Scrotum:

It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The
scrotum has a protective function and acts as a climate control system for the testes. For
normal sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than
the body temperature

Umbilical cord:
The umbilical cord carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus
through the abdomen, where the navel forms. It also carriesdeoxygenated blood and waste
products from the fetus to the placenta.
Urogenital opening:
The urogenital opening is where bodily waste and reproductive fluids are expelled to the
environment outside of the body cavity. In some organisms, including birds and many fish,
discharge from the urological, digestive, and reproductive systems empty into a common sac
called the cloaca.
Soft palate:
The soft palate is moveable, consisting of muscle fibers sheathed in mucous membrane. It is
responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing, and also for closing
off the airway. During sneezing, it protects the nasal passage by diverting a portion of the
excreted substance to the mouth.

Sublingual gland
The sublingual glands lie directly under the mucous membrane covering the floor of
the mouth beneath the tongue. …a slight fold called a sublingual papilla, from which the ducts
of the submandibular salivary glands open
Tongue papillae:
They are found on the tip of the tongue, scattered amongst the filiform papillae but are mostly
present on the tip and sides of the tongue. They have taste buds on their upper surface which
can distinguish the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami.
Epiglottis:
The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located behind the tongue, at the top of
the larynx, or voice box. The main function of the epiglottis is to seal off the windpipe during
eating, so that food is not accidentally inhaled.

Glottis:
As the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech,
called voice or voicing or pronunciation. Sound production that involves moving the vocal folds
close together is called glottal.
Esophagus:
The esophagus is a tube that connects the throat and thestomach. If the mouth is the gateway
to the body, then the esophagus is a highway for food and drink to travel along to make it to
the stomach. This body part has a very simple function, but can have many disorders

Pancreases:
It is part of the digestive system and produces insulin and other important enzymes and
hormones that help break down foods. The pancreas has an endocrinefunction because it
releases juices directly into the bloodstream, and it has an exocrine function because it releases
juices into ducts
Pancreatic duct:
The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of
an accessory pancreatic duct), is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply
pancreatic juice provided from the exocrine pancreas, which aids in digestion.

Common bile duct:

Its physiological role is to carry bile from the gallbladder and empty it into the
upper part of the small intestine (the duodenum). The common bile duct is part of
the biliary system.

Spleen:
The white pulp is the infection-fighting lymphoid tissue where white blood cells are produced
and mature. This pulp is made up of periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) and lymphatic
nodules. The sheaths surround central arteries within the spleen and contain T lymphocytes that
attack foreign bodies as the blood is filtered into the spleen. The lymphatic nodules are where
B-lymphocytes predominate, producing antibodies to coat pathogens and flag them up for
removal by scavenger cells
Duodenum
It receives partially digested food (known as chyme) from thestomach and plays a vital role in
the chemical digestion of chyme in preparation for absorption in the small intestine. Many
chemical secretions from the pancreas, liver andgallbladder mix with the chyme in the
duodenum to facilitate chemical digestion.
Ileum
The function of the ileum is mainly to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and whatever products
ofdigestion were not absorbed by the jejunum. The wall itself is made up of folds, each of
which has many tiny finger-like projections known as villi on its surface
Jejunum
The lining of the jejunum is specialized for theabsorption, by enterocytes, of small nutrient
particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum.

Cecum
The main functions of the cecum are to absorb fluids and salts that remain after completion of
intestinaldigestion and absorption and to mix its contentswith a lubricating substance, mucus.
The internal wall of the cecum is composed of a thick mucous membrane, through
which water and salts are absorbed.
Colon
The colon is part of the large intestine, the final part of the digestive system. Its function is to
reabsorb fluids and process waste products from the body and prepare for its elimination. The
colon consists of four parts: descending colon, ascending colon, transverse colon, and sigmoid
colon.

Rectum
The key role of the rectal ampulla is to act as a temporary storehouse for
feces. The expansion of the rectal walls causes the stretch receptors within the
walls to stimulate the urge to defecate. If the defecation process is delayed, it
may result in constipation. When the storage site becomes full, the intrarectal
pressure causes the anal canal walls to dilate and expand. This results in the
feces entering the canal
Anus:
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic
floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upperanus is
specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or
solid.
Subscapular vein:
The acromial veins are part of a vena comitantes relationship with the acromial branch of the
subscapular arteries. This branch, as well as the artery, deliversoxygenated blood to the region
of the scapula.
Subclavian vein:
While arteries carry blood from the heart to circulate throughout the body, subclavian veins, like
any other vein in the body, carry blood to the heart. The function of the subclavian vein is to
empty blood from the upper extremities and then carry it back to the heart

Axillary vein:
It begins at the lateral border of the first rib, later draining into the subclavian vein. The vein
receives the axillary artery's tributaries. The cephalic vein connects with the axillary vein forming
the subclavian vein. The vein transports blood from the thorax, armpit, and upper limb

