CMATS¥ can be easily adapted to any reporting
system that uses standardized reporting forms.
Concrete
Jointing
9
For more information regarding CMATS¥, please visit www.cmats.com and register as a new user you will
then be able to try the system yourself and see just how easy it is to use.
Procurement
10
Contact Information: Bart Kanters, P.Eng. @ (905) 507-1122 or bkanters@rmcao.org
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
114
Appendix

COLOUR FIBRE DESCRIPTION
115
"% 0
/o No Yes
CALCIUM AIR CONVEYOR ADDRESS
PSI MPa
STRENGTH TIME
yd3 m3
VOLUME DATE CUSTOMER
Appendix D: Concrete Order Form
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
Appendix E: Mix Design Submission Form
2
Concrete Mix Design Submission
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Contract Date Submitted
Location Submitted To
Contractor Contact
Concrete
Bridges
Batch Plants: Primary Secondary
4
Concrete Supplier: Name

Address
City/Province
5
Telephone Fax Email
Life-Cycle
MIX CODE
(LCCA)
6
Application / Element / Location
Structural Requirements
- CSA Exposure Class
Fill (U-Fill)
- Maximum W/CM
7
- Minimum Specified Strength, MPa @ Days
SPECIFICATION
- Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size, mm
Architectural
- HVSCM Type 1 or 2
Concrete
- Plastic Air Content, %
8
DurabilityRequirements
- Exposure to Sulphate Attack
- Alkali Aggregate Reactivity
Concrete
Jointing
Architectural Requirements
9
- Colour / Texture
- Other
Procurement
Rate, m3/h
10
Quantity, m3
REQUIREMENTS
Slump Range, mm
CONTRACTOR
Strength @ Age, MPa @ Days
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Other
Pre-
11
Specialty Information
- Concrete Set, Delay, Normal, Accelerated
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
Method of Placement
12
Material Source
Transportation
Cement
Concrete
SCM - Slag
13
SCM -
MATERIALS
SECTION
Water

Fine Agg.
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Coarse Agg.
14
A.E.A.
W.R. Protection
Concrete
S.P.
15
Form Submitted By:

Measurement,
Concrete
Print Name: Signature: Date:

16
Contractor’s Representative Receiving Form:

Improvement
Print Name: Signature: Date:

Project
17
18
116
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
NOTES:
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
1) The “Concrete Supplier” provides to the contractor, a valid “Certificate of Concrete Production
3
Facilities” as issued by Concrete Ontario (Formerly Ready-mixed Concrete Association of Ontario), as

described in CSA A23.1 Table 5.
Concrete
Bridges
2) All Concrete and materials shall be supplied in conformance to CSA A23.1-04.

4
3) Concrete testing shall electronically incorporate CMATS™ (www.cmats.com) and shall be used by the
testing company.
4) Concrete tests not done according to CSA Standards shall not be accepted for any basis of
measurement.
5
5) The Owner shall be responsible for all concrete performance when specifying any material proportion(s).
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
117
Appendix

2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
Pre-Construction Conference
Checklist for the Concrete

Appendix F: Checklist for Concrete Pre-Construction Conference
118
Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
18 Introduction
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Pre-construction meetings are of prime importance in planning concrete construction work because many
potential problems can be avoided at the right time – before the start of the project when the cost impact is
Concrete
relatively low.
Bridges
4
In 1999, the National Ready-mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) and the American Society of Concrete
Contractors (ASCC) joined in a partnership to enhance the quality of concrete construction. This checklist
is one of the ongoing initiatives of the partnership.

5
With permission of the original author, Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) and the Ontario General Contractors
Association (OGCA) have reviewed and revised this document for use on Canadian construction projects
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
following the requirements of the most recent CSA A23.1/.2 Standard.

6
The checklist allocates responsibilities and establishes procedures related to concrete construction –
Fill (U-Fill)
subgrade preparation, forming, concrete mix design, necessary equipment, ordering and scheduling
7
materials and operations, placing, consolidating, finishing, jointing, curing and protection, testing and
acceptance, as well as safety and environmental issues.
Architectural
Concrete
The checklist covers some of the issues that need to be discussed at a pre-construction meeting and is not
8
intended to be all-inclusive.
This checklist is meant to be a guide and is not intended to address all safety issues. Please operate safely
and within all the legislations in your area.
Concrete
Jointing
9
19
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
119
Appendix

2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering

120
Index
D. Ordering and Scheduling Concrete
F. Quality Control/Assurance
C. Concrete Requirements
E. Environmental Aspects
Canadian Standards Association

B. Construction Process
A. Project Information
CMATS™ www.cmats.com
G. Safety
CSA A23.1
CSA A23.2
References
Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Sample Checklist for the Concrete Pre-Construction Conference

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
A. Project Information
Concrete
Bridges
1. Project name
4
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5
2. Location
________________________________________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
________________________________________________________________________________
6
3. Project start date

Fill (U-Fill)
______________________________________________________________________________
7
4. Project completion date

Architectural
Concrete
_________________________________________________________________________
8
5. Project participants
Contact ______________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
9
Owner _______________________________________________________________________
Architect _____________________________________________________________________
Procurement
Structural Engineer _____________________________________________________________

10
Construction Manager/General Contractor __________________________________________

Construction
Placement
Concrete Contractor ____________________________________________________________

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Concrete Supplier ______________________________________________________________

Concrete Pumping Contractor ____________________________________________________
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
Concrete Finisher ______________________________________________________________

12
Testing Laboratory _____________________________________________________________

Transportation
Concrete
Inspection Agency _____________________________________________________________

13
Other________________________________________________________________________
6. Background information about the project

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Protection
Concrete
15
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Measurement,
Concrete
7. Unique features of the project

16
________________________________________________________________________________
Improvement
Project
17
18
121
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
________________________________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
4
8. Distribution of completed checklist
Project Participants ____________________________________________________________

5
Others _____________________________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
B. Construction Process
6
1. Review notes and changes on drawings that may affect construction process
________________________________________________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)
7
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Architectural
Concrete
8
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Sequence of construction and milestone dates
Concrete
Jointing
Foundations __________________________________________________________________
9
Walls ________________________________________________________________________
Procurement
Structural slabs ________________________________________________________________
10
Slab-on-grade interior __________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Slab-on-grade exterior __________________________________________________________
Pre-
11
3. Construction/acceptance of base/subgrade, compaction, elevation. Responsibility for:
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
Providing base and subgrade elevations to contractors
12
_____________________________________________________________________________
Transportation
_____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
13
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Stability of the base and or subgrade under construction traffic
_____________________________________________________________________________ Protection
Concrete
_____________________________________________________________________________
15
_____________________________________________________________________________
Measurement,
Concrete
_____________________________________________________________________________
16
Protecting the base and/or subgrade from water damage

Improvement
_____________________________________________________________________________
Project
17
18
122
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
_____________________________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
Compacting and final grading of the base and subgrade after all plumbing installations are
4
complete
_____________________________________________________________________________
5
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
_____________________________________________________________________________
Location of electrical lines (conduit)
Fill (U-Fill)
7
In subgrade trenched and backfilled with rock

__________________________________________________________________________
Architectural
Concrete
In rock subgrade
8
__________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
Protection from truck traffic if required

9
_____________________________________________________________________________
Procurement
4. Responsibility for site access roads and their maintenance

10
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
5. Responsibility for available space for pumping operations if required

Access for two trucks to pump, one on each side
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
_____________________________________________________________________________
Staging area for testing and slump adjustment
Transportation
Concrete
13
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. Person responsible for directing trucks to pump or placement area
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
________________________________________________________________________________
14
7. Responsibility for directing/backing up trucks

Protection
Concrete
________________________________________________________________________________
15
8. Responsibility for power, lighting, water, and water pressure during placing and finishing
Measurement,
Concrete
________________________________________________________________________________
16
9. Responsibility for controlling the ambient temperatures (subgrade, forms, and air)
Improvement
Project
17
18
123
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
________________________________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
10. Forms
Form sizes, types
Concrete
Bridges
4
_____________________________________________________________________________
Lifting equipment required

5
_____________________________________________________________________________
Form materials, accessories
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
_____________________________________________________________________________
Review location of reinforcement, embedded items, waterstops, drains, openings, openings for
Fill (U-Fill)
frames, etc.
7
_____________________________________________________________________________
Architectural
Concrete
Scheduling form erection and removal correlated to reinforcing and concreting operations
8
_____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
Responsibility for installation and inspection
9
Reinforcement
Procurement
__________________________________________________________________________
10
Embedded items
_________________________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Waterstops
__________________________________________________________________________
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Drains
__________________________________________________________________________
Transportation
Concrete
Opening frames
13
_________________________________________________________________________

