Week 5

EE-434 Power Electronics
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

Topi 23460, Pakistan
hadeed@giki.edu.pk
February 7, 2019
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 1 / 31
Overview
1 Half-Wave Rectifiers (HWR)

Introduction
Uncontrolled HWR with Resistive load
Controlled Half-Wave Rectifiers - Resistive load
Uncontrolled HWR- Resistive-Inductive load
Controlled HWR- Resistive-Inductive load
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Introduction
What ?
Convert AC-DC
Why?
Electronic circuits use DC while the generation system is AC
When?
Half wave rectifiers are seldom used because of low efficiency. However,
studying this provide basis for understanding more complicated circuits.
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UCHWR | Resistive load
Figure: Circuit diagram
Figure: Key waveforms

∫ π
1 Vm
Vo = Vavg = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) = (1)
2π 0 π
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UCHWR | Resistive load
Using (1) and Ohm’s law, the current is given as
Vo Vm
Io = = (2)
R πR
Using the EE-211 knowledge, the power is computed as
V2rms
P = I2rms R = (3)
R
To find P, the instantaneous voltage Vo and Io are converted into rms as
follows √ ∫
π
1 Vm
Vrms = [Vm sin(ωt)]2 d(ωt) = (4)
2π o 2
Vm
Irms = (5)
2R
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CHWR | Resistive load
The rectifier output can be controlled by using an SCR or any other

controlled device.
SCR conducts in two conditions.
The SCR must be forward biased (VAK > 0)
Gate current applied to the SCR
Analysis trend similar like an uncontrolled rectifier will be followed.
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Controlled HWR | Resistive load
At ωt = α, the gate signal is applied.

α is called the delay angle and it
varies between 0 < ωt < 180◦ .
Average voltage across load resistor is
∫ π
1 Vm
Vo = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) = (1 + cosα) (6)
2π α 2π
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Controlled HWR | Resistive load
V2rms
Power absorbed by the resistor is R . The rms voltage across the resistive
load is √
∫ 2π
1
Vrms = v2o (ωt)d(ωt) (7)
2π 0
Using (6), the above equation can be modified as

√
Vm α sin(2α)
Vrms = 1− + (8)
2 π 2π
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Example 3-1 UCHWR-R
For the half-wave rectifier, the source (b) The rms voltage across the
is a sinusoid of 120 Vrms at 60 Hz. resistor is
The load resistor is 5Ω. Determine
(a)the average load current, (b) the Vrms = 0.707 × Vm = 84.9V (10)
average power absorbed by the load
and (c) the power factor of the Power absorbed by the resistor is
circuit.
V2rms 84.92
Solution: P= = = 1440W (11)
R 4
(a)
√ The peak voltage across R is
2 × 120=169.7V. Average voltage (c) The power factor is
is Vπm . The average current is
P P 1440
√ pf =
= =
Vo Vm 2120 S V I
s,rms s,rms (120)(17)
Io = = = = 10.8A (12)
R πR 5π
(9) pf=0.707
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Example 3-10 CHWR-R
Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40 V across a 100Ω

resistor from a 120-Vrms 60-Hz ac source. Determine the power absorbed
by the resistance and the power factor.
Solution:
(a) First task is to calculate the delay angle.
[ ( ) ]
−1 2π
α = cos Vo −1 (13)
Vm
[ ( ) ]
−1 2π
α = cos 40 √ − 1 = 61.2◦ (14)
2(120)
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Example 3-10 CHWR-R
(c) The rms voltage across the resistor is

√ √
2(120) 1.07 sin[2(1.07)]
Vrms = 1− + (15)
2 π 2π
Vrms = 75.6V (16)
The load power is
V2rms
PR = = 57.1W (17)
R
P P 57.1
pf = = = = 0.63 (18)
S Vs,rms Is,rms (120)(75.6/100)
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UCHWR | Resistive-Inductive load
Industrial loads are mostly RL

loads. The presence of
inductance makes the circuit
complex.
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UCHWR | Resistive Inductive load
Applying KVL on the circuit considering ideal diode.
di(t)
Vm sin(ωt) = Ri(t) + L (19)
dt
This is a first order circuit and therefore, the solution consist of forced and
natural response of current.
i(t) = steady + transient = forced + naturalresponse (20)
The forced response is the steady state response and is given as

