“FOLDING BICYCLE”

Session 2018-19

A Minor Project Report submitted to

Rajiv Gandhi Produyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree for

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Mechanical Engineering

Guided by- Submitted by-

Mr. Santosh Patel AdityaRajvaidya (0802ME163D01)
Asst. Professor Amay Khokle (0802ME163D02)
SVITS, Indore Deeptesh Patel(0802ME1163D04)
Priyank Diwakar(0802ME163D08)
RaghavChinchalkar (0802ME163D09)
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and Science, Indore

RECOMMENDATION

This Minor Project entitled “Folding Bicycle” is submitted by Aditya Rajvaidya

(0802ME163D01), Amay Khokle (0802ME163D02), Deeptesh Patel
(0802ME163D04), Priyank Diwakar (0802ME163D08), Raghav Chinchalkar

(0802ME163D09), for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering, is an original record

under supervision and guidance of Mr. Santosh Patel.
The matter embodied in this report has not been submitted anywhere for the award of any
degree.

It is recommended that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of
our knowledge a belief.

Mr. Jitendra Pratap Mr. Santosh Patel Dr. Shrikant Pandey

Asst. Professor Asst. Professor Head, Department of
Project Guide Mechanical Engineering
 CERTIFICATE

We are pleased to certify that the Major Project submitted by Aditya Rajvaidya, Amay

Khokle, Deeptesh Patel, Priyank Diwakar, Raghav Chinchalkar, entitled “Folding

Bicycle” is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering, is an original record under
supervision and guidance of Mr. Santosh Patel. The matter embodied in this report has
not been submitted anywhere for the award of any degree.

It is certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our
knowledge a belief.

Mr. Jitendra Pratap Mr. Santosh Patel Dr. Shrikant Pandey

Asst. Professor Asst. Professor Head, Department of
& Project Guide Mechanical Engineering
 Acknowledgement

We regard it as our proud privilege to work under Mr. Santosh Patel, Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Engineering Department, SVITS Indore and express our indebtedness and
sincere gratitude, for his valuable guidance, generous help and constant encouragement at
every stage in the preparation of this work.

We also take this opportunity to thank Dr. Shrikant Pandey, Head of Department, Mr.
Santosh Patel Assistant Professor and Project Coordinator, Mechanical Engineering
Department and other faculty and staff members of Mechanical Engineering Department,
SVITS Indore for their help and valuable suggestions.

We are extremely grateful to the Director, SVITS, Indore, for providing all the facilities
during the course of study.

A blend of gratitude, pleasure and great satisfaction, is what, I feel to convey my

indebtedness to all those who have directly or indirectly contributed to successful
completion of my dissertation work.

Finally we express our love and respect towards our family members who are our strength in
every work we do.

Aditya Rajvaidya(0802ME163D01)
Amay Khokle(0802ME 163D02)
Deeptesh Patel(0802ME163D04)
Priyank Diwakar(0802ME163D08)
Raghav Chinchalkar(0802ME163D09)
 ABSTRACT

In the present day lifestyle man is not able to dedicate specific time for his
health, importance is least given to exercise and body fitness due to time
shortage and stressful life. To cope with time deficit, we can utilize the time spent
on commuting efficiently to exercise by using bicycles, thereby also contributing
to pollution control. But regular bicycles occupy sufficient space to park, are not
easy to carry around and are probable to theft. Transport has been one of the most
important issues to be dealt with in the present day situation as commuting from
place to place within the city has become a tedious and an expensive task. It is
very difficult to reach the nearest public transport facility and in many cases the
destination will be very far from the main roads where the public transport might
not be able to commute or it might be very expensive. To overcome a
common problem faced by the society, an idea is conceptualized to design and
fabricate a foldable bicycle. We already have seen many foldable bicycles in the
global market but the main idea of this project is to provide a foldable bicycle
which is light & sleek yet rigid & safe, easy to handle and easy to maintain.
Unlike the conventional cycles, this bicycle will occupy very less space and also
is very easy to be carried around. The main objective is to design and develop a
foldable bicycle which is comfortable to ride and economical.
A successful design of folding bicycle should take into account the function, material
properties, and fabrication process. There are some other factors that should be considered in
anticipating the behavior of materials for folding bicycle. In order to understand the
relationship between material properties and design of a folding bicycle and also for the
future direction in new materials with new design, a comprehensive study on the design
under different conditions are essential. Therefore, a systematic study on the relationship
between material properties and design for folding bicycle has been performed. The
advantages and disadvantages matrix between conventional bicycle and folding bicycle is
presented for better understanding of the materials properties and design. It was found that
the materials properties of the folding bicycle frame such as fatigue and tensile strength are
the important properties for the better performance of the frame. The relationship between
materials properties and design is not straight forward because the behavior of the material in
the finished product could be different from that of the raw material.
 CONTENTS