Concrete
Responsibility for form inspections
Convey,
Placing,
14
Preliminary – prior to rebar placement
Protection
__________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
15
Semifinal – with rebars, embedded items, waterstops and drains

Measurement,
__________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
16
Note: Reinforcement inspection must include:

Location and spacing to allow access for vibration equipment and proper coverage
Improvement
Spacing of reinforcement in relation to aggregate size

Project
17
18
124
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Final – before placing concrete

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
__________________________________________________________________________
11. Vapor retarder or vapor barrier membrane
Concrete
Bridges
4
Type of membrane
___________________________________________________________________________
5
Location of membrane relative to subgrade

_____________________________________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Effect on curling
6
_____________________________________________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)
Effect on bonding of applied floor coverings

7
_____________________________________________________________________________
Architectural
Concrete
Basis of acceptance for installation of moisture sensitive flooring materials (wood, carpet, tiles)
8
on the slab
Moisture emission requirements for flooring materials to be installed
Concrete
Jointing
9
__________________________________________________________________________
Procurement
Responsibility for
10
Testing and reporting of the test results

__________________________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Acceptance of the slab

__________________________________________________________________________
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
12. Placing concrete: equipment and procedures

Deposit from truck
Transportation
Concrete
13
_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
___
14
_____________________________________________________________________________
Protection
Concrete
Buggy
15
_____________________________________________________________________________
Measurement,
_________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
16
_____________________________________________________________________________
Improvement
Belt conveyor
Project
17
18
125
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
_____________________________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
Bucket placement
4
_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
5
_____________________________________________________________________________
Pumping
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)
_____________________________________________________________________________
7
Other
Architectural
Concrete
_____________________________________________________________________________
8
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
9
13. Consolidation of concrete: equipment and procedures
Vibrators
Procurement
_____________________________________________________________________________
10
_____________________________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
_____________________________________________________________________________
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Vibratory screeds (surface vibrators)
Procedures
_____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Ordering
12
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Transportation
Concrete
13
Back up equipment
_____________________________________________________________________________

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
_____________________________________________________________________________
14
_____________________________________________________________________________
Protection
Power source
Concrete
15
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Measurement,
Concrete
_____________________________________________________________________________
16
Other
Improvement
Project
17
18
126
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
_____________________________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
14. Responsibility for inspection of placing and consolidation of concrete

4
_____________________________________ ____________________________________
15. Ventilation in enclosed spaces

5
Type of test required

Life-Cycle
__________________________________________________________________________
(LCCA)
Responsibility for ventilation:

Fill (U-Fill)
During placement
7
________________________________________________________________________
During finishing
Architectural
Concrete
8
_________________________________________________________________________
16. Strike off technique
Concrete
Jointing
Hand strike off

9
_____________________________________________________________________________
Procurement
Vibratory screed
10
_____________________________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
Laser screed
& Pre-
Pre-
11
____________________________________________________________________________
Procedures
Other
Concrete
Ordering
12
_____________________________________________________________________________
Transportation
17. Finishing
Concrete
13
Types of finishes
Area 1
x
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
________________________________________________________________________
x Area 2
Protection
Concrete
________________________________________________________________________
15
x Area 3
Measurement,
Concrete
________________________________________________________________________
16
x Area 4
Improvement
________________________________________________________________________
Project
17
18
127
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Special materials for finishes
____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
4
Dry-shake hardener
Rate of application

5
_______________________________________________________________________
Procedure to install
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
_______________________________________________________________________
6
Tools and equipment required
Fill (U-Fill)
_____________________________________________________________________________
7
Back up tools and equipment required
Architectural
Concrete
_____________________________________________________________________________
8
18. Specified tolerances for
Concrete
Vertical concrete surfaces:
Jointing
9
Plumbness _____________________________________________________________
Procurement
Dimensions _____________________________________________________________
10
Thickness ______________________________________________________________
Construction
Texture ________________________________________________________________
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Colour _________________________________________________________________
Acceptable variances ____________________________________________________
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Surface defects _________________________________________________________
Transportation
Others _________________________________________________________________

Concrete
13
Slabs-on-grade and floors
Flatness/levelness________________________________________________________

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Dimensions _____________________________________________________________
Thickness ______________________________________________________________ Protection
Concrete
15
Texture ________________________________________________________________
Colour _________________________________________________________________
Measurement,
Concrete

16
Surface defects __________________________________________________________

Improvement
Project
17
18
128
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Joint spacing ____________________________________________________________

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Others _________________________________________________________________
Elevated slabs
Concrete
Bridges
4
Flatness/levelness________________________________________________________
Dimensions _____________________________________________________________
5
Thickness ______________________________________________________________
How it will be determined _________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Texture ________________________________________________________________
Colour _________________________________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)

7
Surface defects __________________________________________________________

Architectural
Concrete
Others _________________________________________________________________
8
Procedures for measuring tolerances (when and how)

Concrete
Jointing
_________________________________________________________________________
9
Review specifications for possible conflict between the concrete installer and other trades
Procurement
_________________________________________________________________________
10
_________________________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
Review specifications for conflict between the surface profile provided by the concrete installer
& Pre-
Pre-
11
and the surface profile required by installer of finished material

Procedures
_________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Ordering
12
_________________________________________________________________________
Transportation
Responsibility for
Concrete
13
Reporting F-numbers to concrete contractor____________________________________

Accepting floors__________________________________________________________
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Measuring tolerances _____________________________________________________

Repairing “air or bug holes” in vertical surfaces _________________________________
Protection
Concrete
15
Removing curing compounds prior to application of sealers________________________

19. Jointing
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Review/verification of contraction, isolation, and construction joint layout plans

Structures (walls) Yes No
Improvement
Project
17
18
129
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Comments (number, location, spacing, details) ________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Slabs-on-grade Yes No
Comments (number, location, spacing, details) ________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
4
Type of joints contraction isolation construction
Formed joints____________________________________________________________

5
Tooled joints ____________________________________________________________
Early entry saw-cut
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Timing________________________________________________________________
Depth of cut ___________________________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)
Joint spacing __________________________________________________________
7
Equipment ____________________________________________________________
Architectural
Concrete
Conventional saw-cut
8
Timing________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
Depth of cut ___________________________________________________________
9
Joint spacing __________________________________________________________
Procurement
Equipment ____________________________________________________________
10
20. Slabs-on-grade
Construction
Placement
Meetings
Joints Yes No
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Reinforcement Yes No
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
Position of reinforcement in slab _____________________________________________
12
Method of supporting reinforcement at specified elevation _________________________
Transportation
Termination at joints ______________________________________________________
Concrete
13
Load transfer devices (e.g. dowel bars) _______________________________________

Type, size, and location____________________________________________________
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Check for specified alignment _______________________________________________
Define unacceptable cracks (see surface defects in tolerances) ____________________
Protection
Concrete
15
Method of repair of unacceptable cracks ______________________________________

Measurement,
Responsibility for repair of unacceptable cracks _________________________________

Concrete
16
Sealing (filling) joints Yes No

Epoxy joint filler Yes No
Improvement
Project
17
18
130
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Elastomeric sealant Yes No

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Timing (review product directions and ACI Guidelines) ___________________________

______________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
4
Depth of filling ___________________________________________________________

Procedure (flush or slightly crowned for epoxy joint or concave for Elastomeric sealant)
______________________________________________________________________
5
______________________________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Responsibility for future touch up ____________________________________________

6
21. Curing and Sealing

Fill (U-Fill)
Curing methods ____________________________________________________________

7
Curing periods _____________________________________________________________

Architectural
Concrete
Responsibility for curing floors placed prior to erection of roof, walls

8
_________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
Temperature Control Yes No

9
Specify_________________________________________________________________
Procurement
If temporary heaters are used, responsibility for venting to prevent concrete dusting
10
______________________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Excessive evaporation control

Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Specify_________________________________________________________________
Procedures
Evaporation retarder Yes No

Concrete
Ordering
12
Specify_________________________________________________________________
Transportation
Fogging Yes No
Concrete
13
Specify_________________________________________________________________
Other ____________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Responsibility for inspection of curing operations/timing

_________________________________________________________________________
Protection
Concrete
15
Responsibility for removing curing compounds

_________________________________________________________________________
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Applying sealers
Types__________________________________________________________________
Improvement
Project
17
18
131
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Locations _______________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
22. Protection of concrete
Roof and walls Yes No
Concrete
Bridges
4
Specify_________________________________________________________________
Floors coverings Yes No

5
Specify_________________________________________________________________
Floor protection Yes No
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Specify age/strength of floor prior to the use of floor by
Foot traffic ____________________________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)
Pneumatic tire traffic_____________________________________________________
7
Hard wheel traffic _______________________________________________________
Architectural
Concrete
Construction traffic ______________________________________________________
8
Specify age/strength of floor when
Concrete
Jointing
Equipment is installed ___________________________________________________
9
Racks are erected ______________________________________________________
Procurement
23. Responsibility for storage areas and site security
10
____________________________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
____________________________________________________________________________
& Pre-
Pre-
11
24. Form removal
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
What is the minimum strength requirement for form removal? __________ MPa
12
What formal report is required before form removal?
Transportation
_________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
13
Type of field or in-place strength tests (if used) and evaluation criteria?

