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MIG Welding
Steels   > 4mm
written by Ed Craig www.welreality.com.
MIG Welding
Steels < 4mm

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ALL PROCESS - CONSUMABLES RECOMMENDATIONS MADE AT THIS SITE
REQUIRE
WELD QUALIFICATION BEFORE THE WELDS ARE APPROVED.
Welding Books
Note: When you see high tensile weld electrodes required, this is usually an
indication that pre heat, interpass and post heat treatment is required for the
welds.

IF YOU ARE WELDING TUBES OR PIPES MAKE

SURE YOU VISIT THE ASTM PIPE WELDING SECTION

 
A Management & If welding a carbon or low alloy steels and you don't know what the
Engineers Guide to composition is or what the weld consumable should be, give
MIG Weld Quality, consideration to the following.
Productivity, and
Costs If the metal is thicker than 1/4 - 6 mm, preheat to 150F.
Use either an E7018 stick electrode, an 0.035 or 0.045 E70S-3-6 MIG
wire, or for all position welds an E71T-1 electrode wire.
For MIG welding use an argon 10 to 20% CO2 mix.
For gas shielded flux cored use a gas mix with 20 to 25% CO2.
Ensure mill scale in weld area is removed and the plate is always at a temperature >60F.
Keep single pass fillet welds < 1/4 - < 6mm.
Use stringer, do not weave unless necessary.
For multi-pass welds. use inter-pass temp control. Ensure the inter-pass temp does not
exceed 300 F.
Manual and Robotic If possible do destructive test of a weld sample.
If possible have the hardness and grain size checked after welding.
(MIG) Gas Metal Arc
If cracks occur in the HAZ double the pre-heat.
Welding Book
 

SMAW and GMAW Mechanical Strength

E6010 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E6011 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E7010 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.
E7018 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.
 MIG E70S-3-6 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

When welding low and medium carbon steels, the 70XX electrodes and
E70S-3-6 MIG wires and E7XT-X flux cored electrodes can be used. When
welding low alloy 1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo and 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo with up to 0.05% max
Flux Cored and MIG carbon, typically 8018-B2L / 9018-B3L (L = low carbon) can be used. When
weld process welding higher strength alloys or when tempering and quenching are
controls required to attain the higher strengths the higher carbon 8018 B2 and 9018
B3 electrodes are utilized.

The "yield strength", the stress that can be applied to a base metal or weld
without permanent deformation of the metal.

The "tensile strength", "the ultimate tensile strength" is the maximum tensile
strength that the metal or weld can with stand before failure occurs.

Manual MIG Welding

Process Control
Fine-grained steels are prone to cold cracking due to hydrogen absorption. They
should be preheated slightly and welded with a relatively low specific energy, to
(Also in Spanish) reduce the heat-affected zone. Preheating: in function of steel, generally 100°C
" Proceso de (max. 200°C) Post-weld treatment: usually not necessary
Soldadur MIG Austenitic manganese steels with a manganese content of 14% (Hadfield steels)
Manual " have a tendency to form brittle precipitates in the form of carbides.
It is essential to weld them without preheating, even with additional cooling, and
Welding CD's to keep the specific heat input low. Preheating: none (cooling may be used if
needed

Unalloyed steels are prone to cold cracking. In many cases preheating is required
to ensure good weldability. Preheating: < 0.2C %: without preheating (up to 30
mm thickness) or 100°C against humidity

C: 0.2 to 0.5 %:preheating temperature 100 to 300°C

Robot MIG welding.
C > 0.5 %: preheating temperature 300 to 350°C.Possible post-weld treatments,
Best Weld Practices stress relieving, normalising
and Process
Controls Low alloy steels are prone to cold cracking. In many cases preheating is required
to lower hydrogen potential and ensure good weldability.

Manual MIG Welding.

