"Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset ": Project Report

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)
“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH

AUTO RESET ”
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF DIPLOMA
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
1. AVHAD SHUBHAM P. 4. SHINDE OMKAR V.
2. BHAKARE VITTHAL B. 5. TARATE ABHISHEK B.
3. KADAM AKASH B. 6. ZARGAD KESHAV A.
GUIDE
Dr. B.C. KHARBAS
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AHMEDNAGR
(2018-19)
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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AHMEDNAGAR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that,
AVHAD SHUBHAM P.
BHAKARE VITTHAL B.
KADAM AKASH B.
SHINDE OMKAR V.
TARATE ABHISHEK B.
ZARGAD KESHAV A..
of final year Electrical Engineering students have submitted their project report on
“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET ”
during academic session 2018-19 as a part of project work described by Government Polytechnic,
Ahmednagar for partial fulfillment for the Diploma in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
in the sixth semester.
The project work is the record of students own work under my guidance and to my satisfaction.
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Dr.B.C.Kharbas Dr.B.C.Kharbas
Guide Head
Department of Electrical Engineering
Principal
Government Polytechnic, Ahmednagar
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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR
CANDIDATE’S DECLRATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project report entitled “THREE
PHASE FAULT ANYALYSIS AND TEMPRORY RESRET” by us in partial fulfillment of
requirement for the award of diploma in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING submitted in the
Department of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING is an authentic record of our work carried out
during 2018-19 guided by Dr.B.C.Kharbas
Name of Students
1. AVHAD SHUBHAM P.
2. BHAKARE VITTHAL B.
3. KADAM AKASH B.
4. SHINDE OMKAR V.
5. TARATE ABHISHEK B.
6. ZARGAD KESHAV A.
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
our knowledge.
Signature of the Guide
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Dr.B.C.Kharbas
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Dr.B.C.Kharbas , Dept. of Electrical
Engineering for his generous guidance, help and useful suggestions.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. B. C. Kharbas , Head of Dept. of Electrical

Engineering for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout
the course of present work.
“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET”
I am extremely thankful to Mr. M. S. Satarkar, Principal , for providing me infrastructural facilities to

work in, without which this work would not have been possible.
Name of Students
1. AVHAD SHUBHAM P.
2. BHAKARE VITTHAL B.
3. KADAM AKASH B.
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4. SHINDE OMKAR V.
5. TARATE ABHISHEK B.
6. ZARGAD KESHAV A.
ABSTRACT
In this project “THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET” We designed
this project to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output
resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition
in case of permanent fault.
The electrical substation which supply the power to the consumers i.e. industries or domestic can have failures
due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent. These faults lead to substantial damage to the power
system equipment. In India it is common to observe the failures in supply system due to the faults that occur
during the transmission or distribution. The faults might be LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line), 3L (Three
lines) in the supply systems and these faults in three phase supply system can affect the power system. To
overcome this problem a system is built, which can sense these faults and automatically disconnects the supply
to avoid large scale damage to the control gears in the grid sub-stations.
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This system is built using three current sensors(ACS172) are connected in system connections, having input 220
volt and output at 12 volt. This concept low voltage testing of fault conditions is followed as it is not advisable
to create on mains line. 555 timers are used for handling short duration and long duration fault conditions. A set
of switches are used to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side, for activating the tripping mechanism.
Short duration fault returns the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall
result in permanent trip.
The concept in the future can be extended to developing a mechanism to send message to the authorities via SMS
by interfacing a GSM modem.
INDEX
CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE

NO. NO
1 Introduction Of Three Phase Fault Analysis
With Auto Reset
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Action Plan
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2 Principle and working of Three Phase Fault

Analysis With Auto Reset
2.1 Concept of project
2.2 Material requirements
2.2.1 Transformer
2.2.2 LCD Display
2.2.3 Microcontroller
2.2.4 Relay
2.2.5 PCB
2.2.6 Capacitor
2.2.7 Rectifier Circuit
2.3 Project Development
2.4 Details Of Working Project
2.5 Block Diagram
2.6 Power Supply
3 Market Survey
4 Conclusion and Future Scope
4.1 Conclusion
4.2 Advantages
4.3 Applications
4.4 Future Scope
5 Program
6 Referance
7 Cost Estimation
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TABLE INDEX
Sr.No. Table No. Details