_________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Name(s) of personnel authorized to approve form removal
_________________________________________________________________________
Protection
Concrete
15
25. Procedures for hot weather concreting

Measurement,
____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
16
____________________________________________________________________________
26. Procedures for cold weather concreting
Improvement
Project
17
18
132
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
____________________________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
____________________________________________________________________________
C. Concrete Requirements
Concrete
Bridges
4
1. Concrete mix designations

All concrete materials and supply shall conform to CSA A23.1
5
2. Concrete mix designs submittal

Have mix submissions been received Yes No
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Prescriptive requirements Yes No

Performance requirements Yes No
Fill (U-Fill)
Comments: _____________________________________________________________
7
______________________________________________________________________
Architectural
Concrete
Copies of the mix submittal provided to

8
Owner Yes No
Concrete
Jointing
Architect Yes No
9
Structural engineer Yes No

Procurement
Construction manager or general contractor Yes No

10
Concrete contractor Yes No

Construction
Placement
Meetings
Concrete pumping contractor Yes No

& Pre-
Pre-
11
Concrete finisher Yes No

Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
Testing laboratory Yes No

12
Inspection agency Yes No

Transportation
Concrete
13
3. Additional mix designs required Yes No

Specify ___________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
4. Consideration for aggregates other than CSA – prescriptive specification only

Gradation _________________________________________________________________
Protection
Concrete
15
_________________________________________________________________________
Measurement,
Sand requirements _________________________________________________________

Concrete
16
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Pumped concrete Yes No
Improvement
Project
17
18
133
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
6. High early strength Yes No Strength required _____ MPa at age _____
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
7. Lightweight concrete Yes No
8. Other Yes No
Concrete
Bridges
4
Comments ________________________________________________________________
9. Concrete supply

5
RMCAO Production Facility Certification received Yes No – do not proceed with
supply
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Primary Plant_________________________Backup Plant ________________________
6
Plant Contacts ________________________Phone Number ______________________
Fill (U-Fill)
Revolutions or time limits for mixing concrete ___________________________________
7
Note: Refer to CSA A23.1
Architectural
Concrete
10. Review project specifications for conflicts in performance requirements (compressive/flexural
8
strength, durability, shrinkage, curling and water-cementitious materials ratio, water content,
slump, air content)
Concrete
Jointing
9
____________________________________________________________________________
Procurement
____________________________________________________________________________
10
11. Other performance ingredient materials required
Mid range water reducing admixture Yes No
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
High range water reducing admixture Yes No
Non-chloride accelerator Yes No
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Corrosion inhibitors Yes No
Fly ash Yes No
Transportation
Concrete
13
GGBF slag Yes No
Silica fume Yes No

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Fibres Yes No
Colour Yes No Protection
Concrete
Other Yes No
15
Note 1 Batching all ingredient materials at the plant ensures best quality control of concrete.
Measurement,
Concrete
Jobsite modifications to mixture shall be documented on the delivery tickets.

16
Note 2: Add appendices with the approved concrete mix design submittals
Improvement
12. Project specification requirements for air content

Project
17
18
134
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Normal weight air-entrained concrete (not recommended if floors require a machine troweled
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
finish, but recommended for all exterior work)

Comments ______________________________________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
4
______________________________________________________________________
Are adjustments to air content allowed on the jobsite Yes No
5
Comments ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Air-entrained lightweight concrete for interior slabs

6
Comments ______________________________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)
______________________________________________________________________
7
Other requirements
Architectural
Concrete
Comments ______________________________________________________________
8
______________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
13. Project specification requirements for slump limits

9
Conventional concrete Max. __________________ Min. ___________________

Procurement
Pumped concrete Max. __________________ Min. ___________________

10
Comments ______________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
______________________________________________________________________
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Plasticized concrete Max. __________________ Min. ___________________

Procedures
Comments ______________________________________________________________
Concrete
Ordering
12
______________________________________________________________________
Transportation
Other: Max ___________________ Min. ___________________

Concrete
13
Comments ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
14. Jobsite slump adjustments

Responsibility for:
Protection
Concrete
15
Making/permitting jobsite slump adjustments ___________________________________

Recording of adjusted batch ________________________________________________
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Materials permitted to adjust the slump:

Water Mid-range water reducer High-range water reducer
Improvement
Project
17
18
135
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Procedure to be followed and limitations that apply to jobsite slump adjustment (maximum
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
amount, subsequent mixing, sampling of the load) _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
4
15. Project specification requirements for temperature
Required temperature of concrete as delivered: ______________ Max: _____________ qC

Min: ______________ qC
5
Responsible person for requiring and approving special measures to meet concrete
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
temperatures such as hot water, heated aggregate, cold water, ice, liquid nitrogen
6
_________________________________________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)
_________________________________________________________________________
7
Outline procedure to be followed and limitations that apply for measurement of concrete
Architectural
temperature and acceptance of concrete at the jobsite
Concrete
8
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
9
16. Project specification requirements for concrete delivery time – 120 minutes as per CSA A23.1/.2
Other ____________________________________________________________________
Procurement
10
17. Project specification requirements for lightweight concrete
Maximum unit weight ________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Slump____________________________________________________________________
Air content ________________________________________________________________
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Pumping operations_________________________________________________________
18. Architectural concrete
Transportation
Concrete
Finish details Location
13
Exposed aggregate __________________________________ _________________

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Smooth finish_______________________________________ _________________
14
Rubbed finish ______________________________________ _________________ Protection
Concrete
Colored ___________________________________________ _________________
15
Imprinted __________________________________________ _________________

Measurement,
Concrete
Details (grouted joints, textured)

16
Special materials
Improvement
Cement ________________________________________________________________
Project
17
18
136
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Aggregates _____________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Water__________________________________________________________________
Admixtures _____________________________________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
4
Sealers ________________________________________________________________
Release agents __________________________________________________________
5
Architectural samples or mock-ups

Location________________________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Preservation ____________________________________________________________
Responsibility for acceptance _______________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)
Repair methods ____________________________________________________________

7
_________________________________________________________________________
Architectural
Concrete
D. Ordering and Scheduling Concrete

8
1. Person(s) responsible for ordering concrete (concrete must be ordered by mix design code)
____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
9
2. Minimum time notice required for most placements

Procurement
____________________________________________________________________________
10
3. Define large and specialty orders

____________________________________________________________________________
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
4. Minimum notice required for large and specialty placements

____________________________________________________________________________
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
5. Procedure for handling will call orders

____________________________________________________________________________
Transportation
Concrete
13
6. Procedure for handling revised orders

____________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
7. Contact name(s) and phone number(s) for last-minute cancellations

14
Supplier __________________________________________________________________
Protection
Concrete
Concrete contractor _________________________________________________________

15
Construction manager or general contractor ______________________________________

Measurement,
Concrete
8. Person on jobsite responsible for reviewing delivery ticket prior to placement

16
____________________________________________________________________________
Improvement
Project
17
18
137
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
9. Regular hours are between _______________ am and _______________ pm
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Regular workdays are _______________ through _______________ not including designated
holidays
Concrete
Bridges
4
10. Are there any anticipated holiday and/or overtime placements? P Yes P No
Comments ________________________________________________________________

5
11. Delivery schedules
Location of placement _______________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Anticipated placement sizes ____________________________ cubic metres
6
Minimum load size ____________________________________ cubic metres
Fill (U-Fill)
What are anticipated placement rates? ________________ cubic metres/hour
7
Approximate placements dates ____________________ __________________________
Architectural
Concrete
Inclement weather plant capability______________________________________________
8
12. Concrete delivery
Concrete
Jointing
Acceptance/rejection responsibility____________________________________
9
Any traffic restrictions at or near the jobsite Yes No
Procurement
Comments ______________________________________________________________
10
Any restrictions on entrance to or exits from jobsite Yes No
Construction
Placement
Meetings
Comments ______________________________________________________________
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Other Items
Procedures
Comments ______________________________________________________________
Concrete
Ordering
12
13. Trucks:
Transportation
Number of trucks ___________________________________________________________
Concrete
13
Interval schedule (turn around time) ____________________________________________