Best Weld Practices
and Process
Controls

Flux Cored Best

Weld Practices and
Process Controls

Mechanical Strength of Gas Shielded Flux Cored Electrodes from the ANSI/AWS
A5.29. 1198 Specification Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

 
DVD Film "MIG
Process Controls Tensile
AWS Classification Tensile ksi Yield ksi Yield Mpa
Made Simple" MPa
E6XTX-X-XM 60 - 80 410 - 550 50 340
Order these MIG E7XTX-X-XM 70 - 90 480 - 620 58 400
Welding or Flux Cored E8XTX-X-XM 80 - 100 550 - 690 68 470
Training Materials Now
E9XTX-X-XM 90 - 110 620 - 760 78 540
E10XTX-K9-K9M SEE SPEC 88 610
(M) means an argon All DCEP E71T-1 E70T-1
mix req, 75 to 80 Second Second
argon balance CO2 number number
 1 = all 0 = flat and
position horizontal

Brittleness:The ease at which the weld or metal will break

or crack without appreciable deformation. The ease at
which the weld or metal will break or crack without
appreciable deformation. The ease at which the weld or
metal will break or crack without appreciable deformation.
When a metal gets harder it becomes more brittle. Preheat,
inter-pass temp controls and post heat all are designed to
reduce the potential for brittleness.

Hardness test. The hardness tester forces a small sphere (Brinell, HB), a diamond
pyramid (Vickers, HV) or a cone (Rockwell C, HRC) into the surface of a metallic
material at a specific load. The resulting indentation is then measured.

Irresespective of what the

specifications stipulate, many
manufactures of parts and equipment
containing ASTM steels do not use the
recommended pre or post-heat
treatments, especially when multi-pass
welds are required

The requirements for weld heat

treatment is greatly influenced by many
factors, the application, the governing specifications or codes, the
plate condition, the plate thickness, the weld consumables the weld
procedures, the weld sizes and amount of welds required.

In many cases the manufacturer that uses ASTM steels will find that it's
not necessary for the weld to match the mechanical properties of the
steel, and will therefore typically utilize low hydrogen, highly ductile
E7018 /E70S-3-6 / E71T-1 electrodes.

When using the low hydrogen electrodes, the pre and post heat
treatment recommendations are frequently eliminated, however from a
weld quality perspective always ensure that the weld locations are dry,
the metal is over 60F, and that rust and mill scale is removed from the
weld area. Also even when heat treatment is not used its frequently
beneficial to not allow the multi-pass inter-pass weld temperatures to
exceed 200F

If you ignore the heat treat requirements as recommended by the metal

specifications ensure you use low hydrogen electrodes then,

(a) Establish the welding procedure.

(b) Qualify the weld and HAZ properties. Ensure the after weld and HAZ
properties are compatible with the steel specifications, ref grain size,
hardness and strength.

PRE HEAT IN THE FOLLOWING CHARTS ALSO APPLIES

TO MINIMUM INTER-PASS TEMPERATURE.

Alloy steels always require weld consideration. Compare the low alloy steels
chemistry and mechanicals with a standard A36 steel. Remember this is only a guide,
weld responsibility starts with the weld decision maker verifying the consumables and
heat treat and test recommendations.
 STRESS RELIEVING (SR) BASIC GUIDELINES:

STRESS RELIEF - CONTROLLED HEATING & COOLING TO REDUCE STRESS.

STRESS RELIEF MACHINED PARTS FOR DIMENSIONAL STABILITY.
STRESS RELIEF SLOW HEATING AND COOLING REQUIRED
CONFIRM WITH CODE SPECIFICAIONS FOR STRESS RELIEF REQUIREMENTS.

SR HEAT & COOL RATE PER

TYPICAL STRESS RELIEF SOAK TIME
HOUR 400oF 204oC DIVIDE
ONE HOUR PER INCH OF THICKNESS
THICKER PART
STRESS RELIEF CARBON
PARTS OF DIFFERENT THICKNESSES
STEELS 1100oF 593oC
SR MAX TEMP DIFFERENCE 75oF 24oC
TO 1250oF 677oC
STRESS RELIEF CARBON 0.5% Mo SR 1% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1100oF 593oC TO 1250oF 677oC 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 1.25 % CHROME 0.5% Mo SR 2% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC 1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 2.25 % CHROME 1% Mo SR 5% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC 1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC
SR 7% CHROME 0.5% Mo SR 9% CHROME 1% Mo
1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC 1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC
SR 12% CHROME 410 STEEL SR 16% CHROME 430 STEEL
1550oF 843oC TO 1600oF 871oC 1400oF 760oC TO 1500oF 815oC
FOR 300 SERIES
SR 9% NICKEL STAINLESS SR WILL
1025oF 552oC TO 1085oF 585oC RESULT IN CARBIDE
PRECIPITATION
SR 400 SERIES CLAD
WITH LOW CARBON 300 SERIES
STAINLESS
MAX SR 1050oF 566oC
1100oF 593oC TO 1350oF 732oC
STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM
SR CLAD MONEL INCONEL Cu NICKEL
AZ31B 0
1150oF 621oC TO 1200oF 649oC
500oF 260oC 15 MIN
HK31A H24 550oF 288oC 30 MIN

STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM AZ31B HM21A T8-T81 700oF 371oC 30

H24 300oF 149oC 60 MIN MIN

 
MAGNESIUM CAST ALLOYS
MAGNESIUM WITH MORE THAN 1.5%
AM100A
ALUMINUM STRESS RELIEF
500oF 260oC 60 MIN
AZ-63A 81A 91C & 92A
500oF 260oC 60 MIN  

Metric Conversion 1000 psi = ksi x 6.894 = MPa

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa

ASTM mig
    carbon stl    
A3 S3-S6
ASTM mig
    carbon stl    
A27 S3-S6
<0.25carb
>25mm Carb
Common low 100F. 0.25/0.29
carbon structural >50mm Mn 0.6/1.2
ASTM >36 58 - 80 steel 200F Si 0.15/0.4
K02600
A36 >248 400/551 CSA grades in >0.26carb E60XX
compliance 260W 13-25mm E70XX
260WT 300W 50F. E70S-X
>25mm E71T-1
175F
ASTM PIPE WELD
 A 53 MIG S3 -
S6
WELD
Reinforcement
A 82 MIG S3 -
wire
S6
E70XX
ASTM
High temp fittings E70S-X
A105
E71T-1
E60XX
ASTM Corresponds to E70XX
A108 AISI specs E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
Carbon stl WELD
109
        MIG S3 -
strip S6
 
E60XX
ASTM E70XX
Railway stock
A113 E70S-X
E71T-1
Casting
A128     Aust Mn      
Carb
0.16/0.26
Mn0.7/1.5
Si0.1/0.5
Grade Grade
a/b/cs a/b/cs AH/DH/EH
ASTM
d/ds/e d/ds/e Preheat Ni0.4
A131
>34 58 - 71 CS/D/E Cr0.25
Grades
Grade Grade Structural steel >25mm Mo0.8
A-B-CS
ah32/ ah32/ for ships 100F Cu0.35
D-DS-E
dh32 dh32 Canadian CSA Preheat
AH32- K02300
eh32 eh32 G40.21 ah/eh/dh Grades a-
DH32
>46 >68 - 85 Grade A = 33G 32-36 e
EH32
Grade Grade Grade B = 33W >13mm 50F E70XX
AH36
ah36/ ah36/ >25mm E70S-X
DH36
dh36 dh36 100F E71T-1
EH36
eh36 eh36
>51 >71- 90 Grades
ah/dh/eh
32-36
E8018-B2
E80T5-B2

ASTM Carbon stl WELD

        MIG
134 pipe S3 - S6
Carbon stl WELD
ASTM
        MIG
135 pipe S3 - S6
ASTM Carbon stl WELD
        MIG
139 pipe S3 - S6
Grades
40/50/80
ASTM
E8018-C3
A148
Grades
Grades
Structural 60/90
40/50/60
castings E8018-B2
/80/85/90
Grades
95/105
85/95/10/
120
120
E11018-M

Many steel types and their grades go back for 30 to 50 years. Today many grades
are obsolete. Its helpful to include these grades as many rebuilds and repairs
deal with the older grades. By the way if you don't see a chemistry range you are
typically seeing the maximum alloy content.

Fatigue: The ability of a metal or weld to withstand

repeated loads. Fatigue failures occur at stress levels
less than the metal or weld yield strength. Some things
that can influence fatigue failure:

Excess weld profiles.

Welds which cause undercut.
 FCAW or SMAW slag inclusions.
Lack of weld penetration.
Excess weld heat, typically from multi-pass welds without inter-pass temp controls.
Items to a part that adds restraint while welding.
Items added to a part that can concentrate stresses in a specific location.
Incorrect selection of filler metal, weld too weak or weld too strong.

