Fan and Air System

Applications Handbook
AMCA International

Publication 200 Publication 201 Publication 202 Publication 203

Air Systems Fans and Systems Troubleshooting Field Performance
Measurements of
Fan Systems
Forward
Publication 200
Air Systems
Air Systems is intended
to provide basic
information needed to
design effective and
energy efficient air
systems. Discussion
is limited to systems
where there is a clear
separation of the fan
inlet and outlet and does
not cover applications in
which fans are used only
to circulate air in an open
space.
• System Pressure
Losses
• Fan Performance
Characteristics
• System Effect
• System Design
Tolerances
Publication 201 Publication 202 Publication 203
Fans and Systems Troubleshooting Field Performance
Measurements of Fan
Systems
Fans and Systems Troubleshooting is
is aimed primarily at intended to help identify
the designer of the air and correct problems Field Performance
moving system and with the performance Measurements of
discusses the effect and operation of the air Fan Systems reviews
on inlet and outlet moving system after the various problems
connections of the fan’s installation. AMCA 201 of making field
performance. System and AMCA 203 are measurements and
Effect Factors, which companion documents. calculating the actual
must be included in the performance of the fan
basic design calculations, and system. AMCA
are listed for various 201 and AMCA 202 are
configurations. AMCA companion documents.
202 and AMCA 203 are
companion documents.
• Fan Testing and Rating • System Checklist • Acceptance Tests
• The Fan “Laws” • Fan Manufacturer’s • Test Methods and
Analysis Instruments
• Air Systems
• Master Troubleshooting • Precautions
• Fan and System Appendices
Interaction • Limitations and
Expected Accuracies
• System Effect Factors
• Calculations
Review Committee

These members contributed to the final review of the publications contained in this
Fan Application Manual.

Tom Berger Pace Company, Division of York International

Rick Bursh Illinois Blower, Inc.
Patrick Chinoda Hartzell Fan, Inc.
Narsaiah Dasa TLT-Babcock, Inc.
Gerald P. Jolette AMCA Staff
Robert L. Lanier Phelps Fan Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Tung Nguyen Emerson Ventilation Products
Sutton G. Page Austin Air Balancing Corp.
Scott Phillips The New York Blower Company
Neil H. Rutherford Delhi Industries, Inc.
Jack E. Saunders Barry Blower/Snyder General Corp.
Paul R. Saxon AMCA International
Erling Schmidt Novenco, Inc.
Mark Schultz American Fan Company
William Smiley The Trane Company
James L. Smith Aerovent, Inc.
Charles R. Voss Phelps Fan Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Robert H. Zaleski Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Corp.
Disclaimer

This manual has been prepared by the Air Movement

and Control Association, Inc. The information
contained in this manual has been derived from many
sources and is believed to e accurate. Please note
that the recommendations contained herein do not
necessarily represent the only methods or procedures
appropriate for the situation discussed, but rather are
inteded to present consensus opinions and practices
of the air movement and control industry which may
be helpful, or of interest to those who design, test,
install, operate or maintain fan-duct systems. Thus,
AMCA disclaimes any and all warranties, expressed
or implied, regarding the accuracy of the information
contained in this maual and further disclaims any
liability for the use or misuse of this information. AMCA
does not guarantee, certify or assure the performance
of any fan-duct system designed, tested, installed,
operated or maintained on the basis of the information
provided in this manual.

Air Movement and Control Association International,

Inc. will consider and decide all written complaints
regarding its standards, certification programs, or
interpretations thereof. For information on procedures
for submitting and handling complaints, write to:

Air Movement and Control Association International

30 West University Drive
Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.

or

AMCA International, Incorporated

c/o Federation of Environmental Trade Associations
2 Waltham Court, Milley Lane, Hare Hatch
Reading, Berkshire
RG10 9TH United Kingdom
Table of Contents

Publication 200
Air Systems

1 Introduction
3 Symbols and Subscripts
4 Properties of Air
5 Airflow
13 The Flow System
34 System Design and Tolerances
40 Annex A — SI / I-P Conversion Table
41 Annex B — Standard Atmospheric Data Versus Altitude Charts
43 Annex C — Psychrometric Density Tables
47 Annex D — Friction Charts
49 Annex E — Air Density Correction Factor Charts

Publication 201
Fans and Systems

51 Introduction
51 Symbols and Subscripts
51 Fan Testing
54 Fan Ratings
63 Catalog Performance Tables
66 Air Systems
74 System Effect Factor (SEF)
79 Outlet System Effect Factors
88 Inlet System Effect Factors
99 Effects of Factory Supplied Accessories 49
102 Annex A. — SI / I-P Conversion Table (Informative)
103 Annex B. — Dual Fan Systems - Series and Parallel
106 Annex C. — Definitions and Terminology
113 Annex D. — Examples of the Convertibility of Energy from Velocity Pressure
to Static Pressure
120 Annex E. — References
Table of Contents (continued)

Publication 202
Troubleshooting

122 Introduction
122 Procedure for Troubleshooting
122 Safety Precautions
122 System Checklist
128 Fan Manufacturer’s Analysis
130 Conclusion
131 Annex A. Noise
134 Annex B. Insufficient Airflow
136 Annex C. Airflow High
137 Annex D. Static Pressure Wrong
139 Annex E — Power High
140 Annex F — Fan Does Not Operate
141 Annex G — Premature Failure
142 Annex H — Vibration

Publication 203
Field Performance Measurement of Fan Systems

145 Introduction
145 Scope
145 Types of Field Tests
146 Alternatives to Conducting Field Tests
146 System Effect Factors
146 Fan Performance
146 Referenced Planes
147 Symbols and Subscripts
147 Fan Flow Rate
152 Fan Static Pressure
156 Fan Power Input
158 Fan Speed
158 Densities
Table of Contents (continued)

159 Conversion Calculations

160 Test Preparation
161 Precautions
161 Typical Fan-System Installations
165 Annex A — Field Test Examples
241 Annex B — Pitot-Static Tubes
242 Annex C — Double Reverse Tube
243 Annex D — Pitot-Static Tube Holder
244 Annex E — Static Pressure Tap
245 Annex F — Pitot-Static Tube Connections
246 Annex G — Manometer Data
248 Annex H — Distribution of Traverse Points
250 Annex J — Instrumentation Characteristics
252 Annex K — Phase Current Method for Estimating the Power Output of Three
Phase Fan Motors
254 Annex L — Estimated Belt Drive Loss
256 Annex M — Density Determinations
260 Annex N — Density Charts and Tables
269 Annex P — Diffusion at Fan Outlets
270 Annex R — Diffusion at Fan Outlets
274 Annex S — Typical Format for Field Test Data
275 Annex T — Uncertainties Analysis
Air Systems
1. Introduction
An air system is any assembly of ducts, filters,
conditioning devices, dampers, louvers, fans, etc.,
the main purpose of which is to move air from one
place to another in a controlled fashion. Most air
systems draw air from one space and discharge it
into another.
Air systems are often required to operate
satisfactorily in a wide range of environmental
conditions. The conditions which will be encountered
must be considered in the design of the ducts, pipes,
etc., which will contain the airflow and constitute the
boundary of the system.
1.1 Air system components
A typical air system may contain one or more of the
following (see Figure 1):
a) System inlet
b) Distribution system
c) Fan
d) Control device
e) Conditioning device
f) System outlet
1.1.1 System inlet. An air system usually includes
devices such as louvers, filters, screens, guards,
grilles, etc., where the air enters the system. These
are used for safety reasons as well as to inhibit the
entry of rain, dust, and other unwanted matter. Their
appearance may be important as they are usually
visible on the exterior of a structure.
1.1.2 Distribution system. Most air systems are
made up of ducts specially designed and constructed
to convey air from the system inlet(s) to the system
outlet(s). In some cases, enclosed spaces in the
structure such as plenums above ceilings or holes in
walls may be used to confine and direct the flow.
1.1.3 Fan. Understanding the design and opera-tion
of air systems begins with an understanding of the
various types of fans, their performance
characteristics, and their applications.
200
A fan is required in order to produce the pressure
differential which results in the flow of air through a
system. The fan must be carefully selected to meet
the specified airflow and pressure for proper system
operation. Different fan designs produce different
pressure-volume and fan power relationships, which
are critical to air system operation. Refer to Figure
4.2, AMCA Publication 201-90.
1.1.4 Control devices. In many air systems it is
necessary to regulate and control the flow through
the system in response to some monitoring signal,
usually temperature or pressure. It may be also
necessary to regulate the flow in the individual
branches of the system. Control devices such as
dampers function by controlling the amount of airflow.
In some cases, the output of the fan can be varied by
other methods (variable speed motor, variable inlet
vanes, variable pitch impeller, etc.)
1.1.5 Conditioning device. Most air systems are
designed to take air from the inlet and change its
condition before discharging it at the outlet. Changes
may include the temperature, humidity, pressure,
contaminant level and cleanliness, etc., of the air.
Many conditioning devices require outside energy
sources, for example, heating and cooling coils; other
components such as filters are passive devices and
have no external energy connection. All conditioning
devices increase the pressure drop across the
system and this effect must be considered in the
selection of the fan.
1.1.6 System outlet. An air system usually includes
a special component at the termination of the system
or at the end of each of the system's branches, such
as a simple screen or louver. In many cases the
distribution of the air at the outlet to the receiving
space is very important, e.g., in an occupied air
conditioned room. These systems require carefully
selected outlets and diffusing devices to achieve
desirable air motion and temperature conditions in
the conditioned space. Typical devices are ceiling
diffusers and grilles. In some cases these may
incorporate control devices such as dampers and
mixing boxes.
 FAN MAIN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DUCT)

SYSTEM
INLET

COIL BRANCH
DUCT
FILTER

LOUVER
DAMPER
DIFFUSER

SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM

OUTLET OUTLET OUTLET

Figure 1 - Typical Air System

2 | Air Systems
2. Symbols and Subscripts

2.1 Symbols and subscripted symbols

Symbol Description SI (I-P)

A Area m2 (ft2)
Ae Area-Orifice Equivalent to System m2 (ft2)
Ao Area-Nozzle with no loss m2 (ft2)
ah Absolute Humidity kg/m3 (lb/ft3)
C Dynamic Loss Coefficient Dimensionless
Cd Coefficient of Discharge Dimensionless
Cn Coefficient of Nozzle Discharge Dimensionless
c Speed of Sound m/s (ft/s)
D Duct Diameter and Equivalent Diameter m (ft)
E System Resistance Curve Dimensionless
ε Absolute Surface Roughness Height m (ft)
f Friction Coefficient Dimensionless
g Gravity m/s2 (ft/s2)
γ Ratio of Specific Heats Dimensionless
K System Effect Factor (System) Dimensionless
L Length m (ft)
μ Air Viscosity, Absolute N-s/m2 (lbm/ft-s)
∆P Pressure Differential Pa (in. wg)
P Pressure Pa (in. wg)
Ps Static Pressure Pa (in. wg)
Psx Static Pressure at Plane x Pa (in. wg)
Pt Total Pressure Pa (in. wg)
Ptx Total Pressure at Plane x Pa (in. wg)
Pv Velocity Pressure Pa (in. wg)
p Atmospheric Pressure Pa (in. Hg)
Q Airflow Rate m3/s (cfm)
Qx Airflow Rate at Plane x m3/s (cfm)
R Gas Constant J/kg-K (ft-lb/lbm-°R)
Re Reynolds Number Dimensionless
rh Relative Humidity % (%)
ρ Air Density kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)
ρx Air Density at Plane x kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)
SEF System Effect Factor (Fan) Pa (in. wg)
SR System Resistance Factor m-4 (ft-4)
sh Specific Humidity (_/_ dry air) kg/kg dry air (lb/lb) dry air
t Temperature °C (°F)
td Dry-Bulb Temperature °C (°F)
tw Wet-Bulb Temperature °C (°F)
V Average Velocity m/s (ft/min)
v Velocity - At any Point m/s (ft/min)
Y Expansion Factor Dimensionless
Z Altitude m (ft)
~ Is Proportional to Dimensionless

2.2 Subscripts

Subscript Definition Subscript Definition

a Element a n Reference to Nozzle

b Element b O Plane of System Outlet
c Element c - Combined x Plane 0, 1, 2,...as appropriate
d Discharge x,x' Between Planes x and x'
E Plane of System Entry 1 Plane of Fan Inlet
F Fan 2 Plane of Fan Discharge
3. Properties of Air
Atmospheric air is a mixture of several gases, water
vapor, and impurities. The relative amounts of the
important constituents for dry, sea level air are given
in Table 3.1. This table may be considered
representative of air at any altitude.
Table 3.1 - Dry Air Composition, Fraction
Component Volume Weight
Nitrogen 0.7809 0.7552
Oxygen 0.2095 0.2315
Argon 0.0093 0.0128
Carbon Dioxide 0.0003 0.0004
Also slight traces of neon, hydrogen, helium,
krypton, ozone and others
Although the gas composition of air can be
considered essentially constant, the amount of water
vapor contained in the air can vary greatly. The
properties of moist air are dependent upon the
relative amount of water vapor and dry air, therefore,
in defining the properties of moist air, this relative
amount must be defined (see Section 3.1.5
Humidity).
The impurities in the air are of various forms, but
basically can be divided into two categories: a)
particulates which can be either solid or liquid, and b)
mixtures, which can be either gas or vapor. The
distribution of these impurities is not uniform on an
atmospheric scale, but can be considered uniform for
the purposes of air system design. Since air is a
mixture of several gases, the behavior of air under
varying conditions can be best understood by first
reviewing the behavior of pure gases.
3.1 Properties of gases
A gas may be defined as a compressible substance
which has no free surfaces and occupies all portions
of its container. The important properties of an ideal
gas are listed below.
3.1.1 Density. The density of a gas is defined as the
total mass of the molecules in a unit volume. In the SI
system density is given in kilograms per cubic meter
(kg/m3); in the I-P system, density is given in pounds
per cubic foot (lbm/ft3).
For purposes of uniformity, standard air has been
defined as air with a density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075
lbm/ft3) and an absolute viscosity of 18.19 × 10-6
4 | Air Systems
N-s/m2 (1.222 × 10-5 lbm/ft-s). This is substantially
equivalent to air at a temperature of 20°C (68°F),
50% relative humidity, and a barometric pressure of
101 kPa (29.92 inches mercury) at sea level. The
ratio of specific heats, (γ), is taken to be 1.4, which is
the expected value for a perfect diatomic gas.
The temperature and barometric pressure of
atmospheric air vary widely with weather conditions
and geographical location, most noticeably altitude.
In order to simplify design, standard atmospheric
conditions have been defined which give the variation
of atmospheric pressure, temperature, and,
therefore, density with altitude. Annex B lists these
variations.
3.1.2 Pressure
In an air system, pressure is the force exerted by the
air molecules on the surfaces which make up the
system. Since air molecules are always in motion,
they continuously collide with other air molecules or a
solid surface. All these collisions are considered to be
perfectly elastic and, in the case when a molecule
strikes a surface, the surface experiences a force
equal and opposite to the time rate of change of
momentum of the rebounding molecule. This force
causes the gas to exert an overall pressure on an
immersed body and this force per unit area is
referred to as the pressure. In air system work, the
units of pressure are given in terms of force per unit
area. The unit of measure for pressure in the SI
system is the Pascal (Pa); in the I-P system the units
are inches of water gauge (in. wg).
3.1.3 Temperature
3.1.3.1 Thermal relationships
The kinetic energy of gas molecules increases with
increasing temperature. The important effects of this
fact are stated in Boyle's Law and Charles' Law,
which state that the volume of a perfect gas varies
inversely with absolute pressure and directly with
absolute temperature, respectively. The total effect is
more properly stated by the equation of state:
PV = mRT Eq. 3.1-1
or
P = ρRT Eq. 3.1-2
Where:
P = Pressure
V = Volume
m = mass
R = Gas Constant
T = Absolute Temperature
ρ = m/V = density
In the design of most air systems, it is acceptable to
assume that the gas is incompressible, therefore, the
air density may be considered constant, and
therefore, the absolute pressure and absolute
temperature are directly proportional.
3.1.3.2 Dry-bulb, wet-bulb and dew point
temperature. Unless otherwise specified, the
temperature of an air-water vapor mixture is that
temperature which is indicated by an ordinary or dry-
bulb thermometer. This dry-bulb temperature is the
temperature of both the air and the water vapor in the
mixture. The wet-bulb temperature may be
determined by exposing a wetted bulb in a moving
air-water vapor mixture until equilibrium is obtained.
The wet-bulb temperature will be lower than the dry-
bulb temperature as long as evaporation continues. If
no evaporation is possible, the mixture is saturated
and the wet and dry-bulb temperatures for this
condition will be identical. The dew point temperature
of an air-water vapor mixture is the saturation
temperature corresponding to the absolute humidity
of the mixture. The dew point temperature may also
be considered as that temperature at which
condensation begins when the mixture is gradually
cooled.
3.1.4 Viscosity. A non-perfect gas, such as air, is
capable of exerting a force parallel to the surface of a
body which is moving with respect to the gas. The
magnitude of the force parallel to the surface is used
to define an important property of non-perfect gases
- viscosity. The effects of viscosity on the behavior of
real gases cause resistance to flow; the resistance is
proportional to the velocity gradients which exist in
the gas. The absolute viscosity (µ) is defined as the
shearing stress for a unit rate of change of velocity.
The absolute viscosity has units of newton-sec per
meter squared (N-s/m2) in the SI system and pound
mass per foot-second (lbm/ft-s) using I-P units.
3.1.5 Humidity. The density of atmospheric air is
also a function of the humidity. Although the change
in density due to a change in humidity is not large, it
is often significant and air system designers should
be aware of these changes. Remember that
increasing humidity lowers the density since water
vapor is lighter than dry air. The density of saturated
air for various barometric and hygrometric conditions
is shown in Annex C.
Partially saturated air contains vapor that is
superheated, that is, the temperature of the mixture
and, therefore, that of the vapor is higher than the
saturation temperature for the existing vapor
pressure.
The relative humidity (rh) of an air-water vapor
mixture is defined as the ratio of the vapor pressure
existing compared to the vapor pressure at saturation
for the same dry-bulb temperature. This is also equal
to the ratio of the mole fractions under the same
condition. Relative humidity is always expressed as a
percent.
Specific humidity (sh) is the actual mass (weight) of
the water vapor existing per unit mass (unit weight) of
dry air or gas. Absolute humidity (ah) may be
expressed in kilograms (pounds) of water vapor per
cubic meter (cubic foot) of mixture. The humidity of
an air-water vapor mixture is often expressed by
giving either relative humidity or a wet-bulb
depression.
4. Airflow
The flow of any fluid between two points is caused by
the existence of a pressure differential between the
two points. It is the purpose of this section to explain
the parameters that may affect the flow of a gas
between two points.
4.1 Flow conditions
Most air systems are designed in the incompressible
range. Where compressibility is a factor, Mach
number and Reynolds number must be considered.
The magnitude of these parameters gives an
indication of the effects which can be expected from
the deviations in the non-perfect gas behavior from
that of a perfect gas.
4.1.1 Mach number. Mach number, for our purposes
here, is the ratio of the velocity of an airstream to the
speed of sound in that airstream.
Mach number = V/c
Where:
V = velocity of air, m/s (ft/s)
c = speed of sound in air, m/s (ft/s)
The speed of sound is a function of temperature and
is the speed at which very small pressure
disturbances are propagated throughout the gas. The
speed of sound is proportional to the square root of
the absolute temperature, and for standard air is
approximately 345 m/s (1130 ft/s). If the Mach
number is small and no large static pressure changes
are introduced by mechanical means, the flow may
be considered incompressible, that is, the density is
everywhere constant. Air can be considered
incompressible if the fan total pressure rise is less
than 2980 Pa (12 in. wg).
Air Systems | 5
4.1.2 Reynolds number. The ratio of the inertia force friction drag, and, for streamlined bodies closely
to the viscous force caused by changes in velocity aligned with the flow, represents the entire drag force.
within the fluid element is known as the Reynolds For blunt bodies, which may be streamlined bodies at
number. large angles to the flow, profile drag exists. Profile
drag is caused by the inability of the flow, due to its
viscous effects, to follow the body shape. The
⎛ρ⎞
Re = DV ⎜ ⎟ Eq. 4.1-1A SI inability to follow the body shape creates a wake of
⎝μ⎠ very turbulent flow which in effect creates the profile
⎛ ρ ⎞ drag force. These wake effects are the predominant
Re = DV ⎜ ⎟ Eq. 4.1-1A I-P cause of flow losses in systems.
⎝ 60 μ ⎠
⎛ DV ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
⎝ γ ⎠

For standard air:

Re = 65970.3DV Eq. 4.1-1B SI

Figure 4A - Skin Friction Drag
Re = 102.3DV Eq. 4.1-1B I-P

Where:

D = Any convenient reference dimension, m (ft)

V = Velocity, m/s (ft/min)
μ = Absolute viscosity, N-s/m2 (lbm/ft-s)
γ = Kinematic viscosity, m2/s (ft2/s)
ρ = Density, kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)

For flow about immersed bodies, D is normally taken

as the length of body in the direction of flow. In ducted
flow, D is normally taken as the diameter of the duct;
in unducted flow, D is normally taken as the diameter
of the opening through which the flow passes.
For a fan, D is equal to the impeller tip diameter and
is only proportional to conventional Reynolds
numbers. The Reynolds number provides a
convenient non-dimensional means of comparing
two flows.
4.2 Flow about immersed bodies
If a solid body is immersed in a flowing stream of a
gas, the direction of flow of the gas will be parallel to
the surface of the solid body. The changes in the
direction of the molecules close to the body exert
forces on the body which when taken over the entire
body, are perpendicular to the direction of the gas
flow.
A non-perfect gas will also exert a force parallel to the
direction of the velocity, due to the viscosity of the
gas. This force, usually called drag, is due to two
effects. The first is the shearing force set up within
the molecules of the gas resulting from the molecules
decelerating from the gas velocity to zero velocity
when in contact with the body. This is called skin
Figure 4B - Profile Drag
Figures 4A and 4B illustrate skin friction drag and
profile drag.
4.3 Ducted flow
When air flows through a duct of constant cross-
section, the average velocity remains constant and is
parallel to the center line of the duct. Due to friction,
the velocity at the duct wall is zero and the average
velocity profile can be defined as either of two
conditions:
a) Laminar Flow: Flow in which the air velocity
vectors are parallel to the duct wall. This type of
flow is described as smooth.
b) Turbulent Flow: Flow in which air velocity vectors
at various points across the duct are at various
angles, up to and including reverse flow.
Except for extremely low air velocities, laminar flow
does not exist and all duct flow involving air can be
considered to be in the transition region between
laminar and fully turbulent flow. The transfer of
energy from the high velocity section in the center of

6 | Air Systems
the duct to the low velocity section near the duct wall
causes a marked resistance to the flow. This
resistance varies linearly with the length of the duct
and approximately with the square of the average
velocity in the duct. The resistance is also a function
of the Reynolds number of the flow, which is
calculated using the average velocity in the duct, the
duct diameter, and the surface roughness of the duct
wall.
The velocity profiles in a duct system for fully
developed flow will vary depending on whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent and the degree of duct
roughness. Velocity profiles of various flow conditions
are shown in Figure 4C.
The absolute velocity of the air stream will vary
substantially over the cross-sectional duct area, but
for duct systems the velocity used for determining the
velocity pressure is always the average velocity given
by:
V average = Q/A Eq. 4.3-1
Where:
V = Velocity, m/s (ft/min)
Q = Flow rate, m3/s (cfm)
A = Area of the cross-section where the flow occurs,
m2 (ft2)
The duct velocity profiles shown in Figure 4C are
uniform along the length of the duct and symmetrical
around the center line. Where there are disturbances
in the ducts, such as turns, expansion or contraction,
etc., the velocity profile across the duct can become
very asymmetrical as shown in Figure 4D.
The flow will return to a normal velocity profile after a
disturbance if there is sufficient length of straight duct
to allow the velocity distribution to regain uniformity. A
minimum of 2½ equivalent duct diameters of straight
duct is required to attain a normal velocity profile for
velocities of 12.7 m/s (2500 ft/min) or less. Add one
duct diameter for each additional 5.08 m/s (1000
ft/min). See AMCA Publication 201-90, Fans and
Systems.
4.4 System losses
The losses in total pressure for flow through a system
are caused by two factors: friction losses due to
viscosity as the air flows along the surface of ducts
and other system elements, and dynamic losses
due to the turbulent wake caused by changes in
direction and separation of the flow around obstructions.
In addition to the losses in total pressure in a system
caused by friction losses and dynamic losses, there
are losses due to System Effects.
System Effects occur because of the differences
between the fan inlet and outlet connections to the
installed system and the standardized connections
used in laboratory tests to obtain fan performance
ratings. AMCA Publication 201, Fans and Systems,
gives specific details on System Effects related to
fans. System Effects related to series system
elements are covered further in Section 4.5 of this
publication.
4.4.1 Duct friction losses. In the normal range of air
systems for HVAC and industrial applications, the
flow falls into the transition region between laminar
flow and complete turbulent flow. In this region the
losses due to friction are a function of Reynolds
number and the relative roughness of the duct wall.
The pressure loss in the transition region will vary at
slightly less than the square of the velocity. The
pressure loss due to friction for flow in ducts may be
calculated from the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
∆Pt = f(L/D) Pv Eq. 4.4-1
Where:
∆Pt = Total pressure loss due to friction, Pa (in. wg)
f = Friction factor, dimensionless
L = Length of duct, m (ft)
D = Diameter of pipe, m (ft)
Pv = Velocity pressure, Pa (in. wg)
In the transition flow range, the value of the friction
factor cannot be calculated directly. It can be
obtained from the Moody diagram or by iterative
solution of the Colebrook equation. See the ASHRAE
Handbook: Fundamentals, chapter on Duct Design,
for a more complete discussion of duct friction losses.
The Moody diagram, Figure 4E, shows the
relationship of the friction factor, Reynolds number
and duct roughness (ε) in meters (feet). Most
applications are in the transition region between
laminar and full turbulent flow conditions.
Using duct friction charts (see Annex D) is the most
common method of determining friction losses.
These charts are based on ducts having average
roughness and standard air density. Correction
factors must be applied for ducts having different
roughness, and for variations in air density and
viscosity.
Air Systems | 7
 r LAMINAR
TURBULENT

SMOOTH Re = 107
SMOOTH Re = 105
ε = 0.03D ROUGH
ε = 0.008D ROUGH
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

v
V
D = Duct Diameter
ε = Duct Roughness
Re = Reynolds Number
v = Velocity at any Point
V = Average Velocity
r = Radius

Figure 4C - Velocity Profiles in a Round Duct for Various

Reynolds Numbers and Duct Roughness

Figure 4D - Changing Velocity Profiles

8 | Air Systems
 0.10

0.09

0.08

0.05
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.03

0.05
0.02

0.015
FULLY ROUGH (EQ 18)
0.04 Eq. (29a)

RELATIVE ROUGHNESS, ε/D

0.010
0.008
FRICTION FACTOR, f

0.006
RO

0.03
UG

0.004
H
W
IT Eq.
H (2
Re 9a
DE )

0.002
PE
N
DE
NC

0.02
E

0.0010
0.0008
Eq. (27) 0.0006

SMOOTH PIPE 0.0004

0.015 Eqs. (28a) and (28b)

0.0002
TRANSITION
LAMINAR TURBULENT
REGION
0.00010

0.00005
0.010

0.009

0.008 0.00001
103 2 3 5 104 2 3 5 105 2 3 5 106 2 3 5 107 2 3 5 108

REYNOLDS NUMBER, Re

Figure 4E - Moody Diagram

Reprinted by permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, from the 1993
ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. (Moody 1944). Values on the chart are the same for both the SI and I-P systems. Equation numbers refer
to equations in the source document.

Air Systems | 9
Loeffler1 has developed simplified equations for the Correction factors for density and viscosity variations
friction factor in the normal range of flow conditions need to be applied for conditions other than standard
found in industrial and HVAC air systems. The air. See Annexes B and E.
equations provide for direct calculation of duct friction
total pressure losses. These equations yield results 4.4.2 Dynamic losses. Dynamic losses occur where
that are accurate within ±5% and are conservative there are changes in velocity or direction in the air
over most of the range of flow. system and are due primarily to the profile drag.
Dynamic losses are proportional to the square of
For aluminum ducts, medium smooth: velocity, and therefore, are proportional to the
velocity pressure.
ε = 0.0000457 m (0.00015 ft)
∆Pt ~ V 2 ~ Pv
⎛ LQ ⎞
1.863
Pt loss = a ⎜ 4.93 ⎟ Dynamic pressure loss data are given in a number of
⎝ D ⎠ forms such as pressure loss for given volume or
Where: velocity, equivalent length of duct, or velocity
pressure multiplier, and is available from
a = 1.764 × 10-2 Eq. 4.4-2 SI manufacturers' data and handbooks such as:
ASHRAE, the Industrial Ventilation Guide and
a = 4.816 × 10-9 Eq. 4.4-2 I-P SMACNA.

For galvanized steel ducts, average: Except at duct exits, dynamic losses occur along
some length and cannot be separated from friction
ε = 0.0001524 m (0.0005 ft) losses. For practical purposes the dynamic losses
are assumed to be concentrated at one point and the
friction losses are included as part of the duct friction.
⎛ LQ1.921 ⎞ Dynamic loss coefficients for duct fittings are based
Pt loss = a ⎜ 5.066 ⎟
⎝ D ⎠ on zero length. For friction loss calculations, the
Where: centerline length of the duct fitting is taken as the
length of the fitting.
a = 1.717 × 10-2 Eq. 4.4-3 SI
4.4.3 Dynamic loss coefficient. There are two
common methods of expressing dynamic losses.
a = 3.534 × 10-9 Eq. 4.4-3 I-P
These are: 1) The equivalent length of duct method,
and 2) the loss coefficient method. The equivalent
For fiberglass ducts or lined ducts, fabric and wire
length of duct method replaces the dynamic loss of
flexible ducts (wire covered with fabric), medium
fittings (elbows, tees, branches, etc.) with a length of
rough,
duct that will have an equivalent loss. The equivalent
length of duct for all of the dynamic losses are added
ε = 0.00091443 m (0.003 ft)
to the straight duct length. A friction chart showing the
loss is then used to determine the total loss in the
⎛ LQ1.965 ⎞ system.
Pt loss = a ⎜ 5.208 ⎟
⎝ D ⎠
The dynamic loss coefficient method is based on the
Where: fact that all losses in a system are functions of the
velocity pressure and can be calculated by a
a = 2.093 × 10-2 Eq. 4.4-4 SI corresponding dynamic loss factor multiplied by the
velocity pressure. These losses are added to the
a = 3.64 × 10-9 Eq. 4.4-4 I-P straight duct friction loss to determine the total loss in
the system.
Where:
The dynamic loss coefficient method is preferred
Pt loss = Total pressure loss, Pa (in. wg) because it is usually quicker and offers the
Q = Flow rate, m3/s (cfm) advantage of faster recalculation when other branch
D = Duct diameter, m (ft) (or equivalent diameter duct sizes are tried.
of rectangular ducts) D equivalent = (4ab/ )0.5
where a and b are the sides in m (ft) Dynamic losses are proportional to the velocity
L = Duct length in m (ft) pressure occurring in the system element and,

10 | Air Systems
therefore, the pressure loss in the fitting can be
related to the velocity pressure by use of a dynamic
loss coefficient.
The dynamic loss coefficient Co is defined as:
Co = ∆Pt/Pvo
Where:
Co = Dynamic loss coefficient, reference to section
o, dimensionless
∆Pt = Dynamic pressure loss, Pa (in. wg)
Pvo = Velocity pressure at section o, Pa (in. wg)
The coefficient relates the pressure loss in the
element to the velocity pressure at a given cross-
sectioned area of the element.
The pressure loss of duct system elements with
known dynamic loss coeffients can be calculated by:
∆Pt = Co Pvo
Where there are changes in area or divided flow in
the fitting, the designer must be careful to use the
proper area as noted in the loss tables for the
determination of the velocity pressure to be used with
the dynamic loss coefficient. The ASHRAE
Handbook: Fundamentals, Chapter on Duct Design,
provides a detailed discussion of the dynamic loss
coefficient and tables for coefficients of many
common duct elements.
4.5 System Effects
Additional losses can occur in air systems because of
the physical relationship of various elements in the
system. These System Effect losses occur because
of the difference between the way the performance of
the element was determined by testing and the way
the element is actually installed in the system.
4.5.1 Fan System Effects. Fan System Effects occur
because of the difference in inlet and outlet
conditions under laboratory test conditions and the
inlet and outlet conditions as the fan is installed in the
system. Detailed information on Fan System Effects
is contained in AMCA Publication 201, Fans and
Systems. The System Effect is accounted for as a
pressure loss which must be included with the other
system losses. The sum of the pressure losses is
then used as the basis for selecting the fan.
1. Loeffler, J. J., Simplified Equations for HVAC Duct Friction Factors, ASHRAE Journal, January, 1980
4.5.2 Element System Effects in series. System
Effects for other air system elements occur when two
or more elements are in close proximity to one
another. Loss coefficients for duct fittings, coils,
filters, dampers, etc., are determined with a sufficient
length of straight duct (normally 10 diameters) ahead
Eq. 4.4-5 of the element to allow for a normally distributed
velocity profile entering the element, and a sufficient
length of straight duct (normally 10 diameters)
downstream from the element to allow a normally
distributed velocity profile to be re-established. When
two elements, such as elbows, or an elbow and a
damper, are placed close together the air entering
the second element will be highly turbulent and
asymmetrical in profile, causing a higher loss than
expected. In addition, any static regain occurring
downstream of the first element would also be lost
when sufficient length of straight duct is not present.
To illustrate System Effects for duct elements, the
loss coefficients for a single 90° elbow and two
elbows in series are shown in Figure 4F.
Eq. 4.4-6
In the case of the two elbows in series, the difference
between twice the loss of the single elbow and the
actual combined loss is the System Effect. The
System Effect varies substantially depending on how
close the two elbows are to each other.
Similar effects can be expected when any system
elements are in close proximity. The amount of the
System Effect will vary over a rather wide range
depending upon the physical characteristics of each
element and their relationship to each other in the
system.
Very little actual data is available on System Effects
of various combinations of system elements, and the
system designer must, of necessity, estimate the
System Effects. The following tables for estimating
System Effects, and Equation 4.5-1, are given as a
guide to the designer. Actual data should be used
whenever it is available.
Cc = (Ca + Cb) K Eq. 4.5-1
Where:
Cc = Loss coefficient of combined elements,
dimensionless
Ca = Loss coefficient of element a, dimensionless
Cb = Loss coefficient of element b, dimensionless
K = System Effect Factor, dimensionless
Air Systems | 11
 ONE ELBOW Figure 4G should be used for elements in series
where the flow is straight through, while Figure 4H
should be used when a turning element (elbow, etc.)
C1 = 1.15* is involved. These tables have been developed on
FLOW the basis of limited data and are intended only as a
guide. Actual System Effects may vary from the
values shown. See sample calculation in Section 5.8

TWO ELBOWS IN SERIES

a b
RESISTANCE
ELEMENTS
C2 = VARIES
FLOW D
L
L
D

L/D .50 1 2 3 4 5 7.5 10

K 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.15 1.1 1.05 1.0

L/D 1.0 2.0 4.0 10.0

From SMACNA Duct Design Manual
C2 Loss
coefficient Figure 4G - Element System Effects for
for two 2.63 4.18 3.08 2.45 Straight Through Flow
elbows in
series**

2 C1 Two
times the
loss
2.30 a
coefficient
of a single
elbow

System b
+0.33 +81.7% +33.98% +6.5%
Effect
14.3% 1.88 0.78 0.15
(Difference)
L

* From I. E. Idelchik, Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance, 3rd

D
Edition, 1993, p.365, Hemisphere Publishing Company.
** ibid, p.375

Figure 4F - System Effect of Duct Elements

L/D .50 1 2 3 4 5 7.5 10

K 1.0 1.08 1.75 1.5 1.30 1.2 1.1 1.0

Figure 4H - Element System Effect for

Turning Elements

12 | Air Systems
5. The Flow System
5.1 Concepts of pressure
The flow of air between two zones (or spaces) is due
to a pressure difference between the two zones. This
pressure difference forces the air to flow from the
high pressure zone to the low pressure zone.
Ductwork is used in most air systems to convey the
air from one zone to another. The quantity of air Q in
m3/s (cfm) that will flow is equal to the cross-sectional
area A of the duct in m2(ft2) times the air velocity V in
m/s (ft/min).
Q = AV Eq. 5.1-1
ρ is equal to the air density in kg/m3 (lbm/ft3), and
standard air density equals 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3).
Pv is always positive and this pressure is always
exerted in the direction of airflow. Air confined within
a duct or a tank, whether in motion or not, creates
another kind of pressure which exerts itself in all
directions at once, including perpendicular to the
walls of the enclosure. This is known as static
pressure Ps. Static pressure is negative when it is
below atmospheric pressure, and positive when
above atmospheric pressure. Total pressure Pt at any
point in an air system is equal to the algebraic sum of
the static pressure Ps and velocity pressure Pv. Pt can
be either positive or negative, depending on its
components.