Vm
sin(ωt − θ)
if (t) = (21)
Z
√ ( )
where, Z= R2 + (ωL)2 and θ = tan−1 ωL R .
Natural response comes up without a source or a diode. and therefore the
solution is a homogeneous differential equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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di(t)
Ri(t) + L
=0 (22)
dt
This differential equation is solved using .
−t
in (t) = Ae τ (23)
where, τ is time constant and is given as L/R. If the value of A is

calculated then particular solution can be obtained. This can be evaluated
using initial conditions of the circuit.
Vm −t
i( t) = if (t) + in (t) = sin(ωt − θ) + Ae τ (24)
Z
Since, iL (0− ) = 0, therefore,
Vm
i ( 0+ ) = sin(0 − θ) + Ae0 = 0 (25)
Z
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−Vm Vm
sin(−θ) =
A= sinθ (26)
Z Z
This can be used in (24) to get a particular solution as.
Vm Vm −t
i(t) = sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e τ (27)
Z Z
or [ ]
Vm −t
i(t) = sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e τ (28)
Z
It is convenient to write functions in terms of ωt. So above equation can
be rewritten as
[ ]
Vm −ωt
i(ωt) = sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e ωτ (29)
Z
This is valid for only positive half cycle because of diode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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The important aspect is that diode conducts longer than π rad i.e., during
a portion of negative half cycle.
However, the circuit follows KVL. It is because the inductor voltage is
negative for decreasing current (VL = Ldi/dt).
The current becomes zero when diode turns off. The value of ωt that
results in zero current is called extinction angle β. So (29) becomes
[ ]
Vm −β
i(β) = sin(β − θ) + sin(θ)e ωτ =0 (30)
Z
This reduces to −β
sin(β − θ) + sin(θ)e ωτ = 0 (31)
 [ ]
 Vm −ωt/ωτ
i(ωt) = Z sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e for 0 ≤ ωt ≤ β
(32)

0 β ≤ ωt ≤ 2π
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The average power absorbed by the load is I2rms R because average power
absorbed by inductor is zero. Negative portion in output voltage reduces
the average voltage available.
The rms value of the current is determined from the current function of
(32) √ √
∫ 2π ∫ β
1 2
1
Irms = i (ωt)d(ωt) = i2 (ωt)d(ωt) (33)
2π 0 2π 0
Average current is
∫ β
1
Io = i(ωt)d(ωt) (34)
2π 0
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UCHWR | Resistive-Inductive load simulation
Figure: Simulation results of a HWR in PSIM
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KVL is satisfied for the conduction duration. When the conduction stops,
all the input voltage is blocked by diode and can be seen here.
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all the input voltage is blocked by diode and can be seen here.
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Figure: Effect of inductance Figure: Effect of resistance
Ref: Network Analysis by Van Valkenburg
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CHWR | Resistive-Inductive load
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The analysis is similar like a diode based system.
Current is sum of forced and natural response.
Vm
sin(ωt − θ) + Ae−ωt/ωτ
i(ωt) = if (ωt) + in (ωt) = (35)
Z
This is a general solution. To make it particular, initial condition is applied
i.e., i(α)=0
Vm
i(α) = 0 = sin(ωt − θ) + Ae−α/ωτ (36)
Z
[ ]
Vm
A= − sin(α − θ) = eα/ωτ (37)
Z
After substituting this and simplifying
 [ ]
 Vm
Z sin(ωt − θ) − sin(α − θ)e for α ≤ ωt ≤ β
(α−ωt)/ωτ
i(ωt) = (38)

0 otherwise
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The extinction angle β is defined as the angle at which the current
remains to zero. When ωt = β,
[ ]
Vm
i(β) = 0 = sin(β − θ) − sin(α − θ)e (α−β)/ωτ )
(39)
Z
This angle β − α is called the conduction angle γ.
The average (dc) output voltage is
∫ β
1 Vm
Vo = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) = (cosα − cosβ) (40)
2π α 2π
Current waveshape is different and therefore, the average current is
∫ β
1
Io = i(ωt)d(ωt) (41)
2π α
Power absorbed by the load is I2rms R, and
√
∫ β
1
Irms = i2 (ωt)d(ωt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (42)
. . . .
2π α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHWR | Resistive-Inductive load simulation
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Figure: Simulation
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) setup in PSIM
Week 05 Resources February 7, 2019 25 / 31
CHWR | Resistive-Inductive load simulation
Figure: Simulation results of a CHWR in PSIM
Input is 220V at 50 Hz. R=12 and L=60m. Firing angle is 45◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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all the input voltage is blocked by SCR and can be seen in the bottom
most graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Example 3-2 UCHWR-RL
For the half-wave rectifier of R=100Ω, L=0.1H, ω=377 rad/s, and
Vm =100 V. Determine (a) current expression (b) the average current, (c)
the rms current, (d) the power absorbed by the RL load, and (e) the power
factor.
Solution:
For this circuit following parameters are calculated
Z = [R2 + (ωL)2 ]0.5 = 106.9 (43)
θ = tan−1 (ωL/R) = 20.7◦ = .361rad (44)