Yield Tensile
Steels Preheat Chemistry
ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM WELD
A161
    Carbon stl tubes     MIG S3 - S6
ASTM AUSTENITIC
A167
    STAINLESS
     

A176     STAINLESS      
A177     STAINLESS     308-308L

A178     Carbon stl tubes     70S-3-6

A179     Carbon stl tubes     70s-3-6

Carb 0.35
Mn0.9
ASTM
Preheat Si 0.35
A181
Forgings >25MM 100f Grade 1-2
Grades
>50mm 200F E70XX
1-2
E70S-X
E71T-1

F2 Carb 0.21
Mn0.3/0.8
Preheat all
Si 0.1/0.6
grades
Cu 0.5/0.8
except F1 at
Grade
>25mm 100F
ASTM F1
50mm 200F
A182 E70XX
Grades High Temp E70S-X
Grade F1
F1/F2/ fittings E71T-1
<13mm 100F
F11/F12
<25mm 200F
F22/F22A GRADE F2
>25mm 300F
F11/F12
E8018-B2
Post heat req
1250F
grade
F22/F22A
E9018-B3
ASTM carbon stl E8018-G - W
184
    Reinforcement bar
low alloy
  100 - 200F
ASTM E8018-G-W
185
    Reinforcement bar low alloy   100 - 200F
ASTM E70S-3-6
192
    Tubes carbon stl   100 - 200F
4 or 300
ASTM
193
    Bolting     series
200 - 400F
ASTM 9018B3
199
    Tubes Cr/Moly   300 - 400F
ASTM
200     Tubes Cr/Moly   200 - 600F

8018-G
ASTM
202     Pressure vessel low alloy   9018-M
100 - 300F
ASTM (A) (A) Pressure vessel plates grades (A) (A)
A203 >37 65-85 for cryogenic use. A-B-E K21703 Carb
Grades a- 255 586 Nickel alloy steels <13mm 0.17/0.23
b-d-e 200F (B) Mn0.7/0.8
(B) (B) K22103 Si 0.15/0.4
>40 70-90 grades Ni 2.1/2.5
275 620 A-B-E (D)
<25mm K31718 (B)
(D) (D) 300F Carb
>37 65-85 >25mm (E) 0.21/0.25
206 586 400F K32018 Mn0.7/0.8
Si 0.15/0.4
(E) (E) grades Ni 2.1/2.5
D
 >40 70-90 <13mm (D)
275 620 100F Carb
<25mm 0.17/0.20
200F Mn0.7/0.8
>25mm Si 0.15/0.4
300F Ni 3.25/3.75

Post heat if (E)

carb >0.15 Carb 0.2/0.23
>13mm Mn0.7/0.8
1200F Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 3.25/3.75
Post heat if
carb <0.15 Grades A-B
>25mm E8018-C1
1200F E80T5-Ni2
E80S-Ni2

Grades D-E-F
E8018-C2
E80T5-Ni3
E80S-Ni3
Grade A
carb 0.25
Mn 0.9
Preheat to
Si 0.3
0.2 carb 25
Ni 0.6
to 50mm
Mo 0.6
100F
>50mm
Grade Grade Grade B
200F
A A carb 0.27
>37 65-85 Mn 0.9
Preheat
255 448 grade A Si 0.3
0.21-0.25
K11820 Ni 0.6
carb 13 to
ASTM grade grade Mo 0.6
25mm 100F
A204 B B Nickel Alloy Pressure grade B
>25mm
Grades a- >40 70-90 vessel steels K12020 Grade C
250F
b-c 275 620 carb 0.28
grade C Mn 0.9
Preheat
grade grade K12320 Si 0.3
0.26-0.28
C C Mo 0.45/0.6
carb <13
>43 75-95
100F
296 655 Grades A-B
>25mm
300F E7018-A1
E70T5-A1
postheat req E8XT-A1
1250F E70S-6

Grade C
E8018-C2
ASTM E70S-3-6
209
    Tubes     50 - 200F
ASTM
210
    Tubes Carbon stl   E70S-3-6