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
E. Environmental Aspects
14
1. Environmentally sensitive areas around the project: Yes No
Comments ________________________________________________________________
Protection
Concrete
15
2. Contractor identified concrete wash out area at the jobsite____________________________

Measurement,
3. Responsibility for clean up of the wash out areas ___________________________________

Concrete
16
4. Person responsible for directing trucks to the wash out area __________________________
5. Are spill response kits available on site? Yes No
Improvement
Project
17
18
138
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Comments ________________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
6. On-site emergency contact person ______________________________________________

7. Responsibility for disposal of curing compounds____________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
4
8. Other items ________________________________________________________________

F. Quality Control/Assurance
1. CSA/CCIL Accreditation requirements for laboratory ________________________________

5
2. Certification requirements for

Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Laboratory testing technicians name(s)

6
CSA Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician __________________________________

Fill (U-Fill)
Field testing technicians name(s)

7
ACI Grade I Certified ______________________________________________________

Architectural
CSA Certified Concrete Tester ______________________________________________

Concrete
8
CCIL Type J Certified Concrete Tester ________________________________________

3. Advance notice for scheduling testing personnel ___________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
9
4. Procedures for verification of specified requirements

Procurement
Strength tests______________________________________________________________
10
Other ____________________________________________________________________
F.1. Concrete Sampling and Testing Requirements
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
1. Sampling frequency _______________________________________________________

2. Sampling location
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Point of discharge ________________________________________________________

Point of placement________________________________________________________
Transportation
Concrete
13
Comments (agreement on sampling location)___________________________________

3. Tests performed on each sample
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Slump _________________________________________________________________
14
Temperature ____________________________________________________________
Protection
Concrete
Density (unit weight) ______________________________________________________

15
Air content ______________________________________________________________

Measurement,
Concrete
Compressive strength _____________________________________________________

16
Flexural strength _________________________________________________________

Improvement
Project
17
18
139
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Other __________________________________________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
4. Cylinder size for compressive strength test
100X200 mm 150x300 mm
Concrete
Bridges
4
5. Beam size for flexural strength test

150X150 mm Length: refer to CSA A23.2 – 3C
5
Other size __________________
Note: If beam breaks are low, compare acceptable concrete with suspect concrete by coring
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
6. Number of cylinders per sample _____________________________________________
(hardened cylinder weight must be recorded on concrete strength reports)
Fill (U-Fill)
7
7. Number of beams per sample _______________________________________________
8. Number of cylinders/beams to be cured ___________ Field? ___________ Lab?
Architectural
Concrete
___________
8
9. At what ages are cylinders/beams to be tested? _________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
10. Number of cylinders/beams per test (minimum 2) _______________________________
9
11. Are reserve cylinders/beams required? Yes ___________No How many?
Procurement
10
12. Frequency of yield tests and compliance checks (three-load average of unit weight)
Construction
Placement
_________________________________________________________________________
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
F.2. Test Cylinder Storage and Transportation
Procedures
1. As per CSA A23.2
Concrete
Ordering
12
F.3. Acceptance/Rejection of Fresh Concrete
Transportation
1. Who has the authority to accept/reject a concrete delivery?
Concrete
13
_________________________________________________________________________

Note: A second person may be designated as having the authority for FINAL rejection of a
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
concrete delivery
2. What criteria will be used to reject concrete? Protection
Concrete
15
Slump _________________________________________________________________
Air content ______________________________________________________________
Measurement,
Concrete
Unit weight______________________________________________________________
16
Temperature ____________________________________________________________
Improvement
Project
17
18
140
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Time limit _______________________________________________________________

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Other __________________________________________________________________
3. Are re-tests allowed before rejection? Yes No
Concrete
Bridges
4
Procedure ______________________________________________________________
F.4. Acceptance Criteria for Hardened Concrete
5
1. Review acceptance criteria

Other __________________________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
F.5. Distribution of Test Reports (to all participants)

1. CMATS™ shall be used for project
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Note: Concrete supplier and concrete contractor must receive reports directly and
immediately from the laboratory to allow timely response to any deficiencies.
Architectural
Concrete
2. Early age test result strength requirements

8
Anticipated concrete strength for earlier age breaks: _________/_________ (% specified

Concrete
strength/days)
Jointing
9
F.6. Testing of Hardened In-Place Concrete

Procurement
1. In what situations will additional (or referee) testing be required?

10
Running average of three consecutive strength tests is less than specified – CSA A23.1
Construction
Other _________________________________________________________________
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
2. Procedure(s) to be followed for evaluation of low-strength tests

Evaluation of test results and testing procedures – including laboratory operations
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Comments ____________________________________________________________
Transportation
Non-destructive testing
Concrete
13
Penetration probe in accordance with ASTM C 803

Rebound hammer in accordance with ASTM C 805
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Other (combined method) ________________________________________________

Note: Refer to ACI 228.1R
Protection
Concrete
15
Evaluation of structural adequacy of questionable sections by the structural engineer

______________________________________________________________________
Measurement,
Concrete
Core testing and evaluation in accordance with CSA A23.1

16
Procedure for conditioning cores prior to testing _______________________________

Improvement
Project
17
18
141
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Load testing in accordance with CSA A23.1
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Other ________________________________________________________________
Remove and replace
Concrete
Bridges
4
Comments ____________________________________________________________
3. How do the project specifications handle additional testing? _______________________

5
_________________________________________________________________________
If additional testing is required, _____________________________________ will notify the
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
following parties
6
______________________________________________________________________
Fill (U-Fill)
______________________________________________________________________
7
4. What investigative procedures will be used?
Architectural
Concrete
______________________________________________________________________
8
______________________________________________________________________
Concrete
Jointing
5. Who will be employed to conduct additional testing and who employs them?
9
______________________________________________________________________
Procurement
______________________________________________________________________
10
6. How will the test results be evaluated?
Construction
Placement
______________________________________________________________________
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
______________________________________________________________________
Procedures
7. Who will pay the costs of additional testing?
Concrete
Ordering
12
Specified strength confirmed________________________________________________
Transportation
Specified strength not confirmed_____________________________________________
Concrete
13
G. Safety
1. Personal protective equipment required:

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Hard hats Yes No
14
Safety boots Yes No Protection
Concrete
Eye protection Yes No
15
Safety vests Yes No

Measurement,
Concrete
Specific protective clothing Yes No

16
Respirators Yes No
Improvement
Other
Project
17
18
142
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
2. Responsibility for
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
First aid supplies ___________________________________________________________

Providing and maintaining information such as Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and Spills
Concrete
Bridges
4
Response Plans at the jobsite _________________________________________________

Job site Ingress and Egress __________________________________________________
5
Fall protection _____________________________________________________________

Safety inspections __________________________________________________________
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Signalers _________________________________________________________________
6
Safety meetings ____________________________________________________________

Fill (U-Fill)
3. Emergency contacts _________________________________________________________

7
____________________________________________________________________________
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
143
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Appendix G: CCIL Concrete Certification Program
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
The Ready-mixed Concrete Association of Ontario (RMCAO) and the Canadian Council of Independent
Laboratories (CCIL) in conjunction with the major owner stakeholder, have created a new concrete
Concrete
certification program to improve the quality of concrete field testing of both CSA and ACI certified field
Bridges
4
personnel.
While the draft program is currently under review by the various industry stakeholders, RMCAO is very

encouraged by achievements that have already been made. The draft CCIL Concrete Certification Program
5
has been modelled on the existing CCIL Asphalt and Aggregate certification programs and will include two
new CCIL certification classes for concrete:
x Type H – Concrete Compressive Strength Testing
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
x Type J – Concrete Field Testing
The Type H certification will be strictly for concrete testing labs only and will be based upon the laboratory
Fill (U-Fill)
holding current CSA lab certification and the lab successfully participating in concrete strength correlation
7
program (based on the current MTO correlation program).
Architectural
The Type J certification will be for all concrete field testing personnel and will be based upon the technician
Concrete
holding either CSA or ACI certification. This class of certification will apply to both lab technicians and
8
concrete industry personnel alike.
Concrete
The CCIL Concrete Certification Program will be managed by a program manager hired directly by CCIL
Jointing
9
that reports to a Concrete Administration Committee of nine members. The proposed Administration
Committee structure is as follows:
x 3 Representatives from CCIL (including the Chair)
Procurement
x 3 Representatives from RMCAO
10
x 1 Representative from the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO)
x 1 Representative from the Municipal Engineers Association (MEA)
Construction
Placement
Meetings
x 1 Representative from the structural consulting engineering community
& Pre-
Pre-
11
The proposed certification program represents a huge opportunity for all the industry stakeholders to work
together and is a positive and constructive manner to ensure that all concrete testing is performed to the
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
applicable CSA standards. This program also recognizes the importance and value of the existing CSA and
12
ACI certification programs while adding greater accountability to all components of the practice of testing
concrete.
Transportation
Concrete
13
For more information, please contact Bart Kanters, P.Eng. (905) 507-1122 or bkanters@rmcao.org

