10/27/2018

TXL111: Textile Fibers

BAST FIBRES
JUTE

BAST FIBERS

• Obtained from stem of plant

• Stiff
Sisal
• Has very long lengths
Flax

Jute

Jute Products

Flax Products
Hemp
Hemp Products

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GROWTH OF JUTE
• Chemically known as ligno-cellulosic fiber

• Main species

• Corchorus capsularis (white jute)

• Corchorus olitorius (Tossa jute)

Jute plant
• Hessian - fabric obtained by weaving jute

• Cheap - Good yields obtained without using

fertilisers, pesticides

• Retting done after harvesting to make the

stems softer

• Jute strands are composed of very short fibres

held together by lignocellulose (composed of
Cellulose, Lignin, Hemicellulose)

JUTE CULTIVATION
R ETTIN G

• Retting: Process employing action of

micro-organisms and moisture on
plants to rot away cellular tissues and
pectins surrounding bast-fibre bundles

• Decortication - Extraction of fibres

from the retted stalks

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JUTE CULTIVAT ION

FAC TOR S AFFEC TIN G R ETTIN G
• Quantity of water

• Abundant supply of clean water is required for proper retting

• Retting is faster in soft than hard water

• Temperature: ~34 0C

• pH: ~ 6.0-8.0

• Macro-nutrients: Nitrogen and Phosphorous compounds boost retting; Chlorine ions at

high concentration slow down the process

JUTE CULTIVAT ION

STR IPPIN G

• Stripping: Process of removing

fibres from stalk after retting by
any one of the following methods:

• Single plants are taken and

their fibres are taken off

• Taken off a handful of stalks,

breaking it in a to and fro
motion in water

• Washing the stalks first by

standing in waist deep water
and then stripping afterwards

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FIBER COMPOSITION
C OMPAR ISON WITH C OTTON
Main components
of Jute f ibre cell
COMPOSITION JUTE COTTON

ALPHA CELLULOSE 59-63% 89-96%

HEMI CELLULOSE 22-26% TRACES

LIGNIN 12-14% TRACES

FAT AND WAX 0.3-0.4% 2-3%

FIBER COMPOSITION
C H EMIC AL C OMPOSITION

• Mainly composed of polysaccharides and lignin but also contains smaller

amount of fats and w axes, pectin, nitrogenous, coloring and inorganic matters

• Polysaccharide units are of tw o types : alpha-cellulose (C6H10O6)n and hemi-

cellulose

• Cellulose chain molecule - basic building unit of cell w all; formed by

polymerisation of series of glucose rings

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• Glucose residues linked through

strong covalent bond - influences
strength and bending properties

• -OH groups protruding from edges of

the chain link up w ith -OH through H-
bonds; w ater molecule can also be
attached to them via H-bonding

• Hemicelluloses - short linear polymers w ith major constituent of

methylgluc our onoxy lan

• Lignin - high polymeric complex structure w ith building unit comprised of

phenylpropane w ith hydroxyl and methoxyl groups

• Jute is acidic in nature due to presence of poly-uronic acid in hemicellulos e

FIBRE MORPHOLOGY

• Formation of fibre cells takes through biosynthesis and their

crystallization

• Crystallization is not uniform throughout the zones of fibre formation –

somewhere those are closely packed in a highly ordered manner,
known as micro-fibrils, and somewhere loosely packed in a less
ordered manner, known as fringed fibril structure

• Close packed regions - crystalline; loose packed areas - amorphous

Size of crystalline areas are approximately twice that of amorphous

• Although the crystalline orientation is high, degree of lateral order is

low

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FIBRE MORPHOLOGY
MIC R O STR U C TU RE

Cross-sectional view and micro-structure of jute

FIBRE MORPHOLOGY
MIC R O STR U C TU R E
Fibre bundle
• Micro-fibrils: composed of celluloses
Inter-fibrillar region: contains Hemicellulose
Middle lamella: has Lignin