ASTM
211
    Pipe Carbon stl   E70S-3-6

Chrome
Moly and
8010
ASTM stainless
213
    Tubes   9018
pre-heat 308
200 - 600 F
ASTM
Tubes Carbon stls E70S-3-6
214
WCA
E7018
E7XT-1
ASTM
E70S-3
A216
WCA     High tem cast fittings     WCB-WCC
WCB
E7018
WCC
E7XT-1
E70S-3
E10018-M
ASTM     Steel castings post heat   WC1
A217 req 1250F E7018
WC1-WC4 E7XT-1
WC5-WC6 preheat E70S-3
WC9- WC1 <50mm
WC11 150F WC4-WC5
>50mm E8018-B2
250F
WC9
preheat E9018-B3
WC4-WC5
<13mm WC6-WC11
200F E8018-B2
>13mm
350F
 preheat
WC9 500F

preheat
WC6
WC11 <15%
carb <25mm
150F
>25mm
250F
>13mm
350F

preheat
WC6
WC11 to
21% carb
<25mm
300F
>25mm
400F

Lamellar Tearing: When welding, the weld shrinkage

stresses impose tensile strains in the steel plate or on
inclusions paralleled to the plate surface. The tensile
strains can separate the inclusions causing cracks.
Excessive strains can further elongate the cracks. Carbon,
manganese and low alloy steels made at the mill with
inadequate deoxidization are sensitive to lamellar tearing.
The potential for lamellar tearing increases with the amount
of inclusions in the plates being welded. Of special concern
is when the inclusions are parallel to the plate surface.
More data in ASTM A770 / A770M Standard Spec for through thickness tension
testing of steel plates.

Weld Question: When you see an electrode recommendation such as

E8018-C1, who is the best reference source to convert that stick
electrode to a flux cored or MIG wire?

Answer: I believe Alloy rods, (ESAB) Kobelco and Tri Mark, flux cored
manufacturers have good reference data for this subject.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM (C) Pressure preheat grade A Grade A
A225 >70 vessel plate to 0.15 K11803 carb 0.18
A-B-C-D 482 bar shapes carb Mn 1.45
Mn Vanadium >50mm grade B Si 0.1-0.3
Ni alloy steels 100F K12003 V 0.09/0.14
(D) (C)
<75mm 105-135 preheat grade C Grade B
>60 930 to 0.15/0.2 K12524 carb 0.2
carb Mn 1.45
(D) (D) >50mm Si 0.1-0.3
>75mm <75mm 100F V 0.09/0.14
>55 80-115 >50mm
792 200F Grade C
carb 0.25
(D) preheat Mn 1.6
>75mm >0.21 carb Si 0.1-0.3
75-100 <13mm Ni 0.4/0.7
689 100F V 0.1/0.2
>13mm
150F Grade D
carb 0.2
post heat Mn 1.7
treat 1150F Si 0.1-0.5
Ni 0.4/0.7
V 0.18

grade A-B
8018-C3
E80S-Ni
E80T1-B2

grade C
E11018-M
 E100S-1
E110T5-K3

grade D
E10018-M
E100S-1
ASTM Tubes carbon
226
    stl
    E70S-3-6

grades
wpa-wpb
wpc
E7018
E7XT-1
ASTM
E70S-3
A234
WPA-
Wrought grades
WPB     weld fittings     wp1
WPC-
E70XX-A1
WP1
E7XT-1
WP11
E70S-3

grades
wp11
E8018-B2
grades
A-C
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3
ASTM
A235 Industrial
A-C-C1     forgings     grades
C1-E-F-F1
E-F-F1-G
E8018-C3

grades
G
E8018-B2
grades A-
B
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3

grades
ASTM
C-D-E
A236 Railroad
A-B-C-D     forgings     E8018-C3
E-F-G-H
grades
F-G
E8018-B2
E8018-C3

grade H
E11018-M
grades A-
B
E8018-C3
ASTM
grades
A237 Industrial
A-B-C-D     forgings     C-D
E8018-B2
E-C1
grades
C1-E
E11018-M
grades A
E8018-C3

ASTM grades
A238 Railroad B-C
A-B-C     forgings     E8018-B2
D-E
grades
C-D-E
E11018-M
Pressure
ASTM Vessels
240
        austenitic
stainless
ASTM 42-50 63-70 High stength pre heat Type 1 Canadian
A242 344 482 low alloy 25-50mm K11510 CSA
1-2 structural steel 50F G40.21
to 100mm >50mm Type 2 50R Often
In hot rolled 150F K12010 call Cor-
state ten A

Type 1
Carb 0.15
Mn 1.0
 Type 2
Carb 0.2
Mn 1.35

E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3

Unpainted
weathering
steel
E8018-W
E80T1-W
Grades
A-C-C1
E70XX
E7XT-1
ASTM E70S-3
A243
Ring and disc
A-C-C1     forgings     Grades
E-F-F1-G- E-F-H-1
H-I-J-K E8018-C3

Grades
F1-G-J-K
E8018-B2
E60XX
ASTM Structural E70XX
A245     sheets     E7XT-1
E70S-3

Toughness:The ability of the metal or weld sample at a predetermined

temperature to withstand a shock.
The test for toughness measures the impact of a pendulum on a notched
specimen. You may see that the required impact properties for the metal or
weld are 20ft-lbf @ -20 F (27 j @ -29C)

Weld Question: Ed. Which should be the greater concern

rust or mill scale.