Page No.

Abstract………………………………………………………………………..…….. i
Contents…………………..……………………………………………….………… ii
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 1-3
2. Literature Review…………………………………………………………… ….. . 3-7
2.1 History of the Bicycle……………………………………………………….. 3-5

2.2 Basic Principle of Bicycle………………………………………….………… 5

2.3 Basic Components of folding bicycle……………………………………… 5-7

3. Objectives…………………………………………………………………………… 8
4.1 Methodology…………………………………………………………………….... 9-17
4.2 Folding mechanism………………………………………………………… 9-10
4.3. :Phases of Design of Folding Bicycle Frame ……………………………… 10-11
4.4 Materials Properties of Folding Bicycle Frme…………………………… 11-13
4.5. Effect of Material Properties on the Design………………………………. 13-14
4.6 Power transmission Mechanism…………………………………………… 14-16
4.7. Data Analysis And Implemenatation…………………………………….. 16-17

5. Future Scope Of Folable Bicycle……………………………………………………. 18

6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………... 19
7. Final Working Model……………………………………………………………….. 20
8. References…………………………………………………………………………... 21
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Before the automotive era arrived, the main transportation was bicycle. It has evolved and improving
in so many ways, from the invention of safety bike, the discovery of pneumatic tire, development
recumbent bicycle and innovation of folding bicycle. The folding bicycle still is regarded as new
technology. Generally, folding bicycle or folder is a type of bicycle that incorporates hinges or joints
in the frame and handlebar stem that permit it to be broken down into a more compact size as shown
in Fig 1. Fig 2. shows a comprehensive design which includes handlebar, down tube, seat, and
other components of the folding bicycle.

The history of this folding bicycle was not very clear because so many people claimed that they are
the first developers of folding bicycle. The first folding bicycle known for the first patent was
originated back then in 1939 from A.J. Marcelin by the name of “Le Petit Bi”, a 16-inch wheeled
folding bicycle [1]. During the World War I and World War II, many of the military operation
conducted in isolated countryside. So the folding bicycle serves as the main portable transportation
Advanced Materials Research, (Accepted) for them to travel from one village to another village. Its
size and weight made it relatively easy to carry around and consequently made it as the best choice
for portable need. Though, the bicycle at that time may be a lot different from the bicycle today in

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term of design, weight, folding part, and size and other. To date, enormous amount of manufacturer
has come out with their own folder design that suit everybody needs as well as to compete in market
domination . However, there are still more scopes for improvement mostly in term of material and
functional design, either for the folding bicycle, or the traditional bicycle.
The folding bicycle is not unfamiliar looking by any means. However, there are slight differences in
the structural design of a folding bicycle as compared to its conventional counterpart. For instance,
the folding variety of the bicycle generally uses tires with smaller diameters, even though the larger
ones are known to ensure a smoother ride and are long lasting.

Fig. 2 Different parts of the frame of a folded bicycle.