Hepatic portal vein

Portal vein. The hepatic portal vein is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and
gastrointestinal tract to the liver. It is approximately three to four inches in length and is usually
formed by the merging of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins behind the upper edge of
the head of the pancreas
Mesenteric arteries and vein
The superior mesenteric artery is a major blood vessel in the digestive system.
This artery branches off the abdominal aorta and supplies oxygenated blood to the pancreas
and the lower parts of the intestine. This includes the lower duodenum, as well as transverse
colon.
Renal arteries and vein
renal artery, then, is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to your kidneys. renal veins,
then, is a blood vessel that carries de-oxygenated blood away from your kidneys.
External iliac veins and arteries
The common iliac vein (created by the union of the internal and external iliac veins) forms in
the abdomen, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae. It divides into two branches. The
internal iliac vein drains blood from the visceral organs in the pelvic region. The external
iliac connects to the femoral veins
Femoral artery and vein
These include popliteal, the profunda femoris, and the great sapheneous veins. The femoral
artery provides an opposite function, as it delivers the oxygenated blood to the leg and pelvic
region. Eventually, the femoral vein transports blood to theinferior vena cava
Umbilical arteries and vein
The umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus, and
the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood from the fetus to the
placenta
External anatomy:
Anus:
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic
floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upperanus is
specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or
solid.
Genital papilla:
In mammals, the genital papilla is a part of female external genitalia not present in humans,
which appears as a small, fleshy flab of tissue. The papilla covers the opening of the vagina.
Mammary papilla:
The mammary gland is a gland located in the breasts of females that is responsible for lactation,
or the production of milk. Both males and females have glandular tissue within the breasts;
however, in females the glandular tissue begins to develop after puberty in response to
estrogen release.
Cheek dissection:
Facial nerve
The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck. The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or
simply CN VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial
expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of
the tongue.

Mandibular gland
The submandibular gland and the other salivary glands are essential for digestion and for
maintaining a healthy mouth. Saliva contains enzymes that begin to break down food before it
passes to your stomach, and it moistens food so that it slips easily down the esophagus

Masseter muscle
The main function of the masseter muscle is to help a person bite down or chew. Specifically,
thismuscle helps to pull the lower jaw upward, which causes the jaws to close while chewing.
The word 'mastication' (to chew) comes from the wordmasseter
Hard palate
It forms a partition between the nasal passages and themouth. On the anterior portion of the
roof of the hard palate are the plicae, irregular ridges in the mucous membrane that help
facilitate the movement of food backward towards the larynx.

Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx is the space above the soft palate at the back of the nose and connects the
nose to the mouth, which allows a person to breathe through the nose. The soft palate
separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx, which sits just below the soft palate.

Parotid gland
They are the largest of the salivary glands. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular
ramus, and secretes saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and
swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches.
Throat and body cavity dissection:

Larynx
The larynx houses the vocal folds, and manipulates pitch and volume, which is essential for
phonation. It is situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into thetrachea and
the esophagus
Trachea
Trachea (Windpipe) The trachea (or windpipe) is a wide, hollow tube that connects
the larynx (or voice box) to thebronchi of the lungs. It is an integral part of the body's airway
and has the vital function of providing air flow to and from the lungs for respiration

Esophagus
The esophagus is a tube that connects the throat and thestomach. If the mouth is the gateway
to the body, then the esophagus is a highway for food and drink to travel along to make it to
the stomach. This body part has a very simple function, but can have many disorders.

Thymus
The thymus gland is located in the neck above the heart. The function of the thymus gland is to
generate mature T lymphocytes (white blood cels that help theimmune system fight off illness).

Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland: It plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and
development of the human body. It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly
releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream

Lungs
The main function of the lungs is the process of gas exchange called respiration (or breathing).
In respiration, oxygen from incoming air enters the blood, and carbon dioxide, a waste gas from
the metabolism, leaves the blood. A reduced lung function means that the ability of lungs to
exchange gases is reduced
Heart
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity nestled between the lungs on the body's midline. Pigs
like other mammals have a four-chambered heart. The right side of the heart pumps blood to
the lungs (pulmonary circulation), and the left side pumps blood out to the rest of the body
(systemic circulation)

Diaphragm
The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs, from the
abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm
contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs
Liver
The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the
rest of the body. The liver also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, the
liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines
Gall bladder
The gallbladder, which has been slightly removed from theliver, can be seen in the picture on
the right. The gallbladder stores bile, which can be released into the small intestine to help
emulsify fats to allow for digestion.