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
144
Appendix

Checklist for Pumping Ready

Mixed Concrete©
145
Appendix H: Checklist for Concrete Pumping
Appendix H: Checklist for Concrete Pumping
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Introduction
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
20 This short Checklist for Concrete Pumping was developed by National Ready-mixed Concrete
Association (NRMCA), American Society of Concrete Contractors (ASCC) and the American Concrete
Concrete
Pumping Association (ACPA). With permission of the original author, Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) and the
Bridges
4
Ontario General Contractors Association (OGCA) have reviewed and revised this document for use on
Canadian construction projects following the requirements of the most recent CSA A23.1/.2.

The intent of this document is to identify details of the process of pumping concrete prior to the start of the
5
placement so that all impacted parties are aware of the issues related to the construction specification,
equipment and schedules, responsible persons and jobsite safety.
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
The presumption is that on larger projects the concrete construction team has been through a pre-
6
construction conference and has addressed the pertinent items in the Checklist for Concrete Pre-
Construction Conference and those items are excluded from this document. This document can be
Fill (U-Fill)
included in a broader pre-construction meeting agenda.
7
This checklist is not intended to be all inclusive of the items that need to be considered and depending on a
Architectural
specific project many items regarding specification requirements, testing details, construction logistics and
Concrete
jobsite safety may need to be addressed in greater detail than outlined in this document. Many of these
8
items will be critical to the success of the project and should be discussed and agreed upon prior to the
placement of concrete with appropriate notification to the owner and his representative.
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
146
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Checklist for Concrete Pumping

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Project:
Location:
Concrete
Bridges
Directions: ____________________________________________________________________
4
(Map on back)
1. Contacts
5
Who Name Phone Mobile Fax E-Mail

C. Contractor
Life-Cycle
RMC Supplier
(LCCA)
Pump
Contractor
Fill (U-Fill)
2. General Conditions
7
Start Time Pump: am/pm Concrete: am/pm

Placement Location Slabs Walls Footings Other
Architectural
Concrete
Placement Rate (m3/hr.) Volume (m3)

8
Type of Pump Regular Z-Boom Trailer

Telescoping
Concrete
Jointing
Size of Pump (m) Pipeline dia,

9
mm
Pumping Distance (m) Vertical Horizontal
Procurement
Slump/Air Spec Point of Discharge Point of Placement

10
Testing Point of Discharge Point of Placement

Priming Agent Grout Slick Pack
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
3. Concrete Mixture
Pre-
11
Other
Strength (MPa) 28 days:
_______:
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
Max Size of Aggregate

12
(no larger than 1/3 pipeline diameter)

(mm)
Density (kg/m3) Lightweight Yes No
Transportation
Concrete
Slump (mm) Air (%)

13
Water Reducer Regular MRWR HRWR

Fibres Yes No
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Special Requirements
Set Time Requirements
Initial: Final:
Protection
Concrete
(hr.)
15
Water Addition Permitted Yes No

Measurement,
4. Jobsite/Safety
Concrete
16
Wash Out Area Location:

Yes No
_____________________
Improvement
Power Lines Yes No

Project
17
Safe Set Up Area Yes No Restrictions:

18
147
Appendix

2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
Courtes
y ACPA
__________________

No
CONCRETE PUMP OPERATORS HAND SIGNALS
148
Yes
Clean Water Available for Washout
5. Notes
Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Appendix I: Speciality Concrete Applications

Appendix I: Specialty Concrete Applications
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
While special concrete performance can be defined in an infinite number of ways, some of
the more common examples of specialty performance include the following descriptions.
Always consult with your concrete supplier and concrete sub-contractors.
Concrete
Bridges
4
x Self Consolidating Concrete (SCC) – Concrete with extremely high slump and
flow characteristics that can be placed with little or no concrete consolidation. This
concrete offers advantages to the owner and contractor where there is congested
5
concrete reinforcing steel or restricting formwork that prevents traditional

consolidation; improved architectural appearance of the concrete surface,
significantly reduced labour and placement costs due to the extreme flow
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
characteristics; and resistance to concrete segregation under adverse site

6
conditions. Caution must also be exercised when first using this product due to its
high flowability and fluidity. The formwork must have a high quality of surface
finish since the concrete will mirror any imperfections that exist. The contractor
Fill (U-Fill)
must also ensure that formwork is tight to prevent leakage at form panel edges and
7
they must account for the additional formwork pressures initially generated by the
product
Architectural
Concrete
x Winter Concrete – Concrete that has been proportioned to provide normal or

8
improved concrete set characteristics during cold weather construction periods.

The objective is to modify the mix design to offset the extended concrete setting
period that results from lower air, concrete and formwork temperatures
Concrete
Jointing
encountered in winter months.

9
x High Early Concrete – Concrete that provides a strength gain at earlier times than
normal set concrete. High early strengths achieved at prescribed times of one,
Procurement
three or seven days can offer the opportunity to “fly” forms faster resulting in a
10
faster scheduling for building construction and labour and equipment. This
concrete may also apply to a faster set time concrete that may be applicable in
Construction
areas where there are noise by-laws or concerns, and also other labour issues
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
such as cost and equipment availability.

11
x Fibre Reinforced Concrete – Synthetic or steel fibres can offer a range of

benefits to the owner. Sometimes referred to micro, macro and structural fibres
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
they can offer greater resistance to plastic shrinkage cracking of the concrete as
12
well as other advantages.

x C-XL Concrete – New to CSA A23.1-04, the C-XL designation is for structurally
Transportation
Concrete
reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides or other severe environments with or

13
without freezing and thawing conditions, to provide concrete that would meet
higher durability performance expectations than C-1, A-1 or S-1 classes of
exposure as per CSA A23.1. There is a chloride ion penetrability limit of <1000
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
coulombs within 56 d that is generally used as a pre-qualification to concrete

14
supply.
x LEED™ Concrete – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED™) is
Protection
Concrete
a voluntary, market-based rating system for defining what elements make a

15
building “green” and to quantify how “green” a building is in comparison to another

building. LEED™ is based on accepted energy and environmental principles and
Measurement,
strikes a balance between known effective practices and emerging concepts. It

Concrete
encourages a whole building approach over a building's life cycle that guides a
16
collaborative and integrated design and construction process.

x Decorative Concrete – Concrete that has been designed to meet visual or other
Improvement
aesthetic performance characteristics such as colour, texture, finish or pattern.

Project
17
These performance concretes are concerned with concrete relating to overall mix
consistency, flow and consolidation, and finish and uniformity.
18
149
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
x Surface Hardened Concrete – Typically concrete floors that require a “hardener”
Pavement
to be applied need a concrete mix that has been designed so the concrete can
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
easily accept the “hardener” for its application to be monolithic. Several things
must be carefully considered by the concrete supplier, such as water content,
SCMs (i.e. fly ash or slag) for available surface moisture, set and finish time, and
Concrete
Bridges
entrained air content. Concrete to receive a surface hardener should not be air
4
entrained.
x High Volume Supplementary Cementing Materials Concrete (HVSCM 1 & 2) –

CSA A23.1-04 has included these designations for concrete that contains a level of
5
supplementary cementing materials above that typically used for normal
construction.
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
6
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Architectural
Concrete
8
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
150
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Appendix J: Summary of CSA Exposure Classes

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
T E C H N I C A L S P E C I F I C A T I O N S
Concrete
Bridges
Concrete Exposure Classes

4
5 Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Determination of the minimum concrete performance

6
properties is based upon identifying the following key

requirements:
Fill (U-Fill)
7
Applicable Exposure Conditions – The

designer must assess the environmental
Architectural
conditions that the concrete will be exposed

Concrete
8
to during its service life. Direct input is also

required from the owner regarding possible
future uses since they can significantly affect
Concrete
Jointing
9
the exposure class selection.
Structural Requirements – The designer

Procurement
must determine the minimum concrete

10
properties required to meet the applicable

loading conditions.
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Architectural Requirements – The

designer must consider the effects of
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
selecting various architectural finishes on

12
concrete material properties.