Answer: Mill scale causes much more weld issues than rust.

Mill scale will effect

[1] the weld fusion potential,
[2] the weld travel rates attained,
[3] the weld appearance,
[4] the weld mode,
[5] the arc stability,
[6] weld pororisity
[7] weld spatter formation.

Ductility: The amount that a metal or weld will deform without

breaking. Ductility is measured on welds by the % of elongation
in 2 inch (51 mm) test piece. An E71T-1 flux cored electrode
should result in a minimum of 20% elongation. An E70S-6 MIG
weld should produce 22% elongation.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
ASTM Tubes
249
    stainless
    austenitic

ASTM 100 -200F

250
    Tubes C/Mo     7018A1
E70XX
ASTM AISI
A252     specifications     E7XT-1
E70S-3
ASTM     Drum forgings     grades
A266 1-2
1-2-3 E70XX
E7XT-1
 E70S-3

grade 3
8018-C3
ASTM Tubes 410 - 409
268
    stainless
    300 - 400F
ASTM Tubes
269
    stainless
    300 series

ASTM Tubes
270     stainless     308

ASTM Tubes 308 -316 -

271
    stainless
    347
ASTM
Stainless see
A276     stainless      
Type 410
grade
A grade
>24 A
165 45-55
379 preheat
grade carb
B grade 0.25/0.3
27 B >25mm
186 50-60 Low to 100F
ASTM 4136 intermediate E70XX
A283 grade tensile steel preheat   E7XT-1
A-B-C-D C grade plate. Canadian carb E70S-3-6
3O C G40.21 33G 0.31/0.35
206 55- 65 >13mm
448 100F
grade >25mm
D grade 200F
>33 D
227 60-72
496
 
preheat
carb
0.2/0.25
grade >50mm
A 100F
grade A
>25
>50
172 preheat
344
carb
grade A-B
grade 0.26/0.3
carb 0.24
B 25/50mm grade A
grade B Mn 0.9
>27 100F K-1804
>55
189 >50mm grade B
ASTM 379 Low to medium grade C
200F K02001
A284 tensile carbon carb 0.36
grade grade C
A-B-C-D steel plates Mn 0.9
C preheat K02401
grade C
>30 carb >0.3 grade D
>60 grade D
206 >13mm K02702
413 carb 0.35
100F
Mn 0.9
grade grade D >25mm
D >60 250F
>33 413
227 If carb over
0.31
>25mm
post heat
1200F
grade A
  carb 0.17
Mn 0.9
grade  
Cu 0.2/0.35
A
>24 Grade A grade A
K01700 grade B
165 45 - 65 carb 0.22
448 Preheat Mn 0.9
grade Low to medium grade B
ASTM carb >0.26 K02200 Cu 0.2/0.35
B tensile
A285 >25mm
>27 pressure vessel
A-B-C 100F grade C grade C
186 grade B plate to 50mm
K02801 carb 0.28
50 - 70 Mn 0.9
grade 482
Cu 0.2/0.35
C  
>30
E70XX
206 grade C E70S-6-3
50 - 75 E7XT-1
517

Forging 7018 -
ASTM
288
    carbon stl and     9018 -
low alloy stl 11018.
ASTM Forging alloy chrome
289     stl     mang
ASTM     Castings     308 -310-
 297 330
carb to 0.2
preheat
>25mm
150F

Carb carb
0.2/ 0.25 0.28/0.3
preheat Mn 0.9/1.15
>13/25mm Si 0.15/0.4
100F
>25mm
150F

Carb
0.26/ 0.3
ASTM 40-42 Carbon Mn Si
75-95 preheat
A299 275- Pressure vessel K02803 E70XX
517-655 <13mm
A-B-C 289 plates E7XT-1
100F E70S-3-6
<25mm
200F
>25mm
 
300F
For
improved
Carb <0.2
impacts
to 13mm
E8018-C3
post heat
E80T-1-Ni1
not req

Carb >0.2
post heat
req 1150F

Weld Question: Ed. I have welded parts at Caterpillar plants. They

weld many of the ASTM steels listed here. They rarely use pre-heat
even on the very thick steels. Why do they not comply with the ASTM
specs heat treat requirements?