ωt = (ωL/R) = .377rad (45)
Using (32) the current expression can be obtained
i(ωt) = 0.936sin(ωt − 0.361) + 0.331e−ωt/0.377 = 0 (46)
Calculation of beta require some root-finding program and is equal to

3.5rad or 201◦ . .
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Example 3-2 UCHWR-RL
Average current is determined from (34)
∫ 3.5
1
Io = [0.936sin(ωt−0.361)+0.331e−ωt/0.377 ]d(ωt) = 0.308A (47)
2π 0
The rms current is calculated from (33)
√
∫ 3.5
1
Irms = [0.936sin(ωt − 0.361) + 0.331e−ωt/0.377 ]2 d(ωt) = 0.474A
2π 0
(48)
The power absorbed by the resistor is
P = I2rms R = (0.474)2 (100) = 22.4W (49)
Note that average power absorbed by the inductor is zero.
Power factor is given by
P 22.4
pf = P/S = = √ = 0.67 (50)
Vs,rms Is,rms (100/ 2)0.474 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Example 3-11 CHWR-RL
For the half-wave controlled rectifier of R=20Ω, L=0.04H, and Vrmw =120
V at 60Hz. Determine (a) current expression (b) the average current, (c)
the power absorbed by the RL load, and (d) the power factor.
Solution:
For this circuit following parameters are calculated
Z = [R2 + (ωL)2 ]0.5 = 25.0Ω (51)
−1 ◦
θ = tan (ωL/R) = 20.7 = 0.646rad (52)
ωt = (ωL/R) = 0.754rad (53)
π
α = (45◦ ) × = 0.785rad (54)
180
Using (38) the current expression can be obtained
i(ωt) = 6.78sin(ωt − 0.646) − 2.67e−ωt/0.754 (55)
The above equation is valid from α to β. β is found numerically by setting
above equation to zero and solving for β. Conduction angle is
β − α=3.01rad=172◦ .
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Example 3-11 CHWR-RL
Average current is determined from (41)
∫ 3.79
1
Io = [6.78sin(ωt − 0.646) − 2.67e−ωt/0.754 ]d(ωt) = 2.19A (56)
2π 0.785
To find power, the rms current is calculated
√
∫ 3.79
1
Irms = [6.78sin(ωt − 0.646) − 2.67e−ωt/0.754 ]2 d(ωt) = 3.26A
2π 0.785
(57)
The power absorbed by the resistor is
P = I2rms R = (3.26)2 (20) = 213W (58)
Note that average power absorbed by the inductor is zero.
Power factor is given by
P 213
pf = P/S = = = 0.54 (59)
Vs,rms Is,rms (120)(3.26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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EE-434 Power Electronics

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

1 Half-Wave Rectifiers (HWR)

Figure: Circuit diagram

Figure: Key waveforms

Using (1) and Ohm’s law, the current is given as

The rectifier output can be controlled by using an SCR or any other

At ωt = α, the gate signal is applied.

Using (6), the above equation can be modified as

Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40 V across a 100Ω

(c) The rms voltage across the resistor is

Figure: Circuit diagram

Industrial loads are mostly RL

i(t) = steady + transient = forced + naturalresponse (20)

The forced response is the steady state response and is given as

where, τ is time constant and is given as L/R. If the value of A is

This is valid for only positive half cycle because of diode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure: Simulation results of a HWR in PSIM

Figure: Simulation results of a HWR in PSIM

Figure: Simulation results of a HWR in PSIM

Figure: Effect of inductance Figure: Effect of resistance

Ref: Network Analysis by Van Valkenburg

Figure: Circuit diagram

Figure: Simulation results of a CHWR in PSIM

Input is 220V at 50 Hz. R=12 and L=60m. Firing angle is 45◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z = [R2 + (ωL)2 ]0.5 = 106.9 (43)

θ = tan−1 (ωL/R) = 20.7◦ = .361rad (44)

i(ωt) = 0.936sin(ωt − 0.361) + 0.331e−ωt/0.377 = 0 (46)

Calculation of beta require some root-finding program and is equal to

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