The air traveling at a given velocity V in m/s (ft/min) Pt = Ps + Pv Eq. 5.1-3

will create a velocity pressure Pv in Pa (in. wg). The
velocity pressure in these terms is: 5.2 Examples of pressures in duct systems

Pv = 0.5ρV2 Eq. 5.1-2A SI Of prime concern in air system design is the

relationship of these pressures internal to the air
Pv = ρ(V/1096)2 Eq. 5.1-2A I-P system. The significance of these pressures can be
demonstrated on the next several pages in Figures
And for standard air: 5A, 5B, and 5C.

Pv = 0.6V2 Eq. 5.1-2B SI

Pv = (V/4005)2 Eq. 5.1-2B I-P

Air Systems | 13
In Figure 5A, the sealed length of duct has a static pressure of 345 Pa (1.39 in. wg) above atmospheric pressure.
Since there is no airflow, velocity pressure is equal to zero. The total pressure Pt can then be calculated according
to equation 5.1-3.
SI I-P
Pt = Ps + Pv Pt = Ps + Pv
= 345 + 0 = 1.39 + 0
= 345 Pa = 1.39 in. wg

TOTAL PRESSURE - STATIC PRESSURE VELOCITY PRESSURE

=
345 Pa (1.39 in. wg) 345 Pa (1.39 in. wg) 0 Pa (0 in. wg)

Figure 5A - Sealed System

14 | Air Systems
In Figure 5B, with the duct open and a fan placed at one end blowing air through the duct, we find both static
pressure and velocity pressure as illustrated by the water gauge. The total pressure is the sum of velocity pressure
and static pressure.

TOTAL PRESSURE - STATIC PRESSURE VELOCITY PRESSURE

=
345 Pa (1.39 in. wg) 97 Pa (0.39 in. wg) 248 Pa (1.00 in. wg)

20.3 m/s
AIRFLOW
(4005 FPM)

In this illustration, the static pressure will be above atmospheric pressure and the total pressure is numerically
greater than either static or velocity pressure.

Figure 5B - Positive Pressure System

Air Systems | 15
In Figure 5C, a fan is placed at the end of the duct and draws air through the duct. In this case, the static pressure
is below atmospheric pressure. In both Figures 5B and 5C, the total pressure rise across the fan is 345 Pa (1.39
in. wg); therefore, the energy used in both systems is equal.

TOTAL PRESSURE STATIC PRESSURE VELOCITY PRESSURE

- =
-97 Pa (-0.39 in. wg) -345 Pa (-1.39 in. wg) 248 Pa (1.00 in. wg)

20.3 m/s
AIRFLOW
(4005 FPM)

Figure 5C - Negative Pressure System

16 | Air Systems
5.3 Conservation of energy Therefore, to simplify Bernoulli's Theorem:

The well known Bernoulli Theorem, frequently used
in the flow of fluids, states the law of conservation of
energy for fluid systems. In its simpler form for
airflow:
(V12/2g) + (P1/ρg) + Z1 = (V22/2g) + (P2/ρg)
+ Z2 + losses1,2
Where:
Vx2/2g= Kinetic energy or velocity pressure (Pv)
Px/ρg = Potential energy or static pressure (Ps)
Zx = The elevation (normally ignored in fan
systems with minimal changes in
elevation) may need to be evaluated when
the system elevation change causes a
noticeable change in air density.
Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps2 + Pv2 + losses1,2 Eq. 5.3-1
Simply stated, the sum of static pressure and velocity
pressure at any point in a flow system is equal to the
sum of static pressure and velocity pressure at any
other point in the system, plus any losses in pressure
occurring between the two points.
Although it is very important to recognize that the
sum of static and velocity pressure remains constant
at any point in the system when disregarding losses,
it is the losses that are of real importance in the
design and function of air moving systems.
To illustrate Bernoulli's Theorem, Figure 5D shows a
typical venturi system commonly used to measure
fluid flow.

Pt PS PV Pt PS PV Pt PS PV

PT. #1 PT. #2 PT. #3 AIRFLOW

Pt Pt
PS
PRESSURE PS
Pa (INCHES W.G.) PV
PV

Figure 5D - Venturi System

Air Systems | 17
For the purposes of illustration, assume this is a
perfect device with no losses. The velocity pressure,
static pressure, and total pressure at each point in the
system are shown on the gauges as well as on the
lower portion of the illustration. Part of the static at
point 1 is converted to velocity pressure as the fluid
is accelerated in the contracted flow area in the neck
of the venturi. At point 2, in the neck of the venturi,
the velocity pressure reaches its maximum and the
static pressure is reduced, but the total pressure
remains constant. As the flow area is gradually
increased to point 3, the velocity is slowed down to
the original velocity and the velocity pressure is
reduced to its original value. The static pressure
increases back to its original value also, while the
total pressure remains constant.
In this illustration, part of the static pressure at point
1 is converted to increased velocity pressure at point
2 and the velocity pressure is then converted back
into static pressure at point 3.
The conversion of the velocity pressure into static
pressure by reducing the velocity is known as static
regain and it is very important to understand this
phenomenon in the design of flow systems.
In air systems, changes in velocity often occur as the
air flows through the various elements comprising the
system. Some total pressure loss will occur any time
the velocity in the system is increased or decreased.
The magnitude of these losses is dependent on the
physical characteristics of the system element in
which the velocity change takes place. Decreases in
velocity occurring at abrupt enlargements in area
result in total pressure losses approaching one
velocity pressure.
Figure 5E illustrates air flowing from a large plenum
through a long radius flow nozzle and discharging to
atmosphere.
POINT 1 POINT 2
Figure 5E - Airflow Through a Nozzle
18 | Air Systems
If the plenum is very large relative to the nozzle
diameter, the velocity in the plenum will approach
zero, so the total pressure at point 1 (Pt1) will be equal
to the static pressure (Ps1). Assuming a perfect fluid
and no losses occurring in the nozzle, the static
pressure in the plenum (point 1) is totally converted
to velocity pressure at the discharge of the nozzle
(point 2).
At point 2, just beyond the discharge end of the
nozzle, the static pressure (Ps2) will be zero (at
atmospheric pressure) and the total pressure (Pt2) will
be equal to the velocity pressure of the air stream.
Applying Bernoulli's Equation for points 1 and 2
gives:
Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps2 + Pv2
Since Pv1 is equal to 0 and Ps2 is equal to 0, the
equation reduces to:
Ps1 = Pv2
In this case, the energy of the static pressure in the
plenum is totally converted to the velocity energy at
the discharge of the nozzle. It should also be noted
that the velocity pressure is totally lost as the
airstream discharges to atmosphere.
Using Equation 5.1-2A (as reduced above) the
relationship between static pressure and the throat
velocity can be established in the above example.
Using this in Equation 5.1-2A gives:
V2 = (2Ps1/ρ2)0.5 Eq. 5.3-2A SI
V2 = 1096(Ps1/ρ2)0.5 Eq. 5.3-2A I-P
Or where: Ps1 = Pv2
Then for standard air, the equations would be:
V2 = 1.29(Ps1)0.5 Eq. 5.3-2B SI
V2 = 4005(Ps1)0.5 Eq. 5.3-2B I-P
The throat velocity pressure would be:
Pv2 = 0.5ρ2V22 Eq. 5.3-3A SI
Pv2 = (V2/1096)2ρ2 Eq. 5.3-3A I-P
Where:
Ps1 = Pv2
Then, for standard air, the equation would be: In practical system design both Cn and Y approach
unity and can normally be neglected. However, these
Pv2 = 0.6V 2 Eq. 5.3-3B SI factors are important when measuring fan
performance in accordance with ANSI/AMCA
Pv2 = (V2/4005)2 Eq. 5.3-3B I-P Standard 210.

In the above example, the quantity of flow would be In Figure 5F, the nozzle is replaced by a sharp edged
dependent on the area of the nozzle discharge and orifice. The flow through the orifice tends to neck
the velocity in the throat as given by the equation: down to a flow area smaller than the orifice diameter.
The point at which the flow area reaches its minimum
Q2 = V2A2 is called the vena contracta. The flow through the
orifice is given by the equation:
Where:
Q = Cd(2Ps/ρ)0.5A Eq. 5.3-6 SI
Q = Airflow rate, m3/s(cfm)
V = Velocity, m/s (ft/min) Q = Cd1096(Ps/ρ)0.5A Eq. 5.3-6 I-P
A = Area, m2 (ft2)
Where:
Substituting for V2 from Equation 5.3-2A and 5.3-2B
gives: A = Area of orifice, m2 (ft2)
Cd = Coefficient of discharge, dimensionless
Q = (2Ps1/ρ2)0.5A2 Eq. 5.3-4A SI
VENA CONTRACTA
Q = 1096(Ps1/ρ2 )0.5A
2 Eq. 5.3-4A I-P

And for standard air:

Q = 1.29(Ps1)0.5A2 Eq. 5.3-4B SI

Q = 4005(Ps1)0.5A2 Eq. 5.3-4B I-P

The flow nozzle in the above illustration is the basis

for airflow measurement in the ANSI/AMCA Standard
210 duct nozzle and chamber nozzle methods of
airflow measurement. The ANSI/AMCA Standard 210
nozzle very closely approaches perfect flow
conditions with almost zero losses. There are,
however, some losses which vary with Reynolds
number as well as the effect of the compressibility of
the gas which must be accounted for. The Equation
5.3-4A must be modified by adding factors for the
losses and compressibility.
The equation of flow becomes:
Q = CnY(2Ps/ρ)0.5A Eq. 5.3-5 SI
Q = CnY1096(Ps/ρ)0.5A 5.3-5 I-P
Where:
Q = Airflow, m3/s (cfm)
Cn = Nozzle coefficient, dimensionless
Y = Expansion factor, dimensionless
A = Area of nozzle, m2 (ft2)
Figure 5F - Airflow Through an Orifice
In this case, the coefficient of discharge (Cd)
accounts for the reduction in flow area of the vena
contracta and losses occurring in the flow system.
The value of the coefficient of discharge is dependent
on the Reynolds number of the flow system. Where
sharp edged orifices are used in the duct system, the
coefficient of discharge is also dependent on the ratio
of orifice diameter to duct diameter.
As in the previous example, all of the velocity
pressure is lost as the airstream discharges to
atmosphere. Where ducts or plenums are used on
the discharge of nozzles or orifices, a portion of the
velocity pressure at the nozzle discharge is regained
as static pressure as the velocity returns to a normal
distribution.

Air Systems | 19
If we plot the flow through these elements versus Resistance Curve (see Figure 5H) the point of
static pressure as shown in Figure 5G, we obtain a operation is at the intersection of the fan performance
squared curve which is typical of flow versus curve and the System Resistance curve.
pressure for any constant system.

SYSTEM
RESISTANCE

PRESSURE
PRESSURE

POINT OF
OPERATION

P = KQ2

FAN PRESSURE
CURVE
FLOW FLOW

Figure 5G - Typical System Resistance Curve Figure 5H - Typical Point of Operation

These curves are called System Resistance curves,
and define the relationship of flow versus pressure
for any system with constant resistance. System
Resistance curves are defined by the following
equations:
Q = (2Ps/ρ)0.5Ae Eq. 5.3-7A SI
5.4 Fan total and static pressure
The flow of a gas through a system of ducts and
various system elements requires energy:
a) To accelerate the air from ambient conditions at
the entry to the system

Q = 1096(Ps/ρ)0.5Ae Eq. 5.3-7A I-P b) To overcome the losses in the system from
friction and system element shock losses
Then for standard air:
c) For the loss of energy dissipated as velocity at
Q = 1.29(Ps )0.5A Eq. 5.3-7B SI the system outlet
e

d) To overcome any static pressure at the entry or

Q = 4005(Ps)0.5Ae Eq. 5.3-7B I-P
outlet of the system
Where: The fan provides this energy by the increase in total
pressure from the fan's inlet to the fan's outlet. The
Q = Airflow, m3/s (cfm) inlet plane of a fan is referred to as Plane 1 and the
Ps = Pressure, Pa (in. wg) outlet plane as Plane 2. The total pressure provided
ρ = Gas density, kg/m3 (lbm/ft3) by the fan is made up of static pressure and velocity
Ae = Area of an orifice having resistance equivalent pressure components.
to the system resistance, m2 (ft2) (equivalent
orifice) The total pressure of a fan is defined as

The System Resistance concept is very useful in PtF = Pt2 - Pt1 Eq. 5.4-1
understanding flow in complete systems or elements
of flow systems. If we add a fan curve to the System Or:

PtF = Ps2 + Pv2 - Ps1 - Pv1 Eq. 5.4-2

20 | Air Systems
The velocity pressure of a fan is defined as:
PvF = Pv2 Eq. 5.4-3
The static pressure of a fan is defined as:
PsF = PtF - PvF Eq. 5.4-4
Fan static pressure, as defined, is a term that is
peculiar to fans and is not consistent with the normal
meaning of static pressure rise. Fan static pressure is
derived from the method of testing fans where the fan
static pressure is equal to gauge static pressure at
the fan discharge when the fan draws air from
surrounding atmosphere through a well shaped inlet.
Special care must be used when using fan static
pressure for purposes of matching the required fan
performance against system total pressure losses.
The relationship of these pressures is covered in
detail for various systems further on in this section.
The static pressure of a fan can also be stated in
several other forms. Substituting Equation 5.4-2 for
the total pressure of the fan in Equation 5.4-4 gives:
PsF = Ps2 + Pv2 - Ps1 - Pv1 - Pv2 Eq. 5.4-5
Simplifying:
PsF = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 Eq. 5.4-6
Since:
Ps1 + Pv1 = Pt1
The equation can be restated as:
PsF = Ps2 - Pt1 Eq. 5.4-7
5.4.1 Fan performance specification. The system
designer should be aware of the effect of the velocity
pressure at the outlet of the system and the velocity
pressure of the fan discharge (plane 2) on the
determination of fan total or static pressure for the
system. The net result of the fan total or static
pressure requirements at a given flow rate for the
system is the fan performance specification, which is
normally stated as flow at a specific static, or total
pressure. This statement of required fan performance
is, in reality, a statement of one point on a system
resistance or equivalent orifice curve, which then
defines the flow and pressure relationship of the
system being designed.
The actual point of operation of the combined fan and
system will be the intersection of the fan performance
curve and the system curve as shown in Figure 5J.
Both static pressure and total pressure curves of the
fan and system resistance are shown. Either set of
curves can be used for the flow rate because the
point of operation is the same. The difference in
pressure at the point of operation between the total
pressure curve and the static pressure curve is the
velocity pressure at the fan discharge (plane 2).
Most fans are rated in terms of static pressure and
flow, however, fans having high discharge velocities
such as vaneaxial fans are quite often rated in terms
of total pressure. Be aware of these different
methods of rating and be certain whether fan static
pressure or fan total pressure was used to determine
the fan selection.
5.4.2 Fan system pressure relationships. Figure
5K shows the relationship of total pressure, static
pressure and velocity pressure for a fan with free inlet
conditions and discharging through a duct against
some system. In this example the fan is shown as
being equipped with a short inlet duct and an inlet
bell. For simplicity's sake it is assumed that there are
no losses at the inlet to the fan.
The total pressure prior to the entry of the fan in
Figure 5K is zero and since it was assumed that there
are no entry losses, the total pressure remains zero
until the flow is acted upon by the fan. As air enters
the fan, its velocity and the pressure due to that
velocity (velocity pressure) increases while static
pressure decreases in direct proportion. (In actual
conditions there will be some entry losses which will
be accounted for in the fan performance rating.)
Referring to Figure 5K, the fan total pressure is equal
to the total pressure at plane 2 minus the total
pressure at plane 1.
PtF = Pt2 - Pt1 Eq. 5.4-8
The fan static pressure is equal to the total pressure
at plane 2 minus the velocity pressure at plane 2.
PsF = Pt2 - Pv2 Eq. 5.4-9
The static pressure of the fan can also be stated as
the static pressure at plane 2 minus the static
pressure at plane 1 minus the velocity pressure at
plane 1.
PsF = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 Eq. 5.4-10
Or, as the static pressure at plane 2 minus the total
pressure at plane 1.
PsF = Ps2 - Pt1 Eq. 5.4-11
Air Systems | 21
The actual static pressure rise across the fan from
plane 1 to plane 2 will be greater than the fan static
pressure by the amount of the velocity pressure at
the fan inlet, plane 1. The difference in the actual
static pressure rise across the fan and the fan static
pressure represents the energy required to
accelerate the air to its entry velocity. This kinetic
energy is retained by the moving air stream until
there is a change in velocity in the system or it is
dissipated at the point of discharge, and as such
does not represent a loss in total pressure until it is
discharged.
5.5 The total system
A fan provides the total pressure to move the air
through a system and the flow rate will reach a point
of equilibrium (point of operation) when the total
pressure provided by the fan equals the total
pressure losses in the system at that flow rate. A
typical system with inlet and discharge resistance is
illustrated in Figure 5L.
Applying Bernoulli's Equation at the point of entry and
the outlet:

The equipment arrangement shown in Figure 5K is PtE = PtO + Pt loss E,O - PtF Eq. 5.5-1
typical of the test conditions for fans in ANSI/AMCA
Standard 210, and is the basis for fan performance Rearranging:
ratings. When fans are tested in accordance with
ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, the inlet and discharge PtF = Pt loss, E,O + PtO - PtE Eq. 5.5-2
conditions are rigidly specified for each test method.
Restating in terms of Ps and Pv:
When a fan is installed in an air system where the
actual entry and exit conditions are different than the PtF = Pt loss E,O + PsO + PvO - PsE - PvE
test conditions, the performance of the fan may be
altered and System Effect factors must be used to
PtF = Pt loss E,O + PvO + (PsO - PsE - PvE) Eq. 5.5-3
account for the altered performance. AMCA
Publication 201, Fans and Systems describes
Substituting from Equation 5.4-4 for PtF :
various System Effects and provides quantitative
data for calculating System Effect losses.

AIRFOIL FAN - SWSI

PvF
PRESSURE

SYSTEM RESISTANCE
(TOTAL PRESSURE) PtF

PsF
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
(STATIC PRESSURE)

VOLUME FLOW RATE

Figure 5J - Constant Speed Performance Curve with System Resistance

22 | Air Systems
PsF = [Pt loss E,O + PvO + (PsO - PsE - PvE)] - PvF is included in the total pressure loss of the discharge
Eq. 5.5-4 element.

Equations 5.5-3 and 5.5-4 are the general statements
of fan total pressure or fan static pressure required
for flow through a system. The Pt loss term is the loss
internal to the system from friction and shock losses.
The PvO term represents the energy loss to the
system contained in the velocity at the outlet of the
system.
In Equation 5.5-4, the items enclosed in large
brackets represent the fan total pressure.
In the normal method of calculating system total
pressure losses, the velocity pressure at the outlet(s)
System total pressure loss = total pressure loss
internal to the system, plus the velocity pressure loss
at the outlet(s) of the system.
The term (PsO - PsE - PvE) represents the change in fan
total pressure or fan static pressure requirements
because of the static pressure conditions existing at
the system entry or outlet and any velocity pressure
present at the system entry. Velocity and velocity
pressure generated by external sources, such as
wind, at the system entry are seldom encountered,
so the PvE term can generally be disregarded.

PLANE 1 PLANE 2 RESISTANCE

ELEMENT
E

ENTRY FLOW OUTLET

0
FAN
PtF = Pt2 - Pt1
PsF = PtF - Pv2

Pt

+ Pv Pt2 = PtF

Ps2 = PsF
Pv1 Pv2
PtE= 0 0
Ps1
_ Ps ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE

Volume Flow Rate m3/sec (cfm)

Figure 5K - Fan with Discharge Resistance

(AMCA Installation Type B)
Air Systems | 23
 RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
ELEMENT PLANE 1 PLANE 2 ELEMENT
E
O
ENTRY FLOW FAN OUTLET

PtF Pv2

ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
Pv Pt2
PvO = PtO
+ Ps2
PtE = 0 0
_
Pt PsF
ABSOLUTE
Ps PRESSURE
Ps1

PtE = PtO + Pt LOSS - PtF Pvt

PtF = Pt LOSS + PvO + (PsO - PsE - PvE)
PsF = [Pt LOSS + PvO + (PsO - PsE - PvE)] - Pv2

Figure 5L - Fan with Inlet and Discharge Resistance

(AMCA Installation Type D)

PLANE 1 PLANE 2
E O
ENTRY OUTLET

FLOW

FAN

Ptf = PvF PtF = PvF + PsF

since
+
PsF = 0
PtF = PvF = Pv2
0

Figure 5M - Fan with No Resistance at Either the Inlet or the Discharge

(AMCA Installation Type A)
24 | Air Systems
 RESISTANCE
E ELEMENT
PLANE 1 PLANE 2

ENTRY FLOW FAN OUTLET

0

ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE Pt FAN PtO = Pv2
Pv

+ Pt
PtE = 0
_
Ps
Ps
Pt1 ABSOLUTE
FAN
PRESSURE
Pv Ps1
PtF = Pt LOSS + PvO
Where:
PsF = Pt LOSS + PvO - Pv2
Pv1
since PvO = Pv2
PsF = Pt LOSS
(Pressure Loss Internal to System)

Figure 5N - Fan with Inlet Resistance

(AMCA Installation Type C)

Air Systems | 25
5.6 Types of fan system PsF = Pt loss + PvO - Pv2 Eq. 5.6-2

There are four basic system Installation Types:
AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE A:
Free Inlet, Free Outlet
In the special case where the velocity pressure at the
outlet is equal to the velocity pressure at the fan
discharge, the fan static pressure will equal the total
pressure loss. If these velocity pressures are different
the fan total pressure and fan static pressure must be
increased or decreased by the amount of the
difference in these velocity pressures.

5.6.3 AMCA Installation Type C: Fan system with

AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE B:
Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet
ducted inlet and free outlet. Figure 5N illustrates a
system with all system losses on the inlet side of the
fan. Since the velocity pressure at the outlet equals
the velocity pressure of the fan discharge and is also
equal to the total pressure at the fan discharge, the
fan static pressure will be equal to the total pressure
losses of the system.

PsF = Pt loss Eq. 5.6-3

AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE C:
Ducted Inlet, Free Outlet
The fan in Figure 5N has a short discharge duct
which is the way ducted fans are normally tested. If a
fan is used at the end of a system and is not
equipped with a 2 to 3 diameter length of duct, the
system effect loss at the discharge must be included
when determining the total pressure loss.

AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE D: Fans designed for use at the end of a system, such
Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet as power roof ventilators, include the loss at the
discharge in the fan ratings and no system effect loss
is needed.

5.6.4 AMCA Installation Type D: Fan system with

Figure 5P - Installation Types
5.6.1 AMCA Installation Type A: Fan system with
free inlet and free outlet. An AMCA Type A
installation covers equipment such as window fans,
panel fans and power roof ventilators. This type of
installation, in which there is no resistance at the fan
inlet or outlet, is shown in Figure 5M. The fan
provides the total pressure necessary to move air to
the velocity at the fan outlet. The total pressure of the
fan for this special case is equal to the fan velocity
pressure Pv2.
5.6.2 AMCA Installation Type B: Fan system with
free inlet and ducted outlet. Figure 5K shows a fan
system with discharge resistance. In this system:
PtF = Pt loss + PvO Eq. 5.6-1
Where:
PsO = Ps1 + Pv1 = 0
And:
ducted inlet and ducted outlet. Figure 5L illustrates
a system with system resistance on both inlet and
discharge sides of the fan. In this case the general
equations 5.5-3 and 5.5-4 apply. In the special case
where the velocity pressure at the outlet is equal to
the velocity pressure of the fan discharge, the fan
static pressure is equal to the total pressure loss
internal to the system.
The system shown in Figure 5L has higher velocity
pressure, relative to the static pressure, than would
normally be expected in a system. This is done to
emphasize the velocity pressure effects on system
total pressure losses for purposes of illustration.
To illustrate the effect of the outlet velocity on the total
pressure requirements, Figure 5Q shows the same
system as in Figure 5L with the addition of an evasé
outlet (diffuser) on the system. The evasé outlet
greatly reduces the system outlet velocity pressure.
The reduction in fan total pressure and fan static
pressure is clearly evident when compared to the
system in Figure 5L and is equal to the reduction in
the velocity pressure at the duct outlet minus the total

26 | Air Systems
pressure loss in the evasé section. Losses will be CoPvo
quite small for a long evasé outlet of good design SR = Eq. 5.7-4 SI
(Q / 1.29)2
(optimum included angle is about 10 degrees). The
change in fan static pressure, because of the change
in the outlet velocity, is accounted for in the terms CoPvo
"PvO - PvF" in Equation 5.5-4. SR = Eq. 5.7-4 I-P
(Q / 4005)2

When system velocities exceed 15 m/s (3000 ft/min),

5.7.1 System resistance factors in series. The
consideration should be given to the use of an evasé
particular value of using the system resistance factor
outlet to reduce the system pressure requirements.
SR is that for resistances in series, the SR factors of
See ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals, chapter on
Duct Design for more information on the subject. each element can be added to determine the system
resistance factor of the total system. As an example,
the three Figure 5R resistance factors in series can
5.7 System resistance factors
be added to obtain the system resistance factor of the
complete system.
The flow through any system is proportional to the
square root of the pressure causing the flow. This
In this case, the resistance factors (given for SI and
relationship, which defines the flow versus pressure
(I-P) units, respectively) of 34.49 (0.3), 22.99 (0.2),
characteristics of a particular system, is very useful in
and 17.25 (0.15), total 74.73 (0.65). The pressure
fan and system designs. The flow rate in any system
loss of this system would be defined by the equation:
was given earlier in equation 5.3-4B and can be
restated here as:
Pt loss = (Q/1.29)2SR Eq. 5.7-5 SI
Q = 1.29(Ps)0.5Ao Eq. 5.7-1 SI
Pt loss = (Q/4005)2SR Eq. 5.7-5 I-P
Q = 4005(Ps)0.5Ao Eq. 5.7-1 I-P
For an airflow rate of 2.83 m3/s (6000 cfm):
For standard air, where:
SI:
Ao = area of flow nozzle with no loss
Pt loss = (Q/1.29)2SR
This can also be stated as: = (2.83/1.29)2 (34.49 + 22.99 + 17.25)
= (2.195)2 (74.73)
Pt = (Q/1.29)2SR Eq. 5.7-2 SI = (4.818)(74.73)
= 360 Pa
Pt = (Q/4005)2SR Eq. 5.7-2 I-P
I-P:
Where:
Pt loss = (Q/4005)2SR
SR = System resistance factor, m-4 (ft-4) = (6000/4005)2 (0.3 + 0.2 + 0.15)
= 1/Ao2 = (1.498)2 (0.65)
= (2.244)(0.65)
= 1.45 in. wg
The system resistance factor can be calculated from
known pressure loss information:
5.7.2 System resistance factors in parallel. Similar
relationships can be established for flow through
ΔPt parallel systems. The total pressure loss through
SR = Eq. 5.7-3 SI
(Q / 1.29)2 each branch of a parallel system must be equal to
establish equilibrium.
ΔPt In Figure 5S the system resistance factor of each
SR = Eq. 5.7-3 I-P
(Q / 4005)2 branch is given as 0.3 and 0.2; and since the
pressure loss will be equal in both branches we can
for standard air. They can also be calculated from the equate these losses.
dynamic loss coeffient:

Air Systems | 27
 RESISTANCE RESISTANCE
ELEMENT PLANE 1 PLANE 2 ELEMENT
E 0

ENTRY FLOW FAN OUTLET

ATMOSPHERIC PtF Pv2

PRESSURE Pt2
Pv
Pv0 = Pt0
+ Ps2
PtE = 0 0
_ Ps
PsF
Pt ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE
Ps1

Pvt

Figure 5Q - Fan with Inlet and Discharge Resistance - Evasé Outlet Added

RESISTANCE 1 RESISTANCE 2 RESISTANCE 3

SR1 = 34.49 m-4 SR2 = 22.99 m-4 SR2 = 17.25 m-4

(0.3 ft.-4) (0.2 ft.-4) (0.15 ft.-4)

Figure 5R - Resistance in Series

RESISTANCE 1 Q1

SR1 = 34.49 m-4

(0.3 ft.-4)

QT

RESISTANCE 2 Q2

SR2 = 22.99 m-4

(0.2 ft.-4)
Figure 5S - Resistance in Parallel
28 | Air Systems
 2 2
⎡ Q1 ⎤ ⎡ Q2 ⎤ ⎡ 0.4472 ⎤
⎢ C ⎥ SR1 = ⎢ C ⎥ SR2 = QT ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 0.9949 ⎦

Where: = QT (0.4495)
C = 1.29 (for SI units)
= 4005 (for I-P units) If:

And: QT = 0.472 m3/s or (1000 cfm)

Q1 SR2
= And:
Q2 SR1
Q1 = QT (0.4495)
⎡ S ⎤
Q1 = Q2 ⎢ R2 ⎥ Eq. 5.7-6
⎢⎣ SR1 ⎥⎦ Then:

Q1 = (0.472 m3/s)(0.4495) or (1000 cfm)(0.4495)

Substituting:
= 0.212 m3/s or (449.5 cfm)
Q2 = QT - Q1
And:
⎡ SR2 ⎤
Q1 = QT ⎢ ⎥ Eq. 5.7-7 Q2 = QT - Q1
⎢⎣ SR1 + SR2 ⎥⎦ = 0.472 m3/s - 0.212 m3/s or (1000 cfm - 449.5 cfm)
= 0.260 m3/s or (550.5 cfm)
For the example shown in Figure 5S:
It can further be demonstrated that the relationship of
SI: the system resistance factors for parallel systems is:
⎡ SR2 ⎤
Q1 = QT ⎢ ⎥ 1 1 1 1
⎢⎣ SR1 + SR2 ⎥⎦ = + + ... +
SRT SR1 SR2 SRn

⎡ 22.99 ⎤ System resistance factors can be quite useful in

= QT ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 34.49 + 22.99 ⎥⎦ many system design and analysis problems.

5.8 System design and loss calculations

⎡ 4.795 ⎤
= QT ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 5.873 + 4.795 ⎦ There are a number of design methods for sizing duct
work such as Equal Friction, Static Regain, etc.,
which are commonly used. The specific details of
⎡ 4.795 ⎤
= QT ⎢ ⎥ these various methods will not be covered in this
⎣10.667 ⎦ publication, and the reader is referred to the
ASHRAE Guide and the Industrial Ventilation Guide
= QT ( 0.4495 ) on this subject.

I-P: The procedure for calculating the total pressure loss

of the system is included as it is vital to the selection
⎡ SR2 ⎤ of the fan.
Q1 = QT ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ SR1 + SR2 ⎥⎦
Figure 5T, shown previously, will be used as an
example of the method of calculating the system total
⎡ 0 .2 ⎤ pressure loss and fan static pressure required.
= QT ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.3 + 0.2 ⎥⎦
It is necessary to include in the loss calculation all
factors that contribute pressure loss, including
⎡ 0.4472 ⎤ System Effects. The general method is to determine
= QT ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ( 0 . 5477 + 0 . 4472 ) ⎦ the loss of each element of the system as they occur

Air Systems | 29
and total the losses. In systems that include parallel ITEM DUCT,
branches it is customary to determine the loss of the 6.096 m (20 ft.) of 0.4064 m (16 in.) diameter.
branch path that has the highest resistance to Airflow = 0.94 m3/s (2000 cfm)
establish the fan requirements. Other branch paths Pt Loss = 8.94 Pa (0.036 in. wg)
that have lower losses must have resistance added
to them to balance the system since the total ITEM D - DIVIDED FLOW FITTING,
pressure loss of each path must be equal. 0.4572 m (18 in.) to 0.4064 m (16 in.) and 0.3048 m
(12 in.) diameter, with a main branch dynamic loss
5.8.1 Example: System loss calculations for coefficient of 0.
branch 1 (dynamic loss coefficient method) Airflow = 1.416 m3/s (3000 cfm)
Pv = 44.70 Pa (0.18 in. wg)
ITEM K - DISCHARGE DIFFUSER Pt Loss = 44.70 × 0 (0.18 × 0)
0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter with a dynamic loss
= 0 Pa (0 in. wg)
coefficient of 0.50.
NOTE: The net loss in the main branch of this fitting
Airflow = 0.47 m3/s (1000 cfm) is zero (0), since there is static regain to offset the loss.
Pv = 25.08 Pa (0.101 in. wg)
Pt Loss = 0.50 × 25.08 (0.50 × 0.101) ITEM DUCT,
= 12.54 Pa (0.051 in. wg) 12.192 m (40 ft.), 0.4572 m (18 in.) diameter.
NOTE: Loss coefficient includes velocity lost at Airflow = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm)
discharge and static regained by diffusion. Pt Loss = 21.36 Pa (0.086 in. wg)

ITEM J - BALANCING DAMPER, E through H -These losses may be included in the

0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter with a dynamic loss manufacturer's rating data.
coefficient of 0.52.
Airflow = 0.47 m3/s (1000 cfm) ITEM E - ENTRANCE,
Pv = 25.08 Pa (0.101 in. wg) from plenum 0.4572 m (18 in.) diameter, dynamic
Pt Loss = 0.52 × 25.08 (0.52 × 0.101) loss coefficient of 0.5.
= 13.04 Pa (0.053 in. wg) Airflow = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm)
Pv = 44.70 Pa (0.18 in. wg)
ITEM DUCT, Pt Loss = 44.70 × 0.5 (0.18 × 0.5)
6.096 m (20 ft.) of 0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter. = 22.35 Pa (0.09 in. wg)
Airflow = 0.47 m3/s (1000 cfm)
Pt Loss = 10.18 Pa (0.041 in. wg) ITEM F - COIL
(from Annex D) Airflow = 1.416 m3/s (3000 cfm)
Pt Loss = 74.51 Pa (0.3 in. wg)
ITEM A - ELBOW, (from manufacturer's data)
0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter with dynamic loss
coefficient of 0.22. ITEM G - FILTER
Airflow = 0.47 m3/s (1000 cfm) Airflow = 1.416 m3/s (3000 cfm)
Pv = 25.08 Pa (0.101 in. wg) Pt Loss = 86.93 Pa (0.35 in. wg)
Pt Loss = 0.22 × 25.08 (0.22 × 0.101) (from manufacturer's data)
= 5.518 Pa (0.022 in. wg)
ITEM FAN,
ITEM DUCT, Bulkhead Discharge (SEF due to lack of fan
6.096 m (20 ft.) of 0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter. discharge ductwork).
Airflow = 0.47 m3/s (1000 cfm) Airflow = 1.416 m3/s (3000 cfm)
Pt Loss = 10.18 Pa (0.041 in. wg) Fan vel. = 6.53 m/s (1285 fpm)
SEF = 39.74 Pa (0.16 in. wg)
ITEM C - DIVIDED FLOW FITTING, (from AMCA Publication 201)
0.4064 m (16 in.) diameter to two 0.3048 m (12 in.)
diameter with a main branch dynamic loss coefficient ITEM FAN,
of 0.12. Fan enclosed in a cabinet; SEF due to plenum wall
Airflow = 0.94 m3/s (2000 cfm) being too close to fan inlet).
Pv = 32.29 Pa (0.13 in. wg) Airflow = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm)
Pt Loss = 0.12 × 32.29 (0.12 × 0.13) Inlet vel. = 5.31 ms (1045 fpm)
= 3.88 Pa (0.016 in. wg) SEF = 7.45 Pa (0.03 in. wg)
(from AMCA Publication 201)

30 | Air Systems
ITEM H - INTAKE LOUVER resistance will need to be added by adjusting its
Airflow = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) damper to balance the system.
Pt Loss = 19.87 Pa (0.08 in. wg)
(from manufacturer's data) 5.8.3 Fan selection for the example system. The
total system pressure loss of the branch with the
SYSTEM TOTAL PRESSURE LOSS BRANCH 1 = highest resistance must be used to determine the fan
336.4 Pa (1.355 in. wg). pressure requirements. The fan will need to provide a
total pressure of 336.2 Pa (1.354 in. wg) at 1.42 m3/s
5.8.2 Example: System loss calculations for (3000 cfm). The fan static pressure PsF is equal to the
branch 2: fan total pressure PtF minus the calculated fan
discharge velocity pressure Pv2.
ITEM K - DIFFUSER
Pt Loss = 12.42 Pa (0.050 in. wg) PsF = PtF - Pv2
NOTE: Loss coefficient includes velocity lost at = 336.2 - 25.58
discharge and static regained by diffusion. = 310.62 Pa or (1.354 - 0.103 = 1.251 in. wg)

ITEM J - DAMPER This procedure applies to any system regardless of

Pt Loss = 12.91 Pa (0.052 in. wg) its complexity. The important point is that all losses,
including System Effect losses, need to be included
ITEM DUCT, in the calculations. In this, as in many systems, the
6.096 m (20 ft.) of 0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter. System Effect losses are a significant portion of the
Pt Loss = 10.18 Pa (0.041 in. wg) total pressure loss. AMCA Publication 201 should be
used to determine the System Effect losses for
ITEM B - 45° ELBOW, various fan inlet and outlet conditions. Figure 5W
0.3048 m (12 in.) diameter, dynamic loss coefficient shows the point of operation of this system, where
of 0.13. the system resistance curve intersects the fan
Airflow = 0.47 m3/s (1000 cfm) performance curve.
Pv = 25.08 Pa (0.101 in. wg)
5.9 Density effects in air systems
Since the elbow is located one duct diameter from
the divided flow fitting there will be a System Effect Since the density of the air varies with temperature,
loss that will need to be included. pressure (altitude), and humidity, it is necessary to
evaluate the effect of density on the system design
K factor from Figure 4H = 1.08 and fan performance. Because of the variations in
Pt Loss = 25.08 × 0.13 × 1.08 (0.101 × 0.13 × 1.08) density encountered in all air systems, a standard
= 3.52 Pa (0.014 in. wg) density was established, and is used as the basis for
determining fan performance and system pressure
ITEM C - DIVIDED FLOW FITTING, losses. Standard air density is defined as air with a
0.4064 m (16 in.) diameter to 0.3048 m (12 in.) density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3). Fan performance
diameter with a branch dynamic loss coefficient of ratings and system element pressure loss ratings are
0.46. based on handling air at standard density.
Airflow = 0.94 m3/s (2000 cfm)
Pv = 32.29 Pa (0.13 in. wg) The system designer must evaluate the actual air
K factor from Figure 4H = 1.08 density that will be handled by the system in order to
Pt Loss = 0.46 × 32.29 × 1.08 (0.46 × 0.13 × 1.08) properly determine the volume of flow required and
= 16.04 Pa (0.065 in. wg) the actual pressure losses in the system. Since fans
are essentially constant volume machines, the
Losses for the balance of the system are the same as volume of air handled by the fan will remain constant
those previously calculated. These total 281.1 Pa regardless of the density, but the total pressure
(1.132 in. wg). developed by the fan and the power required by the
fan will vary in direct proportion to the density.
SYSTEM TOTAL PRESSURE LOSS BRANCH 2 = Similarly, the pressure losses in the system due to
336.2 Pa (1.354 in. wg). friction and shock losses will also vary directly with
density.
The loss through branch 2 is equal to the loss
through branch 1, and the branches are in balance. In many applications it is actually the mass flow rate
Similar calculations for branch 3 show that it has a that is important, and, therefore, the volume of air
lower resistance than branches 1 and 2, and some required should be determined from the mass flow

Air Systems | 31
 12.2m 6.1m 6.1m
FAN
D C A
1.42m3/s
0.94m3/s 0.472m3/s

0.41m DIA. 0.30m DIA.