Transportation
Minimum Durability Requirements –

Concrete
13
Based upon the designer’s assessment of the

exposureconditions, theCSA A23.1 standard
sets minimum concrete properties.

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
In cases where these various factors result in

differing material properties, the designer must
Protection
Concrete
15
select the most stringent requirement as the

minimum concrete performance requirement.
Measurement,
Concrete
CSA A23.1-09 – Concrete Materials and

16
Methods of Concrete Construction, Tables 1 – 4,

outline the minimum durability requirements.
Improvement
Project
17
18
151
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
CSA A23.1 – TABLE 1
Concrete
Bridges
Definitions of C, F, N, A, and S exposure classes
4
(See Clauses 4.1.1.1.1, 4.1.1.5, 4.4.4.1.1.1, 4.4.4.1.1.2, 6.6.7.5.1, 8.4.1.2 and Tables 2 and 12.)

C-XL Structurally reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides or other severe environments with or without freezing and thawing conditions, with higher
durability performance expectations than the C-1, A-1 or S-1 classes.
5
C-1 Structurally reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides with or without freezing and thawing conditions.
Examples: bridge decks, parking decks and ramps, portions of marine structures located within the tidal and splash zones, concrete
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
exposed to seawater spray, and salt water pools.
6
C-2 Non-structurallyreinforced (i.e. plain) concrete exposed to chlorides and freezing and thawing.
Examples: garage floors, porches, steps, pavements, sidewalks, curbs, and gutters.
Fill (U-Fill)
Continuouslysubmerged concrete exposed to chlorides but not to freezing and thawing.
7
C-3
Examples: underwater portions of marine structures.
Architectural
C-4 Non-structurally reinforced concrete exposed to chlorides but not to freezing and thawing.
Concrete
Examples: underground parkingslabs on grade.
8
F-1 Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing in a saturated condition but not to chlorides.
Examples: pool decks, patios, tennis courts, freshwater pools, and freshwater control structures.
Concrete
Jointing
F-2 Concretein an unsaturated condition exposedto freezing and thawing but not to chlorides.
9
Examples: exterior walls and columns.
Concrete not exposed to chlorides nor to freezing and thawing.
Procurement
N
Examples: footings and interior slabs, walls and columns.
10
A-1 Structurally reinforced concrete exposed to severe manure and/or silage gases, with or without freeze-thaw exposure. Concrete
exposedtothe vapour abovemunicipal sewage or industrial effluent, wherehydrogen sulphidegasmay begenerated.
Construction
Examples: reinforced beams, slabs and columns over manure pits and silos, canals, pig slats, access holes, enclosed chambers,
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
and pipes that are partially filled with effluents.
11
A-2 Structurally reinforced concrete exposed to moderate to severe manure and/or silage gases and liquids, with or without freeze-
thaw exposure. Examples: reinforced walls in exterior manure tanks, silos and feed bunkers, exterior slabs. This publication
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
A-3 Structurally reinforced concrete exposed to moderate to severe manure and/or silage gases and liquids, with or without freeze-
is intended for
12
thaw exposure in a continuously submerged condition. Concrete continuously submerged in municipal or industrial effluents. general
Examples: interior gutter walls, beams, slabs and columns, sewage pipes that are continuously full (e.g., force mains), and
information
Transportation
submerged portions of sewage treatment structures.

Concrete
purposes only.
13
A-4 Non-structurally-reinforced concrete exposed to moderate manure and/or silage gases and liquids, without freeze-thaw exposure.
The Ready
Examples: interior slabs on grade.
Mixed Concrete

S-1 Concrete subjected to very severe sulphate exposure (Tables 2 and 3). Association of
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Ontario
S-2 Concrete subjected to severe sulphate exposure (Tables 2 and 3). disclaims any
and all
Protection
Concrete
S-3 Concrete subjected to moderate sulphate exposure (Tables 2 and 3).
responsibility
15
and liability for

the accuracy
Measurement,
Notes:
Concrete
and the
16
1. “C” classes pertain to chloride exposure. application of

2. “F” classes pertain to freezing and thawing exposure without chlorides. the information
Improvement
3. “N” class is exposed to neither chlorides nor freezing and thawing.

contained in
Project
4. “A” class pertains to agricultural, municipal or industrial projects exposed to human or animal wastes.
17
5. All classes of concrete,exposed to sulphates, shall comply with the minimum requirements of “S” class noted in Tables 2 and 3. this publication
to the full
extent
permitted by
18
law.
152
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
CSA A23.1 – TABLE 2

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Definitions of C, F, N, R, S and A classes of exposure

(SeeClauses4.1.1.1.1,4.1.1.3,4.1.1.4,4.1.1.5,4.1.1.6,4.1.2.1,4.3.1,7.4.1.1,8.8.3,and8.8.6.1,andTable1.)
Concrete
Bridges
4
Requirements for specifying concrete

Minimum
Maximum specified Curing Type (see Table 20)
5
water-to- compressive Air content Chloride ion

cementing strength (MPa) category penetrability test
Class of materials and age (d) at as per Normal requirements and
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
exposure * ratio † test † Table 4 Concrete HVSCM 1 HVSCM 2 age at test ‡

6
< 1,000 coulombs

C-XL 0.4 50within56d 1 or 2§ 3 3 3
within 56 d
Fill (U-Fill)
<1,500 coulombs
C-1 or A-1 0.40 35at 28d 1 or 2§ 2 3 2
7
within 56 d
C-2 or A-2 0.45 32at 28d 1 2 2 2
Architectural
Concrete
C-3 or A-3 0.50 30at 28d 2 1 2 2

8
C-4** or A-4 0.55 25at 28d 2 1 2 2

F-1 0.50 30at 28d 1 2 3 2
Concrete
Jointing
9
F-2 0.55 25at 28d 2†† 1 2 2

For structural For structural
N †† None 1 2 2
Procurement
design design
10
S-1 0.40 35at 56d 2 2 3 2

S-2 0.45 32at 56d 2 2 3 2
Construction
Placement
Meetings
S-3 0.50 30at 56d 2 1 2 2

& Pre-
Pre-
11
* See Table I for description of classes of exposure

This publication
Procedures
† The minimum specified compressive strength may be adjusted to reflect proven relationships between strength and the water-to-cementing materials ratio. The
Concrete
Ordering
is intended for
12
water-to-cementing materials ratio shall not be exceeded for a given class of exposure.
‡ In accordance with ASTM C 1202. An age different from that indicated may be specified by the owner. Where calcium nitrite corrosion inhibitor is to be used, thegeneral
same concrete mixture, but without calcium nitrite, shall be prequalified to meet the requirements for the permeability index in his Table. information
Transportation
Concrete
§ Use Category 1 for concrete exposed to freezing and thawing. Use air content Category 2 for concrete not exposed to freezing and thawing. purposes only.
13
** For class of exposure C-4, the requirement for air entrainment should be waived when a steel trowelled finish is required. The addition of supplementary cementing The Ready
materials may be used to provide reduced permeability in the long term, if that is required.
Mixed Concrete
†† Interior ice rink slabs and freezer slabs with a steel trowelled finish have been found to perform satisfactory without entrained air. Association of
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
‡‡ See Clause 8.12 for concrete mixes for concrete floors.

14
Ontario
disclaims any
and all
Protection
Concrete
responsibility
15
and liability for

the accuracy
Measurement,
Concrete
and the
16
application of
the information
Improvement
contained in
Project
17
this publication
to the full
extent
permitted by
18
law.
153
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
CSA A23.1 TABLE 3
Concrete
Bridges
4
Additional requirements for concrete subjected to sulphate attack*
(See Clauses 4.1.1.1.1, 4.1.1.6.2, 4.1.1.6.3, Tables 1 and 6, and Annex L.)