The folding bicycle that has shock absorbers normally would not bumps and the grinds of the road.
The particular design of the folding bike, namely the fact that the gear breaks or folds in the middle
portion of the structure and the steering tubes that are placed on the top of the bike frame, does lead
to certain weakness in the entire structure. This is due to the frame that makes the folding bike prone
to stresses and weakness in the overall structure.
The wide variety of folding bicycles reflects the different methods to allow a bicycle to fold. The
simplest folding frames have one hinge which allows the bicycle to simply fold approximately in
half. Bicycles built on this pattern usually also have quick-connect clamps to allow raising and
lowering the steering and seat columns quickly. A similar swing hinge may be combined with a
folding steering column. Simple fold methods tend to use larger wheels, sometimes the same size as

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in non-folders, for users for whom maximum compactness is less important than the virtues of larger
wheels. Since frames are a crucial component from safety point of view, design of the frame and the
material used for frame in folding bicycle should have very stable and reliable fatigue and corrosion
resistant properties under varying conditions of load. The proper material selection and design are
important before manufacturing the component. The adoption of concurrent engineering method in
design and manufacturing has reinforced the fact that materials and manufacturing are closely linked
in determining final product performance. The folding bicycle is an important design in human
history, thus it brings benefits to make life easier than before. With any latest technology, there
would be some problems that can be overcome as in the case of folding bicycle, where the hinge at
the frame has a problem with fatigue. The solution to the fatigue problem will extend the life cycle of
the folding bicycle frame as fatigue always considered as main problem regarding the properties of
the materials.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History of the Bicycle

The first predecessor of the bicycle that exists is a wooden horse developed in 1700's in France. A
toymaker come up with the idea of placing a wheel on the bottom of his horse, so that a child could
propel himself forward with his feet. After this creation, in 1817 Baron von Draisinvented the
Draisienne, a steerahle bicycle. It was almost completely made of wood, and having no pedals.
riders propelled it by pushing their feet against the ground. The purpose of this invention is to help
him move around the Royal Gardens when he was in hurry. The Draisienne invented by Baron
van Drais.

Fig. 2.1: Baron Van Drais manufactured Bicycle

The next appearance of a two-wheeled riding machine was invented in 1865, pedals were
applied directly to the front wheel. This machine was known as the Velocipede, but was
popularity known as the bone shaker because it also made entirely from wood. Wooden wheels
clattering over cobblestone and dirt roads often lead to riders falling off and getting injured. For
this reason, a lot of modification and improvement in design of bicycle is done to create a proper
bicycle until in 1870, when the first all metal machine appeared. The pedals were still attached
directly to the front wheel with no freewheeling mechanism. Solid rubber tires and the long
spokes of the large front wheel provided a much smoother tide than its predecessor. This
machine was the first one to be called a bicycle (two wheels). After that, the bicycle through a
lof of modifications and improvements to satisfied the riders.

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 Fig. 2.3. :Evolution of Bicycle

Today, the electric bicycle becomes popular around the world. It was reported that in 2003
output of electric bicycle in Japan, USA, Europe and Taiwan was 250,000, 150,000,
100,000 and 100,000 pieces, respectively. If China is excluded, then the global total output of
EB was 600,000 in 2003. In the same year, electric bicycle output in China was 3.6 million,
which is 6 times higher than global total.

2.2 Basic Principle of Bicycle

A bicycle is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame,
one behind the other. A person who rides a bicycle is called a cyclist or a bicyclist. The
coolest thing about a bicycle is that it lets you get where you are going a lot faster and using a
lot less energy than if you were walking or running. There are no covers or sheet metal hiding
any of the working parts that propel you down the road .

2.3 Basic Components of folding bicycle

• Axle: As in the generic definition, a rod that serves to attach wheel to a bicycle and provides
support for bearings on which the wheel rotates.Also, sometimes used to describe suspension
components, for example a swing arm pivot axle.
• Bar ends: Extensions at the end of straight handlebars to allow for multiple hand positions.
• Bearing: A device that facilitates rotation by reducing friction.
• Bottom bracket: The bearing system that the pedals (and cranks) rotate around.
Contains a spindle to which the crankset is attached and the bearings themselves. There is a
bearing surface on the spindle, and on each of the cups that thread into the frame. The bottom
bracket fits inside the bottom bracket shell, which is part of the bicycle frame.

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• Chain: A system of interlinking pins, plates and rollers that transmits power from the front
sprocket(s) to the rear sprocket(s).

• Chainguard: Gear case cover for the entire chain either totally encasing designed to keep
clothing from fouling the chain.

• Chainstav: A pair of tubes on a bicycle frame that runs from the bottom bracket to the rear
fork ends.