0.46m DIA.
E B B

COIL
F 0.30m DIA. 0.30m DIA.
FILTER 0.472m3/s 0.472m3/s
G
LOUVER
H J J DAMPER J
DIFFUSER K K K

3 2 1

SI

40 ft. 20 ft. 20 ft.

FAN
D C A
3000 CFM
2000 CFM 1000 CFM

16” DIA. 12” DIA.

18” DIA.
E B B

COIL
F 12” DIA. 12” DIA.
FILTER 1000 CFM 1000 CFM
G
LOUVER
H J J DAMPER J
DIFFUSER K K K

3 2 1

I-P

Figure 5T - Typical Air System

32 | Air Systems
 0.3810m DWDI FAN
0.2165M2 OUTLET AREA
600 1316 RPM
DESIGN
SYSTEM
PRESSURE, Pa

300

PT vs FLOW

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

3
m /sec

15” DWDI FAN

2.33 FT2 OUTLET AREA
2 1316 RPM
DESIGN
SYSTEM
PRESSURE, H2O in. wg

PT vs FLOW

0 1 2 3 4
CFM × 1000

Figure 5W - Fan Performance Versus System

Air Systems | 33
rate required at the design conditions. As an
example, in a system requiring a mass flow rate of
226.8 kg/min (500 lbm/min) at 121.1°C (250°F) and
at an altitude of 914.4 m (3000 ft), the air density from
Annex E is 0.800 kg/m3 (.05 lbm/ft3). The required
volume flow rate can then be determined by dividing
the mass flow rate by the design density:
SI (Volume flow rate)
226.8 kg/min ÷ (60 s/min × 0.800 kg/m3) = 4.725 m3/s
I-P (Volume flow rate)
500 lbm/min ÷ 0.5 lbm/ft3 = 10000 cfm
The pressure loss in the system would be calculated
based on 4.725 m3/s (10000 cfm) at standard air
density of 1.2 kg/m3 (.075 lbm/ft3). If in this example
the pressure loss at standard air is 1490.16 Pa (6 in.
wg) the pressure loss at actual conditions would be
this value multiplied by the density ratio:
SI (Pressure loss - actual conditions)
1490.15 Pa × (0.8 kg/m3 ÷ 1.2 kg/m3) = 993.44 Pa
I-P (Pressure loss - actual conditions)
6 in. wg × (.05 lbm/ft3 ÷ .075 lbm/ft3) = 4 in. wg
A fan for this system must be selected based on its
performance at standard conditions. For this example
select the fan for a performance of 4.725 m3/s (10000
cfm) at 1490.16 Pa (6 in. wg) static pressure.
Determine the fan power required at standard density
from the fan performance data. The power required
at actual conditions would then be calculated by
multiplying the catalog fan power by the density ratio.
In this example the fan power required at standard
conditions is 10.82 kW (14.5 BHP). At the actual
operating conditions of 121.1°C (250°F) air at 914.4
m (3000 ft) altitude, the fan power required would be
the power for standard air multiplied by the density
ratio:
SI (Power at actual conditions)
10.82 kW × (0.8 kg/m3 ÷ 1.2 kg/m3) = 7.21 kW
I-P (Power at actual conditions)
14.5 BHP × (0.05 lbm/ft3) ÷ .075 lbm/ft3) = 9.67 BHP
Consider other density effects when selecting a fan
for elevated temperature operations. If in this
example the fan would be required to start and run
some period of time at normal temperature as the
system warms up, the motor should be selected on
the basis of the cold air density. Since the fan will be
at 914.4 m (3000 ft) altitude, the air density at 20°C
(68°F) and 914.4 m (3000 ft) should be used to
determine the required fan power. Air at these
34 | Air Systems
conditions (Annex E) has a density of 1.072 kg/m3
(0.067 lbm/ft3). The power at these conditions would
be the power for standard air multiplied by the density
ratio:
SI (Power required at 20°C and 914.4 m)
10.82 kW × (1.072 kg/m3 ÷ 1.2 kg/m3) = 9.67 kW
I-P (Power required at 68°F and 3000 ft)
14.5 BHP × (0.067 lbm/ft3 ÷ 0.075 lbm/ft3) = 12.95 BHP
In normal HVAC applications the effects of density
changes other than for operation at higher altitudes,
are quite often ignored and the system design is
based on handling standard air. The system designer
should, however, be aware of the effects of density
change and take them into consideration when
making field measurements of system performance
or balancing the system.
Use Annex C to determine the density of air over a
range of barometric pressures, temperatures, and
relative humidities. Annex E gives the density ratios
for a wide range of temperatures and altitudes. The
air density at the various conditions is obtained by
multiplying standard air density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075
lbm/ft3) by the factors shown in the table.
6. System Design and Tolerances
Before making a final determination of the fan
selection there are several factors in the design of a
system and the selection of a fan that need to be
understood and evaluated:
a) The effect of variation in the resistance of the
actual installed system versus the resistance of
the designed system, i.e.; point of operation
b) The fan performance characteristics and
system/performance tolerances
c) The effect of changes in the system, either
intentionally or unintentionally, on the point of
operation
d) The upper and lower system resistance design
points in systems that have variable resistance
characteristics (constant volume systems), or
that have variable fan performance
characteristics (variable air volume systems).
6.1 Point of operation
The system resistance of the actual installed system
can vary substantially from that calculated for the
system design, because of a number of factors:
a) The installed system is different from the
designed system, such as the addition of elbows
and offsets to meet field conditions, failure to
provide turning vanes in elbows, or the change in
position of various system elements with respect
to each other;
b) Excessive leakage or increased resistance due
to poor quality workmanship at the installation;
c) Loss coefficients of the various system elements
such as coils, filters, dampers, diffusers, elbows,
etc., improperly accounted for;
d) System Effects:
• not properly accounted for
• ignored in the original system design
• not accounted for because of on-site
installation changes.
The degree to which all of the various tolerances and
the field changes affect the actual system resistance
varies quite widely. Experience indicates that the
difference to be expected between the calculated and
actual system resistance can be as much as ±10%.
In extreme cases, greater system resistance
differentials have been experienced. Not accounting
for system effects in the design will result in a higher
system resistance and reduced flow.
6.2 Fan performance
There is a wide variety of basic fan designs in axial,
centrifugal and mixed flow variations. Curves of
several typical basic fans, all selected for a point of
operation of 3.30 m3/s (7000 cfm) at a static pressure
of 1490.16 Pa (6 in. wg), are shown on Figure 6A. All
of these fans pass through the design point of
operation, but with different slopes. The point of
highest efficiency will typically occur somewhat to the
right of the peak pressure point.
6.2.1 System resistance effect on performance.
The system resistance curves for the point of
operation and curves for ±10% and ±25% of the
design pressure are also shown in Figure 6A. The
intersection of these system lines with the various fan
curves show what range of volume performance can
be expected for each fan over this range of system
resistance. The amount of variation in flow rate with
changes in the system resistance will be dependent
on the slope of the fan performance curve in the
range of operation.
These curves are only shown to make the system
designer aware of the effect of the slope of the fan
curve on the expected system performance with
variations in system resistance. Many other factors
enter into the determination of the best fan type and
size for a given application.
6.2.2 Fan performance tolerance. The fan
performance also has a tolerance which must be
considered. The AMCA Check Test Tolerances are
described in AMCA Publication 211, Certified Ratings
Program -Air Performance, Product Rating
Requirement Subsection B. The AMCA Check Test
Tolerance is shown on Figure 6B. This tolerance is to
be applied along a parabolic system line. The power
required by the AMCA Check Test Tolerances shall
not exceed the rated data at the measured volume by
more than 5% or 37 watts, whichever is greater. The
fan curve in Figure 6B has dashed lines indicating the
tolerance range of fan performance, and when
combined with the system resistance tolerance
curves, an area of probable system performance is
indicated by the tolerance limits shown for the system
resistance and the tolerance limits shown for the fan
flow-pressure. As can be seen, the probable flow
range could be from 3.15 m3/s (6674 cfm) to 3.39
m3/s (7185 cfm) which is -4.7 to +2.6%. An installed
system tolerance range approaching ± 5.0% of flow
could be expected.
6.2.3 Performance safety factor. Evaluate the fan
performance tolerance and system resistance
tolerances to determine if the lower or upper limits of
the probable flow in the system are acceptable. The
combination of these tolerances should also be
evaluated to ensure that the high side system
resistance curve does not fall into the unstable
portion of the fan curve. With a few exceptions, all
fans have an unstable range of performance.
Operation in this area of the curve should be avoided
and precautions taken to ensure operation outside of
the unstable area at the highest expected system
resistance.
6.2.3.1 Static pressure safety factor. It has been
common practice among system designers to apply a
performance safety factor to the calculated system
requirements. This is often accomplished by adding a
nominal percentage of pressure to the system
pressure requirements. Some system designers will
size the system for a higher flow rate than is required.
The use of safety factors is discouraged when all
system components and system effects are
properly accounted for. The use of safety factors
is not required when system effect factors and all
known losses are accounted for.
Air Systems | 35
6.3 Effects of system changes
Some air systems are designed to operate at more
than one system condition, such as an exhaust
system serving multiple inlets where some of the
inlets can be closed off, or supply systems where
some of the outlets can be closed off or dampered for
reduced flow. The effect of these changes in the
system need to be evaluated in the system design
and the selection of a fan for this service. The main
concern would be that the fan is not forced to operate
in the unstable range. Also, the fan performance
should be such that the system performance is
acceptable over the range of operating conditions
desired. The motor must be selected to cover this
range of operating conditions. The system resistance
and system performance, for the example used in
Section 5.8, were calculated for the design condition
and also for two other system conditions. [Figure 6C
illustrates the effect of system changes.] The system
resistance and flow were calculated for the condition
where all the dampers were open and for the
condition where one of the dampers was closed.
Each of these conditions has a different system
resistance curve resulting in a different operating
point on the fan curve and a different total flow for the
system. The flow in each branch of the system will
also change. This leads to an important conclusion:
IN A FIXED SYSTEM, A CHANGE IN RESISTANCE
IN ANY ELEMENT WILL CHANGE THE TOTAL
SYSTEM RESISTANCE, AND AS A RESULT,
CHANGE THE POINT OF OPERATION ON THE
FAN CURVE AND THE FLOW RATE THROUGH ALL
OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM.
It is because of this interaction of the total system
with changes in any part of the system that the job of
balancing a system is very difficult.
6.4 Variable systems
Where systems are designed to be variable over
some range of operation, or where both the fan and
system are variable, the point of operation needs to
be evaluated at the upper and lower limits of
operation, relative to the tolerance of the fan and
system.
36 | Air Systems
Figure 6D shows a typical fan curve with system
resistance curves for a variable system where the
system pressure is allowed to vary as the system
demand for airflow changes. The system may be
varied by volume control, dampers, or other control
devices to provide a varying flow rate as demanded
by the system.
The tolerance ranges are shown for both the fan and
the system resistance. The most critical point in the
design of this type of system will be at the low flow-
high pressure condition. The fan selection and
system limits should be such that the fan will operate
in the stable portion of the fan curve at the maximum
resistance condition. Make sure the fan power
requirements over the tolerance range can be met by
the motor selected.
Figure 6E shows a typical set of fan curves for a
centrifugal fan with inlet vane control with system
resistance curves for a variable resistance system. In
this system, both the pressure and flow
characteristics of the fan are varied by changing the
inlet vanes position to meet the flow rate demand of
the system. Similar systems employ axial fans with
variable pitch control, or fans with variable speed
capability.
The critical area of fan selection is near the peak of
the pressure curve. Almost all fans exhibit some
degree of instability to the left of the peak pressure
point. It is wise to avoid operation in this range
without the expressed approval of the fan
manufacturer.
There are many system variations to meet various
design criteria that the designer may encounter. Not
all of the possibilities can be covered in the scope of
this publication. If fan users apply the principles
outlined in this publication to the specific system,
they can expect to design a good, functional system
and avoid many of the pitfalls often encountered in air
systems.
 +25%
+10%
PRESSURE

BACKWARD -10%
1490.16 Pa
INCLINED FAN -25%
(6.0 in. wg)

RADIAL
BLADE FAN

3.3m/s VANEAXIAL
(7000 cfm) FAN

VOLUME FLOWRATE

Figure 6A - Performance of Example Fans with System Varations

+10%

DESIGN POINT
OF OPERATION
-10%
PRESSURE

FAN CURVE

POTENTIAL SYSTEM
FLOW RANGE
3.15 m3/s 3.39 m3/s
(6701 cfm) (7210 cfm)
3.3 m3/s AMCA CERTIFIED RATING
(7000 cfm) TOLERANCE

VOLUME FLOWRATE

Figure 6B - Air Performance with Certified Ratings Tolerance

Air Systems | 37
 DWDI FAN

DESIGN
SYSTEM
TOTAL PRESSURE

ONE DAMPER CLOSED

ALL DAMPERS CLOSED

Pt vs FLOW

VOLUME FLOWRATE

Figure 6C - Fan and System Curves - System Changes

+10%
-10%
HIGH PRESSURE
DESIGN POINT

FAN CURVE

+10%
PRESSURE

LOW PRESSURE -10%

DESIGN POINT

AMCA CERTIFIED RATING

TOLERANCE

VOLUME FLOWRATE

Figure 6D - Fan and System Curves - Variable Resistance System

38 | Air Systems
 +10%
-10% MAXIMUM FLOW
DESIGN POINT
PRESSURE

VARIABLE VOLUME
SYSTEM RESISTANCE

IVC SETTING 1 IVC SETTING 2 IVC SETTING 3 IVC SETTING 4

STATIC PRESSURE
CONTROL POINT

VOLUME FLOWRATE

Figure 6E - Fan and System Curves - Variable Volume System

Air Systems | 39
Annex A. SI / I-P Conversion Table

Conversion factors between SI and I-P systems:

Quantity I-P to SI SI to I-P

Length (ft) 0.3048 = m (m) 3.2808 = ft

Mass (weight) (lbs) 0.4536 = kg (kg) 2.2046 = lbs.

Time The unit of time is the second in both systems

(ft-s) 0.3048 = ms (ms) 3.2808 = fts

Velocity
(ft/min) 0.00508 = ms (ms) 196.85 = ft/min

Acceleration (in./s2) 0.0254 = m/s2 (m/s2) 39.370 = in.s/2

Area (ft2) 0.09290 = m2 (m2) 10.764 = ft2

Volume Flow Rate (cfm) 0.000471948 = m3/s (m3/s) 2118.88 = cfm

Density (lb/ft3) 16.01846 = kg/m3 (kg/m3) 0.06243 = lb/ft3

(in. wg) 248.36 = Pa (Pa) 0.004026 = in. wg

Pressure (in. wg) 0.24836 = kPa (kPa) 4.0264 = in. wg
(in. wg) 3.3864 = kPa (kPa) 0.2953 = in. Hg

Viscosity:
Absolute (lbm/ft-s) 1.4882 = Pa s (Pa s) 0.6719 = (lbm/ft-s)
Kinematic (ft2/s) 0.0929 = m2/s (m2/s) 10.7639 = ft2/s

Gas Constant (ft lb/lbm-°R) 5.3803 = J-kg/K (j-kg/K) 0.1858 = (ft lb/lbm-°R)

Temperature (°F - 32°)/1.8 = °C (1.8 × °C) + 32° = °F

Power (BHP) 746 = W (W)/746 = BHP

(BHP) 0.746 = kW (kW)/0.746 = BHP

40 | Air Systems
Annex B. Standard Atmospheric Data Versus Altitude Charts

Chart B.1 - SI Standard Atmospheric Data Versus Altitude

Z t p ρ μ v c
Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Gas Absolute Kinematic Speed of
Pressure Density Viscosity Viscosity Sound

m °C kPa kg/m3 Pa•s m2/s m/s

0 15.00 101.32 1.230 1.793x10-5 1.456×10-5 340.43
100 14.35 100.13 1.215 1.790x10-5 1.473×10-5 340.05
200 13.70 98.94 1.201 1.786x10-5 1.487×10-5 339.66
300 13.05 97.77 1.189 1.784x10-5 1.500×10-5 339.28

400 12.40 96.61 1.177 1.780x10-5 1.512×10-5 338.89

500 11.76 95.46 1.166 1.777x10-5 1.524×10-5 338.51
600 11.11 94.32 1.155 1.774x10-5 1.536×10-5 338.19
700 10.46 93.20 1.145 1.771x10-5 1.546×10-5 337.73

800 9.81 92.08 1.134 1.768x10-5 1.559×10-5 337.34

900 9.16 90.98 1.123 1.765x10-5 1.571×10-5 336.95
1000 8.51 89.88 1.112 1.761x10-5 1.584×10-5 336.57
1100 7.86 88.80 1.102 1.758x10-5 1.595×10-5 336.18

1200 7.21 87.72 1.091 1.755x10-5 1.609×10-5 335.79

1300 6.56 86.66 1.080 1.751x10-5 1.621×10-5 335.40
1400 5.90 85.61 1.069 1.748x10-5 1.635×10-5 335.01
1500 5.25 84.56 1.058 1.745x10-5 1.649×10-5 334.62

1600 4.60 83.53 1.047 1.741x10-5 1.663×10-5 334.22

1700 3.95 82.50 1.037 1.738x10-5 1.676×10-5 333.83
1800 3.30 81.49 1.026 1.735x10-5 1.691×10-5 333.44
1900 2.65 80.49 1.016 1.732x10-5 1.705×10-5 333.05

2000 2.00 79.49 1.006 1.728x10-5 1.718×10-5 332.66

2100 1.35 78.51 0.996 1.725x10-5 1.732×10-5 332.26
2200 0.70 77.54 0.986 1.722x10-5 1.746×10-5 331.87
2300 0.53 76.57 0.976 1.718x10-5 1.760×10-5 331.48

2400 -0.60 75.62 0.967 1.715x10-5 1.774×10-5 331.08

2500 -1.25 74.68 0.957 1.712x10-5 1.789×10-5 330.69
2600 -1.90 73.74 0.948 1.708x10-5 1.802×10-5 330.29
2700 -2.55 72.82 0.938 1.705x10-5 1.818×10-5 329.90

2800 -3.20 71.91 0.929 1.702x10-5 1.832×10-5 329.50

2900 -3.85 71.00 0.919 1.699x10-5 1.845×10-5 329.10
3000 -4.50 70.11 0.909 1.695x10-5 1.865×10-5 328.71
3100 -5.15 69.23 0.900 1.692x10-5 1.880×10-5 328.31

3200 -5.80 68.35 0.890 1.689x10-5 1.898×10-5 327.51

3300 -6.46 67.48 0.880 1.685x10-5 1.914×10-5 327.11
3400 -7.11 66.62 0.871 1.682x10-5 1.931×10-5 326.70
3500 -7.76 65.77 0.862 1.679x10-5 1.948×10-5 326.70

Air Systems | 41
 Chart B.2 - I-P Standard Atmospheric Data Versus Altitude

Z t p ρ μ ν c
Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Air Dynamic Kinematic Speed of
Pressure Density Viscosity Viscosity Sound

ft °F in. Hg lbm/ft3 lbm/ft-s ft2/s ft/s

-1000 62.6 31.02 .0787 1.212×10-5 1.538×10-4 1120.7
-500 60.8 30.47 .0776 1.208×10-5 1.556×10-4 1118.8
0 59.0 29.92 .0765 1.205×10-5 1.576×10-4 1116.9
500 57.2 29.38 .0754 1.202×10-5 1.595×10-4 1115.0
1000 55.4 28.86 .0743 1.198×10-5 1.614×10-4 1113.1
1500 53.7 28.33 .0732 1.195×10-5 1.633×10-4 1111.1
2000 51.9 27.82 .0721 1.192×10-5 1.653×10-4 1109.2

2500 50.1 27.32 .0710 1.189×10-5 1.673×10-4 1107.3

3000 48.3 26.82 .0700 1.185×10-5 1.694×10-4 1105.3
3500 46.5 26.33 .0689 1.182×10-5 1.714×10-4 1103.4
4000 44.7 25.84 .0679 1.179×10-5 1.735×10-4 1101.4

4500 43.0 25.37 .0669 1.175×10-5 1.757×10-4 1099.5

5000 41.2 24.90 .0659 1.172×10-5 1.778×10-4 1097.5
5500 39.4 24.43 .0649 1.169×10-5 1.800×10-4 1095.6
6000 37.6 23.98 .0639 1.165×10-5 1.823×10-4 1093.6

6500 35.8 23.53 .0630 1.162×10-5 1.846×10-4 1091.7

7000 34.0 23.09 .0620 1.158×10-5 1.869×10-4 1089.7
7500 32.3 22.65 .0610 1.155×10-5 1.892×10-4 1087.7
8000 30.5 22.22 .0601 1.152×10-5 1.916×10-4 1085.7

8500 28.7 21.80 .0592 1.148×10-5 1.904×10-4 1083.8

9000 26.9 21.39 .0583 1.145×10-5 1.965×10-4 1081.8
9500 25.1 20.98 .0574 1.142×10-5 1.990×10-4 1079.8
10000 23.3 20.58 .0565 1.138×10-5 2.015×10-4 1077.8

42 | Air Systems
Annex C. Psychrometric Density Tables

Chart C.1 - Psychrometric Density Table (SI)

Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - kg/m3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °C Barometric Pressure kPa

97 98.5 100 101.5 103 104.5

-2.0 1.244981 1.263273 1.282390 1.302927 1.324194 1.340401
-1.5 1.242122 1.260977 1.280094 1.300086 1.322000 1.337965
-1.0 1.239396 1.258667 1.277753 1.297353 1.319731 1.335505
-0.5 1.236782 1.256345 1.275377 1.294710 1.317400 1.333027
0.0 1.234260 1.254012 1.272975 1.292141 1.315018 1.330532
0.5 1.231812 1.251672 1.270553 1.289629 1.312595 1.328024
1.0 1.229423 1.249325 1.268119 1.287163 1.310140 1.325506
1.5 1.227079 1.246973 1.265679 1.284731 1.307661 1.322979
2.0 1.224768 1.244618 1.263236 1.282324 1.305166 1.320447
2.5 1.222480 1.242261 1.260796 1.279934 1.302659 1.317912
3.0 1.220207 1.239902 1.258360 1.277553 1.300147 1.315376
3.5 1.217942 1.237545 1.255931 1.275177 1.297634 1.312841
4.0 1.215680 1.235188 1.253510 1.272800 1.295123 1.310307
4.5 1.213416 1.232834 1.251098 1.270421 1.292618 1.307778
5.0 1.211147 1.230483 1.248697 1.268037 1.290121 1.305254
5.5 1.208871 1.228135 1.246304 1.265645 1.287634 1.302735
6.0 1.206587 1.225792 1.243921 1.263247 1.285157 1.300224
6.5 1.204295 1.223453 1.241546 1.260842 1.282692 1.297720
7.0 1.201994 1.221119 1.239179 1.258431 1.280239 1.295225
7.5 1.199687 1.218791 1.236817 1.256015 1.277798 1.292738
8.0 1.197375 1.216468 1.234459 1.253595 1.275367 1.290260
8.5 1.195060 1.214150 1.232105 1.251173 1.272946 1.287790
9.0 1.192743 1.211838 1.229752 1.248752 1.270533 1.285328
9.5 1.190428 1.209530 1.227399 1.246334 1.268128 1.282875
10.0 1.188116 1.207227 1.225045 1.243920 1.265728 1.280428
10.5 1.185810 1.204927 1.222689 1.241512 1.263332 1.277988
11.0 1.183512 1.202631 1.220330 1.239113 1.260938 1.275553
11.5 1.181224 1.200338 1.217968 1.236723 1.258544 1.273122
12.0 1.178948 1.198047 1.215603 1.234343 1.256148 1.270693
12.5 1.176683 1.195757 1.213236 1.231974 1.253747 1.268266
13.0 1.174432 1.193466 1.210866 1.229616 1.251342 1.265837
13.5 1.172192 1.191174 1.208497 1.227266 1.248928 1.263406
14.0 1.169963 1.188879 1.206131 1.224925 1.246506 1.260970
14.5 1.167742 1.186581 1.203771 1.222588 1.244075 1.258527
15.0 1.165527 1.184277 1.201420 1.220251 1.241632 1.256073
15.5 1.163312 1.181965 1.199084 1.217911 1.239178 1.253607
16.0 1.161092 1.179644 1.196770 1.215560 1.236712 1.251125
16.5 1.158860 1.177313 1.194483 1.213191 1.234235 1.248624
17.0 1.156606 1.174968 1.192231 1.210795 1.231747 1.246101
17.5 1.154320 1.172609 1.190025 1.208361 1.229250 1.243553
18.0 1.151991 1.170232 1.187875 1.205877 1.226746 1.240975

Air Systems | 43
 Chart C.1 - Psychrometric Density Table (SI) (Continued)

Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - kg/m3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °C Barometric Pressure kPa

97 98.5 100 101.5 103 104.5

18.5 1.148567 1.167391 1.185062 1.203323 1.225071 1.240138
19.0 1.146325 1.164887 1.182780 1.200987 1.222584 1.237641
19.5 1.144073 1.162437 1.180492 1.198647 1.220116 1.235154
20.0 1.141813 1.160033 1.178197 1.196304 1.217665 1.232675
20.5 1.139548 1.157668 1.175897 1.193957 1.215229 1.230205
21.0 1.137279 1.155335 1.173591 1.191607 1.212804 1.227740
21.5 1.135008 1.153029 1.171279 1.189254 1.210388 1.225283
22.0 1.132735 1.150742 1.168962 1.186898 1.207980 1.222830
22.5 1.130461 1.148470 1.166639 1.184537 1.205577 1.220383
23.0 1.128188 1.146207 1.164311 1.182174 1.203177 1.217939
23.5 1.125917 1.143949 1.161977 1.179806 1.200778 1.215499
24.0 1.123646 1.141691 1.159639 1.177435 1.198380 1.213061
24.5 1.121378 1.139431 1.157295 1.175060 1.195979 1.210625
25.0 1.119111 1.137164 1.154946 1.172681 1.193576 1.208190
25.5 1.116846 1.134888 1.152592 1.170298 1.191169 1.205755
26.0 1.114582 1.132601 1.150234 1.167912 1.188756 1.203320
26.5 1.112318 1.130299 1.147871 1.165521 1.186338 1.200883
27.0 1.110055 1.127983 1.145503 1.163126 1.183912 1.198445
27.5 1.107790 1.125650 1.143131 1.160726 1.181480 1.196003
28.0 1.105523 1.123300 1.140754 1.158323 1.179039 1.193559
28.5 1.103253 1.120932 1.138373 1.155915 1.176591 1.191110
29.0 1.100978 1.118548 1.135988 1.153503 1.174134 1.188656
29.5 1.098695 1.116147 1.133599 1.151086 1.171669 1.186196
30.0 1.096404 1.113730 1.131206 1.148664 1.169195 1.183730
30.5 1.094102 1.111299 1.128809 1.146239 1.166714 1.181257
31.0 1.091787 1.108856 1.126408 1.143808 1.164226 1.178775
31.5 1.089456 1.106402 1.124004 1.141372 1.161731 1.176286
32.0 1.087106 1.103942 1.121596 1.138932 1.159230 1.173786
32.5 1.084735 1.101478 1.119184 1.136487 1.156724 1.171277
33.0 1.082339 1.099014 1.116769 1.134037 1.154213 1.168756
33.5 1.079915 1.096553 1.114351 1.131582 1.151700 1.166224
34.0 1.077460 1.094100 1.111930 1.129122 1.149185 1.163679
34.5 1.074970 1.091661 1.109506 1.126656 1.146669 1.161121
35.0 1.072440 1.089240 1.107079 1.124186 1.144155 1.158549
35.5 1.069867 1.086844 1.104649 1.121710 1.141644 1.155963
36.0 1.067247 1.084478 1.102216 1.119229 1.139139 1.153361
36.5 1.064575 1.082149 1.099780 1.116742 1.136640 1.150743
37.0 1.061846 1.079865 1.097342 1.114250 1.134151 1.148108
37.5 1.059056 1.077632 1.094902 1.111753 1.131673 1.145455
38.0 1.056198 1.075460 1.092459 1.109249 1.129210 1.142784

44 | Air Systems
 Chart C.2 - Psychrometric Density Table (I-P)

Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - lbm/ft3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °F Barometric Pressure in. Hg

28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0

30 .07703 .07839 .07974 .08111 .08245 .08380
31 .07687 .07822 .07957 .08093 .08228 .08363
32 .07671 .07806 .07940 .08075 .08210 .08345
33 .07654 .07789 .07924 .08058 .08193 .08327
34 .07638 .07772 .07907 .08041 .08175 .08310
35 .07621 .07756 .07890 .08024 .08158 .08292
36 .07605 .07739 .07873 .07807 .08141 .08274
37 .07589 .07723 .07856 .07990 .08123 .08257
38 .07573 .07706 .07840 .07973 .08106 .08239
39 .07557 .07690 .07823 .07956 .08089 .08222
40 .07541 .07674 .07806 .07939 .08072 .08205
41 .07525 .07657 .07790 .07922 .08055 .08187
42 .07509 .07641 .07773 .09705 .08038 .08170
43 .07493 .07625 .07757 .07889 .08021 .08153
44 .07477 .07609 .07740 .07872 .08004 .08135
45 .07461 .07592 .07724 .07855 .07986 .08118
46 .07445 .07576 .07707 .07838 .07970 .08101
47 .07429 .07560 .07691 .07822 .07953 .08084
48 .07413 .07544 .07674 .07805 .07936 .08066
49 .07397 .07528 .07658 .07788 .07919 .08049
50 .07381 .07512 .07642 .07772 .07902 .08032
51 .07366 .07496 .07625 .07755 .07885 .08015
52 .07350 .07479 .07609 .07739 .07868 .07998
53 .07334 .07464 .07593 .07722 .07852 .07981
54 .07318 .07447 .07576 .07706 .07835 .07964
55 .07302 .07431 .07560 .07689 .07818 .07947
56 .07287 .07415 .07544 .07673 .07801 .07930
57 .07271 .07399 .07528 .07656 .07784 .07913
58 .07255 .07383 .07512 .07640 .07768 .07896
59 .07240 .07367 .07495 .07623 .07751 .07879
60 .07224 .07352 .07479 .07607 .07734 .07862
61 .07208 .07336 .07463 .07590 .07718 .07845
62 .07193 .07320 .07447 .07574 .07701 .07828
63 .07177 .07304 .07430 .07557 .07684 .07811
64 .07161 .07288 .07414 .07541 .07668 .07794

Air Systems | 45
 Chart C.2 - Psychrometric Density Table (I-P)

Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - lbm/ft3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °F Barometric Pressure in. Hg

28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0

65 .07145 .07272 .07398 .07525 .07651 .07770
66 .07130 .07256 .07382 .07508 .07634 .07760
67 .07114 .07240 .07366 .07492 .07618 .07744
68 .07098 .07224 .07350 .07475 .07601 .07727
69 .07083 .07208 .07333 .07459 .07584 .07710
70 .07067 .07192 .07317 .07442 .07568 .07693
71 .07051 .07176 .07301 .07426 .07551 .07676
72 .07035 .07160 .07285 .07410 .07534 .07659
73 .07020 .07144 .07268 .07393 .07517 .07642
74 .07004 .07128 .07252 .07377 .07501 .07625
75 .06988 .07112 .07236 .07360 .07484 .07603
76 .06972 .07096 .07220 .07343 .07467 .07591
77 .06956 .07080 .07203 .07327 .07451 .07574
78 .06940 .07064 .07187 .07310 .07434 .07557
79 .06925 .07048 .07171 .07294 .07417 .07540
80 .06909 .07032 .07155 .07277 .07400 .07523
81 .06893 .07015 .07138 .07261 .07383 .07506
82 .06877 .07000 .07122 .07244 .07366 .07489
83 .06861 .06983 .07105 .07227 .07349 .07472
84 .06845 .06967 .07089 .07211 .07333 .07454
85 .06829 .06950 .07072 .07194 .07316 .07437
86 .06812 .06934 .07056 .07177 .07299 .07420
87 .06796 .06917 .07039 .07160 .07281 .07403
88 .06780 .06901 .07022 .07143 .07264 .07385
89 .06764 .06885 .07005 .07126 .07247 .07368
90 .06748 .06868 .06989 .07109 .07230 .07351
91 .06731 .06852 .06972 .07092 .07213 .07333
92 .06715 .06835 .06955 .07075 .07195 .07316
93 .06698 .06818 .06938 .07058 .07178 .07298
94 .06682 .06801 .06921 .07041 .07161 .07280
95 .06665 .06785 .06904 .07024 .07143 .07263
96 .06648 .06768 .06887 .07006 .07126 .07245
97 .06632 .06751 .06870 .06989 .07108 .07227
98 .06615 .06734 .06853 .06972 .01091 .07209
99 .06598 .06717 .06835 .06954 .07073 .07191
100 .06581 .06700 .06818 .06937 .07055 .07174

46 | Air Systems
 100 VE 100
LO
CI
TY
70 90 m/ 70
s
30
80
50 50
40 25 70 40

50
30 60 30

63
20

ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals.
80
18 50
20 20

0
Annex D. Friction Charts

16 45

10
5
14 40

12
35

0
10 12 10

16
30

0
10

20
7 7

0
9

25
5 8 5

5
31
4 7 4

0
40
3 6 3

0
50
0
2 5 2

63
Chart D.1 - SI

0
80

4
00

FRICTION LOSS, Pa/m

1 3.5 1
10
50

20
3
12

0.7 0.7
00
16

2.5
00

0.5 0.5
20

0.4 0.4
mm

00

2.0
R,

25
E

0.3 1.8 0.3

50
ET

31

1.6
IAM
00

0.2 0.2
D

1.4
40

CT

1.2
DU

9
0.1
20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 200,000 400,000

AIR QUANTITY, L/s at 1.20 kg/m3 (ε = 0.09 mm)

Air Systems | 47
Reprinted by permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, from the 1993
 10 10
80
7 00 7

48 | Air Systems
70
5 65 00 5
0
60 0 VE
4 0 LO 4
55 0 CI
0 TY
3 50 0 , fp 3
00 m
45

ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals.
00
2 40 12 2

3
00 00
36 0
00
32 10

4
00
00 0
90
1 28 00 1

5
00 80
00

6
0.8 24 0.8
00

7
8
20
0.5 0 0.5

9
18 0

10
0.4 00 0.4
16 40

12
00 00
0.3 0.3

14
14
00

16
18
0.2 12 0.2
00

20
22
Chart D.2 - I-P

10

24
00

26
90
0 30
32
0.1 80 0.1
0
36

0.08 0.08
40

70 18

FRICTION LOSS, in. of water per 100 ft of duct

0 00
45
50

60
55

0.05 0 0.05
60
in.