• Cell wall has two divisions

• thin primary wall: composed of ultra-fine micro-fibrils

which lie in criss-cross manner

• thick secondary wall: composed of ultra-fine micro-

fibrils which lie in a ordered manner (orientation
angle 7 to 8 0), i.e., in a spiral around the fibre axis

Cortical Parenchyma

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ANATOMY
JUTE STEM

FIBRE MORPHOLOGY
MIC R O STR U C TU RE

Mesh Structure of Jute

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PHYSICAL
Properties ELECTRICAL
CHEMICAL FRICTIONAL
THERMAL OPTICAL

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Fibre length: 20-30 micro mm

• Specific gravity: 1.3-1.5

• Tenacity: 30-45 cN/tex; Elongation: 1.7%

• Good strength but low elongation(Why??)

• Elastic Recovery: Low

• Resilience: Good, but deteriorates in presence of moisture

• Moisture Regain: 12.6%; but 36% under 100% RH - good moisture absorption
capacity (Why??)

• Sunlight: Stable, but turns brown on prolonged exposure

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Fibres used in spinning are not the ultimate cells but a partially broken mesh
structure of jute reed consisting of a group of ultimate cells cemented together

• Very low breaking extension

(-) more breaks during w eaving
(+) easy to manufacture dimensionally stable products

• High flexural and torsional rigidities

• coarse and inelastic structure

• Development of w rinkles and creases

• During bending, the chain molecules w ithin fibre structure get displaced due to
breakage of H-bonds, get locked in the new positions due to quick reformation
of H-bonds in other places

• Sw elling of jute fibre much more in lateral than longitudinal direction (Why??)

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

• Poor resistance to alkali due to presence of hemicelluloses w hich can be

dissolved out by alkali treatment. Removal of hemicelluloses makes the fibre
w eak.

• Woollenisation: Treatment w ith 18 % caustic soda makes jute slightly w eaker but
highly soft and crimpy due to irregular sw elling

• Jute fibres are w eakened and destroyed by acids

• Cellulosic chains disintegrate due to hydrolysis in presence of acids

• Bleaching agents remove the natural colour from jute to make it w hite but also,
partly remove the lignin and make the jute w eaker and finer.

• Lignin can be completely removed by chlorination by formation of soluble

chloro-lignin complex

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THERMAL PROPERTIES

• Jute fibre chars and burns without melting like cotton on heating at
high temperatures

• Ignition temperature :1930C

• Good thermal insulation - High specific heat value (1360 J/kg/K)

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

• Dry jute exhibits high electrical resistance

• Dielectric constant (at 2 kHz) is 1.8

• Electrical resistance drops dow n at a very high rate w ith the absorption of
moisture

• Dielectric constant(at 2kHz):

• 2.4 at 65% RH

• 3.6 at 100% RH.

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FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES

• Coefficient of static friction: 0.45 (tossa) to 0.55 (w hite) - Much higher than
cotton

• Increases w ith increase in moisture regain

OPTICAL PROPERTIES
• Tossa variety tends to have a reddish tinge

• White jute varies from pale yellow to yellow

APPLICATIONS OF JUTE COMPOSITES - AN EXAMPLE

ACOUSTICAL AND FIRE-RETARDANT
PROPERTIES OF JUTE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

• Study of the acoustical and flammability properties of biodegradable

and easily disposable natural fibre jute and its composite for noise
reduction in house hold appliances, automotive and architectural
applications

• Measurement of Acoustical properties in terms of normal specific

sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission loss

• Fire retardant tests included limiting oxygen, flame propagation and

smoke density test

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Untreated
(a) jute fib re
(b ) jute felt

samples for
measuring sound
ab sorb ing coefficient
(50 mm × 35 mm ϕ)

