Deriving Trig Identities: Precalculus / Calculus

Precalculus / Calculus
Deriving Trig Identities
Identities [1]–[5] you memorize will be used to derive all remaining identities [8]–[24]. We must practice
the process of deriving each of them until it becomes our second nature.
This handout has a complete process for each identity.
Identities to Memorize
Sum Identities [1] sin(u + v) = sin(u)cos(v) + cos(u)sin(v)
[2] cos(u + v) = cos(u)cos(v) – sin(u)sin(v)
Difference Identities [3] sin(u – v) = sin(u)cos(v) – cos(u)sin(v)
[4] cos(u – v) = cos(u)cos(v) + sin(u)sin(v)
Pythagorean Identities [5] cos2(˙) + sin2(˙) = 1
Pythagorean Identities (other two versions)

[8] 1 + tan2(˙) = sec2(˙)
How to Derive:
We start with cos2(˙) + sin2(˙) = 1. Divide both sides of this identity by cos2(˙). Then, we have
sin 2 (!) 1
1+ =
2
cos (!) cos2 (!)
! sin(!) $ 2 ! 1 $ 2
1+ # & =# &
# cos(!) & # cos(!) &
" % " %
1 + tan2(˙) = sec2(˙) Õ
[9] cot2(˙) + 1 = csc2(˙)

How to Derive:
We start with cos2(˙) + sin2(˙) = 1. Divide both sides of this identity by sin2(˙). Then, we have
cos2 (!) 1
+1=
2
sin (!) sin 2 (!)
! cos(!) $ 2 ! $2
# & +1= # 1 &
# sin(!) & # sin(!) &
" % " %
cot (˙) + 1 = csc2(˙)
2
Õ
Prepared by Kunio Mitsuma, Ph.D.

Double-Angle Identities
[10] sin(2˙) = 2sin(˙)cos(˙)
How to Derive:
We start with sin(u + v) = sin(u)cos(v) + cos(u)sin(v). Let u = v = ˙. Then,
sin(2˙) = sin(˙)cos(˙) + cos(˙)sin(˙)
sin(2˙) = sin(˙)cos(˙) + sin(˙)cos(˙)
sin(2˙) = 2sin(˙)cos(˙) Õ
[11] cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – sin2(˙)

How to Derive:
We start with cos(u + v) = cos(u)cos(v) – sin(u)sin(v). Let u = v = ˙. Then,
cos(2˙) = cos(˙)cos(˙) – sin(˙)sin(˙)
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – sin2(˙) Õ
[12] cos(2˙) = 2cos2(˙) – 1

How to Derive:
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – sin2(˙)
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – [1 – cos2(˙)]
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – 1 + cos2(˙)
cos(2˙) = 2cos2(˙) – 1 Õ
[13] cos(2˙) = 1 – 2sin2(˙)

How to Derive:
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – sin2(˙)
cos(2˙) = [1 – sin2(˙)] – sin2(˙)
cos(2˙) = 1 – sin2(˙) – sin2(˙)
cos(2˙) = 1 – 2sin2(˙) Õ

Power-Reduction Identities
1 + cos(2!)
[14] cos2(˙) =
2
How to Derive:
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – sin2(˙)
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – [1 – cos2(˙)]
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – 1 + cos2(˙)
cos(2˙) = 2cos2(˙) – 1
1 + cos(2˙) = 2cos2(˙)
1 + cos(2!)
= cos2 (!)
2
1 + cos(2!)
cos2 (!) = Õ
2
1! cos(2!)
[15] sin2(˙) =
2
How to Derive:
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – sin2(˙)
cos(2˙) = [1 – sin2(˙)] – sin2(˙)
cos(2˙) = 1 – sin2(˙) – sin2(˙)
cos(2˙) = 1 – 2sin2(˙)
2sin2(˙) = 1 – cos(2˙)
1! cos(2!)
sin 2 (!) = Õ
2
1! cos(2!)
[16] tan 2 (!) =
1 + cos(2!)
How to Derive:
cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – sin2(˙)
cos(2˙) = [1 – sin (˙)] – sin2(˙) and cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – [1 – cos2(˙)]
2
cos(2˙) = 1 – sin2(˙) – sin2(˙) and cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – 1 + cos2(˙)