70

0.04 50
0 0.04
R,

80
E

0.03 0.03
90
0
ET

40
0
10
IAMD

0.02 0.02
CT

30
0
DU

0.01 0.01
50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000 200,000 400,000
AIR QUANTITY, cfm at 0.075 lb/ft3 (ε = 0.0003 ft)

Reprinted by permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, from the 1993
Annex E. Air Density Correction Factor Charts

Chart E.1 - Air Density Correction Factor (SI)

(Multiply Standard Air Density, 0.075 lbm/ft3 × the Factor to obtain Density at Condition B.)
Altitude, m Sea Level 300 600 900 1200
Barometer, mm Hg 759.97 733.47 707.46 682.43 657.90
kPa 101.32 97.79 94.32 90.98 87.71
Air Temp. °C -20 1.22 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.00
0 1.12 1.04 1.01 .97 .94
20 1.03 .97 .94 .90 .87
40 .95 .91 .88 .85 .81
60 .93 .86 .83 .80 .77
80 .85 .80 .78 .75 .72
100 .79 .76 .73 .70 .68
120 .77 .72 .70 .67 .65
140 .73 .69 .67 .64 .62
160 .69 .65 .63 .61 .59
180 .65 .61 .59 .57 .55
200 .62 .57 .55 .53 .51
220 .57 .56 .54 .52 .50
240 .57 .55 .53 .51 .49
260 .56 .53 .51 .49 .47
280 .54 .52 .50 .48 .46
300 .52 .50 .48 .46 .44
320 .50 .48 .49 .45 .43
340 .49 .46 .48 .43 .41

Altitude, m 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700

Barometer, mm Hg 634.34 611.3 588.98 567.17 546.30
kPa 84.57 81.50 78.52 75.62 72.83
Air Temp. °C -20 .97 .93 .91 .87 .84
0 .90 .87 .84 .81 .80
20 .84 .81 .78 .75 .72
40 .78 .75 .73 .70 .68
60 .74 .71 .69 .67 .64
80 .69 .67 .65 .63 .60
100 .65 .63 .61 .59 .58
120 .62 .61 .59 .57 .58
140 .60 .58 .56 .54 .53
160 .57 .55 .53 .51 .49
180 .53 .51 .50 .49 .47
200 .49 .47 .47 .45 .43
220 .48 .46 .45 .43 .42
240 .47 .46 .46 .43 .41
260 .45 .44 .43 .41 .39
280 .44 .43 .42 .40 .38
300 .43 .41 .40 .38 .37
320 .41 .40 .39 .37 .35
340 .40 .39 .37 .36 .34

Air Systems | 49
 Chart E.2 - Air Density Correction Factor (I-P)
(Multiply Standard Air Density, 0.075 lbm/ft3 × the Factor to obtain Density at Condition B.)
Altitude, ft. -1000 Sea Level 1000 2000 3000 4000
Barometer, in. Hg 31.02 29.92 28.86 27.82 26.82 25.84
in wg. 422.2 407.5 392.81 378.6 365.0 351.7
Air Temp. °F -40 1.31 1.26 1.22 1.17 1.13 1.09
0 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.03 0.99
40 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.99 0.95 0.92
70 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86
100 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.81
150 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.75
200 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69
250 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.64
300 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60
350 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56
400 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53
450 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50
500 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47
550 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45
600 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43
700 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39
800 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.36
900 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.33
1000 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31

Altitude, ft. 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000

Barometer, in. Hg 24.90 23.98 23.09 22.22 21.39 20.58
in wg. 338.9 326.4 314.3 302.1 291.1 280.1
Air Temp. °F -40 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87
0 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79
40 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.73
70 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69
100 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.65
150 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60
200 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55
250 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.51
300 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48
350 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45
400 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42
450 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.40
500 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38
550 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.36
600 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34
700 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32
800 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29
900 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27
1000 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25

50 | Air Systems
Fans and Systems 201
ANSI/AMCA 210 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans 2. Symbols and Subscripts
For Aerodynamic Performance Rating, offers the
system design engineer guidance as to how the fan For symbols and subscripted symbols, see Table 2.1.
was tested and rated. AMCA Publication 201 Fans For subscripts, see Table 2.2.
and Systems, helps provide guidance as to what
effect the system and its connections to the fan have 3. Fan Testing
on fan performance.
Fans are tested in setups that simulate installations.
Recognizing and accounting for losses that affect the The four standard installation types are as shown in
fan’s performance, in the design stage, will allow the Figure 3.1.
designer to predict with reasonable accuracy, the
installed performance of the fan.
AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE A:
Free Inlet, Free Outlet
1.1 Purpose

This part of the AMCA Fan Application Manual

includes general information about how fans are
tested in the laboratory, and how their performance
ratings are calculated and published. It also reviews
some of the more important reasons for the "loss" of
fan performance that may occur when the fan is AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE B:
installed in an actual system. Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet

Allowances, called System Effect Factors (SEF), are

also given in this part of the manual. SEF must be
taken into account by the system design engineer if a
reasonable estimate of fan/system performance is to
be determined. AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE C:
Ducted Inlet, Free Outlet
1.2 Some limitations

It must be appreciated that the System Effect Factors

given in this manual are intended as guidelines and
are, in general, approximations. Some have been
obtained from research studies, others have been
published previously by individual fan manufacturers, AMCA INSTALLATION TYPE D:
and many represent the consensus of engineers with Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet
considerable experience in the application of fans.

Fans of different types and even fans of the same

type, but supplied by different manufacturers, will not
necessarily react with the system in exactly the same
way. It will be necessary, therefore, to apply judgment
based on actual experience in applying the SEF.
The SEF represented in this manual assume that the
fan application is generally consistent with the
method of testing and rating by the manufacturer.
Inappropriate application of the fan will result in SEF
values inconsistent with the values presented.
Mechanical design of the fan is not within the scope
of this publication.
Figure 3.1 - Standard Fan Installation Types
3.1 ANSI/AMCA Standard 210
Most fan manufacturers rate the performance of their
products from tests made in accordance with
ANSI/AMCA 210 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans
for Aerodynamic Performance Rating. The purpose
of ANSI/AMCA 210 is to establish uniform methods
for laboratory testing of fans and other air moving
devices to determine performance in terms of airflow,
 Table 2.1 - Symbols and Subscripted Symbols

UNITS OF MEASURE
SYMBOL DESCRIPTION SI I-P

A Area of cross section m2 ft2

D Diameter, impeller mm in.
D Diameter, Duct m ft
H Fan Power Input kw hp
H/T Hub-to-Tip Ratio Dimensionless
Kp Compressibility Coefficient Dimensionless
Cp Loss Coefficient Dimensionless
N Speed of Rotation rpm rpm
Ps Fan Static Pressure Pa in. wg
Pt Fan Total Pressure Pa in. wg
Pv Fan Velocity Pressure Pa in. wg
pb Corrected Barometric Pressure kPa in. Hg
PL Plane of Measurement --- ---
Q Airflow m3/s ft3/min
Re Fan Reynolds Number Dimensionless
SEF System Effect Factor Pa in. wg
td Dry-Bulb Temperature °C °F
tw Wet-Bulb Temperature °C °F
μ Air Viscosity Pa•s lbm/ft•s
V Velocity m/s fpm
W Power Input to Motor watts watts
ηs Fan Static Efficiency % %
ηt Fan Total Efficiency % %
ρ Air Density kg/m3 lbm/ft3

Table 2.2 - Subscripts

SUBSCRIPT DESCRIPTION

a Atmospheric conditions
c Converted Value
x Plane 0, 1, 2, ...as appropriate
1 Fan Inlet Plane
2 Fan Outlet Plane
3 Pitot Traverse Plane
5 Plane 5 (nozzle inlet station in chamber)
6 Plane 6 (nozzle discharge station in chamber)
8 Plane 8 (inlet chamber measurement station)

52 | Fans and Systems

pressure, power, air density, speed of rotation and
efficiency, for rating or guarantee purposes. Two
methods of measuring airflow are included: the Pitot
tube and the long radius flow nozzle. These are
incorporated into a number of "setups" or "figures".
In general, a fan is tested on the setup that most
closely resembles the way in which it will be installed
in an air system. Centrifugal and axial fans are
usually tested with an outlet duct. Propeller fans are
normally tested in the wall of a chamber or plenum.
Power roof ventilators (PRV) are tested mounted on
a curb exhausting from the test chamber.
It is very important to realize that each setup in
ANSI/AMCA 210 is a standardized arrangement that
is not intended to reproduce exactly any installation
likely to be found in the field. The infinite variety of
possible arrangements of actual air systems makes it
impractical to duplicate every configuration in the fan
test laboratory.
3.2 Ducted outlet fan tests
Figure 3.2 is a reproduction of a test setup from
ANSI/AMCA 210. Note that this particular setup
includes a long straight duct connected to the outlet
of the fan. A straightener is located upstream of the
Pitot traverse to remove swirl and rotational
components from the airflow and to ensure that
airflow at the plane of measurement is as nearly
uniform as possible.
The angle of the transition between the test duct and
Transition Straightener
Piece
FOR FAN INSTALLATION TYPES:
B: Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet D: Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet
Figure 3.2 - Pitot Traverse in Outlet Duct
the fan outlet is limited to ensure that uniform airflow
will be maintained. A steep transition, or abrupt
change of cross section would cause turbulence and
eddies. The effect of this type of airflow disturbance
at the fan outlet is discussed later.
Uniform airflow conditions ensure consistency and
reproducibility of test results and permit the fan to
develop its maximum performance. In any installation
where uniform airflow conditions do not exist, the
fan's performance will be measurably reduced.
As illustrated in Figure 3.3 Plane 2, the velocity
profile at the outlet of a fan is not uniform. The section
of straight duct attached to the fan outlet controls the
diffusion of the outlet airflow and establishes a more
uniform velocity as shown in Figure 3.3 Plane X.
The energy loss when a gas, such as air, passes
through a sudden enlargement is related to the
square of the velocity. Thus the ducted outlet with its
more uniform velocity significantly reduces the loss at
the point of discharge to the atmosphere.
A manufacturer may test a fan with or without an inlet
duct or outlet duct. For products licensed to use the
AMCA Certified Ratings Seal, catalog ratings will
state whether ducts were used during the rating tests.
If the fans are not to be applied with the same duct(s)
as in the test setup, an allowance should be made for
the difference in performance that may result.
1 2
Fans and Systems | 53
3.3 Free inlet, free outlet fan tests
Figure 3.4 illustrates a typical multi-nozzle chamber
test setup from ANSI/AMCA 210. This simulates the
conditions under which most exhaust fans are tested
and rated. Fan performance based on this type of
test may require adjustment when additional
accessories are used with the fan. Fans designed for
use without duct systems are usually rated over a
lower range of pressures. They are commonly
cataloged and sold as a complete unit with suitable
drive and motor.
3.4 Obstructed inlets and outlets
The test setups in ANSI/AMCA 210 result in
unobstructed airflow conditions at both the inlet and
the outlet of the fan. Appurtenances or obstructions
located close to the inlet and/or outlet will affect fan
performance. Shafts, bearings, bearing supports and
other appurtenances normally used with a fan should
be in place when a fan is tested for rating.
Variations in construction which may affect fan
performance include changes in sizes and types of
sheaves and pulleys, bearing supports, bearings and
shafts, belt guards, inlet and outlet dampers, inlet
vanes, inlet elbows, inlet and outlet cones, and
cabinets or housings.
Since changes in performance will be different for
various product designs, it will be necessary to make
suitable allowances based on data obtained from the
applicable fan catalog or directly from the
manufacturer.
Most single width centrifugal fans are tested using
Arrangement 1 fans. Some allowance for the effect
of bearings and bearing supports in the inlet may be
necessary when using Arrangement 3 or
Arrangement 7. The various AMCA standard
arrangements are shown on Figures 3.5, 3.6, and
3.7.
4. Fan Ratings
4.1 The Fan Laws
It is not practical to test a fan at every speed at which
it may be applied. Nor is it possible to simulate every
inlet density that may be encountered. Fortunately,
by use of a series of equations commonly referred to
as the Fan Laws, it is possible to predict with good
accuracy the performance of a fan at other speeds
and densities than those of the original rating test.
The performance of a complete series of
geometrically similar (homologous) fans can also be
54 | Fans and Systems
calculated from the performance of smaller fans in
the series using the appropriate equations.
Because of the relationship between the airflow,
pressure and power for any given fan, each set of
equations for changes in speed, size or density,
applies only to the same Point of Rating, and all the
equations in the set must be used to define the
converted condition. A Point of Rating is the specified
fan operating point on its characteristic curve.
The Fan Law equations are shown below as ratios.
The un-subscripted variable is used to designate the
initial or test fan values for the variable and the
subscript c is used to designate the converted,
dependent or desired variable.
Qc = Q × (Dc/D)3 × (Nc/N) × (Kp/Kpc)
Ptc = Pt × (Dc/D)2 × (Nc/N)2 × (ρc/ρ) × (Kp/Kpc)
Pvc = Pv × (Dc/D)2 × (Nc/N)2 × (ρc/ρ)
Psc = Ptc - Pvc
Hc = H × (Dc/D)5 × (Nc/N)3 × (ρc/ρ) × (Kp/Kpc)
ηtc = (Qc × Ptc × Kp) / Hc (SI)
ηtc = (Qc × Ptc × Kp) / (6362 • Hc) (I-P)
ηsc = ηtc × (Psc/Ptc)
These equations have their origin in the classical
theories of fluid mechanics, and the accuracy of the
results obtained is sufficient for most applications.
Better accuracy would require consideration of
Reynolds number, Mach number, kinematic viscosity,
dynamic viscosity, surface roughness, impeller blade
thickness and relative clearances, etc.
4.2 Limitations
Under certain conditions the properties of gases
change and there are, therefore, limitations to the use
of the Fan Laws. Accurate results will be obtained
when the following limitations are observed:
a. Fan Reynolds Number (Re). The term Reynolds
number is associated with the ratio of inertia to
viscous forces. When related to fans, investigations
of both axial and centrifugal fans show that
performance losses are more significant at low
Reynolds number ranges and are effectively
negligible above certain threshold Reynolds
numbers. In an effort to simplify the comparison of
the Reynolds numbers of two fans, the fan industry
 PL X
BLAST AREA PL 2 DISCHARGE DUCT
OUTLET AREA
CUTOFF

CENTRIFUGAL FAN

PL 2 PL X

AXIAL FAN

Figure 3.3 - Controlled Diffusion and Establishment of a Uniform Velocity

Profile in a Straight Length of Outlet Duct

38mm ±6mm
(1.5in. ±0.25 in.)
PL.5 PL.6 PL.8 PL.1 PL.2
0.5 M MIN.
0.2M 0.5M 0.2 M MIN.
MIN. MIN. 0.3 M MIN.

t d2

AIRFLOW M FAN

VARIABLE
SUPPLY t d3
SYSTEM 0.1 M MIN.
SETTLING SETTLING
MEANS MEANS
(See note 4)
Ps5 ΔP Pt8

Figure 3.4 - Inlet Chamber Setup - Multiple Nozzles in Chamber

(ANSI/AMCA 210-99, Figure 15)

Fans and Systems | 55

 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2404-03 Page 1 of 2

Drive Arrangements for Centrifugal Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on April 17, 2003

ISO 13349
AMCA Drive Alternative Fan
Drive Description Fan Configuration
Arrangement Configuration
Arrangement

1 SWSI 1 or For belt or direct drive.

12 (Arr. 1 with
Impeller overhung on shaft, two
sub-base) bearings mounted on pedestal
base.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independant pedestals, with
or without inlet box.

2 SWSI 2 For belt or direct drive.

Impeller overhung on shaft,

bearings mounted in bracket
supported by the fan casing.

Alternative: With inlet box.

3 SWSI 3 or For belt or direct drive.

11 (Arr. 3 with
Impeller mounted on shaft
sub-base) between bearings supported by
the fan casing.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals, with
or without inlet box.

3 DWDI 6 or For belt or direct drive.

18 (Arr. 6 with
Impeller mounted on shaft
sub-base) between bearings supported by
the fan casing.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals, with
or without inlet boxes.

4 SWSI 4 For direct drive.

Impeller overhung on motor

shaft. No bearings on fan.
Motor mounted on base.

Alternative: With inlet box.

5 SWSI 5 For direct drive.

Impeller overhung on motor

shaft. No bearings on fan.
Motor flange mounted to
casing.

Alternative: With inlet box.

AMCA International, Inc. | 30 W. University Dr. | Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 | U.S.A

Figure 3.5 - AMCA Standard 99-2404 / Page 1

56 | Fans and Systems

 AMCA 201-02

ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2404-03 Page 2 of 2

ISO 13349
AMCA Drive Alternative Fan
Drive Description Fan Configuration
Arrangement Configuration
Arrangement

7 SWSI 7 For coupling drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 3,

with base for the prime mover.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals with
or without inlet box.

7DWDI 17 For coupling drive.

(Arr. 6 with
Generally the same as Arr. 3
base for motor) with base for the prime mover.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals with
or without inlet box.

8 SWSI 8 For direct drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 1

with base for the prime mover.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals with
or without inlet box.

9 SWSI 9 For belt drive.

Impeller overhung on shaft, two

bearings mounted on pedestal
base.

Motor mounted on the outside

of the bearing base.

Alternative: With inlet box.

10 SWSI 10 For belt drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 9

with motor mounted inside of
the bearing pedestal.

Alternative: With inlet box.

AMCA International, Inc. | 30 W. University Dr. | Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 | U.S.A

Figure 3.6 - AMCA Standard 99-2404 / Page 2

Fans and Systems | 57

 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-3404-03 Page 1 of 1

Drive Arrangements for Axial Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on June 10, 2003
Note: All fan orientations may be horizontal or vertical

ISO 13349
AMCA Drive Alternative Fan
Drive Description Fan Configuration
Arrangement Configuration
Arrangement

1 1 For belt or direct drive.

12 (Arr. 1 with
Impeller overhung on shaft, two
sub-base) bearings mounted either
upstream or downstream of the
impeller.

Alternative: Single stage or two

stage fans can be supplied with
inlet box and/or discharge
evasé.

3 3 For belt or direct drive.

11 (Arr. 3 with
Impeller mounted on shaft
sub-base) between bearings on internal
supports.

Alternative: Fan can be

supplied with inlet box, and/or
discharge evasé.
4 4 For direct drive.

Impeller overhung on motor

shaft. No bearings on fan. M M
Motor mounted on base or M M

integrally mounted.

Alternative: With inlet box

and/or with discharge evasé.
7 7 For direct drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 3

M M
with base for the prime mover.

Alternative: With inlet box

and/or discharge evasé.

8 8 For direct drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 1

with base for the prime mover. M M

Alternative: Single stage or two

stage fans can be supplied with
inlet box and/or discharge
evasé.
9 9 For belt drive.

Generally same as Arr. 1 with

motor mounted on fan casing,
and/or an integral base.
M
Alternative: With inlet box
and/or discharge evasé

AMCA International, Inc. | 30 W. University Dr. | Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 | U.S.A

Figure 3.7 - AMCA Standard 99-3404 / Page 1

58 | Fans and Systems

has adopted the term Fan Reynolds Number.
Re = (πND2ρ) / (60μ)
where: N = impeller rotational speed, rpm
D = impeller diameter, m(ft)
ρ = air density, kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)
μ = absolute viscosity,
1.8185 × 10-5 Pa•s (5°C to 38°C) (SI)
(1.22 × 10-5 lbm/ft•s (40°F to 100°F)) (I-P)
The threshold fan Reynolds number for centrifugal
and axial fans is about 3.0 × 106. That is, there is a
negligible change in performance between the two
fans due to differences in Reynolds number if both
fans are operating above this threshold value. When
the Reynolds number of a model fan is below 3.0 ×
106, there may be a gain in efficiency (size effect) for
a full size fan operating above the threshold
compared to one operating below the threshold. This
occurs only when both fans are operating near peak
efficiency. Therefore, when a model test is being
conducted to verify the rating of a full size fan, the
Reynolds number should be above 3.0 ×106 to avoid
any uncertainty relating to Reynolds number effects.
b. Point of Rating. To predict the performance of a
fan from a smaller model using the Fan Laws, both
fans must be geometrically similar (homologous),
and both fans must operate at the same
corresponding rating points on their characteristic
curves. Two or more fans are said to be operating at
corresponding “points of rating” if the positions of the
operating points, relative to the pressure at shutoff
and the airflow at free delivery, are the same.
c. Compressibility. Compressibility is the characteristic
of a gas to change its volume as a function of
pressure, temperature and composition. The
compressibility coefficient (Kp) expresses the ratio of
the fan total pressure developed with an
incompressible fluid to the fan total pressure
developed with a compressible fluid (See
ANSI/AMCA 210). Differences in the compressibility
coefficient between two similar fans must be
calculated using the proper specific heat ratio for the
gases being handled.
d. Specific Heat Ratio (Cp). Model fan tests are
usually based on air with a specific heat ratio of 1.4.
Induced draft fans may handle flue gas with a specific
heat ratio of 1.35. Even though these differences may
normally be considered small, they make a
noticeable difference in the calculation of the
compressibility coefficient. Refer to AMCA
Publication 802, Annex A, for calculation procedures.
e. Tip Speed Mach Parameter (Mt). Tip speed Mach
parameter is an expression relating the tip speed of
the impeller to the speed of sound at the fan inlet
condition.
When airflow velocity at a point approaches the
speed of sound, some blocking or choking effects
occur that reduce the fan performance.
4.3 Fan performance curves
A fan performance curve is a graphic presentation of
the performance of a fan. Usually it covers the entire
range from free delivery (no obstruction to airflow) to
no delivery (an air tight system with no air flowing).
One, or more, of the following characteristics may be
plotted against volume airflow (Q).
Fan Static Pressure Ps
Fan Total Pressure Pt
Fan Power H
Fan Static Efficiency ηs
Fan Total Efficiency ηt
Air density (ρ), fan size (D), and fan rotational speed
(N) are usually constant for the entire curve and must
be stated.
A typical fan performance curve is shown in Figure
4.1. Figure 4.2 illustrates examples of performance
curves for a variety of fan types.
Fans and Systems | 59
 SIZE 30 FAN AT N RPM

Pt

100
Ps
90

80
PRESSURE, P

POWER, H
ηt

EFFICIENCY, η PERCENT
70

60

50
ηs
40
H
30

20

OPERATION AT 10
STANDARD DENSITY

0
AIRFLOW, Q

Figure 4.1 - Fan Performance Curve at N RPM

60 | Fans and Systems

 TYPE IMPELLER DESIGN HOUSING DESIGN

• Highest efficiency of all centrifugal fan designs. • Scroll-type design for efficient conversion of velocity
• Ten to 16 blades of airfoil contour curved away from pressure to static pressure.

AIRFOIL
direction of rotation. Deep blades allow for efficient • Maximum efficiency requires close clearance and
expansion within blade passages alignment between wheel and inlet
• Air leaves impeller at velocity less than tip speed.
• For given duty, has highest speed of centrifugal
fan designs

• Efficiency only slightly less than airfoil fan. • Uses same housing configuration as airfoil design.
BACKWARD-

BACKWARD-

• Ten to 16 single-thickness blades curved or inclined

INCLINED
CURVED

away from direction of rotation

CENTRIFUGAL FANS

• Efficient for same reasons as airfoil fan.

• Higher pressure characteristics than airfoil, • Scroll. Usually narrowest of all centrifugal designs.
backward-curved, and backward-inclined fans. • Because wheel design is less efficient, housing
RADIAL

• Curve may have a break to left of peak pressure dimensions are not as critical as for airfoil and
R R
and fan should not be operated in this area. backward-inclined fans.
• Power rises continually to free delivery.
M
M

• Flatter pressure curve and lower efficiency than the • Scroll similar to and often identical to other centrifugal
FORWARD-

airfoil, backward-curved, and backward-inclined. fan designs.

CURVED

• Do not rate fan in the pressure curve dip to the left • Fit between wheel and inlet not as critical as for airfoil
of peak pressure. and backward-inclined fans.
• Power rises continually toward free delivery. Motor
selection must take this into account.

• Low efficiency. • Simple circular ring, orifice plate, or venturi.

PROPELLER

• Limited to low-pressure applications. • Optimum design is close to blade tips and forms
• Usually low cost impellers have two or more blades of smooth airfoil into wheel.
single thickness attached to relatively small hub.
• Primary energy transfer by velocity pressure.

• Somewhat more efficient and capable of developing • Cylindrical tube with close clearance to blade tips.
AXIAL FANS

TUBEAXIAL

more useful static pressure than propeller fan.

• Usually has 4 to 8 blades with airfoil or single-
thickness cross section.
• Hub usually less than transfer by velocity pressure.

• Good blade design gives medium- to high-pressure • Cylindrical tube with close clearance to blade tips.
VANEAXIAL

capability at good efficiency. • Guide vanes upstream or downstream from impeller

• Most efficient of these fans have airfoil blades. increase pressure capability and efficiency.
• Blades may have fixed, adjustable, or controllable
pitch.
• Hub is usually greater than half fan tip diameter.

• Performance similar to backward-curved fan except • Cylindrical tube similar to vaneaxial fan, except
CENTRIFUGAL

capacity and pressure are lower. clearance to wheel is not as close.

TUBULAR

• Lower efficiency than backward-curved fan. • Air discharges radially from wheel and turns 90° to
• Performance curve may have a dip to the left of flow through guide vanes.
peak pressure.
SPECIAL DESIGNS

A
• Low-pressure exhaust systems such as general • Normal housing not used, since air discharges from
CENTRIFUGAL

factory, kitchen, warehouse, and some commercial impeller in full circle.

POWER ROOF VENTILATORS

installations. • Usually does not include configuration to recover

• Provides positive exhaust ventilation, which is an velocity pressure component.
advantage over gravity-type exhaust units.
• Centrifugal units are slightly quieter than
B axial units.

• Low-pressure exhaust systems such as general • Essentially a propeller fan mounted in a supporting
factory, kitchen, warehouse, and some commercial structure
installations.
AXIAL

• Hood protects fan from weather and acts as safety

• Provides positive exhaust ventilation, which is an guard.
advantage over gravity-type exhaust units. • Air discharges from annular space at bottom of
weather hood.

Figure 4.2 - Types of Fans

Adapted with permission from 1996 ASHRAE Systems and Equipment Handbook (SI)

Fans and Systems | 61

 a
PERFORMANCE CURVES PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS APPLICATIONS
10
Pt • Highest efficiencies occur at 50 to 60% of wide open • General heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
PRESSURE-POWER
8
Ps 10 volume. This volume also has good pressure applications.
6 8 characteristics. • Usually only applied to large systems, which may be

EFFICIENCY
ηt
4 ηs 6 • Power reaches maximum near peak efficiency and low-, medium-, or high-pressure applications.
wo 4 becomes lower, or self-limiting, toward free delivery. • Applied to large, clean-air industrial operations for
2
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q 2 significant energy savings.
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

10
• Similar to airfoil fan, except peak efficiency slightly lower. • Same heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
PRESSURE-POWER

8
10 applications as airfoil fan.
6 8 • Used in some industrial applications where airfoil

EFFICIENCY
4
6 blade may corrode or erode due to environment.
4
2
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

10
• Higher pressure characteristics than airfoil and backward- • Primarily for materials handling in industrial plants.
PRESSURE-POWER

8
10 curved fans. Also for some high-pressure industrial requirements.
6 8 • Pressure may drop suddenly at left of peak pressure, but • Rugged wheel is simple to repair in the field. Wheel
EFFICIENCY

4
6 this usually causes no problems. sometimes coated with special material.
4 • Power rises continually to free delivery. • Not common for HVAC applications.
2
2
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

10
• Pressure curve less steep than that of backward-curved • Primarily for low-pressure HVAC applications, such as
PRESSURE-POWER

8
10 fans. Curve dips to left of peak pressure. residential furnaces, central station units, and
6 8 • Highest efficiency to right of peak pressure at 40 to 50% packaged air conditioners.
EFFICIENCY

4
6 of wide open volume.
4 • Rate fan to right of peak pressure.
2
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q 2 • Account for power curve, which rises continually toward
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 free delivery, when selecting motor.
10
• High flow rate, but very low-pressure capabilities. • For low-pressure, high-volume air moving applications,
PRESSURE-POWER

8
10 • Maximum efficiency reached near free delivery. such as air circulation in a space or ventilation through
6 8 • Discharge pattern circular and airstream swirls. a wall without ductwork.
EFFICIENCY

6 • Used for makeup air applications.

4
4
2
2
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

10
• High flow rate, medium-pressure capabilities. • Low- and medium-pressure ducted HVAC applications
PRESSURE-POWER

8
10 • Performance curve dips to left of peak pressure. Avoid where air distribution downstream is not critical.
6 8 operating fan in this region. • Used in some industrial applications, such as drying
EFFICIENCY

4
6 • Discharge pattern circular and airstream rotates or swirls. ovens, paint spray booths, and fume exhausts.
4
2
2
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

10
• High-pressure characteristics with medium-volume flow • General HVAC systems in low-, medium-, and high-pressure
PRESSURE-POWER

8
10 capabilities. applications where straight-through flow and compact
6 8 • Performance curve dips to left of peak pressure due to installation are required.
EFFICIENCY

4
6 aerodynamic stall. Avoid operating fan in this region. • Has good downstream air distribution
4 • Guide vanes correct circular motion imprated by wheel and • Used in industrial applications in place of tubeaxial fans.
2
2 improve pressure characteristics and efficiency of fan. • More compact than centrifugal fans for same duty.
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

10
• Performance similar to backward-curved fan, except • Primarily for low-pressure, return air systems in HVAC
PRESSURE-POWER

8
10 capacity and pressure is lower. applications.
6 8 • Lower efficiency than backward-curved fan because air • Has straight-through flow.
EFFICIENCY

4
6 turns 90°.
4 • Performance curve of some designs is similar to axial flow
2
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q 2 fan and dips to left of peak pressure.
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

10
• Usually operated without ductwork; therefore, operates at • Low-pressure exhaust systems, such as general factory,
PRESSURE-POWER

8
10 very low pressure and high volume. kitchen, warehouse, and some commercial installations.
6 8 • Only static pressure and static efficiency are shown for • Low first cost and low operating cost give an advantage over
EFFICIENCY

4
6 this fan. gravity flow exhaust systems.
4 • Centrifugal units are somewhat quieter than axial flow units.
2
2
VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10

10
• Usually operated without ductwork; therefore, operates at • Low-pressure exhaust systems, such as general factory,
PRESSURE-POWER

8
10 very low pressure and high volume. kitchen, warehouse, and some commercial installations.
6 8 • Only static pressure and static efficiency are shown for • Low first cost and low operating cost give an advantage
EFFICIENCY

6 this fan. over gravity flow exhaust systems.

4
4
2
2
0 VOLUME FLOW RATE, Q 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

a: These performance curves reflect general characteristics of various fans as commonly applied. They are not intended to provide complete selection criteria, since other parameters,
such as diameter and speed, are not defined.

Figure 4.2 - Types of Fans

Adapted with permission from 1996 ASHRAE Systems and Equipment Handbook (SI)

62 | Fans and Systems

5. Catalog Performance Tables 1) Type B: Free inlet, ducted outlet
2) Type C: Ducted inlet, free outlet
5.1 Type A: Free inlet, free outlet fans 3) Type D: Ducted inlet, ducted outlet

Fans designed for use other than with duct systems The performance of fans intended for use with duct
are usually rated over a lower range of pressures. systems is usually published in the form of a "multi-
They are commonly cataloged and sold as a rating" table. A typical multi-rating table, as illustrated
complete unit with suitable drive and motor. in Figure 5.2 shows:

Typical fans in this group are propeller fans and
power roof ventilators. They are usually available in
direct or belt-drive arrangements and performance
ratings are published in a modified form of the multi-
rating table. Figure 5.1 illustrates such a table for part
of a line of belt-drive propeller fans.
5.2 Ducted fans
There are three types of ducted fans, as described in
Section 3:
a) the speed (N) in rpm
b) the power (H) in kw (hp)
c) the fan static pressure (Ps) in Pa (in. wg)
d) the outlet velocity (V) in m/s, (fpm)
e) the airflow (Q) in m3/s (cfm)
Figure 5.3 shows constant speed characteristic
curves superimposed on a section of the multi-rating
table for the same fan. A brief study of this figure will
assist in understanding the relationship between
curves and the multi-rating tables.