• Frame: The mechanical core of a bicycle, the frame provides points of attachment for the
various components that make up the machine. The term is variously construed, and can refer to
the base section, always including the bottom bracket, or to base frame, fork, and suspension
components such as a shock absorber.
• Freewheel: A ratcheting assembly that incorporates one or more cogs and allows the
bicycle to coast without the pedals turning.

• Handlebar : A lever attached, usually using an intermediary stem, to the steerer tube of the
fork. Allows steering and provides a point of attachment for controls and accessories.
• Locknut: A nut designed not to loosen due to vibration.
• Lockring : A ring, usually metal, of varying design, that serves to retain a component in place

6
Fig. 2.5.: Folding Bicycle

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CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES

1. The main objective of folding bicycle is to deacrease the space requirement for parking the
bicycle.
2. It occupies very less space and doesn't require any special parking space.
3. To design and develop a foldable bicycle which is comfortable to ride and economical.
4. They are not exposed to the weather since they can be carried inside buildings with ease.
5. To make transportation cheap Eco-friendliest.
6. Apart from this, it is the cheapest mode of transportation as it requires no fuel or source of
energy and it requires no maintenance.
7. It's characteristics and properties like light weight, easy to carry, portable, less space requiring,
low maintenance needed, are making them more popular.

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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Methodology

There is a diversity of bicycle models in the market, all of them have circular wire wheels.
So the question is, could a concept of a foldable bicycle be a good idea?

What is the best methodology to evaluate this new and unique bicycle from the engineering
point of view? Engineers are always taking new challenges and bringing their innovative
ideas on board and foldable bicycle is one such innovative model that lets the new bicycle
traders take their bicycle to every corner of the world.

4.2 Folding mechanism

Different type of folding patterns can be followed according to bicycle's dimension, weight
and wheel size. For the larger diameter wheel, it gets tough to fold it completely and the
complexity increases, hence the cost .

Half or mid-fold

In this type of folding, frames follow the classic frame pattern(Diamond or triangle frame) for
improved safety. It features a hinge point (with single or double hinges) allowing the bicycle
to fold approximately in half.

Quick-release clamps enable folding of two section of frame. A similar swing hinge may be
combined with a folding ring for easy plug in and eject. Fold designs may use larger wheels,
even the same size as in nonfolders, for users prioritizing ride over fold compactness.

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 Fig. 4.1. :Mid Fold Bicycle

4.3. Phases of Design of Folding Bicycle Frame

Engineering design is an iterative process which involves a series of decision-making steps where
each decision establishes the framework for the next step. The phases of design depend on the nature
of the problem being solved. The phases of design for the folding bicycle frame are shown in Fig. 2.5

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 Fig. 4.2.: Major Phases Of Folding Bicycle

The perfect hinge should be stronger, lighter and virtually invisible. Bicycle can be equipped with
the swing hinge lock which is similar to regular bicycle would perform better.

4.4 Materials Properties of Folding Bicycle Frme

Properties determine the usefulness of the engineering material. Therefore, it is important to use
properties of the materials before any decision on a particular design Table 1 shows the properties of
the selected materials those are suitable for folding bicycle frame. It can be seen that the titatium
alloy is more suitable for this particualr application The major required properties of materials for the
use of frame is discussed below.
Tensile Strength: Tensile strength is the basic measurement of strength of a material. It is
specifically a measurement of the force required to pull apart a material. In frame design, the higher
the tensile strength the better the performance of the frame. More strength allows less material to be
used thus saving weight.