cos(2˙) = 1 – 2sin2(˙) and cos(2˙) = 2cos2(˙) – 1
2sin2(˙) = 1 – cos(2˙) and 1 + cos(2˙) = 2cos2(˙)
1! cos(2!) 1 + cos(2!)
sin 2 (!) = and cos2 (!) =
2 2
Therefore,
1! cos(2!)
sin 2 (!) 2 1! cos(2!)
tan 2 (!) = = = Õ
cos (!) 1 + cos(2!) 1 + cos(2!)
2

Product-to-Sum Identities
[17] sin(u)cos(v) = 12 [sin(u + v) + sin(u – v)]
How to Derive:
We start with sin(u + v) = sin(u)cos(v) + cos(u)sin(v) and sin(u – v) = sin(u)cos(v) – cos(u)sin(v).
Line them up and add both sides. Then,
sin(u + v) = sin(u)cos(v)+ cos(u)sin(v)
sin(u !v) = sin(u)cos(v)! cos(u)sin(v)
sin(u + v)+ sin(u !v) = 2 sin(u)cos(v)
sin(u + v)+ sin(u !v)

= sin(u)cos(v)
2
sin(u)cos(v) = 12 "$sin(u + v)+ sin(u !v)%'
# &
Õ
[18] cos(u)sin(v) = 12 [sin(u + v) – sin(u – v)]

How to Derive:
Line them up and subtract both sides. Then,
sin(u + v)! sin(u !v) = 2 cos(u)sin(v)
sin(u + v)! sin(u !v)

= cos(u)sin(v)
2
cos(u)sin(v) = 12 "$sin(u + v)! sin(u !v)%'
# &
Õ
1
[19] cos(u)cos(v) = [cos(u – v) + cos(u + v)]
2
How to Derive:
We start with cos(u – v) = cos(u)cos(v) + sin(u)sin(v) and cos(u + v) = cos(u)cos(v) – sin(u)sin(v) .
cos(u !v) = cos(u)cos(v)+ sin(u)sin(v)
cos(u + v) = cos(u)cos(v)! sin(u)sin(v)
cos(u !v)+ cos(u + v) = 2 cos(u)cos(v)
cos(u !v)+ cos(u + v)

= cos(u)cos(v)
2
cos(u)cos(v) = 12 "$cos(u !v)+ cos(u + v)%'
# &
Õ

[20] sin(u)sin(v) = 12 [cos(u – v) – cos(u + v)]
How to Derive:
cos(u !v)! cos(u + v) = 2 sin(u)sin(v)
cos(u !v)! cos(u + v)

= sin(u)sin(v)
2
sin(u)sin(v) = 12 "$cos(u !v)! cos(u + v)%'
# &
Õ
Sum-to-Product Identities
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
[21] sin(A) + sin(B) = 2 sin ### & cos ## &
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
How to Derive:
sin(u + v)+ sin(u !v) = 2 sin(u)cos(v)
sin(u + v)+ sin(u !v)

= sin(u)cos(v)
2
sin(u)cos(v) = 12 "$sin(u + v)+ sin(u !v)%'
# &
Let A = u + v and B = u – v. Then,

A + B = 2u and A – B = 2v
A+B A !B
u= and v =
2 2
Substitution yields
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
sin ### && cos ## && = 12 (*sin(A)+ sin(B)+-
"# 2 &% #"# 2 &% ) ,
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
2 sin ### & cos ## & = sin(A)+ sin(B)
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
sin(A)+ sin(B) = 2 sin ### & cos ## &
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%

! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
[22] sin(A) – sin(B) = 2 cos ### & sin ## &
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
How to Derive:
sin(u + v)! sin(u !v) = 2 cos(u)sin(v)
sin(u + v)! sin(u !v)

= cos(u)sin(v)
2
cos(u)sin(v) = 12 "$sin(u + v)! sin(u !v)%'
# &

A + B = 2u and A – B = 2v
A+B A !B
u= and v =
2 2
Substitution yields
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
cos ### & sin ## & = 1 (sin(A)' sin(B)+-
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&% 2 )* ,
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
2 cos ### & sin ## & = sin(A)' sin(B)
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
sin(A)' sin(B) = 2 cos ### & sin ## &
#" 2 &%& ##" 2 &&%
Õ
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&

[23] cos(A) + cos(B) = 2 cos ### & cos ## &
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
How to Derive:
cos(u !v)+ cos(u + v) = 2 cos(u)cos(v)
cos(u !v)+ cos(u + v)

= cos(u)cos(v)
2
cos(u)cos(v) = 12 "$cos(u !v)+ cos(u + v)%'
# &

A + B = 2u and A – B = 2v
A+B A !B
u= and v =
2 2
Substitution yields

! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
cos ### & cos ## & = 1 (cos(A)+ cos(B)+-
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&% 2 *) ,
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
2 cos ### & cos ## & = cos(A)+ cos(B)
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
cos(A)+ cos(B) = 2 cos ### & cos ## &
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
Õ
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&

[24] cos(B) – cos(A) = 2 sin ### & sin ## &
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
How to Derive:
cos(u !v)! cos(u + v) = 2 sin(u)sin(v)
cos(u !v)! cos(u + v)

= sin(u)sin(v)
2
sin(u)sin(v) = 12 "$cos(u !v)! cos(u + v)%'
# &

A + B = 2u and A – B = 2v
A+B A !B
u= and v =
2 2
Substitution yields
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
sin ### & sin ## & = 1 (cos(B)' cos(A)+-
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&% 2 *) ,
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
2 sin ### & sin ## & = cos(B)' cos(A)
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
! A + B $& ! A 'B $&
cos(B)' cos(A) = 2 sin ### & sin ## &
#" 2 &&% ##" 2 &&%
Õ

Deriving Trig Identities: Precalculus / Calculus

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Deriving Trig Identities: Precalculus / Calculus

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Precalculus / Calculus

Deriving Trig Identities

This handout has a complete process for each identity.

Pythagorean Identities (other two versions)

[9] cot2(˙) + 1 = csc2(˙)

Prepared by Kunio Mitsuma, Ph.D.

[11] cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – sin2(˙)

[12] cos(2˙) = 2cos2(˙) – 1

[13] cos(2˙) = 1 – 2sin2(˙)

Prepared by Kunio Mitsuma, Ph.D.

cos(2˙) = 1 – sin2(˙) – sin2(˙) and cos(2˙) = cos2(˙) – 1 + cos2(˙)

Prepared by Kunio Mitsuma, Ph.D.

sin(u + v)+ sin(u !v)

[18] cos(u)sin(v) = 12 [sin(u + v) – sin(u – v)]

sin(u + v)! sin(u !v)

cos(u !v)+ cos(u + v)

Prepared by Kunio Mitsuma, Ph.D.

cos(u !v)! cos(u + v)

sin(u + v)+ sin(u !v)

Let A = u + v and B = u – v. Then,

Prepared by Kunio Mitsuma, Ph.D.

sin(u + v)! sin(u !v)

Let A = u + v and B = u – v. Then,

! A + B $& ! A 'B $&

cos(u !v)+ cos(u + v)

Let A = u + v and B = u – v. Then,

Prepared by Kunio Mitsuma, Ph.D.

! A + B $& ! A 'B $&

cos(u !v)! cos(u + v)

Let A = u + v and B = u – v. Then,

Prepared by Kunio Mitsuma, Ph.D.

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