1. 2.1 Material Requirement
2. 2.2 LCD Pin Description
3. 7.1 Cost Estimation
FIGURE INDEX
Sr.No. Fig No. Details

1. 2.1 Current Sensors
2. 2.2 Microcontroller & LCD
Interface
3. 2.3 Relay
4. 2.4 PCB Design
5. 2.5 Working Project
6. 2.6 Block Diagram
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CHAPTER NO.1
“AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMERS USING
GSM MODULE”
1.1 Introduction
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Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system. The problems of
overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also
involves lot of expenditure. This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to
overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt. So, by reducing
the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel
with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay. The microcontroller compares the load
on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave
transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be
prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over
temperature conditions. A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log
the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave
transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared. The
microcontroller monitor‟s the load current and temperature of transformer and displays the values on LCD
.Whenever loads are added to the secondary side of the transformer, the current at the secondary side rise. As
the load current exceeds the rated current rating of the transformer, the temperature of the secondary winding
rises, therefore the microcontroller will send a trip signal to the relay, thereby turning on the slave
transformers.
In this project three modules are used to control the load current. The first module is the sensing unit, which is
used to sense the current of the load; the second module is control unit in which relay plays the main role, and
its function is to change the position with respect to the control signal and last module is microcontroller. It
will read the digital signal and perform some calculation and finally gives control signal to the relay. For
monitoring the load current continuously, current transformer is used and the output of current transformer is
fed to micro-controller through A-D converter. Similarly for monitoring transformer body temperature
operational amplifiers are used with suitable temperature transducer.
The concept of automatic load sharing of transformer or overload protection of transformer is done by various
means like by using microprocessors, by using GSM technology, and by using relays. In this work we are used
a relay and comparator IC‟s for automatic load sharing between two transformers. The number of transformers
to be operated in parallel can also be increased according to demand of a particular area. While operating the
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number of transformers in parallel we have to follow some conditions like same voltage ratio, same X/R ratio,
same KVA ratings, same polarity etc. i.e. we have to operate identical transformers in parallel.
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1.2 Action plan
First of all we discussed about the topic of our project. Then we selected the group member for our
project and formed the group of six member’s viz. Sagar, Rushikesh,Vaibhav, Nivruttinath, Rohini and pooja.
At the beginning, there were many topics for project in front of us. From that topics we selected
“Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers Using GSM Module”
Being guided by Mrs.Mhaske madam the reference of Hapase Sir.
As we got the guidance of Mrs. Mhaske madam, we decided this topic and we get started to searching
information about our project topic.
September-
Once we decided all things we getting some information regarding cost, required material, construction details,
time required, step wise procedure and some brief details about our project .
October-
Firstly we draw the circuit diagram under the guidance of teacher .Then we started PCB Designing. PCB are
used everywhere even in the small circuit. PCB have many advantages over a circuit on track board.
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November-
At the end of November, after designing the PCB then using the software etching was done on the PCB. Then
we mounted the components such power supply, ATmega328p microcontroller IC, LCD Display , Capacitor,
7805 regulator IC , Resistors, etc on PCB. Then soldering was done by using soldering gun.
December-
The most important part of our project is transformers. There are two transformers are use if first transformer’s
load increases then second transformer should work and load shared on second transformer and maintain supply
continuity.
January-
In month of January, we finally implement the all circuitry along with transformers on the wooden board.
February-
In February we completed the remaining work of our project. Then doing the testing and check the
working of our project.
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March-
In March finally we completed our projected ‘AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRASFORMER

USING GSM MODULE’ and submitted to our guide teacher.
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CHAPTER NO.2
PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF “AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF

TRANSFORMERS USING GSM MODULE ”
2.1 Concept of Project
The Automatic load sharing of transformers with GSM is a reliable circuit for protecting the
equipment from damages. Whenever there is overload on the transformer, system shares the load automatically.
If there is high voltage beyond sets limits the appliance get damaged due to overvoltage and overheating. The
system tries to supply the uninterrupted power supply to the consumers and also tries to maintain the supply
continuity.
In this project, we uses the main components such as transformers, relays, Microcontroller. The
connection of the relay is connect to the programmable operational function. The supply is continuously flow
and when there is a overload on the system it will be automatically shared on another transformers.
In our project, we are using two transformers TF1 & TF2. The load2 is connected to TF2 and load1
& load2 both are connected to transformer TF1. When we will ON the load1 then it will sustained by
transformer TF1. But, if we will ON the load2 then load goes beyond limit and automatically it will be shared
on transformer TF2. Simultaneously, we will get SMS (Load shared on another transformer) via GSM.
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2.2 Material requirement, machinery requirement, raw material, consumable & utility
Table 2.1: Materials
Sr.No. Material
1 Transformer
2 LCD display
3 Microcontroller IC ATmega 328p
4 Relay(SPDT type)
5 PCB
6 Diodes
7 Voltage Regulator
8 GSM
9 Silver crystal
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2.2.1 :Transformer
Fig.2.1 Transformer
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by magnetic coupling between two or more of
its windings. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer’s
core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF), or voltage, in the secondary winding. Transformers range in size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of
tons used in power stations, or to interconnect portions of power grids. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed
for household voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes
long-distance transmission economically practical. Basic principles The transformer is based on two
principles: first, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and second that a
changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic-
induction). Here the transformers used are of 230/230v.
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2.2.2 : LCD Display
LCD is used to display the data. LCD we have used is 16x2 i.e. 16 characters in 1 line, total 2lines are
there. We could have used a better resolution LCD but due to limitation of money and for project requirement
16x2 LCD is sufficient. This LCD has 8-bit parallel interface. It is possible to use all 8 bits plus 3 control
signals or 4 bits plus the control signals. It requires +5V to operate.
It is connected to port 2 of microcontroller. It acts as an output to microcontroller. It uses
ASCII values to display the characters.
For control signals p0 (p0.5, p0.6 and p0.7) are used and to data signals port 2 is used. 8 bits data are
transferred as ASCII consists of 8bits. Pin 1, 2 and 3 of LCD is connected with a resistor to keep contrast
constant. We can vary the contrast by varying the resistor across pin 3.
Microcontroller and LCD Interface: -
Following fig- shows the LCD interface.
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Fig 2.2: Microcontroller and LCD interface
 The pins LCD are wired as given in table:
Table 2.2: LCD pin description
Pins Description
1 Ground, (VSS)
2 +5 V power supply, (VCC)
3 Power supply to control contrast voltage, (VEE)
4 "R/S" _Instruction/Register Select
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5 "R/W" _Read/Write LCD Registers
6 "E” Enable Clock
7-14 The 8 bit Data Bus (I/O Pins)
2.2.3: Microcontroller
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Fig 2.2: IC AT mega 328p
PIN DESCRIPTION:
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VCC
Digital supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port B (PB7:0)
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability as inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,even if the clock is
not running.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting
Oscillator amplifier.
If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7.6 is used as TOSC2.1
input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
PC5.0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
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PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical
characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C.
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin
for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.
The minimum pulse length is given. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed
to generate a Reset.
The various special features of Port C are elaborated
Port D (PD7:0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is
not running
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be externally
connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC
through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6.4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.
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AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter
ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)
In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter.
These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.
 Features Of Microcontroller
High Performance, Low Power, 8-Bit Microcontroller.
• Advanced RISC Architecture

– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
• Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
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– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and extend
standby
• Low Power Consumption

• 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for ATmega48P/88P/168P:
– Active Mode: 0.3 mA
– Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA
Temperature Range:
– -40°C to 85°C
– 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega328P
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2.2.4: Relay:
Fig. 2.3: relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet

to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were
used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it
to another. Relays were
used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. Automotive-style
miniature relay, dust cover is taken off Pole and throw: Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when
the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact
or "make" contact. NO contacts may also be distinguished as "early-make" or NOEM, which means that the
contacts close before the button
or switch is fully engaged. Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated;
the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break" contact.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally
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open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. We are use of the 12 V relay.
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2.2.5: PCB:
PCB means printed circuit board. PCB is one of the most important elements in any electronic system. They
accomplish the interconnection the between component mounted on them in particular manner. PCB
consist of conductive circuit pattern which is applied to one or both sided of an insulating base copper is
most widely used for conductor material. Aluminium nickel, silver, brass is used for same special
application.
The thickness of conducting material depends upon the current carrying capacity of circuit. Thus
a thicker conductor layer will have mare current carrying capacity once the PCB is manufactured the current
carrying capacity is depends on which of conductor track.
The printed circuit board usually serves there distinct functions are as follows:
1. It provides mechanical support for the component mounted on it.
2. It provides necessary electrical interconnections.
3. It acts as a heat sink i.e. it provides a conduction path leading to removal of most of the heat generate
in the circuit.
4. The artwork is use to prepare the all tracks on the board. It is easier and less expensive to draw the
artwork, first an sheet or paper because the mistake are easily to correct with an erasing while producing
the artwork the first required is the complete circuit diagram.
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Fig.2.4: PCB design software
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First the value of resistance is checked by using mom of cooler code then the leads of resistors
bending device. The body of resister should touch the PCB surface.
2.2.6: For Mounting Capacitor
First the capacitance value of capacitor is checked it polarities are given then it is mounted
is such a manner that the polarity should be correct then the leads are inserted in the hole and bend property.
If the length of lead is more then it should be cut for mounting resistor.
The leads of transistor are mounted into the hole for mounting transistor each must have
insulating slave because there is less space between the terminals mounting of diode first the diode is tested
then mounted by taking anode and cathode in consideration.
electrical contact with one part of it, electrical terminals at each end of the element, a mechanism that
moves the wiper from one end to the other, and a housing containing the element and wiper.
2.2.7: Rectifier Circuit:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction,
to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. A full-wave
rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output.
Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and yields a higher
mean output
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voltage. Two diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC
source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed.
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2.3 Project development:
Firstly, we decide the project and we got permission by the HOD of Electrical department in our college.
In first step of the project the participated member collects all the information about the project. The
information about project is from the internet and books. Then we starting to buying the equipment in market,
checking these components specification and their detail. After buying the equipment we design the PCB.
After some time we set the program of our project of automatic load sharing of
transformers. The purposed based on the programmer is the set, connecting the main components of the circuit
such as the transformer, relay, capacitor, LCD display etc. The totally equipment’s are connect in the circuit.
The relay is connected to the microcontroller program because it is the sensing element which is sense if the
overvoltage occurs then load will be shared on another transformer.
In our project, LCD display is most important component of the project. It shows the values of
the increasing current, message to be delivered. After that we check the project. This project is operates on
230v Ac supply. Then we finally check out the connections and we run the project successfully.
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2.4 Details of working project:
The project is all about power sharing of transformers. The voltage regulators are used to regulate the supply for
microcontroller and relay operations. The microcontroller performs the major functions of decision and control.
The microcontroller was used in the design in order to reduce the complexity of the design and to ensure an easy
interface with a liquid crystal display. The LCD displays the value of supply voltage at any given time as well as
the status of the device. A relay is used to turn on and turn off mains power to the load. The relay gets control
signal from microcontroller through a relay driver. The relay driver is a transistor that controls and supplies
current through the coil of the relay that connects the mains supply to the load.
The microcontroller monitors the input voltage through a voltage reference circuit, which sets the input voltage
range at which the relay will be energized and activates the liquid-crystal display LCD which displays the input
mains voltage level and other information as the case may be.
When load is increases beyond limit then transformer will share the load automatically thereby sending the SMS
on the mobile phone via GSM.
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Fig. 2.5:Working Project
2.5 Block diagram of Automatic load sharing of transformers
ATmega 328p
Fig2.6:Block diagram of Automatic load sharing of transformers
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2.6 Power supply
When working with electronics, you always need one basic thing Power. In every electronic circuit
power supply is required. The proper working of each and every component, the exact amount of voltage and
current to be supplied to it. If the power exceed its limit, it can be fatal. Below is the circuit diagram of power
supply which gives output 12V and 5V, as only that much is required for microcontroller. Its circuit diagram
and designing calculation are given below
The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC. This IC contains all