Answer: "A spec is only a spec"

No code or specification body takes responsibility for what is written in their

codes or specifications. Specifications are set of guidelines. In the case of the
ASTM specs the heat treat recommendations are to make the weld properties
conform with the base metal properties yet many times its not practical or logical
to do this. If an organization produces multi-pass welds, the multi pass heat input
act the same as a post heat treatment and the extra passes will have an extensive
influence on the mechanical properties of the welds and the base metals.

Qualification of the multi-pass welds and HAZ with the specific weld procedures
utilized always will have far more relevance than a specification which was
typically written for a single pass weld.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
grade 1
E70XX
ASTM E7XT-1
Low temp
A300     pressure vessel     E70S-3-6
1-2
grade 2
E8018-C1
ASTM
pressure vessel
A302     steel     E8018-B2
A-B
grades
45-50-55
60-65-70
ASTM
E70XX
A306
Carbon steel E7XT-1
45-50-55     bars     E70S-3-6
60-65-70
75-80
grades
75-80
E8018-C1
ASTM     corresponds to    
A311 AISI SAE steels grades
1137 1018-1117
 Check out AISI E7018
weld and heat E7XT-1
treat data E70S-3-6

grades
1035-1045
1050
E10018-M
E100T1-K3

grades
1137 to 1144
E11O18-M
E110T5-K2

ASTM 300 series

312
    stainless pipe
     
high carb
0.55 max
50-75 Mn 0.6/0.9
ASTM 85-110 corresponds to
A321
344-
586-758 AISI SAE steels     Si 0.15/0.35
517 E9018-M
E90T1-K2
E80S-D2
E7018
ASTM steel sheet
A328     pilings     E7XT-1
E70S-3-6
corresponds to
AISI SAE steel
ASTM bars
A322     A322 over 70      
AISI
designations
carb
0.32/0.39
carb Mn 0.7/0.9
ASTM steel sheet 0.3 TO 0.4 Cu 0.2
A328     pilings >13mm  
100F E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3-6
corresponds to
AISI SAE steel
ASTM bars
A331     A322 over 80      
AISI
designations
ASTM
carbon steel and
A333     low alloy pipe     E8018
A334

Hardness. The resistance of the metal or the weld to

penetration. The resistance of the metal or the weld to
penetration. Hardness is related to the strength of the metal. A
good way to test a weld after the weld and heat treatment are
complete is to test the hardness of weld and the base metal
surrounding the weld.

Yield Tensile
Preheat Chemistry
Steels ksi ksi Description UNS
Postheat weld data
MPa MPa

ASTM
    Cr Mo Pipe      
A335
grade F1
E7018
ASTM
E7XT-1
A336 Alloy drum
E70S-3-6
F1-F12 forgings
grade F12
E8018-B2
ASTM LF1 - LF2 E8018-C1
A350 preheat E8018-C3
LF1-LF12 <25mm 100F E80T1-Ni1
 >25mm 200F

LF3 - LF5
preheat
<25mm 100F
>25mm 200F

308
ASTM Stainless
        310
351 castings
316
preheat grades
LCA-LCB-
LCC Grades LCA-
<0.25 carb LCB
>25mm 50F E7018
>50mm 100F
E7XT-1
preheat LCB E70S-3-6
0.26/0.3 carb
<25mm 50F
ASTM >25mm 100F Grades LC1
A352 E7018-A1
low temp steel preheat LC1
LCA-LCB <25mm 100F
castings
LCC-LC1 >50mm 300F Grades LC2-
LC2 3
preheat LC2-3-4
carb max 0.15 E8018-C1
<25mm 100F E8XT1-Ni2
>25mm 250F

preheat LC2-3-4 Post heat

carb max 0.25 desirable
<13mm 150F 1150F
>13mm 250F
>25mm 325F
Carb 0.13
Mn 0.9
Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 8.5/9.5