RESULTS
PH YSIC AL PR OPER TIES OF SAMPL ES U SED

• Physical properties of jute

MATERIAL POROSITY (H) FLOW RESISTIVITY (Σ) NS/M4 TORTUOSI TY (Α∞) CHARACTERISTIC LENGTHS (ΜM)

∧ ∧′

JUTE FELT 0.91 33190.84 1.05 1.51 3.02

JUTE FIBRE 0.69 20087.72 1.22 5.28 6.02

∧ : characteristic length; ∧′ :thermal characteristic length

• Jute felt is the higher porous than the jute fibre

• For jute felt, the value of porosity close to unity, the thermal characteristic
length is twice of viscous characteristic length

• The pores between cylindrical fibres of the jute fibre sample are of
approximately triangular cross section

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RESULTS
AC OU STIC MEASU R EMEN TS

• TD4 and TD5: Untreated jute fibres

• Noise reduction coefficient (NRC) values of TD4 and TD5 of different thicknesses

GRADE NAME THICKNESS (MM) NRC

TD4 25.4 0.53

TD5 25.4 0.57

TD4 50.8 0.54

TD5 50.8 0.72

TD5 gives better acoustical absorption property as compared to TD4 w hich is due to
more number of air channels betw een smooth and thinner strands of TD5 and hence
it improvement in sound trapping

RESULTS
EFFEC T OF N ATU R AL R U BBER TR EATMEN T ON JU TE FEL T

• By increasing the amount of natural rubber percentage in jute felt,

sound absorption properties of composite are decreased due to
enhancement of bonding between fibres which ultimately decreases
the porosity. Therefore, untreated jute felt shows the higher NRC
values, which act as good sound absorbing material.

SAMPLE MATERIAL TREATMENT DENSITY NRC

NO. (KG/M3)
1 JUTE FELT UNTREATED 130 0.89
(400 GSM)
2 JUTE FELT 1% NATURAL 140 0.86
(400 GSM) RUBBER
3 JUTE FELT 1% NATURAL 270 0.82
(400 GSM) RUBBER
4 JUTE FELT 2.5% NATURAL 340 0.75
(400 GSM) RUBBER

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RESULTS
AC OU STIC AL TR AN SMISSION L OSS

• STC of NR latex jute composite.

SAMPLE MATERIAL TREATMENT THICKNESS (MM) MASS (KG) SURFACE DENSITY STC
(KG/M2)
1 JUTE FELT 1% RUBBER 5.0 0.075 3.3 38.89
(400 GSM)
2 JUTE FELT 2.5% 5.0 0.076 3.3 37.6
(400 GSM) RUBBER
3 JUTE FELT 5% RUBBER 5.0 0.098 4.2 39.8
(400 GSM)
4 JUTE FELT 10% RUBBER 5.0 0.098 4.2 39.5
(400 GSM)
5 JUTE FELT 15% RUBBER 5.0 0.096 4.2 39.2
(400 GSM)
• 5% NR latex jute composite gives higher STC value and there is no significant variation in
STC for different percentages of NR latex jute composites

• NR latex jute composite (treated with 1% alkali + 5% rubber), NR treated jute felt (1%
natural rubber) and/or TD5 jute fibre can be used to reduce noise by controlling sound
absorbance and transmittance.

RESULTS
FL AMMABIL ITY TEST - L OI TEST

• LOI test shows the minimum concentration of oxygen that will just
support flaming combustion of a material in a flowing mixture of
oxygen and nitrogen.

• NR latex jute shows best Limiting oxygen index (LOI) value, therefore,
suitable for domestic applications

SL. NO. MATERIAL LOI (VOLUME PERCENT OF OXYGEN)

1 NATURAL RUBBER 18.5
2 CELLULOSE 19
3 FIBREBOARD 22.1
4 WOOL 25
5 2.5% NR LATEX JUTE COMPOSITE 29.3
6 5% NR LATEX JUTE COMPOSITE 30.2

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CONCLUSIONS

• Low density jute is a better sound absorber as compared to high

density jute material, moreover natural rubber latex jute composite
gives higher sound transmission class value than jute felt/cloth

• Jute shows more significant acoustical attenuation properties

• Better flammability properties than glass fibre in terms of limiting

oxygen index, flame propagation and smoke density

• Due to green technology for noise controlling, jute can be explored for
application in noisy house hold appliances like vacuum cleaner, dish
washer, cloth dryer; in automobile like car door panel, engine partition,
roofing and flooring; in architectural units such as ceiling, building
partition and industrial use.