SIZE No. of Motor Peak AIRFLOW (m3/s) @ STATIC PRESSURE (Pa)

rpm
(cm) Blades kW kW 0 31 62 93 124 155 186 217 248
0.19 862 0.13 2.02 1.58 0.58
0.19 960 0.20 2.25 1.87 0.97
61 3
0.25 1071 0.27 2.51 2.18 1.76 0.76
0.37 1220 0.40 2.86 2.57 2.24 1.70 0.81
0.19 806 0.20 2.89 2.36 1.05
0.25 883 0.27 3.17 2.68 1.94 0.76
69 3
0.37 1035 0.43 3.71 3.30 2.85 1.56 0.95
0.56 1165 0.62 4.18 3.83 3.44 3.01 1.60 1.10
0.37 825 0.42 4.36 3.76 3.04 1.27
0.56 945 0.62 4.99 4.48 3.92 2.38 1.42
84 3 0.75 1045 0.82 5.23 5.08 4.57 4.01 2.31 1.52
1.12 1190 1.19 6.29 5.90 5.47 5.01 4.48 2.79 1.94
1.49 1306 1.64 6.91 6.53 6.15 5.75 5.32 4.81 3.05 2.24 1.84
TYPICAL RATING TABLE FOR A SERIES OF BELT-DRIVEN PROPELLER FANS

SIZE No. of Motor Peak AIRFLOW (ft3/min) @ STATIC PRESSURE (in. wg)
rpm
(in.) Blades hp bhp 0 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1
1/4 862 0.18 4,283 3,350 1,230
1/4 960 0.27 4,770 3,960 2,050
24 3
1/3 1071 0.36 5,321 4,620 3,730 1,600
1/2 1220 0.54 6,062 5,450 4,750 3,600 1,710
1/4 806 0.27 6,123 4,990 2,230
1/3 883 0.36 6,708 5,675 4,100 1,620
27 3
1/2 1035 0.57 7,862 7,000 6,035 3,315 2,020
3/4 1165 0.83 8,850 8,110 7,290 6,385 3,400 2,330
1/2 825 0.56 9,240 7,970 6,430 2,700
3/4 945 0.83 10,580 9,500 8,300 5,040 3,010
33 3 1 1045 1.1 11,710 10,755 9,685 8,490 4,890 3,215
1½ 1190 1.6 13,335 12,490 11,580 10,610 9,500 5,905 4,100
2 1306 2.2 14,630 13,845 13,030 12,185 11,280 10,200 6,470 4,740 3,900
TYPICAL RATING TABLE FOR A SERIES OF BELT-DRIVEN PROPELLER FANS
Figure 5.1 - Propeller Fan Performance Table
Fans and Systems | 63
IMPELLER DIAMETER: 927 mm OUTLET AREA: .71 SQ METERS
TIP SPEED IN m/s: .0485 × RPM MAXIMUM kW: 13.65 × (RPM/1000)3
Outlet 62 Pa 93 Pa 124 Pa 155 Pa 186 Pa 217 Pa 246 Pa 310 Pa 373 Pa
Volume
Vel.
m3/s rpm kW rpm kW rpm kW rpm kW rpm kW rpm kW rpm kW rpm kW rpm kW
(m/s)
1.81 2.55 222 0.14
2.17 3.06 236 0.17 270 0.25
2.53 3.56 253 0.22 284 0.30 313 0.39
2.89 4.07 272 0.27 300 0.36 327 0.45 352 0.55
3.25 4.58 292 0.34 317 0.43 343 0.53 366 0.64 389 0.75 411 0.87
3.61 5.08 314 0.42 337 0.52 360 0.63 382 0.74 403 0.86 424 0.98 443 1.10
3.97 5.59 338 0.51 358 0.62 378 0.73 399 0.85 419 0.98 438 1.10 458 1.19 494 1.52
4.33 6.10 361 0.62 379 0.74 398 0.86 417 0.98 436 1.11 455 1.25 472 1.39 507 1.68 540 1.99
4.69 6.61 385 0.74 402 0.87 419 1.00 437 1.13 454 1.26 472 1.41 489 1.56 522 1.86 554 2.18
5.06 7.13 409 0.88 426 1.01 441 1.16 457 1.30 473 1.44 489 1.58 506 1.74 538 2.06 568 2.39
5.42 7.63 434 1.03 449 1.18 464 1.33 479 1.49 494 1.63 509 1.79 524 1.95 555 2.28 584 2.62
5.78 8.14 458 1.21 473 1.37 488 1.53 501 1.69 515 1.86 529 2.01 543 2.18 572 2.53 600 2.89
6.14 8.65 483 1.41 498 1.58 511 1.75 525 1.92 537 2.09 550 2.26 564 2.43 590 2.78 617 3.16
6.50 9.15 508 1.63 522 1.81 535 1.99 538 2.16 560 2.35 572 2.54 585 2.71 610 3.07 635 3.45
6.86 9.66 547 2.06 559 2.25 571 2.44 584 2.62 595 2.82 606 3.01 630 3.39 654 3.78
7.22 10.17 571 2.34 585 2.54 595 2.74 607 2.93 616 3.14 629 3.34 651 3.74 674 4.15
7.94 11.18 621 2.99 633 3.20 644 3.41 654 3.63 665 3.85 675 4.07 695 4.52 715 4.96
8.67 12.21 682 3.98 693 4.20 703 4.44 712 4.68 721 4.93 741 5.40 759 5.89
9.39 13.23 742 5.13 752 5.38 761 5.64 769 5.90 788 6.41 805 6.94
10.11 14.24 791 6.20 801 6.47 810 6.73 818 7.01 834 7.57 852 8.11
10.83 15.25 850 7.70 859 7.99 867 8.27 883 8.87 898 9.47
11.55 16.27 908 9.40 916 9.70 932 10.32 946 10.96
12.28 17.30 965 11.30 981 11.95 995 12.62
13.00 18.31 1015 13.06 1030 13.77 1044 14.46
13.72 19.32 1072 15.78 1093 16.50
14.44 20.34 1129 17.98 1142 18.76
TYPICAL MULTISPEED RATING TABLE FOR A SINGLE WIDTH, SINGLE INLET CENTRIFUGAL FAN

IMPELLER DIAMETER: 36.5 IN OUTLET AREA: 7.65 SQ FT

TIP SPEED IN FPM: 9.56 × RPM MAXIMUM BHP: 18.3 × (RPM/1000)3
Outlet 1/4 in. wg 3/8 in. wg 1/2 in. wg 5/8 in. wg 3/4 in. wg 7/8 in. wg 1 in. wg 1-1/4 in. wg 1-1/2 in. wg
Volume
Vel.
CFM rpm bhp rpm bhp rpm bhp rpm bhp rpm bhp rpm bhp rpm bhp rpm bhp rpm bhp
(fpm)
3825 500 222 0.185
4590 600 236 0.233 270 0.334
5355 700 253 0.292 284 0.400 313 0.519
6120 800 272 0.365 300 0.483 327 0.608 352 0.743
6885 900 292 0.450 317 0.579 343 0.716 366 0.856 389 1.01 411 1.17
7650 1000 314 0.560 337 0.695 360 0.840 383 0.992 403 1.15 424 1.31 443 1.48
8415 1100 338 0.682 358 0.832 378 0.981 399 1.144 419 1.31 438 1.48 458 1.60 494 2.04
9180 1200 361 0.826 379 0.988 398 1.149 417 1.314 436 1.49 455 1.68 472 1.86 507 2.25 540 2.67
9945 1300 385 0.989 402 1.163 419 1.340 437 1.514 454 1.69 472 1.89 489 2.09 522 2.49 554 2.92
10710 1400 409 1.175 425 1.360 441 1.553 457 1.741 473 1.93 489 2.12 506 2.34 538 2.76 568 3.20
11475 1500 434 1.387 449 1.587 464 1.780 479 1.993 494 2.19 509 2.40 524 2.61 555 3.06 584 3.52
12240 1600 458 1.626 473 1.837 488 2.048 501 2.269 515 2.49 529 2.70 543 2.92 572 3.39 600 3.87
13005 1700 483 1.895 498 2.115 511 2.346 525 2.570 537 2.80 550 3.03 564 3.26 590 3.73 617 4.24
13770 1800 508 2.191 522 2.424 535 2.665 538 2.901 560 3.15 572 3.40 585 3.64 610 4.12 635 4.63
14535 1900 547 2.767 559 3.017 571 3.275 584 3.52 595 3.78 606 4.04 630 4.55 654 5.07
15300 2000 571 3.144 585 3.403 595 3.672 607 3.93 618 4.21 629 4.48 651 5.02 674 5.56
16830 2200 621 4.003 633 4.289 644 4.577 654 4.87 665 5.16 675 5.46 695 6.06 715 6.65
18360 2400 682 5.335 693 5.632 703 5.96 712 6.28 721 6.61 741 7.24 759 7.90
19890 2600 742 6.885 752 7.22 761 7.56 769 7.91 788 8.60 805 9.30
21420 2800 791 8.308 801 8.67 810 9.03 818 9.40 834 10.15 852 10.88
22950 3000 850 10.32 859 10.71 867 11.09 883 11.89 898 12.70
24480 3200 908 12.50 916 13.01 932 13.84 946 14.70
26010 3400 965 15.16 981 16.03 995 16.92
27540 3600 1015 17.52 1030 18.47 1044 19.39
29070 3800 1072 21.16 1093 22.13
30600 4000 1129 24.11 1142 25.16

TYPICAL MULTISPEED RATING TABLE FOR A SINGLE WIDTH, SINGLE INLET CENTRIFUGAL FAN

Figure 5.2 - Centrifugal Fan Performance Tables

64 | Fans and Systems

 PRESSURE IN IN. WG
BRAKE HORSEPOWER

1/4” SP 3/8” SP 1/2” SP 5/8” SP 3/4” SP 7/8” SP 1” SP 1-1/4” SP 1-1/2” SP 1-3/4” SP

RPM BHP RPM BHP RPM BHP RPM BHP RPM BHP RPM BHP RPM BHP RPM BHP RPM BHP RPM BHP

VOLUME OUTLET

390 RPM
490 RPM
CFM VELOCITY

3825 500 222 .185

4590 600 236 .233 270 .334
5355 700 253 .292 284 .400 313 .519
6120 800 272 .365 300 .483 327 .608 352 .743
585 RPM

6885 900 292 .450 317 .579 343 .716 366 .856 389 1.01 411 1.17

7650 1000 314 .560 337 .695 360 .840 332 .992 403 1.15 424 1.31 443 1.48
8415 1100 338 .682 358 .822 378 .981 399 1.144 419 1.31 438 1.48 458 1.60 494 2.04
9180 1200 361 .826 379 .988 398 1.149 417 1.314 436 1.49 455 1.58 472 1.86 507 2.25 540 2.67
9945 1300 335 .988 482 1.163 419 1.340 437 1.514 454 1.69 472 1.89 489 2.09 522 2.49 554 2.92 584 3.37
10710 1400 409 1.175 426 1.360 441 1.553 457 1.741 473 1.93 489 2.12 506 2.34 538 2.76 568 3.28 598 3.66

11475 1500 434 1.387 449 1.587 464 1.78 479 1.995 494 2.19 509 2.40 524 2.61 555 3.06 584 3.52 612 3.99
12240 1600 456 1.626 473 1.837 488 2.048 501 2.269 515 2.49 529 2.70 543 2.92 572 3.49 600 3.87 627 4.36
13005 1700 482 493 2.115 511 2.346 525 2.570 537 2.80 550 3.03 564 3.26 590 3.73 617 4.24 643 4.76

CFM
13770 1800 508 2.19 522 2.424 535 2.665 538 2.901 560 3.15 572 3.40 585 3.84 610 4.12 635 4.63 661 5.18
14535 1900 547 2.767 559 3.017 571 3.276 584 3.52 595 606 4.04 630 4.55 654 5.07 678 5.63

15300 2000 571 3.744 584 3.403 596 607 3.93 618 4.21 629 4.48 651 5.02 674 5.56 696 6.11
16830 2200 629 4.003 633 4.289 644 4.577 654 4.87 665 5.16 675 5.46 695 6.06 715 6.65 736 7.24
18360 2400 682 5.335 693 5.632 703 5.76 712 6.28 721 6.81 741 7.24 759 7.90 778
19890 2600 742 6.885 752 7.22 761 7.56 769 7.91 788 8.60 9.30 822 10.02
21420 2800 791 8.308 801 8.67 810 9.03 818 8.48 834 10.15 852 10.88 867 11.65
22950 3000 850 10.32 859 10.71 867 11.09 883 11.89 898 12.70 914 13.48
24480 3200 908 12.60 916 13.01 932 13.84 946 14.70 960 15.56

of Constant Speed Performance Curves

810 RPM

26010 3400 965 15.16 981 16.03 995 16.92 1009 17.83
27540 3600 1015 17.52 1030 18.47 1044 19.39 1057 20.35
29070 3800 1079 21.16 1093 22.13 1106 23.12
30600 4000 1129 24.11 1142 25.16 1155 26.18

Figure 5.3 - Typical Fan Performance Table Showing Relationship to a Family

RECOMMENDED
SELECTION RANGE

Fans and Systems | 65

Most performance tables do not cover the complete
range from no delivery to free delivery but cover only
the typical operating range. Figure 5.4 illustrates the
recommended performance range of a centrifugal
fan. Comparison of Figure 5.4 with Figure 5.3 will
show that the published performance table also
covers only the recommended performance range of
the fan.
It should be remembered that fans are generally
tested without obstructions in the inlet and outlet and
without any optional airstream accessories in place.
Catalog ratings will, therefore, usually apply only to
the bare fan with unobstructed inlet and outlet.
Fan performance adjustment factors for airstream
accessories are normally available from either the fan
catalog or the fan manufacturer.
Fans are usually tested in arrangement 1, or similar
(see Figure 3.5). Rating tables will, therefore, also
apply only to the tested arrangement.
Allowances for the effect of bearing supports used in
other arrangements should be obtained from the
manufacturer if not shown in the catalog.
6. Air Systems
6.1 The system
An air system may consist simply of a fan with
ducting connected to either the inlet or outlet or to
both. A more complicated system may include a fan,
ductwork, air control dampers, cooling coils, heating
coils, filters, diffusers, sound attenuation, turning
vanes, etc. See AMCA Publication 200 Air Systems,
for more information.
6.2 Component losses
Every system has a combined resistance to airflow
that is usually different from every other system and
is dependent upon the individual components in the
system.
The determination of the "pressure loss" or
"resistance to airflow," for the individual components
can be obtained from the component manufacturers.
The determination of pressure losses for ductwork
design is well documented in standard handbooks
such as the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.

SELECTION NOT USUALLY

RECOMMENDED IN THIS RANGE

RECOMMENDED
SELECTION RANGE
PR
ES
SU
RE
PRESSURE

E
RV
CU

SELECTION
NOT USUALLY
EM

RECOMMENDED
ST
SY

IN THIS RANGE
E
RV
CT

CU
DU

EM
ST
T SY
DUC

AIRFLOW

Figure 5.4 - Recommended Performance Range of a Typical Centrifugal Fan

66 | Fans and Systems

In a later section, the effects of some system
components and fan accessories on fan performance
are discussed. The System Effects presented will
assist the system designer to determine fan
selection.
6.3 The system curve
At a fixed airflow through a given air system a
corresponding pressure loss, or resistance to this
airflow, will exist. If the airflow is changed, the
resulting pressure loss, or resistance to airflow, will
also change. The relationship between airflow
pressure and loss can vary as a function of type of
duct components, their interaction and the local
velocity magnitude. In many cases, typical duct
systems operate in the turbulent flow regime and the
pressure loss can be approximated as a function of
velocity (or airflow) squared. The simplifying
relationship used in this publication governing the
change in pressure loss as a function of airflow for a
fixed system is:
Pc/P = (Qc/Q)2
The system curve of a "fixed system" plots as a
parabola in accordance with the above relationship.
Typical plots of the resistance to flow versus volume
airflow for three different and arbitrary fixed systems,
(A, B, and C) are illustrated in Figure 6.1. For a fixed
system an increase or decrease in airflow results in
an increase or decrease in the system resistance
along the given system curve only.
Also, as the components in a system change, the
system curve changes.
Refer to Figure 6.1, Duct System A. With a system at
the design airflow (Q) and at a design system
resistance (P), an increase in airflow to 120% of Q
will result in an increase in system resistance P of
144% since system resistance varies with the square
of the airflow. Likewise, a decrease in airflow Q to
50% would result in a decrease in system resistance
P to 25% of the design system resistance.
In Figure 6.1, System Curve B is representative of a
system that has more component pressure loss than
System Curve A, and System Curve C has less
component pressure loss than System Curve A.

A more through discussion of duct system pressure Notice that on a percentage basis, the same
losses can be found in AMCA Publication 200 Air relationships also hold for System Curves B and C.
Systems. These relationships are characteristic of typical fixed
systems.

200

180
PERCENT OF SYSTEM RESISTANCE

160
C
E M
140
ST
SY
120

100
SYSTEM
80 A DESIGN
M
B

TE POINT
EM

S
SY
ST

60
SY

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

PERCENT OF SYSTEM AIRFLOW

Figure 6.1 - System Curves

Fans and Systems | 67
6.4 Interaction of system curve and fan
performance curve
If the system characteristic curve, composed of the
resistance to system airflow and the appropriate SEF
have been accurately determined, then the fan will
deliver the designated airflow when installed in the
system.
The point of intersection of the system curve and the
fan performance curve determines the actual airflow.
System Curve A in Figure 6.2 has been plotted with a
fan performance curve that intersects the system
design point.
The airflow through the system in a given installation
may be varied by changing the system resistance.
This is usually accomplished by using fan dampers,
duct dampers, mixing boxes, terminal units, etc.
is now at Point 3 (the intersection of the fan curve and
the new System C), with the airflow at approximately
120% of Q.
6.5 Effect of changes in speed
Increases or decreases in fan rotational speed will
alter the airflow through a system. According to the
Fan Laws (see below), the % increase in airflow is
directly proportional to the fan rotational speed ratio,
and the fan static pressure is proportional to the
square of the fan rotational speed ratio. Thus, a 10%
increase in fan rotational speed will result in a new
fan curve with a 10% increase in Q, as illustrated in
Figure 6.3. Since the system components did not
change, System Curve A remains the same. With
airflow increasing by 10% over the original Q, the
system resistance increases along System Curve A
to Point 2, at the intersection with the new fan curve.

Figure 6.2 shows the airflow may be reduced from
design Q by increasing the resistance to airflow, i.e.,
changing the system curve from System A to System
B. The new operating point is now at Point 2 (the
intersection of the fan curve and the new System B)
with the airflow at approximately 80% of Q. Similarly,
the airflow can be increased by decreasing the
resistance to airflow, i.e., changing the system curve
from System A to System C. The new operating point
The greater airflow moved by the fan against the
resulting higher system resistance to airflow is a
measure of the increased work done. In the same
system, the fan efficiency remains the same at all
points on the same system curve.
This is due to the fact that airflow, system resistance,
and required power are varied by the appropriate
ratio of the fan rotational speed.

200
PERCENT OF SYSTEM RESISTANCE

180
EM

C
M
ST

160 E
ST
SY

SY
140
FAN CURVE
120 2
SYSTEM
100 1 DESIGN
POINT
80
3
60 B
T EM
40 SYS

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

PERCENT OF SYSTEM AIRFLOW

Figure 6.2 - Interaction of System Curves and Fan Curve

68 | Fans and Systems

6.5.1 Fan Laws - effect of change in speed - (fan
size and air density remaining constant)
For the same size fan, Dc = D and, therefore, (Dc/D)
= 1. When the air density does not vary, ρc = ρ and
the air density ratio (ρc/ρ) = 1. Kp is taken as equal to
unity in this and following examples.
air density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3) is standard in
the fan industry throughout the world. Figure 6.4
illustrates the effect on the fan performance of a
density variation from the standard value.
6.6.1 Fan Laws - effect of change in density - (fan
size and speed remaining constant)

Qc = Q × (Nc/N) When the speed of the fan does not change, Nc = N

and, therefore, (Nc/N) = 1. The fan size is also fixed,
Ptc = Pt × (Nc/N)2 Dc = D and therefore (Dc/D) = 1.

Psc = Ps × (Nc/N)2 Qc = Q

Pvc = Pv × (Nc/N)2 Ptc = Pt × (ρc/ρ)

Psc = Ps × (ρc/ρ)
Hc = H × (Nc/N)3
Pvc = Pv × (ρc/ρ)
6.6 Effect of density on system resistance
Hc = H × (ρc/ρ)
The resistance of a duct system is dependent upon
the density of the air flowing through the system. An

A
EM
ST
SY
PERCENT OF SYSTEM RESISTANCE

CT
DU

H (AT 1.1N)
160 S (AT 1.1N)
PRESSURE
133
PERCENT OF POWER
140
S (AT N)
PRESSURE
120 2
H (AT N)
100 1
100
80

60

40 50

20
110%
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

PERCENT OF SYSTEM AIRFLOW

Figure 6.3 - Effect of 10% increase in Fan Speed

Fans and Systems | 69

 FAN PRESSURE CURVE
SYSTEM A
@ DENSITY ρ
@ DENSITY ρ
FAN INLET
RESISTANCE AND FAN PRESSURE

100
SYSTEM A
PERCENT OF SYSTEM

FAN PRESSURE CURVE @ DENSITY ρ/2

80 @ DENSITY ρ/2 FAN INLET

60

40

20

100
PERCENT OF POWER

POWER @ DENSITY ρ

80

60

40

POWER @ DENSITY ρ/2

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

PERCENT OF SYSTEM AIRFLOW

Figure 6.4 - Density Effect

70 | Fans and Systems

6.7 Fan and system interaction
When system pressure losses have been accurately
estimated and desirable fan inlet and outlet
conditions have been provided, design airflow can be
expected, as illustrated in Figure 6.5. Note again that
the intersection of the actual system curve and the
fan curve determine the actual airflow. However,
when system pressure losses have not been
accurately estimated as in Figure 6.6, or when
undesirable fan inlet and outlet conditions exist as in
Figure 6.7, design performance may not be obtained.
6.8 Effects of errors in estimating system
resistance
6.8.1 Higher system resistance. In Figure 6.6,
System Curve B shows a situation where a system
has greater resistance to airflow than designed
(Curve A). This condition is generally a result of
inaccurate allowances of system resistance. All
pressure losses must be considered when
calculating system resistance or the actual system
will be more restrictive to airflow than intended. This
CALCULATED SYSTEM CURVE
PEAK FAN PRESSURE
DESIGN RESISTANCE
DESIGN AIRFLOW
Figure 6.5 - Fan/System Curve at Design Point
condition results in an actual airflow at Point 2, which
is at a higher pressure and lower airflow than was
expected.
If the actual duct system pressure loss is greater than
design, an increase in fan speed may be necessary
to achieve Point 5, the design airflow.
CAUTION: Before increasing fan rotational
speed, check with the fan manufacturer to
determine whether the fan rotational speed can
be safely increased. Also determine the expected
increase in power. Since the power required
increases as the cube of the fan rotational speed
ratio, it is very easy to exceed the capacity of the
existing motor and that of the available electrical
service.
6.8.2 Lower system resistance. Curve C in Figure
6.6 shows a system that has less resistance to airflow
than designed. This condition results in an actual
airflow at Point 3, which is at a lower pressure and
higher airflow than was expected.
1
FAN PRESSURE
CURVE
Fans and Systems | 71
6.9 Safety factors
It has been common practice among system
designers to add safety factors to the calculated
system resistance to account for the “unexpected”.
In some cases, safety factors may compensate for
resistance losses that were unaccounted for and the
actual system will deliver the design airflow, Point 1,
Figure 6.6. If the actual system resistance is lower
than the design system resistance, including the
safety factors, the fan will run at Point 3 and deliver
more airflow. This result may not be advantageous
because the fan may be operating at a less efficient
point on the fan’s performance curve and may require
more power than a properly designed system. Under
these conditions, it may be desirable to reduce the
fan performance to operate at Point 4 on Curve C,
Figure 6.6. This may be accomplished by reducing
ACTUAL SYSTEM RESISTANCE
MORE THAN DESIGN
PEAK FAN
PRESSURE
DESIGN RESISTANCE
DESIGN AIRFLOW
72 | Fans and Systems Figure 6.6 - Fan/System Curve Not at Design Point
the fan speed, adjusting the variable inlet vane (VIV),
if installed, or inlet dampers. The system resistance
could also be increased to Point 1 on Curve A, Figure
6.6. The change in fan operating point should be
evaluated carefully, since a change in fan power
consumption may occur.
The system designer should also evaluate the fan
performance tolerance and system resistance
tolerance to determine if the lower or upper limits of
the probable airflow in the system are acceptable.
The combination of these tolerances should be
evaluated to ensure that the “high-side” system
resistance curve does not fall into the unstable range
of performance. Operation in this area of the curve
should be avoided and precautions taken to ensure
operations outside of the unstable area, especially at
the highest expected system resistance.
CURVE B:
ACTUAL SYSTEM
CURVE A:
CALCULATED SYSTEM
5
CURVE C
ACTUAL SYSTEM
2
ACTUAL SYSTEM
LESS THAN
3 DESIGN
FAN PRESSURE
CURVE
6.10 Deficient fan/system performance
The most common causes of deficient fan/system
performance are improper fan inlet duct design, fan
outlet duct design, and fan installation into the duct
system. Any one or a combination of these conditions
that alter the aerodynamic characteristics of the air
flowing through the fan such that the fan’s full airflow
potential, as tested in the laboratory and cataloged, is
not likely to be realized.
Other major causes of deficient performance are:
• The air performance characteristics of the
installed system are significantly different from
the system designer's intent (See Figure 6.6).
This may be due to a change in the system by
others or unexpected behavior of the system
during operation.
• The system design calculations did not include
adequate allowances for the effect of accessories
and appurtenances (See Section 10).
• The fan selection was made without allowing
for the effect of appurtenances on the fan's
performance (See Section 10).
• Dirty filters, dirty ducts, dirty coils, etc., will
increase the system resistance, and
consequently, reduce the airflow - often
significantly.
• The "performance" of the system has been
determined by field measurement techniques
that have a high degree of uncertainty.
Other "on-site" problems are listed in AMCA
Publication 202 Troubleshooting, which includes
detailed checklists and recommendations for the
correction of problems with the performance of air
systems.
6.11 Precautions to prevent deficient
performance
• Use appropriate allowances in the design
calculations when space or other factors
dictate the use of less than optimum
arrangement of the fan outlet and inlet
connections (See Sections 8 and 9).
• Design the connections between the fan and
the system to provide, as nearly as possible,
uniform airflow conditions at the fan outlet and
inlet connections (See Sections 8 and 9).
• Include adequate allowance for the effect of all
accessories and appurtenances on the
performance of the system and the fan. If
possible, obtain from the fan manufacturer
data on the effect of installed appurtenances
on the fan's performance (See Section 10).
• Use field measurement techniques that can be
applied effectively on the particular system.
Be aware of the probable accuracy of
measurement and conditions that affect this.
Refer to AMCA Publication 203 Field
Performance Measurement of Fan Systems;
for more precise measurement see AMCA
Standard 803 Industrial Process/Power
Generation Fans: Site Performance Test
Standard. Also, refer to AABC National
Standards, Chapter 8, Volume Measurements,
Associated Air Balance Council, 5th Edition,
1989.
6.12 System Effect
Figure 6.7 illustrates deficient fan/system
performance resulting from one or more of the
undesirable airflow conditions listed in Section 6.10.
It is assumed that the system pressure losses, shown
in system curve A, have been accurately determined,
and a suitable fan selected for operation at Point 1.
However, no allowance has been made for the effect
of the system connections on the fan's performance.
To account for this System Effect it will be necessary
to add a System Effect Factor (SEF) to the calculated
system pressure losses to determine the actual
system curve. The SEF for any given configuration is
velocity dependent and will vary across a range of
airflow. This will be discussed in more detail in
Section 7. (See Figure 7.1).
In Figure 6.7 the point of intersection between the fan
performance curve and the actual system curve B is
Point 4. The actual airflow will be deficient by the
difference 1-4. To achieve design airflow, a SEF
equal to the pressure difference between Point 1 and
2 should have been added to the calculated system
pressure losses and the fan selected to operate at
Point 2. Note that because the System Effect is
velocity related, the difference represented between
Points 1 and 2 is greater than the difference between
Points 3 and 4.
The System Effect includes only the effect of the
system configuration on the fan's performance.
Fans and Systems | 73
7. System Effect Factor (SEF) 7.1 System Effect Curves

A System Effect Factor is a value that accounts for
the effect of conditions adversely influencing fan
performance when installed in the air system.
Figure 7.1 shows a series of 19 System Effect
Curves. By entering the chart at the appropriate air
velocity (on the abscissa), it is possible to read
across from any curve (to the ordinate) to find the
SEF for a particular configuration.

CURVE B
ACTUAL SYSTEM
WITH SYSTEM EFFECT

CURVE A
CALCULATED SYSTEM
WITH NO ALLOWANCE
FOR SYSTEM EFFECT
2

SYSTEM EFFECT LOSS

AT DESIGN AIRFLOW
4

SYSTEM 3 FAN CATALOG

EFFECT AT PRESSURE
ACTUAL AIRFLOW CURVE
DESIGN RESISTANCE

AIRFLOW
DEFICIENCY

DESIGN AIRFLOW

Figure 6.7 - Deficient Fan/System Performance - System Effect Ignored

74 | Fans and Systems

 FG H I J K L M N O P
1000
900
Q
800
700
R
600

500

400 S
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR PRESSURE, Pa

300
T

U
200

100
90 W
80
70

60
X
50

40

30

20
2.5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30

AIR VELOCITY, (m/s)

(Air Density = 1.2 kg/m3)

Figure 7.1 - System Effect Curves (SI)

Fans and Systems | 75

 FG H I J K L M N O
5.0
P
4.0
Q

3.0

2.5 R
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR - PRESSURE, in. wg

2.0
S

1.5

1.0
0.9 U
0.8
0.7

0.6
V
0.5

0.4 W

0.3

0.25
X
0.2

0.15

0.1
5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60

AIR VELOCITY, ft/min × 100

(Air Density = 0.075 lbm/ft3)

Figure 7.1 - System Effect Curves (I-P)

76 | Fans and Systems

 Table 7.1 - System Effect Coefficients

Curve in Dynamic Pressure

Figure 7.1 Loss Coefficient C

F 16.00
G 14.20
H 12.70
I 11.40
J 9.50
K 7.90
L 6.40
M 4.50
N 3.20
O 2.50
P 1.90
Q 1.50
R 1.20
S 0.75
T 0.50
U 0.40
V 0.25
W 0.17
X 0.10

2
⎛ V ⎞
SEF = C ⎜ ⎟ ρ
⎝ 1.414 ⎠ SI

2
⎛ V ⎞
SEF = C ⎜ ⎟ ρ
⎝ 1097 ⎠ I-P

Fans and Systems | 77

The SEF is given in Pascals (in. wg) and must be The System Effect Curves are plotted for standard air
added to the total system pressure losses as shown at a density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3). Since the
on Figure 7.2. System Effect is directly proportional to density,
values for other densities can be calculated as below:
The velocity used when entering Figure 7.1 will be
either the inlet or the outlet velocity of the fan. This
⎛d ⎞
will depend on whether the configuration in question SEF2 = SEF1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
is related to the fan inlet or the fan outlet. Most ⎝ d1 ⎠
catalog ratings include outlet velocity figures but, for
centrifugal fans, it may be necessary to calculate the Where:
inlet velocity (See Figure 9.14). The inlet velocity and SEF2 = SEF at actual density
outlet velocity of an axial fan can be approximated by
SEF1 = SEF at standard density
using the fan impeller diameter to determine the
d2 = actual density
airflow area. The necessary dimensioned drawings
are usually included in the fan catalog. d1 = standard density

In Sections 8 and 9, typical inlet and outlet
configurations are illustrated and the appropriate
System Effect Curve is listed for each configuration.
If more than one configuration is included in a
system, the SEF for each must be determined
separately and the total of these System Effects must
be added to the total pressure losses.
Alternatively, the SEF may be calculated by the
method shown in Table 7.1. Determine the
configuration being evaluated and use the
appropriate loss coefficient, Cp, and application
velocity, V. The SEF can then be calculated using the
equations shown in Table 7.1.

FAN POWER

ACTUAL SYSTEM W/ SEF

ACTUAL POWER REQUIRED

CALCULATED
ACTUAL SYSTEM RESISTANCE

SEF SYSTEM W/NO

ALLOWANCE
FOR SEF

FAN PRESSURE

DESIGN AIRFLOW

Figure 7.2 - Effect of System on Fan Selection

78 | Fans and Systems
7.2 Power determination
When all the applicable System Effect Factors (SEF)
have been added to the calculated system pressure
losses the power shown in the catalog for the actual
point of operation, Figure 7.2 or Table 7.1 may be
used without further adjustment.
8. Outlet System Effect Factors
8.1 Outlet ducts
should examine catalog ratings carefully for
statements defining whether the published ratings
are based on tests made with A: free inlet, free outlet;
B: free inlet, ducted outlet; C: ducted inlet, free outlet
or D; ducted inlet, ducted outlet.
ANSI/AMCA 210 specifies an outlet duct that is no
greater than 105% or less than 95% of the fan outlet
area. It also requires that the slope of the transition
elements be no greater than 15° for converging
elements or greater than 7° for diverging elements.

As previously discussed, fans intended primarily for
use with duct systems are usually tested with an
outlet duct in place (See Figure 3.2). In most cases
it is not practical for the fan manufacturer to supply
this duct as part of the fan, but rated performance will
not be achieved unless a comparable duct is included
in the system design. The system design engineer
Figure 8.1 shows changes in velocity profiles at
various distances from centrifugal and axial flow fan
outlets. By definition, 100% "effective duct length" is
a minimum of two and one half (2½) equivalent duct
diameters. For velocities greater than 13 m/s (2500
fpm), add 1 duct diameter for each additional 5 m/s
(1000 fpm).

BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE DUCT
OUTLET AREA
CUTOFF

25%

50%

75%
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH

AXIAL FAN

To calculate 100% duct length, assume a minimum of 2½ duct diameters for 12.7 m/s (2500 fpm) or less. Add 1
duct diameter for each additional 5.08 m/s (1000 fpm).

EXAMPLE: 25.4 m/s (5000 fpm) = 5 equivalent duct diameters. If the duct is rectangular with side dimensions a
and b, the equivalent duct diameter is equal to (4ab/π)0.5.

Figure 8.1 - Fan Outlet Velocity Profiles

Fans and Systems | 79

8.1.1 Axial flow fan - outlet ducts. Most exhaust
axial flow fans are tested and/or rated with two to
three equivalent duct diameters attached to the fan
outlet. Often, fans are installed without an outlet
duct, either because of available space or for
economic reasons. Tubeaxial fans installed with no
outlet ducts have System Effect Factors (SEF)
approaching zero.
Vaneaxial fans, however, do not perform as
cataloged when they are installed with less than 50%
"effective duct length." System Effect Curves for
tubeaxial and vaneaxial fans with less than optimum
outlet duct are shown in Figure 8.2.
full-length outlet duct, then a SEF must be added to
the system resistance losses. System Effect Curves
for centrifugal fans with less than optimum outlet duct
length are shown in Figure 8.3.
8.2 Outlet diffusers
Many air systems are space-constricted and must, of
necessity, use relatively small ducts having high
static pressure losses. If space is not severely
constricted, the use of larger ductwork and moving
air at a lower velocity may be beneficial. Larger
ductwork (within reason) reduces system pressure
requirements.

To determine the applicable SEF, calculate the
average velocity in the outlet duct and enter the
System Effect Curve (Figure 7.1) at this velocity,
utilizing the appropriate System Effect Curve
selected from Figure 8.2, then read over horizontally
to the System Effect Factor, Pascals (in. wg) on the
ordinate.
8.1.2 Centrifugal flow fan - outlet ducts.
Centrifugal fans are sometimes installed with a less
than optimum outlet duct. If it is not possible to use a
To effectively transition from a smaller duct size to a
larger duct size it is necessary to use a connection
piece between the duct sections that allows the
airstream to expand gradually. This piece is called a
diffuser, or evasé. These terms are used
interchangeably in the industry. A properly designed
evasé has a smooth and gradual transition between
the duct sizes so that airflow is relatively undisturbed.
An evasé operates on a very simple principle: air
flowing from the smaller area to the larger area loses

AXIAL FAN

100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH

To calculate 100% duct length, assume a minimum of 2½ duct diameters for 12.7 m/s (2500 fpm) or less. Add 1
duct diameter for each additional 5.08 m/s (1000 fpm).

EXAMPLE: 25.4 m/s (5000 fpm) = 5 equivalent duct diameters

12% 25% 50 % 100%

No Duct Effective Effective Effective Effective
Duct Duct Duct Duct

Tubeaxial Fan --- --- --- --- ---

Vaneaxial Fan U V W --- ---

Determine SEF by using Figure 7.1

Figure 8.2 - System Effect Curves for Outlet Ducts - Axial Fans
80 | Fans and Systems
velocity as it approaches the larger area, and a
portion of the change (reduction) in velocity pressure
is converted into static pressure. This process is
called “static regain”, and is simply defined as the
conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure.
The efficiency of conversion (or loss of total pressure)
will depend upon the angle of expansion, the length
of the evasé section, and the blast area/outlet area
ratio of the fan.
The fan manufacturer will, in most cases, be able to
provide design information for an efficient diffuser.
See AMCA Publication 200 Air Systems, for an
example showing the effect of a diffuser on a duct
exit.
8.3 Outlet duct elbows
Values for pressure losses through elbows, which are
published in handbooks and textbooks, are based
upon a uniform velocity profile at entry into the elbow.
Any non-uniformity in the velocity profile ahead of the
elbow will result in a pressure loss greater than the
industry-accepted value.

BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE DUCT
OUTLET AREA
CUTOFF

100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH

CENTRIFUGAL FAN

To calculate 100% duct length, assume a minimum of 2½ duct diameters for 2500 fpm or less. Add 1 duct diameter
for each additional 1000 fpm.

EXAMPLE: 5000 fpm = 5 equivalent duct diameters. If the duct is rectangular with side dimensions a and b, the
equivalent duct diameter is equal to (4ab/π)0.5.

12% 25% 50% 100%

No Duct
Effective Duct Effective Duct Effective Duct Effective Duct

Pressure
0% 50% 80% 90% 100%
Recovery

Blast Area
System Effect Curve
Outlet Area

0.4 P R-S U W —
0.5 P R-S U W —
0.6 R-S S-T U-V W-X —
0.7 S U W-X — —
0.8 T-U V-W X — —
0.9 V-W W-X — — —
1.0 — — — — —

Determine SEF by using Figure 7.1

Figure 8.3 - System Effect Curves for Outlet Ducts - Centrifugal Fans
Fans and Systems | 81
Since the velocity profile at the outlet of a fan is not 8.3.1 Axial fans - outlet duct elbows. Tubeaxial
uniform, an elbow located at or near the fan outlet will fans with two-piece and four-piece mitered elbows at
develop a pressure loss greater than the industry- varying distances from the fan outlet have a
accepted value. negligible SEF (see Figure 8.4).

The amount of this loss will depend upon the location
and orientation of the elbow relative to the fan outlet.
In some cases, the effect of the elbow will be to
further distort the outlet velocity profile of the fan.
This will increase the losses and may result in such
uneven airflow in the duct that branch- takeoffs near
the elbow will not deliver their design airflow. (See
Section 8.6)
Wherever possible, a length of straight duct should
be installed at the fan outlet to permit the diffusion
and development of a uniform airflow profile before
an elbow is inserted in the duct. If an elbow must be
located near the fan outlet then it should be a radius
elbow having a minimum radius-to-duct-diameter
ratio of 1.5.
Vaneaxial fans with two and four-piece mitered
elbows at varying distances from the fan outlet
resulted in System Effect Curves as shown in Figure
8.4.
8.3.2 Centrifugal fans - outlet duct elbows. The
outlet velocity of centrifugal fans is generally higher
toward one or adjacent sides of the rectangular duct.
If an elbow must be located near the fan outlet it
should have a minimum radius-to-duct-diameter ratio
of 1.5, and it should be arranged to give the most
uniform airflow possible. Figure 8.5 gives System
Effect Curves that can be used to estimate the effect
of an elbow at the fan outlet. It also shows the
reduction in losses resulting from the use of a straight
outlet duct.

TUBEAXIAL FAN SHOWN

% EFFECTIVE
DUCT LENGTH

% EFFECTIVE
DUCT LENGTH

VANEAXIAL FAN SHOWN

12% 25% 50 % 100%

90° Elbow No Duct Effective Effective Effective Effective
Duct Duct Duct Duct

Tubeaxial Fan 2 & 4 Pc --- --- --- --- ---

Vaneaxial Fan 2 Pc U U-V V W ---

Vaneaxial Fan 4 Pc W --- --- --- ---

Determine SEF by using Figures 7.1 and 8.1

Figure 8.4 - System Effect Curves for Outlet Duct Elbows - Axial Fans

82 | Fans and Systems

 POSITION C

POSITION D

POSITION B

E
C TIV TH
FE G
EF LEN
% CT
DU

INL
ET
POSITION A

SWSI CENTRIFUGAL FAN SHOWN

Note: Fan Inlet and elbow positions must be oriented as shown for the proper application of the table on the facing
page.

Figure 8.5 - Outlet Elbows on SWSI Centrifugal Fans

Fans and Systems | 83

 Outlet 12% 25% 50% 100%
Blast Area No Outlet
Elbow Effective Effective Effective Effective
Outlet Area Duct
Position Duct Duct Duct Duct

A N O P-Q S
B M-N N O-P R-S
0.4
C L-M M N Q
D L-M M N Q

A O-P P-Q R T
B N-O O-P Q S-T
0.5
C M-N N O-P R-S
D M-N N O-P R-S

A Q Q-R S U
B P Q R T
0.6
C N-O O Q S

NO System Effect Factor

D N-O O Q S

A R-S S T V
B Q-R R-S S-T U-V
0.7
C P Q R-S T
D P Q R-S T

A S S-T T-U W
B R-S S T V
0.8
C Q-R R S U-V
D Q-R R S U-V

A T T-U U-V W
B S S-T T-U W
0.9
C R S S-T V
D R S S-T V

A T T-U U-V W
B S-T T U W
1.0
C R-S S T V
D R-S S T V

SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES FOR SWSI FANS

DETERMINE SEF BY USING FIGURES 7.1 AND 8.1

For DWDI fans determine SEF using the curve for SWSI
fans. Then, apply the appropriate multiplier from the
tabulation below

MULTIPLIERS FOR DWDI FANS

ELBOW POSITION A = ∆P × 1.00

ELBOW POSITION B = ∆P × 1.25
ELBOW POSITION C = ∆P × 1.00
ELBOW POSITION D = ∆P × 0.85

Figure 8.5 - Outlet Elbows on SWSI Centrifugal Fans

84 | Fans and Systems

8.4 Turning vanes
Turning vanes will usually reduce the pressure loss
through an elbow, however, where a non-uniform
approach velocity profile exists, such as at a fan
outlet, the vanes may serve to continue the non-
uniform profile beyond the elbow.
This may result in increased losses in other system
components downstream of the elbow.
8.5 Volume control dampers
Volume control dampers are manufactured with
either "opposed" blades or "parallel" blades. When
partially closed, the parallel bladed damper diverts
the airstream to the side of the duct.
This results in a non-uniform velocity profile beyond
the damper and airflow to branch ducts close to the
downstream side may be seriously affected.
The use of an opposed blade damper is
recommended when air volume control is required at
the fan outlet and there are other system
components, such as coils or branch takeoffs
downstream of the fan. When the fan discharges into
PARALLEL-BLADE DAMPER
ILLUSTRATING DIVERTED AIRFLOW
Figure 8.6 - Parallel Blade vs. Opposed Blade Damper
a large plenum or to free space a parallel blade
damper may be satisfactory.
For a centrifugal fan, best air performance will usually
be achieved by installing an opposed blade damper
with its blades perpendicular to the fan shaft;
however, other considerations, such as the need for
thrust bearings, may require installation of the
damper with its blades parallel to the fan shaft.
When a damper is required, it is often furnished as
accessory equipment by the fan manufacturer (see
Figure 8.6). In many systems, a volume control
damper will be located in the ductwork at or near the
fan outlet.
Published pressure drops for wide-open control
dampers are based on uniform approach velocity
profiles. When a damper is installed close to the
outlet of a fan the approach velocity profile is non-
uniform and much higher pressure losses through the
damper can result. Figure 8.7 lists multipliers that
should be applied to the damper manufacturer's
catalog pressure drop when the damper is installed at
the outlet of a centrifugal fan. These multipliers
should be applied to all types of fan outlet dampers.
OPPOSED-BLADE DAMPER
ILLUSTRATING NON-DIVERTED
AIRFLOW
Fans and Systems | 85
 VOLUME CONTROL DAMPER

BLAST AREA PRESSURE DROP

OUTLET AREA MULTIPLIER

0.4 7.5

0.5 4.8

0.6 3.3

0.7 2.4

0.8 1.9

0.9 1.5

1.0 1.2

Figure 8.7 - Pressure Drop Multipliers for Volume Control Dampers on a Fan Discharge

86 | Fans and Systems

8.6 Duct branches
Standard procedures for the design of duct systems
are based on the assumption of uniform airflow
profiles in the system.
In Figure 8.8 branch takeoffs or splits are located
close to the fan outlet. Non-uniform airflow conditions
will exist and pressure loss and airflow may vary
widely from the design intent. Wherever possible a
length of straight duct should be installed between
the fan outlet and any split or branch takeoff.

Note: Avoid location of split or duct branch close to fan discharge. Provide a straight section of duct to allow for air
diffusion.

Figure 8.8 - Branches Located Too Close to Fan

Fans and Systems | 87

9. Inlet System Effect Factors
Fan performance can be greatly affected by non-
uniform or swirling inlet flow. Fan rating and catalog
performance is typically obtained with unobstructed
inlet flow. Any disruption to the inlet airflow will reduce
a fan’s performance. Restricted fan inlets located
close to walls, obstructions or restrictions caused by
a plenum or cabinet will also decrease the
performance of a fan. The fan performance loss due
to inlet airflow disruption must be considered as a
System Effect.
9.1 Inlet ducts
Fans intended primarily for use as "exhausters" may
be tested with an inlet duct in place, or with a special
bell-mouthed inlet to simulate the effect of a duct.
Figure 9.1 illustrates variations in inlet airflow that will
occur. The ducted inlet condition is shown as (a), and
the effect of the bell-mouth inlet as (b).
Fans that do not have smooth entries (c), and are
installed without ducts, exhibit airflow characteristics
similar to a sharp edged orifice that develops a vena
contracta. A reduction in airflow area is caused by the
vena contracta and the following rapid expansion
causes a loss that should be considered as a System
Effect.
If it is not practical to include such a smooth entry, a
converging taper (d) will substantially diminish the
a. b.
IDEAL SMOOTH ENTRY TO BELL MOUTH INLET PRODUCES
DUCT ON A DUCT SYSTEM FULL FLOW INTO FAN
d.
CONVERGING TAPERED ENTRY
INTO FAN OR DUCT SYSTEM
Figure 9.1 Typical Inlet Connections for Centrifugal and Axial Fans
88 | Fans and Systems
loss of energy, or even a flat flange (e) on the end of
the duct or fan will reduce the loss to about one half
of the loss through an un-flanged entry.
ANSI/AMCA 210 limits an inlet duct to a cross-
sectional area no greater than 112.5% or less than
92.5% of the fan inlet area. The slope of transition
elements is limited to 15° converging and 7° diverging.
9.2 Inlet duct elbows
Non-uniform airflow into a fan inlet is a common
cause of deficient fan performance. An elbow located
at, or in close proximity to the fan inlet will not allow
the air to enter the impeller uniformly. The result is
less than cataloged air performance.
A word of caution is required with the use of inlet
elbows in close proximity to fan inlets. Other than the
incurred System Effect Factor, instability in fan
operation may occur as evidenced by an increase in
pressure fluctuations and sound power level. Fan
instability, for any reason, may result in serious
structural damage to the fan. Axial fan instabilities
were experienced in some configurations tested with
inlet elbows in close proximity to the fan inlet.
Pressure fluctuations approached ten (10) times the
magnitude of fluctuations of the same fan with good
inlet and outlet conditions. It is strongly advised
that inlet elbows be installed a minimum of three
(3) diameters away from any axial or centrifugal
fan inlet.
c.
VENA CONTRACTA AT INLET
REDUCES EFFECTIVE FAN INLET AREA
e.
FLANGED ENTRY INTO
FAN OR DUCT SYTEM
9.2.1 Axial fans - inlet duct elbows. The System
Effect Curves shown in Figure 9.2 for tubeaxial and
vaneaxial fans are the result of tests run with two and
four piece mitered inlet elbows at or in close proximity
to the fan inlets. Other variables tested included hub-
to-tip (H/T) ratio and blade solidity. The number of
blades did not have a significant affect on the inlet
elbow SEF.
9.2.2 Centrifugal fans - inlet duct elbows. Non-
uniform airflow into a fan inlet, Figure 9.3A, is a
common cause of deficient fan performance.
The System Effect Curves for mitered 90° round
section elbows of given radius/diameter (R/D) ratios
are listed on Figure 9.4, and the System Effect
Curves for various square duct elbows of given
radius/diameter ratios are listed on Figure 9.5. The
SEF for a particular elbow is found in Figure 7.1 at
the intersection of the average fan inlet velocity and
the tabulated System Effect Curve.
This pressure loss should be added to the friction and
dynamic losses already determined for the particular
elbow. Note that when duct turning vanes and/or a
suitable length of duct is used (three to eight
diameters long, depending on velocities) between the
fan inlet and the elbow, the SEF is not as great.
These improvements help maintain uniform airflow

TUBEAXIAL FAN SHOWN

DUCT LENGTH

DUCT LENGTH

VANEAXIAL FAN SHOWN

H/T 90° Elbow No Duct [1][2] 0.5D [1][2] 1.0D [1][2] 3.0D

Tubeaxial Fan .25 2 piece U V W ---

Tubeaxial Fan .25 4 piece X --- --- ---

Tubeaxial Fan .35 2 piece V W X

Vaneaxial Fan .61 2 piece Q-R Q-R S-T T-U

Vaneaxial Fan .61 4 piece W W-X --- ---

Notes:

[1] Instability in fan operation may occur as evidenced by an increase in pressure fluctuations and sound level.
Fan instability, for any reason, may result in serious structural damage to the fan.

[2] The data presented in Figure 9.2 is representative of commercial type tubeaxial and vaneaxial fans, i.e. 60%
to 70% fan static efficiency.

Figure 9.2 - System Effect Curves for Inlet Duct Elbows - Axial Fans

Fans and Systems | 89

into the fan inlet and thereby approach the airflow
conditions of the laboratory test setup.
Occasionally, where space is limited, the inlet duct
will be mounted directly to the fan inlet as shown on
Figure 9.3B. The many possible variations in the
width and depth of a duct influence the reduction in
performance to varying degrees and makes it
impossible to establish reliable SEF. Note: Capacity
losses as high as 45% have been observed in
poorly designed inlets such as in Figure 9.3B.
This inlet condition should be AVOIDED.
A counter-rotating vortex at the inlet may result in a
slight increase in the pressure-volume curve but the
power will increase substantially.
There are occasions, with counter-rotating swirl,
when the loss of performance is accompanied by a
surging airflow. In these cases, the surging may be
more objectionable than the performance change.
Inlet spin may arise from a great variety of approach
conditions and sometimes the cause is not obvious.

Existing installations can be improved with guide

vanes or the conversion to square or mitered elbows
with guide vanes, but a better alternative would be a
D
specially designed inlet box similar to that shown in
LENGTH
Figure 9.6.
OF DUCT

9.2.3 Inlet boxes. Inlet boxes are added to

centrifugal and axial fans instead of elbows in order
to provide more predictable inlet conditions and to R
maintain stable fan performance. They may also be
used to protect fan bearings from high temperature,
or corrosive / erosive gases. The fan manufacturer
should include the effect of any inlet box on the fan
performance, and when evaluating a proposal it
should be established that an appropriate loss has
been incorporated in the fan rating. Should this Figure 9.3A - Non-Uniform Airflow Into a Fan
information not be available from the manufacturer, Inlet Induced by a 90°, 3-Piece Section Elbow--
refer to Section 10.4 for an approximate System Effect. No Turning Vanes

9.3 Inlet vortex (spin or swirl)

Another major cause of reduced performance is an

inlet duct design or fan installation that produces a
vortex or spin in the airstream entering a fan inlet.
An example of this condition is illustrated in Figure
9.7.

An ideal inlet condition allows the air to enter

uniformly without spin in either direction.
A spin in the same direction as the impeller rotation
(pre-rotation) reduces the pressure- volume curve by
an amount dependent upon the intensity of the Figure 9.3B - Non-Uniform Airflow Induced Into
vortex. The effect is similar to the change in the Fan Inlet by a Rectangular Inlet Duct
pressure-volume curve achieved by variable inlet
vanes installed in a fan inlet; the vanes induce a
controlled spin in the direction of impeller rotation,
reducing the airflow, pressure and power (see
Section 10.6).

90 | Fans and Systems

 LENGTH SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES
D
OF DUCT
R/D NO 2D 5D
+ DUCT DUCT DUCT
R

— N P R-S

Figure 9.4A - Two Piece Mitered 90° Round Section Elbow - Not Vaned

SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES

R/D NO 2D 5D
DUCT DUCT DUCT

LENGTH 0.5 O Q S
OF DUCT
D
0.75 Q R-S T-U
+
1.0 R S-T U-V
R

2.0 R-S T U-V

3.0 S T-U V

Figure 9.4B - Three Piece Mitered 90° Round Section Elbow - Not Vaned

SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES

R/D NO 2D 5D
DUCT DUCT DUCT

LENGTH 0.5 P-Q R-S T

OF DUCT D
0.75 Q-R S U
+
1.0 R S-T U-V
R
2.0 R-S T U-V

3.0 S-T U V-W

Figure 9.4C - Four or More Piece Mitered 90° Round Section Elbow - Not Vaned

DETERMINE SEF BY USING FIGURE 7.1

Figure 9.4 - System Effect Curves for Various Mitered Elbows without Turing Vanes

Fans and Systems | 91

 SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES
H
R/D NO 2D 5D
DUCT DUCT DUCT
LENGTH H
OF DUCT 0.5 O Q S
+ 0.75 P R S-T

R
1.0 R S-T U-V

1.0 S T-U V

Figure 9.5A - Square Elbow with Inlet Transition - No Turning Vanes

H SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES

R/D NO 2D 5D
LENGTH H DUCT DUCT DUCT
OF DUCT
0.5 S T-U V
+
R
1.0 T U-V W

2.0 V V-W W-X

Figure 9.5B - Square Elbow with Inlet Transition - 3 Long Turning Vanes

H SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES

R/D NO 2D 5D
H DUCT DUCT DUCT
LENGTH
OF DUCT
R 0.5 S T-U V
+
1.0 T U-V W

2.0 V V-W W-X

Figure 9.5C - Square Elbow with Inlet Transition - Short Turning Vanes

D = Diameter of the inlet collar

The inside area of the square duct (H x H) should be equal to the inside area of the fan inlet collar.
* The maximum permissible angle of any converging element of the transition is 15°, and for a diverging element, 7°.

DETERMINE SEF BY USING FIGURE 7.1

Figure 9.5 - System Effect Curves for Various Square Duct Elbows

92 | Fans and Systems

 Figure 9.6 - Improved Flow Conditions with a Special Designed Inlet Box

IMPELLER
ROTATION

COUNTER-ROTATING SWIRL

Figure 9.7 - Example of a Forced Inlet Vortex

IMPELLER IMPELLER
ROTATION ROTATION

PRE-ROTATING SWIRL COUNTER-ROTATING SWIRL

Figure 9.8 - Inlet Duct Connections Causing Inlet Spin

Fans and Systems | 93

9.4 Inlet turning vanes
Where space limitations prevent the use of optimum
fan inlet conditions, more uniform airflow can be
achieved by the use of turning vanes in the inlet
elbow (see Figure 9.9). Numerous variations of
turning vanes are available, from a single curved
sheet metal vane to multi-bladed "airfoil" vanes.
The pressure drop (loss) through these devices must
be added to the system pressure losses.
The amount of loss for each device is published by
the manufacturer, but it should be realized that the
cataloged pressure loss will be based upon uniform
airflow at the entry to the elbow. If the airflow
approaching the elbow is significantly non-uniform
because of a disturbance farther upstream in the
system, the pressure loss through the elbow will be
higher than the published figure. A non-uniform
TURNING
VANES
IMPELLER
ROTATION
CORRECTED PRE-
ROTATING SWIRL
Figure 9.9 - Corrections for Inlet Spin
94 | Fans and Systems
airflow entering a duct elbow with turning vanes will
leave the duct elbow with non-uniform airflow.
9.5 Airflow straighteners
Figure 9.10 shows two airflow straighteners used in
testing setups to reduce fan swirl before measuring
stations. Figure 9.10A is the egg-crate straightener
used in ANSI/AMCA 210; larger cell sizes made
proportionately longer could be used.
Figure 9.10B shows the star straightener used in the
ISO standard. A single splitter sheet may be used to
eliminate swirl in some cases. Straighteners are
intended to reduce swirl before or after a fan or a
process station. Do not install straighteners where
the air profile is known to be non-uniform, the
device will carry the non-uniformity further
downstream.
TURNING
VANES
TURNING
IMPELLER
VANES
ROTATION
CORRECTED COUNTER-
ROTATING SWIRL
 0.45D

0.075D
DUCT
0.075D

Figure 9.10A - ANSI/AMCA Standard 210 Egg-Crate Straightener

DUCT DUCT

2D

Figure 9.10B - ISO 5801 Star Straightener

Figure 9.10 - Test Standard Airflow Straighteners

Fans and Systems | 95

9.6 Enclosures (plenum and cabinet effects)
Fans within plenums and cabinets or next to walls
should be located so that air may flow unobstructed
into the inlets. Fan performance is reduced if the
space between the fan inlet and the enclosure is too
restrictive. It is common practice to allow at least
one-half impeller diameter between an enclosure wall
and the fan inlet. Adjacent inlets of multiple double
width centrifugal fans located in a common enclosure
should be at least one impeller diameter apart if
optimum performance is to be expected. Figure 9.11
illustrates fans with restricted inlets and their
applicable System Effect Curves.

2L
L L

EQUAL
INLET
DIA.

EQUAL
DIAMETER L
OF INLET

Figure 9.11A - Fans and Plenum Figure 9.11B - Axial Fan Near Wall

L L L L

DWDI SWSI

Figure 9.11C - Centrifugal Fan Near Wall(s) Figure 9.11D - DWDI Fan Near Wall on One Side

L - DISTANCE For Figures 9.11A, B & C For Figures 9.11D

INLET TO WALL SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES SYSTEM EFFECT CURVES

0.75 x DIA. OF INLET V-W X

0.50 x DIA. OF INLET U V-W
0.40 x DIA. OF INLET T V-W
0.30 x DIA. OF INLET S U

Determine SEF by calculating inlet velocity and using Figure 7.1

Figure 9.11 - System Effect Curves for Fans Located in Plenums and Cabinet
Enclosures and for Various Wall-to-inlet Dimensions

96 | Fans and Systems

The manner in which the air stream enters an
enclosure in relation to the fan inlets also affects fan
performance. Plenum or enclosure inlets or walls that
are not symmetrical with the fan inlets will cause
uneven airflow and/or inlet spin. Figure 9.12A
illustrates this condition that must be avoided to
achieve maximum performance from a fan. If this is
not possible, inlet conditions can usually be improved
with a splitter sheet to break up the inlet vortex as
illustrated in Figure 9.12B.
For proper performance of axial fans in parallel
installations minimum space of one impeller diameter
should be allowed between fans, as shown in Figure
9.13. Placing fans closer together can result in erratic
or uneven airflow into the fans.
common inlet obstructions. Some accessories such
as fan bearings, bearing pedestals, inlet vanes, inlet
dampers, drive guards and motors may also cause
inlet obstruction and are discussed in more detail in
Section 10.
Obstruction at the fan inlet may be defined in terms
of the unobstructed percentage of the inlet area.
Because of the shape of the inlet cones of many fans
it is sometimes difficult to establish the area of the fan
inlet. Figure 9.14 illustrates the convention adopted
for this purpose. Where an inlet collar is provided, the
inlet area is calculated from the inside diameter of
this collar. Where no collar is provided, the inlet plane
is defined by the points of tangency of the fan
housing side with the inlet cone radius.

9.7 Obstructed inlets The unobstructed percentage of the inlet area is

A reduction in fan performance can be expected
when an obstruction to airflow is located in the fan
inlet. Building structural members, columns, butterfly
valves, blast gates and pipes are examples of more
calculated by projecting the profile of the obstruction
on the profile of the inlet. The adjusted inlet velocity
obtained is then used to enter the System Effect Curve
chart and the SEF determined from the curve listed
for that unobstructed percentage of the fan inlet area.

SPLITTER SHEET

Figure 9.12A - Enclosure Inlet Not Figure 9.12B - Flow Condition of Figure 9.12A
Symmetrical with Fan Inlet. Pre- Improved with a Splitter Sheet. Substantial
Rotational Vortex Induced Improvement Would Be To Relocate
Enclosure Inlet as Shown in Figure 9.11A

Figure 9.12 - Fan in Plenum with Non-Symmetrical Inlet

1 DIA.
MIN

Figure 9.13 - Parallel Installation of Axial Flow Fans

Fans and Systems | 97

 ER
ET
AM AR
DI LL
DE CO
SI T
IN E
INL

INLET PLANE

FREE INLET AREA PLANE - FAN WITH INLET COLLAR

POINT OF TANGENT
WITH FAN HOUSING SIDE
AND INLET CONE RADIUS

R
TE
E NT
AM GE
DI N
TA
OF

INLET PLANE

FREE INLET AREA PLANE - FAN WITHOUT INLET COLLAR

Table for Figure 9.14

System Effect Curve (Figure 7.1)

Distance from obstruction to inlet plane

Percentage of 0.75 Inlet 0.5 Inlet 0.33 Inlet 0.25 Inlet

At Inlet plane
unobstructed inlet area diameter diameter diameter diameter

100 - - - - -
95 - - X W V
90 - X V-W U-V T-U
85 X W-X V-W U-V S-T
75 W-X V U S-T R-S
50 V-W U S-T R-S Q
25 U-V T S-T Q-R P

Figure 9.14 - System Effect Curves for Inlet Obstructions

(Table based on Fans and Fan Systems, Thompson & Trickler, Chem Eng MAR83, p. 60)

98 | Fans and Systems

10. Effects of Factory Supplied Accessories
Unless the manufacturer's catalog clearly states to
the contrary, it should be assumed that published fan
performance data does not include the effects of any
accessories supplied with the fan.
If possible, the necessary information should be
obtained directly from the manufacturer. The data
presented in this section are offered only as a guide
in the absence of specific data from the fan
manufacturer. See Figure 10.1 for terminology.

Cone Type
Variable
Inlet Vanes

Figure 10.1 - Common Terminology for Centrifugal Fan Appurtenances

Fans and Systems | 99

10.1 Bearing and supports in fan inlet
Arrangement 3 and 7 fans (see Figure 3.5) require
that the fan shaft be supported by a bearing and
bearing support in the fan inlet or just adjacent to it.
These components may have an effect on the flow of
air into the fan inlet and consequently on the fan
performance, depending upon the size of the
bearings and supports in relation to the fan inlet
opening. The location of the bearing and support, that
is, whether it is located in the actual inlet or "spaced
out" from the inlet, will also have an effect.
In cases where manufacturer's performance ratings
do not include the effect of the bearings and
supports, it will be necessary to compensate for this
inlet restriction. Use the fan manufacturer's
allowance for bearings in the fan inlet if possible.
If no better data are available, use the procedures
described in Section 9.7 as an approximation.
10.2 Drive guards obstructing fan inlet
All fans have moving parts that require guarding for
safety in the same way as other moving machinery.
Fans located less than 2.1 m (7 ft) above the floor
require special consideration as specified in the
United States’ Occupational Safety and Health Act.
National, federal, state and local rules, regulations,
and codes should be carefully considered and
followed.
Arrangement 3 and 7 fans may require a belt drive
guard in the area of the fan inlet. Depending on the
design, the guard may be located in the plane of the
inlet, along the casing side sheet, or it may be
"spaced out" due to "spaced out" bearing pedestals.
In any case, depending on the location of the guard,
and on the inlet velocity, the fan performance may be
significantly affected by this obstruction. It is
desirable that a drive guard located in this position be
furnished with as much opening as possible to allow
maximum flow of air to the fan inlet.
If available, use the fan manufacturer's allowance for
drive guards obstructing the fan inlet. SEF for drive
guard obstructions situated at the inlet of a fan may
be approximated using Figure 9.14.
Where possible, open construction on guards is
recommended to allow free air passage to the fan
inlet. Guards and sheaves should be designed to
obstruct, as little of the fan inlet as possible and in no
case should the obstruction be more than 1/3 of the
fan inlet area.
100 | Fans and Systems
10.3 Belt tube in axial fan inlet or outlet
With a belt driven axial flow fan it is usually necessary
that the fan motor be mounted outside the fan
housing (see Figure 3.7 Arrangement 9, and Annex B
Figure B.7).
To protect the belts from the airstream, and also to
prevent any air leakage through the fan housing,
manufacturers in many cases provide a belt tube.
Most manufacturers include the effects of an axial fan
belt tube in their rating tables. In cases where the
effect is not included, the appropriate SEF is
approximated by calculating the percentage of
unobstructed area of air passage way and using
Figure 9.14.
10.4 Inlet box
When an inlet box configuration is supplied by the fan
manufacturer, the fan performance should include
the effect of the inlet box.
The System Effect of fan inlet boxes can vary widely
depending upon the design. This data should be
available from the fan manufacturer. In the absence
of fan manufacturer's data, a well-designed inlet box
should approximate System Effect Curves "S" or "T"
of Figure 7.1.
10.5 Inlet box dampers
Inlet box dampers may be used to control the airflow
through the system. Either parallel or opposed blades
may be used (see Figure 10.1).
The parallel blade type is installed with the blades
parallel to the fan shaft so that, in a partially closed
position, a forced inlet vortex will be generated. The
effect on the fan characteristics will be similar to that
of a variable inlet vane control.
The opposed blade type is used to control airflow by
the addition of pressure loss created by the damper
in a partially closed position.
If possible, complete data should be obtained from
the fan manufacturer giving the System Effect of the
inlet box and damper pressure drop over the range of
application. If data are not available, System Effect
Curves "S" or "T" from Figure 7.1 should be applied
for the inlet box and pressure loss from the damper
manufacturer for the damper in making the fan
selection.
10.6 Variable inlet vane (VIV)
Variable inlet vanes are mounted on the fan inlet to
maintain fan efficiency at reduced airflow. They are
arranged to generate an inlet vortex (pre-rotation)
that rotates in the same direction as the fan impeller.
Variable inlet vanes may be of two different basic
types: 1) cone type integral with the fan inlet, 2)
cylindrical type add-on (Figures 10.1 and 10.2).
When variable inlet vanes are supplied by the fan
manufacturer, the performance should include the
effects of the variable inlet vane unit.
The System Effect of a wide-open VIV (see Figure
10.2) must be accounted for in the original fan
selection. If data are not available from the fan
manufacturer the following System Effect Curves
should be applied in making the fan selection.

VANE TYPE SYSTEM EFFECT CURVE

(100% Open)

a) Cone type, integral “Q” or “R”

b) Cylindrical type “S”

Determine SEF by calculating inlet velocity and using

Figure 7.1

FAN PERFORMANCE
W/OUT VARIABLE INLET VANES
120

100 VARIABLE
INLET VANES
PERCENT OF SHUT-OFF PRESSURE

75% OPEN 100% OPEN

CONE TYPE 80
VARIABLE INLET
VANES 75% OPEN

60

40
75% OPEN

20

CYLINDRICAL TYPE
VARIABLE INLET
VANES 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
PERCENT OF WIDE OPEN VOLUME

Figure 10.2 - Typical Variable Inlet Vanes for a Backward Inclined Fan

Fans and Systems | 101

Annex A. SI / I-P Conversion Table (Informative)

Taken from AMCA 99-0100

Quantity I-P to SI SI to I-P

Length (ft) 0.3048 = m (m) 3.2808 = ft

Mass (weight) (lbs) 0.4536 = kg (kg) 2.2046 = lbs.

Time The unit of time is the second in both systems

(ft-s) 0.3048 = ms (ms) 3.2808 = ft-s

Velocity
(ft/min) 0.00508 = ms (ms) 196.85 = ft/min

Acceleration (in./s2) 0.0254 = m/s2 (m/s2) 39.370 = in./s2

Area (ft2) 0.09290 = m2 (m2) 10.764 = ft2

Volume Flow Rate (cfm) 0.000471948 = m3/s (m3/s) 2118.88 = cfm

Density (lb/ft3) 16.01846 = kg/m3 (kg/m3) 0.06243 = lb/ft3

(in. wg) 248.36 = Pa (Pa) 0.004026 = in. wg

Pressure (in. wg) 0.24836 = kPa (kPa) 4.0264 = in. wg
(in. Hg) 3.3864 = kPa (kPa) 0.2953 = in. Hg

Viscosity:
Absolute (lbm/ft-s) 1.4882 = Pa s (Pa s) 0.6719 = (lbm/ft-s)
Kinematic (ft2/s) 0.0929 = m2/s (m2/s) 10.7639 = ft2/s

Gas Constant (ft lb/lbm-°R) 5.3803 = J-kg/K (j-kg/K) 0.1858 = (ft lb/lbm-°R)

Temperature (°F - 32°)/1.8 = °C (1.8 × °C) + 32° = °F

Power (BHP) 746 = W (W)/746 = BHP

(BHP) 0.746 = kW (kW)/0.746 = BHP

102 | Fans and Systems

Annex B. Dual Fan Systems - Series and These types of systems normally have common inlet
Parallel and outlet sections, or they may have individual ducts
of equal resistance that join together at equal
It is sometimes necessary to install two or more fans velocities. In either case, the characteristic curve is
in systems that require higher pressures or airflow the sum of the separate airflows for a given static or
than would be attainable with a single fan. Two fans total pressure (Figure B.2).
may offer a space, cost, or control advantage over a
single larger fan, or it may be simply a field The total performance of the multiple fans will be less
modification of an existing system to boost pressure than the theoretical sum if inlet conditions are
or airflow. restricted or the airflow into the inlets is not straight
(see Section 9.6). Also, adding a parallel fan to an
existing system without modifying the resistance
B.1 Fans operating in series
(larger ducts, etc.) will result in lower than anticipated
airflow due to increased system resistance.
To obtain a system pressure boost, fans are often
installed in series. The fans may be mounted as close
Fans that have a “positive” slope in the pressure-
as the outlet of one fan directly attached to the inlet
volume curve to the left of the peak pressure curve,
of the next fan, or they may be placed in remote
typical of some axial and forward curved centrifugal
locations with considerable distance between fans.
fans (see Figure 4.2), can experience unstable
operation under certain conditions. If fans are
The fans must handle the same mass airflow,
operated in parallel in the region of this “positive”
assuming no loss or gains between stages.
slope, multiple operating conditions may occur.
The combined total pressure will then be the sum of
Figure B.2 illustrates the combined pressure-volume
each fan’s total pressure (Figure B.1). The velocity
curve of two such fans operating in parallel.
pressure corresponds to the air velocity at the outlet
of the last fan stage. The static pressure for the
The closed loop to the left of the peak pressure point
combination is the total pressure minus the velocity
is the result of plotting all the possible combinations
pressure and is not the sum of the individual fan
of volume airflow at each pressure. If the system
static pressures.
curve intersects the combined volume-pressure
curve in the area enclosed by the loop, more than
In practice there is some reduction in airflow due to
one point of operation is possible. This may cause
the increased air density in the later fan stage(s).
one of the fans to handle more of the air and could
There can also be significant loss of airflow due to
cause a motor overload if the fans are individually
non-uniform airflow into the inlet of the next fan.
driven. This unbalanced airflow condition tends to
reverse readily with the result that the fans will
Sometimes multiple impellers are assembled in a
intermittently load and unload. This "pulsing" often
single housing and this assembly is known as a
generates noise and vibration and may cause
“multi-stage” fan. This combination is seldom used in
damage to the fans, ductwork or driving motors.
conventional ventilating and air conditioning systems
but it is not uncommon in special industrial systems.
Aileron controls in forward curved fan outlets or
dampers near the inlets or outlets may be used to
It is advisable to request the fan manufacturer to
correct unbalanced airflow or to eliminate pulsations
review the proposed system design and make some
or reversing operation (See Figure B.3).
estimate of its installed performance.

B.2 Fans operating in parallel

Suppliers of air handling equipment and designers of

custom systems commonly incorporate two identical,
in parallel fans to deliver large volumes of air while
taking advantage of the space savings offered by
using two smaller fans.