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Fatigue Strength: Fatigue strength is the measurement of how far and how many times a material
can bend before it breaks. Higher fatigue strength is essential for higher durability and more safety
reason. Certain materials such as steel and titanium actually have a threshold value of the fatigue
strength and after proper design it can be used for an infinite number of times without failure.
Yield Strength: Yield strength (YS) measures how much force it takes to permanently bend a
material. As with tensile and fatigue strength, higher YS is expected from the materials for the use of
frame. The higher strength level of titanium (typically 800-1080 MPa) allows material to be used less
which in tern reduces the weight of the structure.
Toughness: Toughness is the property that defines exactly how much a material can stretch before
failing. Titanium is an incredibly tough material. Aluminum has good toughness as a raw material
with some extra care during manufacturing of the aluminum frame to make sure not let the tube
walls get too thin. Toughness is the Achilles heel of carbon fiber composites. If carbon receives an
indentation, fibers have most likely been severed, strength has been reduced, and the possibility of
further fracture has seriously increased.
Density: Density is simply the weight of a material for a given volume such as pounds per cubic inch
or grams per cubic centimeter. The density of the carbon fibre composite showed the lowest density
(hence lightest weight) with the approximate value of 1.8 g/cm3 followed by aluminum (2.71 g/cm3).
However, titanium showed the highest density (4.43 g/cm3).
The density of a material certainly is an important factor in materials evaluation; especially it is more
important consideration for bicycle application compared to its strength and durability.

Table 1. Properties Of Selected Material Used In Foldable Bicycle

Corrosion Resistance: Corrosion (or the lack thereof) plays a key role in the life

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expectancy of the bicycle and influences the amount of care or maintenance that must put into the
bicycle to keep it in good shape. Fresh water, salt water, sweat, hot, cold, ultra-violet light and
infrared light are the factors and materials are susceptible to corrosion. However, there will have
very minimum effect if titanium alloy is used for folding bicycle frame as this material has very high
corrosion resistance properties.

4.5. Effect of Material Properties on the Design

The frame of folding bicycle has to incorporate with certain design features which introduce changes
in its cross-section. Figs 4.3 and 4.4 show the factors (primary and anticipated respectively) those
should be considered in design of folding bicycle frame. The figures also showed clearly about the
factors that affect the behavior of materials in folding bicycle frame design. The relationship between
material properties and design is complex because of the behaviour of the material in the finished
product which might be quite different from that of the stock or original raw
material .

Fig. 4.3: Factors that should be considered in folding bicycle frame design.

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 Fig. 4.4 Anticipated factors that affect the behabiour of materials in folding bicycle frame design.

In folding bicycle, the joint part (swing hinge), would experience fatigue stress as it involves cyclic
stress. Regarding to this hinge part, factors that might contribute to fatigue load are bending force,
axial load, and stress concentration during service. To overcome the limited cyclic stress, the swing
hinge would be coated to withhold the wear resistance from the movement as the hinge is folded.
Moreover, the hinge would be well lubricated as it can reduce the friction against two components.

4.6 Power transmission Mechanism

The main aim is to transfer power from the feet or pedal to the wheel. This can be done
in the following ways: -

1.Power is transmitted from pedal to sprocket shaft by chain drive.

2. From small sprocket wheel to internal gear which is in mesh with the centerless wheel.

Fig. 4.5: Power transmission

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Advantages:

1. Decreased weight - obviously without spokes and central solid hub, weight has to decrease.

2. Lower center of gravity - you can lower the transmission systems

3. Better braking leverage.

4. Better accuracy in steering.

Disadvantages:

1.Difficult manufacturing- High amount of precision is requited to maintain the

transmission system correct.
2.Higher exposure: Most of the bearings and related parts are highly exposed to the
environment
3. Difficult assembly: Further, it is a bit difficult to provide the required camber angles in
4 wheelers, as conventional CV joints and axle is not being used.

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4.7. DATA ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION

S. No. Component Cost( In Rs.)

1. Main Frame (Old Purchase) 500

2. Sproket Pedal Set 300

3. Chain 100

4. Wheel 500

5. Saddle And Tube 200

6. Steering Rod And HandleBar 400

Arrangement

7. Mild Steel Plates(4 Pieces) 500

8. Braking:Front Disc And Rear 600

Rim Brake

Total 3100

Table 4 .1 (Different Components of and Its Cost)

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 S. No. Operations Cost(In Rs.)