JUTE COMPOSITES
THE ROLE OF LIGNIN ON THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE
OF POLY-LACTIC ACID AND JUTE COMPOSITES
A biopolymer that exhibits
good mechanical properties, is
biocompatible and easy to
produce compared to other bio
based polymers

• Testing the feasibility of incorporating properly treated jute strands into a

polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic matrix

• Examining the role of lignin in the interaction b/w jute strands and PLA by
gradually decreasing the amount of lignin and producing composites

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RESULTS

• Chemical Composition
Bleaching KN Lignin (% ) Holocellulose Delignification Process
stages (% ) yield (% ) yield (% )
0 27.3 ± 2.54 13.3 ± 1.07 84.9 – –
1 20.0 ± 1.74 9.2 ± 0.74 88.7 30.5 93.9

2 14.8 ± 1.45 7.5 ± 0.81 90.2 43.2 92.1

3 7.7 ± 0.82 3.9 ± 0.56 93.9 70.0 88.5

4 2.1 ± 0.64 0.8 ± 0.12 96.9 93.3 85.4

Chemical composition and yield of the process regarding the bleaching stages performed to jute fibres

DISCUSSION

BLEACHED FIBRES WILL IMPART HIGHER MECHA NICAL PROPERTIES TO

THE BIO-COMPOSITES, MAINLY DUE TO THE INCREASE OF THE
AMOUNT OF CRYSTALLINE REGIONS

PRESENCE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE DURING BLEACHING NOT ONLY

REMOV ED LIGNIN, BUT ALSO THE REST OF THE AMORPHOUS REGIONS,
DECREASING THE HEMICELLULOSE CONTENT

• FURTHER BLEACHING LEADS TO HIGHER AMOUNT OF CELLULOSE,

INDICA TING THAT MORE BLEACHED FIBRES WILL PRESENT HIGHER
INTRINSIC MECHA NICAL PROPERTIES

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RESULTS

OBTAINED RESULTS, WHERE STRENGTH (ΣTC), STRAIN (ΕTC), YOUNG'S MODULUS

(ETC) AND TOUGHNESS (UTC) OF PLA AND PLA BIOCOMPOSITES CAN BE
• Tensile properties of the obtained biocomposites
OBSERVED
Sample KN σtC (MPa) εtC (% ) EtC (GPa) σtm ⁎ (MPa) UtC (KJ/m 3)

Neat PLA – 49.8 ± 1.54 3.21 ± 0.17 3.34 ± 0.05 – 3387.2± 45.17

PLA/30 wt% J.0 27.3 54.7 ± 2.75 1.70 ± 0.05 7.85 ± 0.03 40.5 752.3± 12.57

PLA/30 wt% J.1 20.1 68.6 ± 0.54 2.11 ± 0.06 8.95 ± 0.11 47.7 844.6± 15.78

PLA/30 wt% J.2 14.8 70.0 ± 0.84 2.03 ± 0.08 9.00 ± 0.01 46.5 818.5± 17.19

PLA/30 wt% J.3 7.7 72.9 ± 1.08 2.06 ± 0.10 8.95 ± 0.03 46.9 849.6± 14.52

PLA/30 wt% J.4 2.1 71.7 ± 1.53 2.06 ± 0.11 9.15 ± 0.08 47.0 844.0± 25.94

• INCORPORATION OF 30 WT% OF UNBLEACHED JUTE FIBRES INCREASED THE

TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE PLA MATRIX IN ABOUT 10%

• HIGHER TENSILE STRENGTH CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO A BETTER INTERPHASE

BETWEEN THE MATRIX AND THE REINFORCEMENT SINCE, LIGNIN-FREE FIBRES
COULD HAVE BETTER INTERACTION WITH PLA THAN THOSE CONTAINING
LIGNIN