ENiCrFe-3
INCO 182
ENiCrFe-2
9% Nickel preheat
ASTM >75 100-120 INCO-A
pressure vessel <25mm 50F K81340
A353 517 689-827
steel plate >25mm 150F
ERNiCr-3
INCO 82
or
ERNiCrFe-6
INCO 92

E309/E310
often used
grade 1
E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3-6

grade 2
ASTM E7018-A1
A356 Steam turbine E8018-C3
1-2-5-6- castings
9-10 grade 5
E8018-B2
E90T1-D3

grade 6-9-10
E8018-B2
E80T1-B2

Austenitic
A358     Stainless      
pipe
E60XX
ASTM Galvanized
E70XX
A361 sheet
E70S-3

Weld Questions. Do you have the instant answers? What do you think
the optimum wire feed and weld voltage range is for welding with an
E70T-1 1/16 062 flux cored wire welding a common 6 mm - 1/4 fillet
weld. The answers are in my books.
Steels Yield Tensile Description Preheat UNS Chemistry
ksi ksi Postheat weld data
MPa MPa
E60XX
ASTM Carbon steel
A366     sheets     E70XX
E70S/3-6
Carbon stl
ASTM
369     and Cr Mo     see pipe
Pipe
Grade 1
E7018
E70S-3-6
E7XT-1

ASTM grade 2
Pressure E8018-C3
A372     vessel forgings    
1-2-3-4
grade 3
E8018-B2

grade 4
E11018-M

ASTM E7018
Low alloy steel
A374     strip     E70S-3/6
A375 E7XT-1
ASTM Austenitic
376     Stainless pipe     see pipe

ASTM carbon stl 7018

381     pipe     E70S-6
grade 2
K121143
grade 2
grade 5
PREHEAT
K415445
to O 0.15 grade 2
carb carb 0.2
grade 7
<25mm Mn 0.55/0.8
S50300
grade 2 200F Si 0.4
grade 2
55-80 pressure Cr 0.5/0.8
ASTM >33 grade 9
Annealed vessel plate grade 2 Mo 0.45/0.6
A387 Annealed S50400
Cr Mo available PREHEAT >
2-5-7-9
grade 2 in annealed O 0.16 carb grade 2-12
11-12-21 grade 2 grade 11
70 - 90 normalized <25mm E8018-B2
21-22 >45 K11789
normalized state 300F E80T1-B2
normalized
>25mm
grade 12
400F grade 21-22
K11757
E9018-b3
grade 2 E90t1-b3
grade 21
post heat
K31545
1200F
grade 22
K21590
ASTM
high tem
A389 E8018-B2
castings
C23
higher strength
A391 than A413
Grade Alloy chains can be      
80 used for
overhead lifts

Ed in Thailand managing a Textron project. The mission fix a

276,000 psi tensile steel armor plate,mult-million dollar welding
problem:
 This USA Textron tank was made out of 275.000 ksi tensile, armor steel. Due to lack of weld
manufacturing management, some parts were welded in the wrong location between the tank
tracks. These welded parts were subject to abnormal stresses from the tracks and resulted in
numerous cracks when the tanks were field tested in Thailand.

If you tried to repair the armor plate cracked welds which had extensive martensitic formation
in their HAZ, more cracks would instantly occur from the weld repair heat input. What would
you recommend to resolve this multi-million dollar issue. This was my first consulting job and
it was a real welding challenge.

If you are teaching your self, or providing weld process control

training for others, the following resources are the key to
attaining MIG and flux cored weld process optimization.

Item.1. The Book: "A Management & Engineers Guide To MIG

Weld Quality, Productivity & Costs"

Item 2. A unique robot MIG training or self teaching resource.

"Optimum Robot MIG Welds from Weld Process Controls".

Item 3. A unique MIG training or self teaching resource.

" Manual MIG Weld Process Optimization from Weld Process
Controls".

Item. 4. A unique flux cored training or self teaching resource.

"Optimum Manual and Automated Flux Cored Plate and Pipe
welds.

Item 5a."Proceso de Soldadura MIG Manual" (MIG Made Simple.

Self teaching in Spanish)

Item 6a. The Self Teaching MIG Book/ Video. (MIG Made Simple
in English).

Note: Items 2-3-4 are the most comprehensive process control,

self teaching and training programs ever developed..

Visit Ed's MIG / flux cored process control books and CD

training resources.

Return to www.weldreality.com home page.

 
   
   
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