Stomach
he stomach is a muscular organ responsible for storage, initiating the breakdown of nutrients,
and passing the digesta into the small intestine
Mesentery
The mesentery in a fetal pig is a transparent, thin sheet of tissue that is connected to the
peritoneum. It supports the internal organs. Located near the mesentery are veins and arteries
that transport blood to and from the small intestine

Cardiovascular system:
Pericardial membrane
The pericardium is divided into three membrane layers: Fibrous pericardium is the outer
fibrous sac that covers the heart. ... Parietalpericardium is the layer between the
fibrouspericardium and visceral pericardium
Ventricle, left and right
During systole, the ventricles contract, pumping blood through the body. During diastole, the
ventricles relax and fill with blood again. The left ventricle receivesoxygenated blood from
the left atrium via the mitral valve and pumps it through the aorta via the aortic valve, into the
systemic circulation.

Coronary arteries
The atrioventricular nodal artery (AVN) and the posterior interventricular artery(PIV) were
branches of RCA. The coronary arterial circulation in the pig was found to be similar to that in
human. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: By and large the coronary arterial pattern of
the pig was similar in that of the humans
Vena cava
The inferior vena cava is a vein. It carriesdeoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body
to the right atrium of the heart. The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from
theupper half of the body is the superior vena cava

Auricles
One auricle is attached to each of the anterior surfaces of the outer-walls of the atria (that is,
the left atrium and the right atrium). Visually, they look like wrinkled pouch-like structures.
Their purpose is to increase the capacity of the atrium, and so also increase the volume of blood
that it is able to contain

Atrium
Blood enters the heart through the two atria and exits through the two
ventricles. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the inferior and superior vena
cava. The right side of the heart then pumps thisdeoxygenated blood into the pulmonary
arteries around the lungs
Common carotid arteries
The carotid arteries are major blood vessels in the neck that supply blood to the brain, neck,
and face. There are two carotid arteries, one on the right and one on the left. In the neck, each
carotid artery branches into two divisions: The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the brain

Pulmonary artery and vein

the blood within your arteries is oxygenated. The exception to this rule is found in the
pulmonary arteries, which carrydeoxygenated blood away from your heart to your lungs, where
it will becomeoxygenated before returning to your heart through the pulmonary veins

Aorta
The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aorta begins at the top of the leftventricle, the
heart's muscular pumping chamber. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta
through the aortic valve.
Ductus arteriosus
his short vessel in the fetal pigpasses from the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. Before birth
it is used as a shunt to bypass the lungs, which are collapsed.

Brachiocephalic vein and trunk

The left and right brachiocephalic veins (or innominate veins) in the upper chest are formed
by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level
of the sternoclavicular joint. ... The brachiocephalic veins are the majorveins returning blood
to the superior vena cava
Juglar vein
These veins functions to carry oxygen-depleted blood from the brain, face, and neck,
and transport it to the heart through the superior vena cava. Generally, theleft vein is
somewhat smaller and thinner than the right, but both contain valves that assist with
blood transport
Cephalic vein
blood flows from a variety of smaller veins, draining into the cephalic vein. This is the large vein
in the upper arm that runs from the hand to the shoulder, along the outer edge of the biceps
muscle

Adrenal gland
Located at the top of each kidney, the adrenal glands produce hormones that help
the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or
injury, and regulate blood pressure. Two of the most important adrenal hormones are cortisol
and aldosterone
Kidney
The kidneys remove wastes and extra water from the blood to form urine. Urine flows from the
kidneys to the bladder through the ureters. The wastes in your blood come from the normal
breakdown of active muscle and from the food you eat. Your body uses the food for energy and
self-repair.

Ureter
The ureters are narrow, hollow, muscular tubes, approximately nine inches long, that connect
the kidneysto the bladder. Each kidney has its own ureter through which urine passes. Urine
does not flow in a slow, steady stream along the length of the ureters into the bladder
Urethra
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from thebladder to outside of the body. In males, it
has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man reaches orgasm. When the
penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to
be ejaculated at orgasm

Urinary bladder
The urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone.
When empty, the bladder is about the size and shape of a pear. Urine is made in the kidneys
and travels down two tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine, allowing
urination to be infrequent and controlled

Bulbourethral gland
Bulbourethral gland, also called Cowper's Gland, either of two pea-shaped glands in the male,
located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis; they
add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation
Epididymis
The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It transports
and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes.

Penis:
The penis is the male sex organ, reaching its full size during puberty. In addition to its sexual
function, the penis acts as a conduit for urine to leave the body. The penis is made of several
parts: Glans (head) of the penis: In uncircumcised men, the glans is covered with pink, moist
tissue called mucosa
Seminal vesicles:
Prostate with seminal vesicles and seminal ducts, viewed from in front and above.
The seminal vesicles (Latin: glandulae vesiculosae), vesicular glands, or seminalglands, are
a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the urinary bladder of some male
mammals. Seminal vesicles are located within the pelvis.