• INCREASE OF THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF THE FIBRES COULD INCREASE

THE ADHESION BETWEEN FIBRE AND POLYMER, THUS INCREASING THE
ULTIMATE PROPERTIES OF THE BIO-COMPOSITE

RESULTS

• FTIR-1 FTIR OF BOTH UNBLEACHED (BLACK) AND

BLEACHED (BLUE) JUTE FIBRES

• 3 MAIN BANDS WERE OBSERVED: THE

OH BAND AT 3350 CM−1, THE COC
BAND AT 1200 CM−1 AND THE CH
BAND AT 2900 CM−1, ALL THREE RELATED
TO CELLULOSE

• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOTH SAMPLES CAN BE OBSERVED AT

1635 CM−1, INDICATING THAT THE AMOUNT OF HEMICELLULOSE
AND LIGNIN WAS DECREASED

• SINCE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE BLEACHING HAS BEEN

REPORTED NOT TO BE SELECTIVE, THIS ABSORPTION PEAK IS
RELATED TO THE OH BENDING OF HEMICELLULOSE, AND TO
AROMATIC RING STRETCHING BAND OF LIGNIN

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RESULTS

FTIR-2
•• FTIR of PLA/30 wt% J.3 (blue) and neat
matrix (black)

• Tensile strength of PLA was

significantly enhanced by the
addition of the jute fibres

• Attributed to the surface chemical

composition and the proper dispersion
of the fibres within the PLA matrix

• Intermolecular forces involved in natural fibre reinforced PLA composites are

controversial - the presence of hydrogen bonding may have led to higher
mechanical properties and, on the other hand, an interface made of weaker
intermolecular forces is also proposed where the use of some coupling agents is
required

RESULTS
ALTHOUGH THE PRESENCE OF LIGNIN SHOULD PROMOTE FIBRE DISPERSION
WITHIN THE MATRIX, AS THE AMOUNT OF LIGNIN WAS HIGHER, LESS CHEM ICAL
COMPATIBILITY WAS FOUND BETWEEN BOTH PHASES OF THE COMPOSITES

MORPHOLOGY WAS NOT AFFECTED BY BLEACHING STAGES, THEREFORE,

DIFFERENT PERFORMANCE MAINLY CAME FROM THE DIFFERENCES ON THEIR
SURFACE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTH, THE ORIENTATION FACTOR, THE CRITICAL LENGTH

AND THE INTRINSIC TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE
ANALYZED COMPOSITES:

Bleaching stage τ χ1 Lc σtF

(MPa) (μm) (MPa)
0 18.76 0.273 360 597
1 25.81 0.275 318 726

2 26.74 0.282 341 806

3 27.87 0.284 344 846

4 26.86 0.285 347 822

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DISCUSSION

INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRENGTH INCREASED NOTICEABLY FROM THE

UNTREATED FIBRES TO THE TREATED ONES; INTERFACIAL SHEAR
STRENGTHS WITH VALUES CLOSE TO VON MISSES CRITERIA (VM)
PREDICTIONS ARE AN INDICATION OF A GOOD INTERPHASE. THUS,
ALL THE BLEACHED FIBERS SHOWED GOOD INTERFACES

ORIENTATION FACTOR WAS SIMILAR FOR ALL THE FIBERS, DESPITE

THE BLEACHING STAGES. THIS WAS EXPECTED BECAUSE THE
ORIENTATION FACTOR IS MAINLY DEFINED BY THE EQUIPMENT
USED TO MOLD INJECT THE SPECIMENS AND THE GEOMETRY OF
SUCH SPECIMENS