Performance requirements §
5
Water soluble
sulphate Maximum expansion when
(SO4) in Cementing
Water soluble Sulphate (SO4) recycled materials testing using CSA A3004-c8, %
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Class of Degree of sulphate (SO4) † in groundwater aggregate to be used At 12 months
6
exposure exposure in soil sample, % sample, mg/L ‡ sample, % §†† At 6 months ††
S-1 Very severe > 2.0 > 10,000 > 2.0 HS or HSb 0.05 0.10
Fill (U-Fill)
7
S-2 Severe 0.20–2.0 1,500–10,000 0.60–2.0 HS or HSb 0.05 0.10
Architectural
MS, MSb, LH,
Concrete
S-3 Moderate 0.10 – 0.20 150 – 1,500 0.20 – 0.60 0.10
HS or HSb
8
* For sea water exposure, see Clause 4.1.1.5
† As per CSA A23.2-3B
Concrete
Jointing
‡ As per CSA A23.2.B
9
§ Where combinations of supplementary materials and Portland or blended hydraulic cements are to be used instead of the cementing materials listed, the
performance requirements shall be used to demonstrate performance against sulphate exposure (see Clauses 4.1.1.6.2, 4.2.1.1, and 4.2.1.3, and 4.2.1.4).
Procurement
Such combinations shall not be designated as blended cements.
10
** Type HS cement shall not be used in reinforced concrete exposed to both chloride and sulphates. Refer to Clause 4.1.1.6.3.
†† If the expansion is greater than 0.05% at 6 months but less than 0.10% at 1 year, the cementing materials combination under test shall be considered to
have passed.
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
CSA A23.1 TABLE 4
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Requirements for the air content categories
This
Transportation
(See Clauses 4.1.1.1.1, 4.1.1.3, 4.1.1.4, 4.1.1.5, 4.3.1, 4.3.3.1, 4.3.3.2, and 4.4.4.1.1.1 and Table 2.)
Concrete
13
Range in air content * for concretes with indicated nominal maximum sizes of coarse
aggregate, %

Concrete
Convey,
Air content category 10 mm 14 – 20 mm 28 – 40 mm
Placing,
14
1† 6–9 5–8 4 -7
2 5–8 4–7 3 -6 Protection

Concrete
* At the point of discharge from the delivery equipment, unless otherwise specified.
15
† For hardened concrete, see Clause 4.3.3.2.

Notes:
Measurement,
(1) The above difference in air contents has been established based upon the difference in mortar fraction volume required for specific coarse aggregate
Concrete
sizes.
16
(2) Air contents measured after pumping or slip forming may be significantly lower than those measured at the end of the chute.
Improvement
Project
References
17
1 CSA A23.1-14 – Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction, Canadian Standards Association International
18
154
Appendix

Checklist for Ordering and
Scheduling Ready Mixed

Concrete©
Appendix K: Checklist for Concrete Ordering and Scheduling
155
2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Introduction
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
A Task Group of the National Ready-mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) and the American
Society of Concrete Contractors (ASCC) has developed this checklist for Ordering and Scheduling
Concrete
Bridges
Ready-mixed Concrete. With permission of the original author, Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) and the
4
Ontario General Contractors Association (OGCA) have reviewed and revised this document for use
on Canadian construction projects following the requirements of the most recent CSA A23.1/.2

Standard.
5
The intent is to simplify the ordering process through a logical approach while establishing the
necessary information from the supplier’s and the purchaser’s perspective, especially on smaller
Life-Cycle
projects. The presumption is that on larger projects the concrete construction team has been through
(LCCA)
6
a pre-construction conference and has addressed the pertinent items in the Checklist for Concrete
Pre-Construction Conference and those items are excluded from this document. The ordering
requirements of CSA A23.1/.2 Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Methods of
Fill (U-Fill)
Test and Standard Practices for Concrete generally govern unless over-ridden by the purchaser.
7
A Task Group of Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) and the Ontario General Contractors Association
Architectural
(OGCA) has revised this document for use on Canadian projects with the co-operation and
Concrete
permission of the RMC Foundation and NRMCA.
8
Besides items covered in this checklist other items that need to be defined and clarified between the
Concrete
Jointing
supplier and purchaser include:
9
x Advance notice for concrete orders
Procurement
x Add-on orders
Change orders
10
x
x Will call orders and advance confirmation
x After hours placements and charges,
Construction
Placement
Meetings
Weekend/holiday orders and charges
& Pre-
x
Pre-
11
x Cancellation of orders
x Clean-up load estimates and advance notice
Procedures
x Additional charges for items such as returned concrete, short loads, etc.
Concrete
Ordering
12
x Requirements for personnel and plant certification
This checklist will facilitate the person taking the order to assist the person placing the order by
Transportation
Concrete
walking him/her through these items and documenting the order.
13
The section on type of construction is to facilitate tracking changes in concrete market segments for

promotion activities.
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
156
Appendix

Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
Checklist for Concrete Ordering and Scheduling

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
Project:
Location:
Concrete
Bridges
4
Name Phone Mobile Fax

Order taken
by
Ordered by
5
Purchased
by
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Time/Date Quantity (m3)

Called
Date Required Truck Spacing/Duration
Fill (U-Fill)
Start Time Placement Rate

7
(m3/hr.)
Architectural
Concrete
Location Mix Strength Min. cement Slump (mm) Air Content (%)
8
Code (MPa) content (kg/m3)

No Yes ± No Yes
Concrete
Jointing
9
Concrete Temperature Limits No Yes Minimum: qC Maximum:

qC
Procurement
10
Admixtures or Other Plant- Site- Admixtures or Other Plant- Site-

No No
Ingredients added added Ingredients added added
High Range Water
Construction
Synthetic Fibres
Placement
Meetings
Reducer
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Steel Fibres Chloride

Accelerator Non-
High Early Strength
Chloride
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
Mid-Range Water
12
Maximum Aggregate Size (mm):

Reducer
Transportation
Concrete
Directions to the
13
Jobsite
Site Access
Transportation Units
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Access
Safety Info to Drivers
Wash-Out Areas Other
Protection
Concrete
15
Placement MethodPumping Conveyor Bucket Other

Measurement,
Emergency Contacts for schedule changes, equipment breakdown, plant/truck breakdown, mixture
Concrete
16
adjustments
Contact Phone Mobile Home Phone

Improvement
Supplier
Project
17
Contractor
18
157
Appendix

2 3 11 14 15 16 17
1
Procurement
Construction
& Pre-
Concrete
Ordering
Recreational paving
Tilt-Up construction
Basement walls

Flowable fill
Buildings
Waste management structures
Driveways/residential flatwork
Streets and local roads
158
Parking garages
Transit
Other:
Water resource structures
Residential walls (ICFs)

Type of Project
Parking areas
Contractor
Highway
General
Airports
Bridges
Introduction
1
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
This document was created as a joint publication of both the Ontario General Contractors Association and
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
the Concrete Ontario. Additional technical information was also supplied by allied concrete and related
3
associations in both Canada and the United States as identified in the document.
Concrete
Bridges
4
Website Links
American Concrete Pumping Association (ACPA) - www.concretepumpers.com

5
American Society of Concrete Contractors (ASCC) - www.ascconline.org

American Concrete Institute (ACI) (www.aci-int.org)
Life-Cycle
(LCCA)
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) (www.csa.ca)

6
Concrete Floor Contractors Association of Ontario (CFCAO) (www.concretefloors.ca)

Concrete Construction Magazine (www.concreteconstruction.net)
Fill (U-Fill)
7
National Ready-mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA) (www.nrmca.org)

Ontario General Contractors Association (OGCA) (www.ogca.ca)
Architectural
Concrete
Concrete Ontario (RMCAO) (www.rmcao.org)

8
Ready-mixed Concrete Foundation (RMC) (www.rmc-foundation.org)

World of Concrete (www.worldofconcrete.com)
Concrete
Jointing
9
Procurement
Construction 10
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Transportation
Concrete
13
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
14
Protection
Concrete
15
Measurement,
Concrete
16
Improvement
Project
17
18
159
Appendix