the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18 volts and produce a steady +5 volt output, accurate
to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also contains current-limiting circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that
the IC won't be damaged in case of excessive load current; it will reduce its output voltage instead.
The advantage of a bridge rectifier is you don’t need a center tap on the secondary of the transformer.
A further but significant advantage is that the ripple frequency at the output is twice the line frequency (ie.
50Hz) and makes filtering somewhat easier. The use of capacitor c1, c2, c3 and c4 is to make signal ripple free.
The two capacitor used before the regulator is to make ac signal ripple free and then later which we are using
is for safety, if incase there is a ripple left after regulating, then c3 and c4 will remove it.
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CHAPTER NO.3
3.1: MARKET SURVEY:
In the electrical sector the most important factor is the protection of system. Any type of the abnormal
condition may lead us to use the protecting devices. The industrial level and substations are regularly used this
system. We using the more important and costly equipments in our daily life. This system proposed for the
protection of such kind of equipments from the damage.
In the market and industrial sector there is more demand of this project. In industry level
more machines and computers are depends on the power. In the world daily developing the electrically and
electronics system in this situation the more increases demands of this system. This system method is the
improving the additional technologies are used in this system. In our society and surround all of the works is
the dependent on the electricity. The system of electricity is the step by step provide to the supply to the
capability of the equipment.
Power transformers market growth is directly related to the growing demand for the
electricity, advancement in transmission line and replacement of transformer unit across the world. As no
power system is complete without power transformer and hence a lot of government provides subsidies in
various forms
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CHAPTER NO.4
4.1 CONCLUSION:
In this project we observed that if load on one transformer is increases then the relay will sense the change in
current & microcontroller operates & slave transformers comes automatically in operation to share the load.
The work on “Automatic load sharing of transformers” is successfully designed, tested and a demo unit is
fabricated for operating three transformers in parallel to share the load automatically with the help of change
over relay and relay driver circuit and also to protect the transformers from overloading and thus providing an
uninterrupted power supply to the customers.
4.2 Advantages:-
1. The load is shared by transformer automatically.
2. No manual errors are taking place.
3. It prevents the main transformer from damage due to the problems like overload and overheating.
4. Un-interrupted power supply to the consumer is supplied.
4.3 Applications:-
1. Industrial areas
2. Used in substation
3. Shopping malls
4. Distribution stations
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4.4 Future Scope:-
In the future we will try to improve our design by high voltage,
 As well as we will try to minimize the time delay.
 In future we will try to increase performance and reliability.
 The concept in future can be extended by integrating an alarm which sounds when voltage
fluctuations occur.
 Although we are applying 1 phase power supply in the prepared hardware, the implementation
of the hardware can also be done applying 3 phase power supply.
 The concept in future can be extended by integrating an alarm which sounds when voltage
fluctuations occur. It can also be interfaced with a GSM modem to convey alert message to the
user via sms to take appropriate actions.
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P
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S
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p
Program:-
p
l
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(8,9,10,11,12,13);
const int sensorIn = A0;
int mVperAmp = 185; // use 100 for 20A Module and 66 for 30A
Module //7507820204
double Voltage = 0;
double VRMS = 0;
double AmpsRMS = 0;
const int relay1 = 6;
const int relay2 = 7;
void sms();
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P
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int flag=0;
S
u
void setup()
p
p
{ l
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT);
Digital Write (relay1, LOW);
Pin Mode (relay2, OUTPUT);
lcd. begin (16, 2);
lcd.print("Transformer Load");
lcd.setCursor(1, 1);
lcd.print("Sharing");
delay(2000);
Void loop()
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P
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e
r
S
u
Voltage =
p get VPP ();
p
VRMS =l (Voltage/2.0) *0.707;
AmpsRMS = (VRMS * 1000)/mVperAmp;
Serial. Print (AmpsRMS);
Serial. Print (" Amps RMS");
Lcd. clear ();
Lcd.print (AmpsRMS);
If (AmpsRMS>0.25)
While (1)
Lcd. clear ();
lcd.print ("Load Shared");
Digital Write (relay1, HIGH);
Digital Write (relay2, HIGH);
1
P
o
Delay (500);
w
e
r
If (flag==0)
S
u
{ p
p
Sms ();l
Else
Delay (500);
Delay (2000);
Float get VPP ()
Float result;
int read Value; //value read from the sensor
1
P
o
int max wValue = 0; // store max value here
e
r
int min Value = 1024; // store min value here
S
u
p
p
Uint32 lt start time = millis ();
While ((millis ()-start time) < 1000) //sample for 1 Sec
Read Value = Analog Read (sensorIn);
// see if you have a new max Value
if (read Value > max Value)
/*record the maximum sensor value*/
Max Value = read Value;
If (read Value < min Value)
/*record the maximum sensor value*/
Min Value = read Value;
// Subtract min from max
1
P
o
Result =w ((max Value – min Value) * 5.0)/1024.0;
e
r
S
u
Return result;
p
p
l
Void sms ()
Serial. Write ("AT");
Serial. Write (0x0d);
Delay (500);
Serial. Write ("AT+CMGF=1");
Delay (400);
Serial. Write ("AT+CMGS=");
Serial. Write ('"');
Serial. Write ("+917507820204");
Serial. Write ('"');
1
P
o
Delay (400);
w
e
r l n ("Load Shared on another”) Transformer");
Serial. Print
S
u
Serial. Print
p l n ("\n\r");
p
l
//Serial. Write (buff);
Serial. Write (0x1A);
Delay (400);
Serial. Flush ();
Lcd. Clear ();
Lcd. Set Cursor (0, 0);
Lcd. Print ("SMS Sent");
Delay (500);
Flag =1;
1
CHAPTER NO.6
Reference
[1] Hassan Abniki, H.Afsharirad, A.Mohseni, F. Khoshkhati, Has-san Monsef, PouryaSahmsi “Effective On-
line Parameters for Transformer Monitoring and Protection”, on Northern American Power Symposium
(NAPS), pp 1-5, September 2010.
[2] S.M Bashi, N. Mariun and A.rafa (2007). „Power Transformer protection using microcontroller based
relay‟, Journal of applied science, 7(12), pp.1602-1607.
[3] V.Thiyagarajan & T.G. Palanivel, (J2010) „An efficient monitoring of substations using microcontroller
based monitoring system‟ International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, 4 (1), pp.63-68.
1
CHAPTER NO. 7
 Cost Estimation
Table No. 7.1: Cost Estimation of Project
Sr.No. Material Cost