INTRINSIC TENSILE STRENGTH CHANGED NOTICEABLY WHEN

BLEACHING TREATMENTS WERE APPLIED. THE BLEACHING
TREATMENTS INCREASED THE PRESENCE OF CELLULOSE AND
HEMICELLULOSES IN THE SURFACE OF THE FIBRES, INCREASING
ITS ABILITY TO CREATE BONDS WITH THE MATRIX. THUS, THE
EXPLOITATION OF THE STRENGTHENING ABILITIES OF THE FIBRES
WERE BETTER EXPLOITED.

RESULTS
SU MMAR Y

IT WAS FOUND THAT AS THE AMOUNT OF LIGNIN WAS DECREA SED, THE
INTERFA CE BETWEEN THE MATRIX AND THE REINFORCEMENT WAS
PROPERLY IMPROV ED, SINCE TENSILE STRENGTH WAS INCREASED
UP TO 46%

FOURIER TRANSFORMED INFRA RED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) ANALYSIS

REVEALED THE EXISTENCE OF H-BONDS HOWEV ER THEY CANNOT BE
CLEARLY RELATED WITH AN INTERA CTION BETWEEN BOTH PHASES

BOTH MACRO AND MICRO MECHA NICAL ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT JUTE
STRANDS WITH A LIGNIN CONTENT OF 4% WERE THE MOST SUITABLE
TO BE USED AS PLA REINFORCEMENT, MAINLY DUE TO THEIR HIGHER
INTRINSIC MECHA NICA L PROPERTIES, BETTER INTERA CTION WITH
PLA AND DISPERSION WITHIN THE MATRIX .

IT IS POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN HIGH- PERFORMA NCE BIO-BASED AND

PRESUMABLY BIODEGRA DABLE COMPOSITES WITH POTENTIAL TO
SUBSTITUTE CURRENT OIL-BASED COMMODITIES.

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON JUTE/CARBON

FIBRE REINFORCED EPOXY BASED HYBRID
COMPOSITES

• Aims at dev elopment of a new hy brid composite made of jute & carbon- f ibre reinf orced
epoxy composite

• Discusses its superiority or inf eriority in comparison to jute-epoxy and carbon-epoxy

composites

• Properties considered f or characterization of composite are tensile strength, tensile

modulus, f lexural strength, f lexural modulus and impact strength

• New composite dev eloped i.e. jute & carbon-epoxy hy brid composite can replace
carbon-epoxy composite without much loss of tensile strength, f lexural strength, and
f lexural modulus and with improv ed ductility and impact strength

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CONCLUSIONS

A NEW COMPOSITE OF JUTE & CARBON-EPOXY HY BRID COMPOSITE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED
AND THE DEVELOPED COMPOSITE HAS EXHIBITED THE ADVANTAGE OF BOTH JUTE-EPOXY
COMPOSITE AND CARBON-EPOXY COMPOSITES AS DESCRIBED BELOW

TENSILE STRENGTH OF JUTE& CARBON-EPOXY HY BRID COMPOSITE IS ALMOST EQUAL TO

THAT OF CARBON-EPOXY COMPOSITE AND CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN THAT OF JUTE-
EPOXY COMPOSITES.

Y OUNG’S MODULUS OF JUTE &CARBON EPOXY HY BRID COMPOSITE IS EIGHTEEN TIMES

MORE THAN THAT OF JUTE-EPOXY COMPOSITE.

PERCENTAGE OF ELONGATION OF JUTE& CARBON -EPOXY HY BRID COMPOSITE IS THE

HIGHEST OF ALL AND THUS REFLECTING GOOD TOUGHNESS VALUE.

FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND FLEXURAL MODULUS OF JUTE& CARBON -EPOXY HY BRID

COMPOSITE ARE COMPARABLE TO THAT OF CARBON -EPOXY COMPOSITE AND MUCH
HIGHER THAN THAT OF JUTE-EPOXY COMPOSITE

IMPACT STRENGTH OF JUTE& CARBON-EPOXY HY BRID COMPOSITE IS COMPARABLE TO

THAT OF JUTE-EPOXY COMPOSITE AND HIGHER THAN THAT OF CARBON-EPOXY
COMPOSITE

JUTE & CARBON-EPOXY HY BRID COMPOSITE CAN REPLACE CARBON -EPOXY COMPOSITE
WITHOUT MUCH LOSS OF TENSILE STRENGTH, FLEXURAL STRENGTH FLEXURAL MODULUS
AND WITH IMPROVED DUCTILITY AND IMPACT STRENGTH

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BALLISTIC IMPACT STUDY ON JUTE-EPOXY AND

NATURAL RUBBER SANDWICH COMPOSITES

3 materials - Jute-Epoxy (JE), Rubber (Ru), Jute-Epoxy-Rubber

sandwich (JRE), of three thicknesses (5, 10, 15mm) and at three
velocities (150, 250, 350 m/s) are considered

Significant amount of energy absorption in case of rubber, almost 10

times as compared to JE plate

Ductile damage is observed in rubber, while brittle in JE

Sandwich composites (JRE) displayed energy absorption and

ballistic limit on par with rubber plates

Applicability of these sandwiches in ballistic impact is established as

better energy absorbing protective target structures

RESULTS

• Material properties of target

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RESULTS
• Energy absorption for different thickness and velocities

THE DAMAGE BEHAVIOUR OF 5MM THICK JE PLATE IMPACTED WITH 350 M/S VELOCITY

(a) Time = 0.00s (b) Time = 3. 000E-04

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DAMAGE IN RUBBER PLATE AFTER PENETRATION 350 M/S WITH

INSET ENTRY AND EXIT DAMAGES MAGNIFIED

THE DAMAGE BEHAVIOUR OF JRE-SANDWICH 15 MM PLATE IMPACTED WITH 350M/S

(a) Time = 0.00s (b) Time = 3. 000E-04

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PLOTS OF ENERGY ABSORBED FOR

DIFFERENT THICKNESS BY (A) JUTE EPOXY
AND (B) RUBBER PLATES

PLOTS OF RESIDUAL VELOCITY FOR(A) JUTE

EPOXY AND (B) RUBBER IMPACTED WITH
350M/S VELOCITY

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PLOTS OF (A) ENERGY ABSORBED AND (B)

BALLISTIC IMPACT LIMIT FOR JUTE-EPOXY,
RUBBER, AND JUTE-EPOXY-RUBBER
SANDWICH

CONCLUSIONS
TH E R ESID U AL VEL OC ITIES IN JE AR E H IGH ER , EN ER GY
ABSOR BED IS L OWER AN D BR ITTL E D AMAGE IS EXH IBITED ,
U N L IKE TH E ABOVE, R U BBER PL ATE EXH IBITED 1 0 TIMES
MOR E EN ER GY ABSOR BED AN D TH E N ATU R E OF TH E
D AMAGE WAS D U C TIL E.
TH E JE-R U SAN D WIC H (JR E) D ISPL AYED H IGH ER EN ER GY
ABSOR PTION C OMPAR ED TO JE PL ATE AN D AL MOST C L OSER
TO R U BBER PL ATE IN D IC ATIN G MIXED MOD E D AMAGE WITH
D U C TIL E R U BBER D OMIN ATIN G
JR E C OU L D BE EMPL OYED TO PR OVID E R EQU IR ED BAL L ISTIC
PR OTEC TION D U E TO H IGH ER EN ER GY ABSOR BED BY TH E
R U BBER AN D AT TH E SAME TIME PR OVID E BETTER
STR U C TU R AL STABIL ITY D U E TO TH E PR ESEN C E OF JE

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