Introduction
1
Appendix L: Inspection Checklist for Concrete Works
CONCRETE CURB & GUTTER DATE: _________________________ TIME: _______am/pm to________am/pm
and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
MUNICIPALITY: ______________________________________ CONTRACTOR: ____________________________________________
PROJECT / CONTRACT NO.: ____________________________ PROJECT LOCATION: _______________________________________
Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
WEATHER: _____________________ TEMP: ___________ CONTRACT / PAY ITEM NO.: _________________________________
CURB & GUTTER TYPE (OPSS; OPSD): _________________________ APPROXIMATE QUANTITY: __________________________________
Concrete
Bridges
4
LOCATION OF POUR:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5
GRADE IS GRADE COMPACTED PROPERLY?: yes / no If no, list remediation measures: _________________________________
IS THERE ADEQUATE MOISTURE IN GRADE?: yes / no If no,: too wet too dry
If no, circle remediation measures: remove/replace existing material
Life-Cycle
dry existing material add moisture
(LCCA)
6
other: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FORMS (If applicable) Are all forms placed correctly and securely?: yes / no
Fill (U-Fill)
If no, list remediation measure(s): _____________________________________________________________________________________
7
Have all forms been checked to ensure they do vary more than 1/4" from plane in any 3 metre section?: yes / no
Architectural
Concrete
8
CONCRETE SUPPLIER: ________________________________ APPROVED MIX DESIGN: yes /no
Concrete
Jointing
PLANT LOCATION: ___________________________________ MIX DESIGN #: __________________________________
9
TESTING (frequency of testing is based on qty of pour) NO. TESTS REQUIRED / FREQUENCY: ________________________________
Procurement
10
TESTING COMPANY: ________________________________________RECORD TEST RESULTS IN FIELD DIARY: yes / no
CONCRETE TESTING TECHNICIAN'S NAME AND CREDENTIALS: _________________________________________________ ACI / CSA / CCIL
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
CONCRETE PLACEMENT Have concrete tickets tickets been checked for correct mix design? yes / no
Has concrete ticket information been entered into field notes? Ie. time, load #, truck # yes / no
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Has water been added to mixer truck? yes / no If yes, when? _________________ Concrete re-tested? Yes / no
Was concrete discharged from the truck within the allotted time frame?: yes / no (90mins in hot weather, 120mins in other)
Transportation
If no, note result: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Concrete
13
JOINTS Are expansion / isolation joints installed correctly (FULL DEPTH) and at the proper spacing?: yes / no

Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Are expansion joints a minimum of 1/4" thick?: yes / no If no, list remediation measure(s): ________________________________
14
FINISHING CONCRETE Is proper floating equipment being used to smooth out concrete?: yes / no
If no, list remediation measure(s): _____________________________________________________________________________________ Protection
Concrete
WATER MUST NOT BE ADDED TO AID IN FINISHING SURFACE ______________________________ (Inspector must sign to verify)
15
Are proper edging tools being used to provide clean edges so concrete doesn't spall or tear?: yes / no
Measurement,
Concrete
16
What method is being used to add texture to concrete surface: burlap turf drag broom other:____________________
Is the amount of texture as specified in contract documents?: yes / no
Improvement
Project
CURING CONCRETE Circle curing method: curing compound burlap other: _________________________________________
17
Approximate time curing application placed after texturing: _________mins Is entire exposed area of concrete covered: yes / no

18
Are Cold Weather Curing Practices Required (Temp < 5ȗͿ͗ǇĞƐͬŶŽ
160
Appendix

Introduction
1
CONCRETE SIDEWALK DATE: _________________________ TIME: _______am/pm to________am/pm

and Inspection
Evaluation
Sidewalk,
2
MUNICIPALITY: ______________________________________ CONTRACTOR: ____________________________________________
PROJECT / CONTRACT NO.: ____________________________ PROJECT LOCATION: _______________________________________

Pavement
and Rigid
Selection
Asset
3
WEATHER: _____________________ TEMP: ___________ CONTRACT / PAY ITEM NO.: _________________________________
SIDEWALK TYPE (OPSS; OPSD): _________________________ APPROXIMATE QUANTITY: __________________________________

Concrete
Bridges
4
LOCATION OF POUR:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5
GRADE IS GRADE COMPACTED PROPERLY?: yes / no If no, list remediation measures: _________________________________
IS THERE ADEQUATE MOISTURE IN GRADE?: yes / no If no,: too wet too dry
Life-Cycle
If no, circle remediation measures: remove/replace existing material dry existing material add moisture
(LCCA)
other: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FORMS (If applicable) Are all forms placed correctly and securely?: yes / no
Fill (U-Fill)

7
Have all forms been checked to ensure they do vary more than 1/4" from plane in any 3 metre section?: yes / no
Architectural

Concrete
8
CONCRETE SUPPLIER: ________________________________ APPROVED MIX DESIGN: yes /no

Concrete
Jointing
PLANT LOCATION: ___________________________________ MIX DESIGN #: __________________________________

9
TESTING (frequency of testing is based on qty of pour) NO. TESTS REQUIRED / FREQUENCY: ________________________________
Procurement
10
TESTING COMPANY: ________________________________________RECORD TEST RESULTS IN FIELD DIARY: yes / no
CONCRETE TESTING TECHNICIAN'S NAME AND CREDENTIALS: _________________________________________________ ACI / CSA / CCIL
Construction
Placement
Meetings
& Pre-
Pre-
11
CONCRETE PLACEMENT Have concrete tickets tickets been checked for correct mix design? yes / no
Has concrete ticket information been entered into field notes? Ie. time, load #, truck # yes / no
Procedures
Concrete
Ordering
12
Has water been added to mixer truck? yes / no If yes, when? _________________ Concrete re-tested? Yes / no
Was concrete discharged from the truck within the allotted time frame?: yes / no (90mins in hot weather, 120mins in other)
Transportation
If no, note result: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Concrete
13
JOINTS Are expansion / isolation joints installed correctly (FULL DEPTH) and at the proper spacing?: yes / no
Concrete
Convey,
Placing,
Are expansion joints a minimum of 1/4" thick?: yes / no If no, list remediation measure(s): ________________________________
14
FINISHING CONCRETE Is proper floating equipment being used to smooth out concrete?: yes / no
Protection
Concrete
WATER MUST NOT BE ADDED TO AID IN FINISHING SURFACE ______________________________ (Inspector must sign to verify)
15
Are proper edging tools being used to provide clean edges so concrete doesn't spall or tear?: yes / no
Measurement,

Concrete
16
What method is being used to add texture to concrete surface: burlap turf drag broom other:____________________
Is the amount of texture as specified in contract documents?: yes / no
Improvement
Project
CURING CONCRETE Circle curing method: curing compound burlap other: _________________________________________
17
Approximate time curing application placed after texturing: _________mins Is entire exposed area of concrete covered: yes / no

18
Are Cold Weather Curing Practices Required (Temp < 5ȗͿ͗ǇĞƐͬŶŽ
161
Appendix

Layout and design courtesy of the Ontario Good Roads Association
OGRA Municipal
OGRA Municipal Concrete Liason
Concrete Committee
Liaison Committee

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Best Management Practices for

Tracy Blanchard City of Orillia

Corresponding Member: Doug Hooton,

Figure 1: City Centre Drive, Mississauga (photo provided by Concrete Ontario).

Construction Joint: A joint where two

Hydration: The water causes the hardening of

Hydronic Heating: A heating system in which

In-Direct Fired Heater: A style of heater that

Permeability: The property which governs

Plastic: The state at which a freshly mixed

Segregation: In concrete technology,

Chapter 1 – Introduction our industry today; however, this manual is

only a synopsis of best practices available

over Ontario; consulting firms; contractors; specific issues

The manual is setup to walk you through

contractors and ready-mix concrete producers selection, planning, procurement, delivery,

of Ontario. The Committee recognized the Waterloo.

best practices across the province in order

to provide consistency for contractors,

everyone on the same page, no matter

where they work, should reduce problems

and improve communication on municipal

infrastructure projects. Every effort has been

Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

Sustainability Cost Analysis Unshrinkable

and Finishing Requirements

Photographs can be provided in image file A thorough inspection is needed to identify

municipality. sidewalk network. The municipality will need

to establish an appropriate level of service

sole direct use for updating the status of types of repairs.

Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

provide a sloped surface until a permanent

slip and fall,

Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

Sustainability Cost Analysis Unshrinkable

Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

given the intended life-expectancy of the road

work. Conversely, the curbs may be in good A computer generated deterioration

Pavement Selection pavement classifications, which influence

3.1 Asset Management network. For example, arterial roadways

can be assigned a higher level of service

municipal roadways are evaluated on a and trigger rehabilitation or maintenance

a comprehensive approach to manage the section undergoes a user defined decision

maintenance and/or rehabilitation needs rehabilitation strategy.

of the network. These needs are derived

from empirical data collected by consulting 3.2 Economical Assessment

engineers through controlled surveys,

Adequacy Index (SAI); Surface Distress type of rehabilitation based on long-term

Index (PQI). analysis techniques and the most optimal

A detailed evaluation of each individual estimate / effectiveness of each particular

pavement section is analysed using type of rehabilitation or maintenance

parameters established by the municipality. ratio of effectiveness which is a result of the

structure (for example, type, thickness and

as environmental conditions (ex. climate, performed to prioritize the implementation

Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

Sustainability Cost Analysis Unshrinkable

and Finishing Requirements

category of project. As noted previously, pavement design. Collectively, the existing

repair to reconstruction, and if reconstruction forecasts are evaluated to determine the

assessment. Furthermore, a separate budget

Best Management Practices for Municipal Concrete Infrastructure

Modified Soils document prepared by the

Portland Cement Association. In Ontario, rigid and flexible pavements are