1. Welding 300

2. Spray Gun 500

3. Machining 1000

4. Miscallaeneous 500

5. Total 2800

Table 4.2 (Differnet operation To make bicycle and Their Cost)

S. No. Manufacturing( Quantity Size(mm) Cost

Parts And Fabr
Dia. Length (In Rs.)
ication)

1. Hollow Pipe 9 Pieces 3.0 6.0 200

2. Circular Pipe 3 Pieces 2.5 9.0 100

3. Lock Nut 2 Pieces - - 200

Total 500

Grand Total 6400

Table 4.3(Manufacturing Cost and Grand Toatal to Manufacturing the Folding Bicycle)

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CHAPTER 5

Future Scope Of Folable Bicycle

Further, the proposed concepts are to be evaluated to find out the best available concept
using the typical concept selection methods like Pugh chart and weighted matrix. The
final concept design that has been selected by these methods would be considered for
embodiment design in which the materials and dimensions are selected. The
embodiment design stage is followed by analysis and optimization.

• Kinetic Energy Reservoir System

Kinetic energy of the cycle can be stored and later it can be utilized whenever the user
feel tired, exhausted or when he wants to use it. The kinetic energy can be store in any
reservoir type device such as batteries. Besides this flywheel attached to the rear wheel is
also an important mechanical device which can be used to store the kinetic energy for the
future use.

• Installation of Electronic Gadgets

Various types of electronic gadgets like mobile charger, music pods charger etc. can be
installed easily on the 4-fold foldable bicycle. They will draw energy for them through the
kinetic energy of the wheels of the bicycle and this will be conducted and initiated with
the help of the transducers. These Equipment will make the riding experience of the user
enjoyable and fun loving.

• Chainless Cycle Technology

This is the new technology developed in recent years in which the bicycles are not
installed with chains but instead of this the transfer of motion from paddling system to the
rear wheel takes place with the help of the strings. This reduces the loss of energy and
makes the bicycle very efficient in nature. Now the same concept of technology can be
implemented in the case of the 4 fold foldable bicycle which will increase its
efficiency.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The design of the foldable bicycle was based on the standard data available. Compared to
the foldable bicycles existing in the market, our bicycle is economical and occupies less
space. A further object is to provide a spokeless bicycle system that utilizes a bearing
tracking system instead of traditional center pivoting bearing designs to rotatable support
the frame upon the wheels. The spoke-less cycle was aimed at reducing weight of
the cycle by replacing the conventional hub and the spokes and providing more space
for utilization. The weight of our bicycle is light than bicycles available in the market,
though the material used for fabrication is mild steel. Overall design being sturdy, compact
and simple with no braking system required as the pedaling stops so does the cycle. This
cycle being self-braking type can be used on slopes as slipping can be avoided. Since it's
rim being mild steel is weigh bearing capacity is even higher compared to conventional
cycles. It can be used for both town sides and for villages. It is the most efficient vehicle
in the terms of fuel efficiency as the input fuel requirement is zero as it works on the
human power and because of this no pollution (air pollution) is caused by the bicycle
which makes it very environmental friendly.

Although hubless wheels are striking in appearance and advantageous compared

to the conventional wheel, their numerous practical disadvantages have impeded their
widespread use as an alternative to conventional wheels. They are difficult and expensive
to manufacture and require a great deal of precision while machining. And the design also
leaves the bearings and other mechanical parts exposed, the drive system is also
very difficult to design and is problematic hence conventional wheels are preferred
to hubless ones though they are more efficient.

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CHAPTER 7

Final Working Model

Fig 6.1: Unfolded Bicycle

Fig 6.2 : Folded Bicycle

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CHAPTER 8

References

 http://bikefitting.com/English/FSR/FSR.aspx - standard bicycle frame size

 M.A.MAleque- Author Of Research Paer.
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260788942_Material_Properties_and_Design_Aspects
_of_Folding_Bicycle_Frame [accessed Nov 03 2018].
 Prototype of a Folding Bicycle with a Slide Hinge; Goro IMURA, Tetsuya WATABE,
Yoshikazu ARAI, Nozomu MATSUSHIMA, Gen MATS UZAKI
 A Typical Approach in Conceptual and Embodiment Design of Foldable Bicycle;
Arunachalam M, Arun Prakash R, Rajesh
 http://khkgears.net/product-category/internal -gears/
 https://www.hardwaresource.com/hi nge-resource-center/resource-center/what-isa-hinge-joint/
 https://cormsquare.com/Mechanical-components/Nails-and-Pins/59432/Linch-Pins

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