Fans and Systems | 103

 SYSTEM
RESISTANCE
PERCENT OF FAN STATIC PRESSURE

200%

SERIES FAN
COMBINED
PRESSURE
CURVE

100%

SINGLE FAN
PRESSURE
CURVE

100%
PERCENT OF FAN AIRFLOW

Figure B.1 - Typical Characteristic Curve of Two Fans Operating in Series

104 | Fans and Systems

 FAN OPERATION NOT
RECOMMENDED IN THIS
RANGE

M
M

TE
TE

YS
YS

ES
ES

BL
BL

STA
PERCENT OF FAN STATIC PRESSURE

STA
UN
100

PARALLEL FANS - FAN PRESSURE AT

COMBINED VOLUME

SINGLE FAN -
PRESSURE
CURVE

200
PERCENT OF FAN AIRFLOW

Figure B.2 - Parallel Fan Operation

AILERON

Figure B.3 - Aileron Control

Fans and Systems | 105

Annex C. Definitions and Terminology
C.1 The air
C.1.1 Air velocity. The velocity of an air stream is its
rate of motion, expressed in m/s (fpm). The velocity
at a plane (Vx) is the average velocity throughout the
entire area of the plane.
C.1.2 Airflow. The airflow at a plane (Qx) is the rate
of airflow, expressed in m3/s (cfm) and is the product
of the average velocity at the plane and the area of
the plane.
C.1.3 Barometric pressure. Barometric pressure
(pb) is the absolute pressure exerted by the
atmosphere at a location of measurement (per AMCA
99-0066).
C.1.4 Pressure-static. Static pressure is the portion
of the air pressure that exists by virtue of the degree
of compression only. If expressed as gauge pressure,
it may be negative or positive (per AMCA 99-0066).
Static pressure at a specific plane (Psx) is the
arithmetic average of the gauge static pressures as
measured at specific points in the traverse of the
plane.
C.1.5 Pressure-velocity. Velocity pressure is that
portion of the air pressure which exists by virtue of
the rate of motion only. It is always positive (per
AMCA 99-0066).
Velocity pressure at a specific plane (Pvx) is the
square of the arithmetic average of the square roots
of the velocity pressures as measured at specific
points in the traverse plane.
C.1.6 Pressure-total. Total pressure is the air
pressure that exists by virtue of the degree of
compression and the rate of motion. It is the
algebraic sum of the velocity pressure and the static
pressure at a point. Thus if the air is at rest, the total
pressure will equal the static pressure (per AMCA 99-
0066).
Total pressure at a specific plane (Ptx) is the algebraic
sum of the static pressure and the velocity pressure
at that plane.
C.1.7 Standard air density. A density of 1.2 kg/m3
(0.075 lbm/ft3) corresponding approximately to air at
20°C (68°F), 101.325 kPa (29.92 in. Hg) and 50%
relative humidity (per AMCA 99-0066).
106 | Fans and Systems
C.1.8 Temperature. The dry-bulb temperature (td) is
the air temperature measured by a dry temperature
sensor. Temperatures relating to air density are
usually referenced to the fan inlet.
The wet-bulb temperature (tw) is the temperature
measured by a temperature sensor covered by a
water-moistened wick and exposed to air in motion.
Readings shall be taken only under conditions that
assure an air velocity of 3.6 to 10.2 m/s (700 to 2000
ft/min) over the wet-bulb and only after sufficient time
has elapsed for evaporative equilibrium to be
attained.
Wet bulb depression is the difference between dry-
bulb and wet-bulb temperatures (td - tw) at the same
location.
C.2 The fan
C.2.1 Blast area. The blast area of a centrifugal fan
is the fan outlet area less the projected area of the
cutoff; see Figure B.6 (per AMCA 99-0066).
C.2.2 Inlet area. The fan inlet area (A1) is the gross
inside area of the fan inlet (see Figure 9.14).
C.2.3 Outlet area. The fan outlet area (A2) is the
gross inside area of the fan outlet.
C.2.4 Fan. (1) A device, which utilizes a power-drive
rotating impeller for moving air or gases. The internal
energy (enthalpy) increase imparted by a fan to a gas
does not exceed 25 kJ/kg (10.75 BTU/lbm). (2) A
device having a power-driven rotating impeller
without a housing for circulating air in a room (per
AMCA 99-0066).
The volume airflow of a fan (Q) is the rate of airflow
in m3/s (cfm) expressed at the fan inlet conditions.
C.2.5 Fan impeller diameter. The fan impeller
diameter is the maximum diameter measured over
the impeller blades.
C.2.6 Fan total pressure. Fan total Pressure (Pt) is
the difference between the total pressure at the fan
outlet and the total pressure at the fan inlet. Pt = Pt1 -
Pt2 (Algebraic).
Ignoring the losses that exist between the planes of
measurement and the fan, Figures C.1, C.2 and C.3
illustrate fan total pressures for three basic
arrangements for fans connected to external
systems.
Where the fan inlet is open to atmospheric air or
where an inlet bell, as shown in the Figure C.1 is
used to simulate an inlet duct, the total pressure at
the fan inlet (Pt1) is considered to be the same as the
total pressure in the region near the inlet (Pta) where
no energy has been imparted to the air. This is the
location of "still air". The following equations apply:
Pta = 0
Pt = Pt2 - Pt1
Pt1 = Pta = 0
Pt = Pt2
PLANE 1 PLANE 2
Pt = Pt2
Figure C.1 - Fan Total Pressure for Installation Type B: Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet
Where the fan outlet is open to atmospheric air or
where an outlet duct three diameters or less in length
is used to simulate a fan with an outlet duct and the
outlet duct is open to atmospheric air, the total
pressure at the fan outlet is equal to the fan velocity
pressure (Pv). The following equations apply:
Pt = Pt2 - Pt1
Pt2 = Pv
Pt = Pv - Pt1
Pt2
Fans and Systems | 107
 PLANE 1 PLANE 2

Pt1

Pt = Pv2 - Pt1

Figure C.2 - Fan Total Pressure for Installation Type C: Ducted Inlet, Free Outlet

PLANE 1 PLANE 2

Pt1 Pt Pt2

Pt = Pt2 - Pt1

Figure C.3 - Fan Total Pressure for Installation Type D: Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet

108 | Fans and Systems

C.2.7 Fan velocity pressure. Fan velocity pressure
(Pv) is the pressure corresponding to the average air
velocity at the fan outlet. Pv = Pv2
Assuming no change in air density or area between
the plane of measurement and the fan outlet, Figure
C.4 illustrates fan velocity pressure.
C.2.8 Fan static pressure. The difference between
the fan total pressure and the fan velocity pressure.
Therefore, fan static pressure is the difference
between the static pressure at a fan outlet and the
total pressure at a fan inlet (per AMCA 99-0066).
Ps = Pt - Pv
Ignoring losses between the planes of measurement
and the fan, Figure C.5 illustrates the fan static
pressure for a fan with ducted inlet and outlet.
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 (Algebraic)
Where the fan inlet is open to atmospheric air, (free
inlet, ducted outlet), the fan static pressure (Ps) is
equal to the static pressure at the fan outlet.
Ps = Ps2
PLANE 1 PLANE 2
Pv = Pv2
Figure C.4 - Fan Velocity Pressure for Installation Type B: Free Inlet, Ducted Outlet
Where the fan outlet is open to atmospheric air
(ducted inlet, free outlet), ignoring the SEF, the fan
static pressure (Ps) is equal to the inlet static
pressure (Ps1) less the inlet velocity pressure (Pv1).
Ps = -Ps1 - Pv1
Ps = -(-Ps1) - Pv1
Ps = Ps1 - Pv1
C.3 The system
C.3.1 Equivalent duct diameter. The diameter of a
circle having the same area as another geometric
shape. For a rectangular cross-section duct with
width (a) and height (b), the equivalent diameter is:
(4ab/π)0.5 (per AMCA 99-0066).
C.3.2 Fan performance. Fan performance is a
statement of the volume airflow, static or total
pressure, speed and power input at a stated inlet
density and may include total and static efficiencies.
C.3.3 Fan performance curve. Of the many forms of
fan performance curves, generally all convey
information sufficient to determine fan performance
as defined above. In this manual, ‘fan performance
curve’ refers to the constant speed performance
Pv2
Fans and Systems | 109
curve. This is a graphical representation of static or
total pressure and power input over a range of
volume airflow at a stated inlet density and fan
speed. It may include static or total efficiency curves.
The range of volume airflow that is covered generally
extends from shutoff (zero airflow) to free delivery
(zero fan static pressure). The pressure curves that
appear are generally referred to as the pressure-
volume curves.
C.3.4 Normalized fan curve. A normalized fan curve
is a constant speed curve in which the fan
performance values appear as percentages, with
100% airflow at free delivery, 100% fan static
pressure at shutoff, and 100% power at the maximum
power input point.
C.3.5 Point of duty. Point of duty is a statement of
air volume flow rate and static or total pressure at a
stated density and is used to specify the point on
the system curve at which a fan is to operate.
C.3.6 Point of operation. The relative position on a
fan or air curtain performance curve corresponding to
a particular airflow, pressure, power and efficiency
(per AMCA 99-0066).
PLANE 1
Ps1 Pv1
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 (algebraic)
Figure C.5 - Fan Static Pressure for Installation Type D: Ducted Inlet, Ducted Outlet
110 | Fans and Systems
C.3.7 Point of rating. The specified fan operating
point on its characteristic curve (per AMCA 99-0066).
C.3.8 System. A series of ducts, conduits, elbows,
branch piping, etc., designed to guide the flow of air,
gas or vapor to and from one or more locations.
A fan provides the necessary energy to overcome
the resistance to flow of the system and causes air or
gas to flow through the system. Some components of
a typical system are louvers, grills, diffusers, filters,
heating and cooling coils, air pollution control
devices, burner assemblies, sound attenuators, the
ductwork and related fittings.
C.3.9 System curve. A graphic representation of the
pressure versus volume airflow characteristics of a
particular system.
C.3.10 System Effect Factor (SEF). A pressure loss,
which recognizes the effect of fan inlet restrictions,
fan outlet restrictions, or other conditions influencing
fan performance when installed in the system (per
AMCA 99-0066).
PLANE 2
Ps2
 HOUSING

DIVERTER

FF
TO
CU

CENTER PLATE

BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE
OUTLET AREA

SIDE SHEET
BACKPLATE

BLADE FF
TO
CU

INLET

SCROLL

IMPELLER

FRAME
RIM
BEARING
SUPPORT
INLET COLLAR

Figure C.6 - Terminology for Centrifugal Fan Components

Fans and Systems | 111

 CASING

BACKPLATE
RIM
HUB INLET

MOTOR BLADE
GUIDE VANE

IMPELLER

INLET BELL
Figure C.7A - Tubular Centrifugal Fan-
Direct Drive
CASING

BLADE
DIFFUSER
HUB

MOTOR

IMPELLER

CASING

BEARING CASING Figure C.7B - Tubeaxial Fan-Direct Drive

BELT TUBE (Impeller Downstream)

BLADE

HUB

GUIDE VANE
Figure C.7C - Vaneaxial Fan-Belt Drive
IMPELLER

Figure C.7 - Terminology for Axial and Tubular Centrifugal Fans

112 | Fans and Systems

Annex D. Examples of the Convertibility
of Energy from Velocity Pressure to
Static Pressure
SI CONVERSION was done using 249 Pa = 1 in. wg,
1 m3/s = 2118 cfm, 1m/s = .00508 ft/min
The Ps required at the fan outlet (C) will be equal to
the pressure drop at the desired airflow. Since there
are no inlet obstructions and the duct near the fan
outlet is the same as used in the test setup, the
published fan performance can be used with no
additional system effect factors applied.

D.1 Example of fan (tested with free inlet,

ducted outlet) applied to a duct system

The overall friction of the duct system results in a 747

Pa (3.0 in. wg) pressure drop at an airflow of 1.42
m3/s (3000 cfm).

SI I-P

A Free inlet 0.00 Pa (no SEF) 0.0 in. wg

B-C Outlet with straight

duct attached for two
or more diameters. 0.00 Pa (no SEF) 0.0 in. wg

C-D Duct friction at Q =

1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm). 747.00 Pa (duct design) 3.0 in. wg

REQUIRED FAN Ps 747.00 Pa 3.0 in. wg

Select a fan for Q = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) and Ps = 747 Pa (3.0 in. wg).

Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).

NO OBSTRUCTION AT FAN INLET

Pv = 124 Pa (0.5 in.wg)

(I-P) in.wg FRICTION 747 Pa (3.0 in.wg)

AT 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm)
(SI) Pa

996 4

747 3
Pt
Pv
498 2
Ps 124 Pa
249 1 (0.5 in.wg)

0 0
A B C D
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Figure D.1 - Pressure Gradients - Fan as Tested

Fans and Systems | 113
D.2 Example of fan (tested with free inlet,
ducted outlet), connected to a duct system
and then a plenum
This example includes the same duct system as
described in Example C.1. However, there is a short
outlet duct on the fan followed by a plenum chamber
with cross-sectional area more than 10 times larger
than the area of the duct.
The velocity in the duct from E to F is 14.4 m/s (2830
fpm), equal to a velocity pressure of 124.5 Pa (0.5 in.
wg). At point "F" the Pv is 124.5 Pa (0.5 in. wg), the
Ps is 0.0 Pa (0.0 in. wg), and the Pt is 124.5 Pa (0.5
in. wg). The friction of duct will cause a gradual
increase in Ps and Pt back to point E. If the duct has
a uniform cross-sectional area the Pv will be constant
through this part of the system.
Since there is an energy loss of 49.8 Pa (0.2 in. wg)
as a result of the abrupt contraction from the plenum
SI
C-D Outlet duct on fan as tested 0.00 Pa
D Pv loss (also Pt loss) as
result of air velocity decrease.
Ps does not change from
duct to plenum at D. 0.00 Pa
E Contraction loss - plenum
to duct 49.80 Pa
E Ps energy required to
create velocity at E 124.50 Pa
E-F Duct friction at Q =
1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) 747.00 Pa
REQUIRED FAN Ps 921.30 Pa
Solution:
Select a fan for Q = 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) and Ps = 921.30 Pa (3.7 in. wg)
Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).
114 | Fans and Systems
to the duct, the Pt requirement in the plenum is
871.15 Pa (3.5 in. wg), Pt at duct entrance = 49.8 Pa
(0.2 in. wg) in contraction loss, or 921.3 Pa (3.7 in.
wg) Pt.
Air flowing across the plenum from D to E will have a
relatively low velocity and the Pv in the plenum will be
0.0 Pa (0.0 in. wg) since the velocity is negligible.
At point D, there is an abrupt expansion energy loss
equal to the entire Pv in the duct discharging into the
plenum. The outlet duct between the fan and the
plenum is 2.5 equivalent diameters long. It is the
same as used during the fan rating test. The Ps in the
outlet duct (also the Ps in the plenum) is the same as
the Ps as measured during the rating test.
This example requires a fan to be selected for 921.30
Pa (3.7 in. wg) at 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm). Compare this
with the previous selection of 747 Pa (3.0 in. wg) Ps
at 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm).
I-P
(no SEF) 0.0 in. wg
0.0 in. wg
(part of duct system) 0.2 in. wg
(part of duct system) 0.5 in. wg
3.0 in. wg
3.7 in. wg
 2.5 DIA.

NEGLIGIBLE Pv = 124 Pa (0.5in.wg)

LOSS

(I-P) in.wg FRICTION 747 Pa (3.0 in.wg)

AT 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm)
(SI) Pa 1046 Pa (3.7 in.wg)

1245 5
922 Pa (3.7 in.wg)
996 4

747 3 922 Pa Pt
(3.7 in.wg) Pv
498 2 124 Pa
747 Pa (3.0 in.wg) Ps (0.5 in.wg)
249 1

0 0
F
A B C D E ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Figure D.2 - Pressure Gradients - Plenum Effect

Fans and Systems | 115

D.3 Example of fan with free inlet, free outlet energy is lost. In these applications, the energy loss
- fan discharges directly into plenum and and the System Effect Factor may exceed the fan
then to duct system (abrupt expansion at fan outlet velocity pressure as defined in terms of "fan
outlet) outlet area".

This example is similar to the plenum effect example The SEF for fans without outlet duct was obtained as
except the duct at the fan outlet has been omitted. follows:
The fan discharges directly into the plenum.
GIVEN:
It may seem unreasonable that the System Effect Blast Area
Fan = 0 .6
loss at the fan outlet is greater than the defined fan Outlet Area
outlet velocity. Fans with cutoffs must generate
higher velocities at the cutoff plane (blast area) than
Fan outlet velocity = 14.4 m/s
in the outlet duct (outlet area). This higher velocity (at
(2830 fpm) No outlet duct
cutoff) is partially converted to Ps when outlet ducts
are used as on fan tests. When fans with cutoffs are System Effect Curve = R-S, (from Figure 8.3)
"bulk-headed" into plenums or discharge directly into SEF = 149.4 Pa (0.6 in. wg), (from Figure 7.1) at 14.4
the atmosphere as with exhausters, all the velocity m/s (2830 fpm) velocity and system curve R)

SI I-P

B-C SEF 149.40 Pa 0.6 in. wg

(see above)

B-C Pv loss (also Pt loss) as

result of air velocity decrease.
Ps does not change from
duct to plenum at C 0.00 Pa 0.0 in. wg

D contraction loss - plenum

to duct 49.80 Pa (part of duct system) 0.2 in. wg

D Ps energy required to
create velocity at D 124.50 Pa (part of duct system) 0.5 in. wg

D-E duct friction at Q =

1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) 747.00 Pa (duct design) 3.0 in. wg

REQUIRED FAN Ps 1070.70 Pa 4.3 in. wg

Solution:
Select a fan for 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) Q and 1070.70 Pa (4.3 in. wg) Ps.
Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).

116 | Fans and Systems

 Pv = 124 Pa (0.5 in.wg)

(I-P) in.wg 149 Pa FRICTION 747 Pa (3.0 in.wg)

(0.6 in.wg) AT 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm)
(SI) Pa SEF
922 Pa (3.7 in.wg)

1245 5
872 Pa (3.5 in.wg)
996 4

747 3
Pt
Pv
498 2 124 Pa
747 Pa (3.0 in.wg) Ps (0.5 in.wg)
249 1

0 0

A B C D ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE E

Figure D.3 - Pressure Gradients - Abrupt Expansion at Fan Outlet

Fans and Systems | 117

D.4 Example of fan used to exhaust with
obstruction in inlet, inlet elbow, inlet duct,
free outlet
This example is an exhaust system. Note the entry
loss at point A. An inlet bell will reduce this loss.
On the suction side of the fan, Ps will be negative, but
Pv is always positive.
Three SEFs are shown in this example:
1) System Effect Curve R (see Figure 9.5 for a 3
piece inlet elbow with R/D ratio of 1 and no duct
between the elbow and the fan inlet).
2) System Effect Curve U (see Figure 9.14 for a
bearing in the fan inlet which obstructs 10% of the
inlet).

3) System Effect Curve R (from Figure 8.3 for a fan

Fan Pv = 124.5 Pa (0.5 in. wg)
discharging to atmosphere with no outlet duct).

SI I-P

A Entrance loss - sharp

edge duct 99.60 Pa (duct design) 0.4 in. wg

A-B Duct friction at 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) 747.00 Pa (duct design) 3.0 in. wg

B SEF 1 149.40 Pa 0.6 in. wg

C SEF 2 49.80 Pa 0.2 in. wg

E Fan Pv 124.50 Pa 0.5 in. wg

E SEF 3 149.40.Pa 0.6 in. wg

REQUIRED FAN Pt 1319.70 Pa 5.3 in. wg

Fan Ps = fan Pt - fan Pv

Fan Ps (SI) = 1319.70 Pa – 124.5 Pa = 1195.2 Pa
Fan Ps (I-P) = 5.3 in. wg - 0.5 in. wg = 4.8 in wg

Solution:
Select a fan for 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm) Q and 1195.2 Pa (4.8 in. wg) Ps
Use manufacturer's data for rpm (N) and power (H).

118 | Fans and Systems

 ABRUPT
Pv = 124 Pa (0.5 in.wg) DISCHARGE SEF
149 Pa (0.6 in.wg)

FRICTION 747 Pa (3.0 in.wg)

AT 1.42 m3/s (3000 cfm)

(I-P) in.wg
ELBOW SEF OBSTRUCTION SEF
149 Pa (0.6 in.wg) 50 Pa (0.2 in.wg)
(SI) Pa

+249 +1
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
0 0
100 Pa (0.4 in.wg)
149 Pa (0.6 in.wg)
-249 -1 REQUIRED
Pt
-847 Pa (-3.4 in.wg)
Pv
-498 -2
Ps -996 Pa (4.0 in.wg)
-747 -3
224 Pa (0.9 in.wg)
-996 -4

-1245 -5
-1171 Pa (4.7 in.wg)
-971 Pa (3.9 in.wg)
A B C D E
-1121 Pa (4.5 in.wg)
FAN INLET

Figure D.4 - Pressure Gradients - Exhaust System

Fans and Systems | 119

Annex E. References
These references contain additional information related to the subject of this manual:

1. ANSI/AMCA 210-99, Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating, Air Movement
and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A.,
1999.

2. AMCA Publication 200-95, Air Systems, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West
University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1995.

3. AMCA Publication 202-98, Troubleshooting, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West
University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1997.

4. ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Systems and Equipment, 1996, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1996, (Chapter 18
Fans).

5. Traver, D. G., System Effects on Centrifugal Fan Performance, ASHRAE Symposium Bulletin, Fan Application,
Testing and Selection, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,
1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1971.

6. Christie, D. H., Fan Performance as Affected By Inlet Conditions, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 77, The
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E.,
Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1971.

7. Zaleski, R. H., System Effect Factors For Axial Flow Fans, AMCA Paper 2011-88, AMCA Engineering
Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington
Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1988.

8. Roslyng, O., Installation Effect on Axial Flow Fan Caused Swirl and Non-Uniform Velocity Distribution,
Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE), 1 Birdcage Walk, London SW1H 9JJ, England, 1984.

9. Clarke, M. S., Barnhart, J. T., Bubsey, F. J., Neitzel, E., The Effects of System Connections on Fan
Performance, ASHRAE RP-139 Report, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA, 30329 U.S.A., 1978.

10. Madhaven, S., Wright, T., J. DiRe, Centrifugal Fan Performance With Distorted Inflows, The American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New, York, NY, 10017 U.S.A., 1983.

11. Cory, W. T. W., Fan System Effects Including Swirl and Yaw, AMCA Paper 1832-84-A5, AMCA Engineering
Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington
Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1984.

12. Cory, W. T. W., Fan Performance Testing and Effects of the System, AMCA Paper 1228-82-A5, AMCA
Engineering Conference, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., 30 West University Drive,
Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1984.

13. Galbraith, L.E., Discharge Diffuser Effect on Performance -

Axial Fans, AMCA Paper 1950-86-A6, AMCA Engineering Conference, Air Movement and Control Association
International, Inc., 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL, 60004-1893 U.S.A., 1986.

14. Industrial Ventilation –23rd Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper
Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634 U.S.A., 1998.

15. Fans and Systems, John E. Thompson and C. Jack Trickler, The New York Blower Company, Chemical
Engineering, March 21, 1983, pp. 48-63

16. AABC National Standards, Chapter 8, Volume Measurements, Associated Air Balance Council, 1518 K Street
NW, Suite 503, Washington, DC 20005 U.S.A.
120 | Fans and Systems
Troubleshooting 202
1. Introduction

After the installation of an air moving system is completed, a system sometimes fails to achieve its designed
performance.

This part of the AMCA Fan Application Manual will help you identify what is wrong and decide how to correct it.

2. Procedure for Troubleshooting

2.1 Look in the "Master Troubleshooting Appendices" for a subject which corresponds with the apparent problem.

2.2 Check each of the "Probable Causes" listed.

2.3 If the cause of the trouble is not found proceed through the "System Checklist" (see Section 4).

2.4 If the problem has still not been solved, it is now advisable to contact the representative of the fan manufacturer.
He should be given the results of the "System Checklist" and the additional information listed in Section 5.1.

2.5 The fan manufacturer or his representative will analyze the information submitted, as outlined in Section 5.2.
With this information and, if necessary, an on-site inspection, he may be able to explain why the system is not
achieving its design performance and may recommend changes in the system or the fan installation which will
overcome the problem.

3. Safety Precautions

Before checking the fan and system it will be necessary to shut down the fan. During inspection the fan must be
electrically isolated and all disconnect switches and other controls LOCKED in the "OFF" position. Where these
are in locations remote from the fan, prominent DO NOT START signs should also be in place.

CAUTION - Even when LOCKED out electrically, fans located outdoors or in a parallel or series fan system may
be subject to "wind-milling." Therefore, as an added precaution, the impeller should be secured to physically restrict
rotational movement.

4. System Checklist

Poor system performance may arise from a number of causes including:

• Improper installation or assembly of the fan

• Damage in handling or transit
• System design error
• Deterioration of the system
• Faulty controls
• Poor fan selection
• A combination of several factors.

A systematic check of the items listed here should help identify the problem - or problems - and allow suitable
corrective action to be taken.
SYSTEM CHECKLIST

A) While the impeller is coasting to a stop, see if it is rotating in the proper direction (see Figures 4.1, 4.2 and
4.3).

B) Make certain the impeller rotation is correct for the housing (guide vanes of vaneaxial and tubular centrifugal
fans) and not installed backwards (see Figures 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3).

Note: Tubeaxial fan rotation is the same as shown in Figure 4.2 except without the guide vanes.

ROTATION

RADIAL BACKWARD AIRFOIL

BLADE INCLINED

RADIAL BACKWARD FORWARD

TIP CURVED CURVED

Figure 4.1 - Types of Centrifugal Fan Impellers

Note: Fan manufacturers describe the rotation of the fan impeller as being "clockwise" or "counterclockwise”.

• For AXIAL fans when viewing the INLET or OUTLET as specified by the Fan Manufacturer

• For CENTRIFUGAL fans when viewing the DRIVE SIDE (see AMCA Standard 99-2406)

• For TUBULAR CENTRIFUGAL fans when viewing the OUTLET (see AMCA Standard 99-2410).

122 | Troubleshooting
 ROTATION ROTATION

INLET
GUIDE VANES

OUTLET
GUIDE VANES

AIRFLOW AIRFLOW

Figure 4.2 - Vaneaxial Fan Impellers and Guide Vanes

ROTATION

GUIDE

VANES AIRFLOW

Figure 4.3 - Tubular Centrifugal Impeller

Troubleshooting | 123
 C) If the fan is belt driven:

1) Are the drive pulley (Motor Sheave) and the driven pulley (Fan Sheave) in alignment? Improper alignment
of the sheaves can cause excessive power consumption (high amperage), squealing belts, shortened belt
and sheave life and high axial vibration.

FAN FAN

MOTOR MOTOR

IMPROPER SHEAVE ALIGNMENT PROPER SHEAVE ALIGNMENT

Figure 4.4 - Sheave Alignment

2) Are the belts loose? Loose belts that flap or slip can cause excessive noise and vibration. Slipping belts
will also affect fan speed and reduce belt and sheave life.

Belts should be tensioned to the belt manufacturer's recommendations. Tension of the drive belts should be
adjusted for stretching after the first 48 hours of operation. Caution! Excessive belt tension will reduce fan
and motor bearing life.

3) Are the belts and/or sheaves worn? If so, an immediate replacement could save down time at a later
date. Where more than one belt is used, replace with a new set of matched belts.

IMPROPER BELT TENSION PROPER BELT TENSION

(SEE BELT MANUFACTURER’S SPECIFICATIONS)

Figure 4.5 - Belt Tension

D) Check the flow surfaces (passages between the inlets, impeller blades and inside of housing) for
cleanliness. A 2 mm (0.0625 in.) buildup of dirt on the flow surface could impair fan performance and/or
cause vibration.

E) Are there any gouges, tears, holes, erosion or corrosion in the impeller blades, rims or backplate: inlets
and/or housing? If so, report the approximate size and location to the fan manufacturer and discontinue
operation until repairs are made.

F) Is any foreign matter trapped in the impeller, housing or ductwork (loose insulation, papers, ice, etc.)? If so,
remove.

124 | Troubleshooting
G) Are coils, heaters, filters, ducts, etc. dirt laden? If so, clean or replace. Remove any non-essential
obstructions to airflow in elbows, shutters, transformations, dampers, bird-screens, etc. Verify that all
dampers (control, backdraft, fire, etc.) are adjusted to the proper settings.

H) Have all the parts supplied with the fan been installed?

I) Are there any obstructions to airflow near the fan inlets? Objects such as pipes, airflow measurement
stations, ductwork, columns, belt guards, belt drives, etc. could adversely affect the output of the fan. For
more information, see AMCA Publication 201 Fans and Systems.

J) Are the fan outlet connections correctly designed and installed? Duct takeoffs, or obstructions in the fan
outlet could adversely affect the output of the fan (see AMCA Publication 201).

K) See Figure 4.6A for typical centrifugal fan inlet-impeller relationships and Figure 4.6A for typical axial fan
housing-impeller relationships. A few simple measurements as indicated on these figures can tell the
manufacturer if a problem exists in this area. Note: several measurements should be taken around the
entire inlet/housing circumference to determine the average, maximum and minimum values.

I.S. = INLET SPACING

I.G.
I.G. = INLET GAP
R.C.
R.C. = RUNNING CLEARANCE
(INLET CENTERED ON IMPELLER) I.S.

I.S. I.S.
I.S. SHOULD BE SAME BOTH SIDES
FOR DOUBLE WIDTH FAN

Figure 4.6A - Typical Centrifugal Fan Inlet-Impeller Relationships

R.C. C.

R.C. = RUNNING CLEARANCE

(IMPELLER CENTERED IN HOUSING)

C. = VANE CLEARANCE

Figure 4.6B - Typical Axial Fan Housing-Impeller Relationships

Troubleshooting | 125
 L) On a double-width fan, is the approach to both inlets identical? Airflow should be symmetrical about the
centerline of the fan housing (see Figure 4.7A). Non-symmetrical airflow can lead to decreased air
performance. Belt drives, belt guards and motors can cause non-symmetrical airflow to the inlets if too
severely restricted (see AMCA Publication 201).

L L

P AIRFLOW

Figure 4.7A - Symmetrical Inlet Airflow

L NOT EQUAL TO M
L M
N NOT EQUAL TO R

N AIRFLOW

Figure 4.7B - Non-Symmetrical Inlet Airflow

Figure 4.8A - Turning Vanes in Elbow Adjacent to Centrifugal Fan

M) Are turning vanes installed in elbows that are too close to the fan inlet or discharge (see Figures 4.8A and
4.8B). Published pressure losses through elbows are based on a uniform velocity profile. Turning vanes
help achieve this uniform flow (see AMCA Publication 201).

126 | Troubleshooting
 Figure 4.8B - Turning Vanes in Elbow Adjacent to Axial Fan

N) If the fan is equipped with an inlet vane damper, check the operation as follows:

1) Do not rely on the control arm position alone for locating the position of the inlet vane damper blades
without first checking visually to see that the inlet vane damper position agrees with the position of the
control arm.

2) If the unit is a double-width fan equipped with inlet vanes or inlet vane damper control, both inlet vane
dampers must be synchronized (the inlet vane dampers must be in the same relative position with
respect to the impeller on both inlets). If the inlet vane dampers are not synchronized, there will be
unbalanced airflow between inlets resulting in deficient air performance, unbalanced thrust on the
bearings and/or a surge condition in the fan.

3) Make certain that inlet vane dampers are of the proper rotation with respect to the impeller.
As the vanes close they should cause the entering air to spin in the same direction as the impeller.

4) Are the inlet vane dampers correctly positioned for the design operating conditions? If not, the desired
pressure-volume of the fan will not be realized (see Figure 4.9).

100% Open

100
75% Open
Percent of No Delivery Pressure

50% Open
80

60

25% Open

40

20

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Free Delivery Volume

Figure 4.9 - Typical Pressure-Volume Curve for Operation with Inlet Vane Damper Control

Troubleshooting | 127
 O) Inspect any ductwork or plenums approaching the fan inlets for the possibility of inducing swirl of air into the
inlet. Pre-swirl of air entering the fan inlet can reduce the fan performance (see Figures 4.10A and 4.10B).
(See AMCA Publication 201.)

IMPELLER IMPELLER
ROTATION ROTATION

AIR SWIRL IN SAME DIRECTION AIR SWIRL IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION

AS IMPELLER ROTATION TO IMPELLER ROTATION

Figure 4.10A - Pre-Rotation Figure 4.10B - Counter-Rotation

P) After completing the above steps and making sure the fan and system are safe to start, remove all DO NOT
START signs on disconnect switches and override systems and put the unit back into operation.

Q) Inspect the entire system including the fan, fan plenum and all ductwork for significant air leaks.
Air leaks may be detected by sound, smoke, feel, soapy solution, etc. Some common air leak sources are:
access doors, coils, duct seams, fan outlet connection, etc. Significant air leaks must be sealed.

5. Fan Manufacturer's Analysis

If the cause of the trouble has still not been found after completing the "System Checklist," the fan manufacturer
should be consulted.

The fan manufacturer will review the information provided concerning the system and recommend an appropriate
course of action.

5.1 Data required for analysis

To make a complete analysis of the problem, in addition to the results of the "System Checklist," the manufacturer
will need:

A) Complete plans (drawings) including all ductwork, location, size, model and manufacturer of all fans,
motors, coils, dampers, etc. with all pertinent dimensions for the complete system as actually installed.

B) If the fan/air handling system fails to achieve the design performance, the measured performance and the
design performance figures should be supplied.

C) A copy of the system design calculations.

D) A copy of the specifications and any addendums.

128 | Troubleshooting
E) If a separate air performance test has been conducted on the installed fan, a statement of measured fan
performance along with a copy of the test data, the type of test and instrumentation, and the measurement
location of the airflow rate and pressure determinations should be supplied. A statement of fan performance
should contain:

1) Fan total pressure (Pt) rise or fan static pressure (Ps)

2) Airflow rate (Q)

3) Power (H)

4) Fan speed (N)

5) Air density (ρ)

5.2 Probable manufacturer action

Among other actions, the fan manufacturer will:

A) Assess the probable accuracy of the field performance measurements (see AMCA Publication 203 Field
Performance Measurements of Fan Systems).

B) Examine the system drawings (plans) for any System Effect losses (see AMCA Publication 201) which were
not allowed for in the system design calculations or the original fan selection.

C) Reassess the fan performance, accounting for System Effect losses established in step B to the designed
fan/system performance (see Figure 5.1).

D) Check whether the fan selection is correct for the application.

SYSTEM EFFECT

DUCT SYSTEM CURVE

DESIGN FAN OPERATING POINT

FAN CATALOG
PRESSURE-VOLUME CURVE
DESIGN PRESSURE

FAN OPERATING POINT

W/SYSTEM EFFECT
THEORETICAL PRESSURE-VOLUME
CURVE ACCOUNTING FOR SYSTEM EFFECT
LOSSES (FIELD PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS
TO BE COMPARED AGAINST THIS CURVE).

DESIGN VOLUME

Figure 5.1

Troubleshooting | 129
The information obtained through the checklists in this manual should help in defining the necessary corrective
action.

In most cases, if the troubleshooting procedure has been followed carefully and impartially it will be apparent
whether the system has been built and installed in accordance with the design drawings, whether the fan was
properly selected and suitable allowances made for the appropriate System Effect Factors, or whether the fan is
not performing up to its published ratings.

6. Conclusion

By intelligent application of the procedures outlined in this manual it should be possible to find the cause of a
performance problem in any air moving system.

Identification of a problem associated directly with the fan may require the assistance of the fan manufacturer.

Recognition of the cause of the trouble will usually be a major step toward curing it. Corrective measures may
include alterations to the system, modifications to the fan outlet or inlet connections, adjustments to the fan, etc.
In many cases an increase in the fan speed may be decided upon but it is extremely important that the fan shall
not be operated above its cataloged maximum speed or the maximum speed recommended by the
manufacturer. Excessive speed may result in catastrophic impeller failure. If a speed increase proves to be
an acceptable alternative, then the motor should also be checked for its capacity to handle the increased fan power.

130 | Troubleshooting
MASTER TROUBLESHOOTING APPENDICES

Annex A. Noise

SOURCE PROBABLE CAUSE

A-1 IMPELLER HITTING INLET OR HOUSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Impeller not centered in inlet or housing.
b. Inlet or housing damage.
c. Crooked or damaged impeller.
d. Shaft loose in bearing.
e. Impeller loose on shaft.
f. Bearing loose in bearing support.
g. Bent shaft.
h. Misaligned shaft and bearings.