1 Transformer Rs.600
2 LCD display Rs.590
3 Microcontroller Rs.650
4 Regulator Rs.80
5 Relay Rs.420
6 Cable Rs.180
7 Bulb Rs.200
8 Base with PCB Rs.600
9 Transistor, resistor, capacitor Rs.200
Some other Rs.1000
Total Rs.4520
1
Testing Of Project
1
1
1

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR (2018-19)

“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

1. AVHAD SHUBHAM P. 4. SHINDE OMKAR V.

2. BHAKARE VITTHAL B. 5. TARATE ABHISHEK B.

3. KADAM AKASH B. 6. ZARGAD KESHAV A.

Dr. B.C. KHARBAS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AHMEDNAGR

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AHMEDNAGAR

This is to certify that,

“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET ”

Ahmednagar for partial fulfillment for the Diploma in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

in the sixth semester.

Department of Electrical Engineering

Government Polytechnic, Ahmednagar

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDNAGAR

Signature of the Guide

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. B. C. Kharbas , Head of Dept. of Electrical

“THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS WITH AUTO RESET”

I am extremely thankful to Mr. M. S. Satarkar, Principal , for providing me infrastructural facilities to

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE

2 Principle and working of Three Phase Fault

Sr.No. Table No. Details

Sr.No. Fig No. Details

“AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMERS USING

1.2 Action plan

Being guided by Mrs.Mhaske madam the reference of Hapase Sir.

In March finally we completed our projected ‘AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRASFORMER

PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF “AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF

2.1 Concept of Project

Table 2.1: Materials

3 Microcontroller IC ATmega 328p

2.2.2 : LCD Display

It is connected to port 2 of microcontroller. It acts as an output to microcontroller. It uses

ASCII values to display the characters.

Microcontroller and LCD Interface: -

Following fig- shows the LCD interface.

Fig 2.2: Microcontroller and LCD interface

 The pins LCD are wired as given in table:

Table 2.2: LCD pin description

2 +5 V power supply, (VCC)

3 Power supply to control contrast voltage, (VEE)

4 "R/S" _Instruction/Register Select

5 "R/W" _Read/Write LCD Registers

6 "E” Enable Clock

7-14 The 8 bit Data Bus (I/O Pins)

Fig 2.2: IC AT mega 328p

amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

even if the clock is not running.

The various special features of Port C are elaborated

ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)

High Performance, Low Power, 8-Bit Microcontroller.

• Advanced RISC Architecture

• Special Microcontroller Features

• Low Power Consumption

– 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega328P

Fig. 2.3: relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet

1. It provides mechanical support for the component mounted on it.

2. It provides necessary electrical interconnections.

Fig.2.4: PCB design software

2.2.6: For Mounting Capacitor

/record the maximum sensor value/

/record the maximum sensor value/