A-2 IMPELLER HITTING CUTOFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Cutoff not secure in housing.

b. Cutoff damaged.
c. Cutoff improperly positioned.
d. Impeller improperly positioned.

A-3 DRIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Sheave not tight on shaft (motor or fan).

b. Belts hitting belt tube or belt guard.
c. Belts too loose. Adjust for belt
stretching after 48 hours of operation.
d. Belts too tight.
e. Belts wrong cross-section.
f. Belts not "Matched" in length on
multi-belt drive.
g. Variable pitch sheaves not
adjusted so each groove has same
pitch diameter (multi-belt drive).
h. Misaligned sheaves.
i. Belts worn.
j. Motor, motor base or fan not
securely anchored.
k. Belts oily or dirty.
l. Improper drive selection.
m. Loose key.

A-4 COUPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Coupling unbalanced, misaligned, loose

or may need lubricant.
b. Loose key.

A-5 BEARING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Defective bearing.

b. Needs lubrication.
c. Loose on bearing support.
d. Loose on shaft.
e. Seals misaligned.
f. Foreign material inside bearing.
g. Worn bearing.
h. Fretting corrosion between inner race
and shaft.
i. Bearing not sitting on flat surface.

A-6 SHAFT SEAL SQUEAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Needs lubrication.

b. Misaligned.
c. Bent shaft.
d. Bearing loose on support.
Troubleshooting | 131
A-7 IMPELLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Loose on shaft.
b. Defective impeller. DO NOT
OPERATE FAN. LOCK OUT
THE FAN ELECTRICALLY AND
CONTACT THE MANUFACTURER.
c. Unbalance.
d. Coating loose.
e. Worn as result of abrasive or corrosive
material moving through airflow
passages.
f. Blades rotating close to structural
member.
g. The number of blades may coincide
with an equal number of structural
members.
h. Loose key.

A-8 HOUSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Foreign material in housing.

b. Cutoff or other housing part loose
(rattling during operation).

A-9 MOTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Lead-in cable not secure.

b. AC hum in motor or relay.
c. Starting relay chatter.
d. Noisy motor bearings.
e. Single phasing a three phase motor.
f. Low voltage.
g. Cooling fan striking shroud.
h. Poor motor/inverter match, more
noticeable at low speeds.

A-10 SHAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Bent

b. Undersized. May cause noise at
impeller, bearings or sheave.

A-11 HIGH AIR VELOCITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Ductwork too small for application.

b. The installed fan may be too small for
the application.
c. Registers or grilles too small for
application.
d. Heating or cooling coil with
insufficient face area for application.
A-12 OBSTRUCTION IN HIGH VELOCITY
AIR STREAM MAY CAUSE RATTLE, OR
PURE TONE WHISTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Dampers.
b. Registers.
c. Grilles.
d. Sharp elbows.
e. Sudden expansion in ductwork.
f. Sudden contraction in ductwork.
g. Turning vanes.

A-13 PULSATION OR SURGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Restricted system causes fan to

operate at poor point of rating.
b. Fan too large for application.
c. Ducts vibrate at same frequency as fan
pulsations.
d. Rotating stall.

132 | Troubleshooting
 e. Inlet vortex surge.
f. Distorted inlet airflow.

A-14 AIR LEAKS AND/OR OBSTRUCTED FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Air leaks in ductwork.

1) Bad joint connections;
2) Holes or tears;
3) Obstructions inside duct.
b. Fins on coils.
c. Registers or grilles.

A-15 RATTLES AND/OR RUMBLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Vibrating ductwork.

b. Vibrating cabinet parts.
c. Vibrating parts not isolated from
building.

Troubleshooting | 133
Annex B. Insufficient Air Flow

SOURCE PROBABLE CAUSE

B-1 FAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Impeller installed backwards.

b. Impeller running backwards.
c. Impeller blade angle setting.
d. Cutoff missing or improperly installed.
e. Impeller not centered with inlet collar(s).
f. Fan rpm below design:
1) Incorrect sheave or sheave setting;
2) Incorrect motor rpm;
3) Low voltage to motor;
4) Speed controller set too low;
CAUTION! DO NOT INCREASE FAN
SPEED BEYOND THE FAN
MANUFACTURER'S
RECOMMENDATIONS. ALSO, WHEN
INCREASING FAN SPEED, MONITOR
MOTOR AMPS SO AS NOT TO
EXCEED MOTOR NAMEPLATE AMPS.
g. Impeller/inlet dirty or clogged.
h. Improper running clearance.
i. Improper inlet cone to impeller fit.
j. Improperly set inlet vane or damper.

B-2 DUCT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Actual system is more restrictive (more

resistance to airflow) than expected.
b. Dampers closed.
c. Registers closed.
d. Air leaks in supply ducts.
e. Insulating duct liner loose.

B-3 FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Dirty or clogged.

b. Replacement filter with greater than
specified pressure drop.

B-4 COILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Dirty or clogged.

b. Incorrect fin spacing.

B-5 RECIRCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. Internal cabinet air leaks in bulkhead

separating fan outlet (pressure zone)
from inlet(s) (suction zone).
b. Air leaks around fan outlet at
connection through cabinet bulk-head.
B-6 OBSTRUCTED FAN INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. Elbows, cabinet walls or other
obstructions restrict airflow. Inlet
obstructions cause more restrictive
systems but do not cause increased
negative pressure readings near the fan
inlet(s) (see System Effects in AMCA
Publication 201). Fan speed may be
increased to counteract the effect of
restricted fan inlet(s).
CAUTION! DO NOT INCREASE FAN
SPEED BEYOND THE FAN MANUFA-
CTURER'S RECOMMENDATIONS.
ALSO, WHEN INCREASING FAN

134 | Troubleshooting
 SPEED, MONITOR MOTOR AMPS SO
AS NOT TO EXCEED MOTOR
NAMEPLATE AMPS.

B-7 NO STRAIGHT DUCT AT FAN OUTLET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Fans which are normally used in duct
system are tested with a length of
straight duct at the fan outlet. If there is
no straight duct at the fan outlet,
decreased performance may result. If it
is not practical to install a straight
section of duct at the fan outlet, the fan
speed may need to be increased to
overcome this pressure loss (see
System Effects in AMCA Publication
201).
CAUTION! DO NOT INCREASE FAN
SPEED BEYOND THE FAN MANUFA-
CTURER'S RECOMMENDATIONS.
ALSO, WHEN INCREASING FAN
SPEED, MONITOR MOTOR AMPS SO
AS NOT TO EXCEED MOTOR
NAMEPLATE AMPS.

B-8 OBSTRUCTION IN HIGH VELOCITY AIR STREAM . . . . . . a. Obstruction near fan outlet or inlet(s).
b. Sharp elbows near fan outlet or inlet(s).
c. Improperly designed turning vanes.
d. Projections, dampers or other
obstruction in a part of the system
where air velocity is high.

Troubleshooting | 135
Annex C. Airflow High - (Too Much Airflow)

SOURCE PROBABLE CAUSE

C-1 SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Oversized ductwork.

b. Access door open.
c. Registers or grilles not installed.
d. Dampers set to by-pass coils.
e. Filter(s) not in place.
f. System resistance low.

C-2 FAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Fan speed too fast.

b. Improper impeller blade angle.

136 | Troubleshooting
Annex D. Static Pressure Wrong

SOURCE PROBABLE CAUSE

D-1 SYSTEM, FAN OR INTERPRETATION

OF MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL DISCUSSION:
The velocity pressure at any point of
measurement is a function of the velocity of
the air and its density.

The static pressure at a point of

measurement in the system is a function of
the system design (resistance to airflow), air
density and the amount of air flowing through
the system.

The static pressure measured in a "loose" or

oversized system will be less than the static
pressure in a "tight" or undersized system for
the same airflow rate.

In most systems, pressure measurements

are indicators of how the installation is
operating. These measurements are the
result of airflow and as such are useful
indicators in defining system characteristics.

Field static pressure measurements rarely

correspond with laboratory static pressure
measurements unless the fan inlet(s) and
fan outlet conditions of the installation are
exactly the same as the inlet(s) and outlet
conditions in the laboratory.

Also see D-2 through D-6, E-2, F-1 and G-1

for specific cases.

Static Pressure Low, Airflow Correct

D-2 GAS DENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressures will be less with high

temperature gases or at high altitudes.

Static Pressure Low, Airflow High

D-3 SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System has less resistance to airflow

than expected. This is a common
occurrence. Fan speed may be reduced to
obtain desired airflow rate. This will reduce
power consumption (operating cost).

Static Pressure Low, Airflow Low

D-4 SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Fan inlet(s) and/or outlet conditions not

same as tested. See System Effect
Factors, in AMCA Publication 201.

Troubleshooting | 137
D-5 FAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Impeller installed backwards.
b. Impeller running backwards.
c. Improper impeller blade angle.
d. Cutoff missing or improperly installed.
e. Impeller not centered with inlet collar(s).
f. Fan speed too slow.
g. Impeller/inlet dirty or clogged.
h. Improper running clearance.
i. Improper inlet cone to impeller fit.
j. Improperly set inlet vanes or damper.

Static Pressure High, Airflow Low

D-6 DUCT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Actual system is more restrictive (more

resistance to airflow) than designed.
b. Dampers closed.
c. Registers closed.
d. Insulating duct liner loose.

D-7 FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Dirty or clogged.

b. Replacement filter with greater than
specified pressure drop.

D-8 COILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Dirty or clogged.

b. Fin spacing too close.

138 | Troubleshooting
Annex E. Power High

SOURCE PROBABLE CAUSE

E-1 FAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Backward Inclined impeller installed

backwards.
b. Fan speed too high.
c. Forward Curve or Radial Blade
impeller operating below design
pressures.
d. Incorrect impeller blade angle.

E-2 SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Oversized ductwork.

b. Face and bypass dampers
oriented so coil dampers are open at
same time bypass dampers are open.
c. Filter(s) left out.
d. Access door open.

Note: The causes listed under E-2 pertain

primarily to radial blade, radial tip and
forward curve centrifugal fans, i.e., fans that
exhibit rising power curves. Normally,
backward inclined, backward curve or
backward inclined airfoil centrifugal fans and
axial flow fans do not fall into this category.

E-3 GAS DENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. Calculated power requirements based

on light gas (e.g. high temperature) but
actual gas is heavy (e.g. cold start-up).

E-4 FAN SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. Fan not selected at efficient point of

rating.

Troubleshooting | 139
Annex F. Fan Does Not Operate

SOURCE PROBABLE CAUSE

F-1 ELECTRICAL OR MECHANICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mechanical and electrical problems are

usually straight-forward and are normally
analyzed in a routine manner by service
personnel. In this category are such items:

a. Blown fuses.
b. Broken belts.
c. Loose pulleys.
d. Electricity turned off.
e. Impeller touching housing.
f. Wrong voltage.
g. Motor too small and overload protector
has broken circuit.
h. Low voltage, excessive line drop or
inadequate wire size.
i. Load inertia too large for motor.
j. Seized bearing.

140 | Troubleshooting
Annex G. Premature Failure

SOURCE PROBABLE CAUSE

G-1 BELTS, BEARINGS, SHEAVES IMPELLERS

HUBS, ETC.GENERAL DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Each fan component is designed to operate
satisfactorily for a reasonable lifetime. Fans
intended for heavy duty service are made
especially for that type of service. For
example, Class I fans are intended for
operation below certain limits of pressure
and outlet velocity. Class II fans are
designed for higher operating limits (see
AMCA Standard 99-2408). Not all
components are limited by the same factors,
e.g. limiting factors may be power, RPM,
temperature, impeller tip speed, torque,
corrosive atmospheres, expected life, etc.
Also see A-2, A-5, A-6, A-7.

G-2 COUPLINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Coupling unbalanced, misaligned, loose

or may need lubricant.
b. Loose key.

G-3 SHAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Bent.

b. Undersized.

G-4 BEARINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Over-lubrication or under- lubrication.

b. Locking collar or set screw loose.
c. Excessive belt tension.
d. False brinelling.
e. Wrong lubricant.
f. Undersized shaft.

G-5 DRIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Over-tensioned or under-tensioned belts.

b. Mismatched belts on multi-belt drive.
c. Misalignment of motor and fan sheaves.
d. Excessive start-stop cycles.
e. Set screw on sheave loose.

Troubleshooting | 141
Annex H. Vibration

AERODYNAMIC VIBRATION (PULSATION)

SOURCE PROBABLE CAUSE

H-1 AIRSTREAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Operating fan left of peak in unstable

(stall) region.
b. Poor inlet conditions which generate air
turbulence.
1. Partially obstructed inlet(s).
2. Sharp elbow at fan inlet(s) and/or
outlet.
c. System pulsation which is transmitted to
the fan.
d. Blade Pass frequency -- number of
blades x fan RPM.
e. Guide vane frequency -- number of
vanes x fan RPM.
f. Fan support frequency -- motor or
bearing supports, belt tube, on axial
fans.

MECHANICAL VIBRATION

H-2 UNBALANCED IMPELLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Material build-up on impeller.

b. Impeller components subject to
abrasion, corrosion or impact.
c. Moisture inside hollow airfoil blades.
d. Lost balance weight.
e. Excessive temperature.
f. Impeller (blades) not tracking evenly.
g. Eccentricity:
1. Bore off center.
2. Bore on angle (see H-2.f)
h. Improper key-to-keyway length.
i. Impeller rubbing stationary equipment.
j. Shaft seal rub.
k. Inverter drives.
l. Motor torque pulses (on single phase
motors).

H-3 DRIVE OR COUPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Alignment:

1. Improper assembly.
2. Shift during handling or shipment.
b. Worn, loose, or mismatched belts.
c. Eccentric sheaves or couplings.
d. Belt resonance.
e. Worn or chipped sheaves.
f. Improper key-to-keyway length.
g. Unbalanced sheave(s) or coupling.

H-4 LOOSE FASTENERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Impeller set screws.

b. Bearing set screws.
c. Drive component set screws.
d. Fan mounting bolts.
e. Bearing bolts.
f. Motor bolts.

142 | Troubleshooting
H-5 FAN SUPPORT STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Support structure natural frequencies.
b. Insufficient mass or stiffness.
c. Large unsupported mass.
d. Lack of lateral support, particularly with
fans mounted on isolators.
e. Fan skewed (bolted down to uneven
surface).
f. Broken support members.
g. Short-circuited or improperly adjusted
isolators.
h. Fan (mounted on isolators) with rigid
inlet(s) and outlet connections.

H-6 SHAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Bent.

b. Undersized.

H-7 BEARINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Misalignment.

b. Worn out; loose.
c. Too much, too little, or incorrect
lubricant.

H-8 BACKGROUND EXCITATION

(FLANKING TRANSMISSION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. Interconnected piping.
b. Heavy machinery transmitting vibration
through foundation.
c. Fan(s) mounted on floating roofs.
d. Wind-loading of fan mounted on
isolators.

ELECTRICALLY INDUCED VIBRATION

H-9 ELECTRIC MOTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Loose stator laminations.

b. Broken rotor bar.
c. Stator problems.
d. Phase unbalance.
e. Eccentric rotor.
f. Capacitor-start motor causes "shudder"
during coast-down.

Troubleshooting | 143
Field Performance
Measurements of Fan Systems
1. Introduction
Performance ratings of fans are developed from
laboratory tests made according to specified
procedures on standardized test setups. In North
America, the standard is ANSI/AMCA Standard 210 /
ANSI/ASHRAE 51 Laboratory Methods of Testing
Fans for Rating.
In actual systems in the field, very few fans are
installed in conditions reproducing those specified in
the laboratory standard. This means that, in
assessing the performance of the installed fan-
system, consideration must be given to the effect on
the fan’s performance of the system connections,
including elbows, obstructions in the path of the
airflow, sudden changes of area, etc. The effects of
system conditions on fan performance is discussed in
Section 5, and more completely in AMCA Publication
201, Fans and Systems.
A major problem of testing in the field is the difficulty
of finding suitable locations for making accurate
measurements of flow rate and pressure. Sections
9.3 and 10.3 outline the requirements of suitable
measurement sections.
Because these problems and others will require
special consideration on each installation, it is not
practical to write one standard procedure for the
measurement of the performance of all fan-systems
in the field. This publication offers guidelines to
making performance measurements in the field
which are practical and flexible enough to be applied
to a wide range of fan and system combinations.
Because of the wide variety of fan types and systems
encountered in the field, Annex A includes examples
of a number of different field tests. In most cases,
these examples are based on actual tests which have
been conducted in the field.
Before performing any field test, it is strongly
recommended that the following AMCA publications
be carefully reviewed:
AMCA Publication 200 - Air Systems
AMCA Publication 201 - Fans and Systems
AMCA Publication 202 - Troubleshooting
AMCA Standard 210 - Laboratory Methods of Testing
Fans for Rating
203
2. Scope
The recommendations and examples in this
publication may be applied to all types of centrifugal,
axial, and mixed flow fans in ducted or nonducted
installations used for heating, ventilating, air
conditioning, mechanical draft, industrial process,
exhaust, conveying, drying, air cleaning, dust
collection, etc. Although the word air is used when
reference is made in the general sense to the
medium being handled by the fan, gases other than
air are included in the scope of this publication.
Measurement of sound, vibration, and stress levels
are not within the scope of this publication.
3. Types of Field Tests
There are three general categories of field tests:
A) General Fan System Evaluation -
A measurement of the fan-system’s performance
to use as the basis of modification or adjustment
of the system.
B) Acceptance Test -A test specified in the sales
agreement to verify that the fan is achieving the
specified performance.
C) Proof of Performance Test -A test in response
to a complaint to demonstrate that the fan is
meeting the specified performance requirement.
As acceptance and proof of performance tests are
related to contract provisions, they are usually
subject to more stringent requirements and are
usually more costly than a general evaluation test. In
the case of large fans used in industrial applications
and of mechanical draft fans used in the electrical
power generation industry the performance of a field
test may be part of the purchase agreement between
the fan manufacturer and the customer. In addition to
Publication 203, AMCA Standard 803 Site
Performance Test Standard-Power Plant and
Industrial Fans defines the conditions which must be
met to achieve higher accuracy of measurement. In
new installations of this type, it is desirable to include
a suitable measuring section in the design.
Agreement must be reached on the test method to be
used prior to performance of the test.
4. Alternatives to Field Tests
In some cases, considerations such as cost and
problems of making accurate measurements may
make the following alternative methods of testing
worth investigation:
A) Testing the fan before installation in a laboratory
equipped to perform tests in accordance with
AMCA Standard 210. Limitations in laboratory
test facilities may preclude tests on full size fans.
In this case, the full size fan can be tested at the
installation site in accordance with AMCA
Standard 210. This will usually require the
installation of special ductwork.
B) Testing a reduced scale model of the fan in
accordance with AMCA Standard 210 and
determining the performance of the full size fan
as described in AMCA Publication 802, Power
Plant Fans – Establishing Performance Using
Laboratory Methods.
C) Testing a reduced scale model of the complete
fan and system using the test methods outlined
in this publication.
Tests conducted in accordance with AMCA Standard
210 will verify the performance characteristics of the
fan but will not take into account the effect of the
system connections on the fan’s performance (see
Section 5).
5. System Effect Factors
AMCA Publication 201, Fans and Systems, deals in
detail with the effect of system connections on fan
performance. It gives system effect factors for a wide
variety of obstructions and configurations which may
affect a fan’s performance.
System Effect Factor (SEF) is a pressure loss which
recognizes the effect of fan inlet restrictions, fan
outlet restrictions, or other conditions influencing fan
performance when installed in the system.
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTORS (SEFs) ARE
INTENDED TO BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH
THE SYSTEM RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS
IN THE FAN SELECTION PROCESS. Where SEFs
are not applied in the fan selection process, SEFs
must be applied in the calculations of the results of
field tests. This is done for the purpose of allowing
direct comparison of the test results to the design
static pressure calculation. Thus, for a field test, the
fan static pressure is defined as:
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 – Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2 + + SEF n
146 | Field Performance Measurement
Examples of the application of SEFs in determining
the results of field tests are included in Annex A.
In field tests of fan-system installations in which
system effects have not been accounted for, it is
important that their sources be recognized and their
magnitudes be established prior to testing.
The alternative to dealing with a large magnitude
SEF is to eliminate its source. This requires revisions
to the system. This alternative course of action is
recommended when swirl exists at the fan inlet (see
Publication 201, Figure 9.8). The effect on fan
performance as a result of swirl at the inlet is
impossible to estimate accurately as the system
effect is dependent upon the degree of swirl. The
effect can range from a minor amount to an amount
that results in the fan-system performance being
completely unacceptable.
6. Fan Performance
Fan performance is a statement of fan flow rate, fan
total or static pressures, and fan power input at stated
fan speed and fan air density. Fan total or static
efficiencies may be included. The fan air density is
the density at the fan inlet. The fan flow rate is the
volume flow rate at the fan inlet density.
7. Referenced Planes
Certain locations within a fan-system installation are
significant to field tests. These locations are
designated as follows:
Plane 1: Plane of fan inlet
Plane 2: Plane of fan outlet
Plane 3: Plane of Pitot-static tube traverse for
purposes of determining flow rate
Plane 4: Plane of static pressure measurement
upstream of fan
Plane 5: Plane of static pressure measurement
downstream of fan
The use of the numerical designations as subscripts
indicate that the values pertain to those locations.
8. Symbols and Subscripts 9. Fan Flow Rate

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION UNIT 9.1 General

A Area of cross-section ft2 Determine fan flow rate using the area, velocity
D Diameter ft pressure, and density at the traverse plane and the
De Equivalent diameter ft density at the fan inlet. The velocity pressure at the
FLA Full load amps amps traverse plane is the root mean square of the velocity
H Fan power input hp pressure measurements made in a traverse of the
HL Power transmission loss hp plane. The flow rate at the traverse plane is
Hmo Motor power output hp calculated by converting the velocity pressure to its
kW Electrical power kilowatts equivalent velocity and multiplying by the area of the
L Length ft traverse plane.
N Speed of rotation rpm
NLA No load amps amps 9.2 Velocity measuring instruments
NPH Nameplated horsepower hp
NPV Nameplated volts volts Use a Pitot-static tube of the proportions shown in
Ps Fan static pressure in. wg Annex B or a double reverse tube, shown in Annex C,
Psx Static pressure at Plane x in. wg and an inclined manometer to measure velocity
Pt Fan total pressure in. wg pressure. The velocity pressure at a point in a gas
stream is numerically equal to the total pressure
Ptx Total pressure at Plane x in. wg
diminished by the static pressure. The Pitot-static
Pv Fan velocity pressure in. wg
tube is connected to the inclined manometer as
Pvx Velocity pressure at Plane x in. wg shown in Annex F. The double reverse tube is
pb Barometric pressure in. Hg connected to the inclined manometer as shown in
pe Saturated vapor pressure at tw in. Hg Annex C.
pp Partial vapor pressure in. Hg
px Absolute pressure at Plane x in. Hg 9.2.1 Pitot-static tube. The Pitot-static tube is
Q Fan flow rate cfm considered to be a primary instrument and need not
Qi Interpolated flow rate cfm be calibrated if maintained in the specified condition.
Qx Flow rate at Plane x cfm It is suited for use in relatively clean gases. It may be
SEF System effect factor in. wg used in gases that contain moderate levels of
T Torque lb-in. particulate matter such as dust, water, or dirt,
td Dry-bulb temperature °F provided certain precautions are employed (see
tw Wet-bulb temperature °F Section 15).
V Velocity fpm
9.2.2 Double reverse tube. The double reverse tube
∆Px,x’ Pressure loss between
is used when the amount of particulate matter in the
Planes x and x’ in. wg gas stream impairs the function of the Pitot-static
∆Ps Pressure loss across damper in. wg tube. The double reverse tube requires calibration. It
ρ Fan gas density lbm/ft3 is important that the double reverse tube be used in
ρx Gas density at Plane x lbm/ft3 the same orientation as used during calibration. Mark
Σ Summation sign --- the double reverse tube to indicate the direction of
Airflow direction --- the gas flow used in its calibration.

SUBSCRIPT DESCRIPTION 9.2.3 Inclined manometers. Inclined manometers

c Value converted to specified conditions
r Reading
x Plane 1, 2, 3, ..., as appropriate
1 Plane 1 (fan inlet)
2 Plane 2 (fan outlet)
3 Plane 3 (plane of Pitot-static traverse for
purpose of determining flow rate
4 Plane 4 (plane of static pressure
measurement upstream of fan)
5 Plane 5 (plane of static pressure
measurement downstream of fan)
are available in both fixed and adjustable range
types. Both types require calibration. The adjustable
range type is convenient in that it may be adjusted at
the test site to the range appropriate to the velocity
pressures which are to be measured. It is adjusted by
changing the slope to any of the various fixed
settings and by changing the range scale
accordingly. Each setting provides a different ratio of
the length of the indicating column to its indicated
height. Adjustable range type manometers in which
the slope may be fixed at 1:1, 20:1, and intermediate
ratios are available (see Figure 10 in Annex G).

Field Performance Measurement | 147

The accuracy of the manometer used in the
measurement of velocity pressures is of prime
importance. Select a manometer that will provide an
acceptable degree of accuracy; consider the range,
slope, quality, scale graduations, indicating fluid of
the instrument and the range of the velocity
pressures to be measured. The graph in Annex G
indicates the effect of expected resolution of
manometer readings on the accuracy of velocity
determinations. The basis for this graph is described
in Section 9.6. Determine velocities in the very low
range more accurately by using a manometer with a
slope of 20:1. Due to practical limitations in length, its
use is restricted to measurements where the
velocities are very low. Also, errors in velocity
determinations made by using a Pitot-static tube and
manometer exceed normally acceptable values at
velocity pressure readings less than 0.023 in. wg.
This corresponds to a velocity of approximately 600
fpm for air of 0.075 lbm/ft3 density.
9.2.4 Low velocity instruments. Normally, velocities
encountered in the field test situations are well in
excess of 600 fpm. Therefore, recommendations
regarding alternate test procedures and
instrumentation for use for velocities less than 600
fpm are not presented in this publication.
Descriptions of various types of instruments used to
determine range velocities are presented in Annex J.
Most of the instruments require frequent calibration,
and some are not suited for use in high temperature,
dirty, wet, corrosive, or explosive atmospheres. If it is
necessary to use one of these instruments, the
procedure for its use, its calibration, and the expected
accuracy of results should be agreed upon by all
interested parties.
9.3 Location of traverse plane
For field tests, suitable test measurement station
locations must be provided in the system. When
suitable locations are not available, consider making
temporary or permanent alterations to the ducting for
improved test accuracy.
For free inlet, free outlet fans, convert a free inlet,
free outlet fan to a ducted inlet, free outlet fan by the
addition of a temporary duct. Estimate free inlet, free
outlet fan flow rate by measuring other parameters
and interpreting certified ratings performance (see
Section 17.1).
A Pitot traverse plane suitable for the measurements
used to determine flow rate are as follows:
1) The velocity distribution should be uniform
throughout the traverse plane. The uniformity of
distribution is considered acceptable when more
148 | Field Performance Measurement
than 75% of the velocity pressure measurements
are greater than 1/10 of the maximum
measurement (see Figure 9.1)
2) The flow streams should be at right angles to the
traverse plane. Variations from this flow condition
as a result of swirl or other mass turbulence are
considered acceptable when the angle between
the flow stream and the traverse plane is within
10 degrees of a right angle. The angle of the flow
stream in any specific location is indicated by the
orientation of the nose of the Pitot-static tube that
produces the maximum velocity pressure reading
at the location.
3) The cross-sectional shape of the airway in which
the traverse plane is located should not be
irregular. Proper distribution of traverse points
and accurate determination of the area of the
traverse plane are difficult to achieve when the
airway does not conform closely to a regular
shape.
4) The cross-sectional shape and area of the airway
should be uniform throughout the length of the
airway in the vicinity of the traverse plane. When
the divergence or convergence of the airway is
irregular or more than moderate in degree,
significantly nonuniform flow conditions may
exist.
5) The traverse plane should be located to minimize
the effects of gas leaks between the traverse
plane and the fan.
6) When it is necessary to locate the traverse plane
in a converging or diverging airway (not
recommended), note that the traverse plane and
area is located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube.
A location well downstream in a long, straight run of
uniform cross-section duct will usually provide
acceptable conditions for the Pitot traverse plane.
When locating the traverse plane close to the fan, as
is often done in order to minimize the effect of
leakage, flow conditions upstream of the fan are
usually more suitable. In some installations, more
than one traverse plane may be required in order to
account for the total flow (Annex A contains
examples).
When a field test is anticipated, particularly when the
requirement for a field test is an item in the
specifications, the system designer should provide a
suitable traverse plane location in the system.
When the fan is ducted outlet and the traverse plane
is to be located downstream from the fan, the
 Pv MAX Pv MAX Pv MAX Pv MAX
10 10

A: IDEAL Pv DISTRIBUTION B: GOOD Pv DISTRIBUTION

(ALSO SATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS.
MAY BE UNSATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO INLET
BOXES - MAY PRODUCE SWIRL IN BOXES)

Pv MAX Pv MAX Pv MAX Pv MAX

10 10

60%
80%

C: SATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION - MORE D: DO NOT USE

THAN 75% OF Pv READINGS GREATER THAN: UNSATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION -
LESS THAN 75% OF Pv READINGS GREATER
Pv MAX THAN: Pv MAX
10
10
(UNSATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS OR (UNSATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS OR
INLET BOXES) INLET BOXES)

Pv MAX Pv MAX Pv MAX Pv MAX

10 10

40% 35%

20% 35%

E: DO NOT USE F: DO NOT USE

UNSATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION UNSATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION
LESS THAN 75% OF Pv READINGS GREATER LESS THAN 75% OF Pv READINGS GREATER
THAN: P MAX THAN: P MAX
v v
10 10
(UNSATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS OR (UNSATISFACTORY FOR FLOW INTO FAN INLETS OR
INLET BOXES) INLET BOXES)

Figure 9.1 - Typical Velocity Pressure Distributions Encountered in Velocity

Pressure Measurement Planes in Fan-System Installations

Field Performance Measurement | 149

 MEASUREMENT PLANE

De
MIN.
2

12 in. MIN.

4YZ
WHERE: De =
π INLET BOX DAMPERS
Z

Note: The measurement plane should be located a minimum of ½ De from the inlet cone, but not less than 12 in.
from the leaving edge of the damper blades.

Figure 9.2

STACK

VELOCITY
PROFILE

Note: Spiral vortex may form when fan discharges directly into a stack or similar arrangement.

Figure 9.3
150 | Field Performance Measurement
traverse plane should be situated a sufficient
distance downstream from the fan to allow the flow to
diffuse to a more uniform velocity distribution and to
allow the conversion of velocity pressure to static
pressure. Annex P provides guidance for the location
of the traverse plane in these cases. The location of
the traverse plane on the inlet side of the fan should
not be less than ½ equivalent diameter from the fan
inlet. Regions immediately downstream from elbows,
obstructions and abrupt changes in airway area are
not suitable traverse plane locations. Regions where
unacceptable levels of swirl are usually present, such
as the region downstream from an axial flow fan that
is not equipped with straightening vanes, should be
avoided. Swirl may form when a fan discharges
directly into a stack or similar arrangement (see
Figure 9.2).
9.3.1 Inlet box location. When the traverse plane
must be located within an inlet box, the plane should
be located a minimum of 12 inches downstream from
the leaving edges of the damper blades and not less
than ½ equivalent diameter upstream from the edge
of the inlet cone (see Figure 9.3). Do not locate
traverse points in the wake of individual damper
blades. In the case of double inlet fans, traverses
must be conducted in both inlet boxes in order to
determine the total flow rate.
9.3.2 Alternative locations. On occasion, an
undesirable traverse plane location is unavoidable, or
each of a limited number of prospective locations
lacks one or more desirable qualities. In such cases,
the alternatives are:
1) Accept the most suitable location and evaluate
the effects of the undesirable aspects of the
location on the accuracy of the test results. In
some instances, the estimated accuracy may
indicate that the results of the test would be
meaningless, particularly in acceptance tests and
proof of performance tests.
2) Provide a suitable location by modifying the
system. This course of action is recommended
for acceptance tests and proof of performance
tests. The modifications may be temporary,
permanent, minor or extensive, depending on the
specific conditions encountered. When the inlet
side of the fan is not ducted but is designed to
accept a duct, consider installing a short length of
inlet duct to provide a suitable traverse plane
location. This duct should be of a size and shape
to fit the fan inlet, a minimum of 2 equivalent
diameters long and equipped with a bell shaped
or flared fitting at its inlet. The traverse plane
should be located a minimum of ½ equivalent
diameters from the fan inlet and not less than 1½
equivalent diameters from the inlet of the duct.
Where the duct is small, its length may
necessarily be greater than 2 equivalent
diameters in order to ensure that the tip of the
Pitot-static tube is a minimum of 1½ equivalent
diameters from the duct inlet. This short length of
duct should produce no significant addition to the
system resistance, but in some cases it may alter
the pattern of flow into the fan impeller, and
thereby affect the performance of the fan slightly.
9.4 The traverse
Annex H contains recommendations for the number
and distribution of measurement points in the
traverse plane. If the flow conditions at the traverse
plane are less than satisfactory, increase the number
of measurement points in the traverse to improve
accuracy.
Since the flow at a traverse plane is never strictly
steady, the velocity pressure measurements
indicated by the manometer will fluctuate. Each
velocity pressure measurement should be mentally
averaged on a time-weighted basis. Any velocity
pressure measurement that appears as a negative
reading is to be considered a velocity pressure
measurement of zero and included as such in the
calculation of the average velocity pressure.
When it is necessary to locate the traverse plane in a
converging or diverging airway, orient the nose of the
Pitot-static tube such that it coincides with the
anticipated line of the flow stream. This is particularly
important at measurement points near the walls of
the airway (see Annex A-1A).
No appreciable effect on Pitot-static tube readings
occur until the angle of misalignment between the
airflow and the tube exceeds 10 degrees.
9.5 Flow rate calculations
9.5.1 Flow rate at traverse plane. The flow rate at
the traverse plane is calculated as follows:
Q3 = V3A3
Where:
A3 = the area of the traverse plane
V3 = the average velocity at the traverse plane
= 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5
ρ3 = the density at the traverse plane
Pv3 = the root mean square velocity pressure at the
traverse plane
= [∑(Pv3r)0.5 / number of readings]2
Field Performance Measurement | 151
Pv3r is the velocity pressure reading, corrected for
manometer calibration and where applicable,
corrected for the calibration of the double reverse
tube. It is important that the calibration of the double
reverse tube be applied correctly. The use of the
calibration of the double reverse tube is described in
Annex C.
9.5.2 Continuity of mass. The calculations of fan
flow rate are based on considerations of continuity of
mass, and as such, it is assumed that no mass is
added or removed from the gas stream between the
traverse plane and the fan inlet. In the general
application, having determined the flow rate and
density at the traverse plane, the flow rate at any
location, (x), in the fan-system installation may be
calculated, providing the density at this location is
known and the assumption noted above is valid, i.e.:
Qx = Q3 (ρ3/ρx)
9.5.3 Fan flow rate, single traverse plane. Where a
single traverse plane is used, the calculation of the
fan flow rate is:
Q = Q1
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
Where:
Q3 and ρ3 = as described in Section 9.5.1
ρ1 = the density at the fan inlet
9.5.4 Fan flow rate, multiple traverse planes.
When it is necessary to use more than one traverse
plane in order to account for the total flow:
Q = Q1
= Q3a (ρ3a/ρ1) + Q3b (ρ3b/ρ1) + ... + Q3n (ρ3n/ρ1)
9.6 Accuracy
The performance item of major concern in most fan-
system installations is the flow rate. Every effort
should be made to improve the accuracy of the flow
rate determination. The uncertainty analysis
presented in Annex T indicates that the uncertainties
in flow rate determinations will range from 2% to
10%. This range is based on considerations of the
conditions that are encountered in most field test
situations. This includes instances in which the
conditions at the Pitot traverse plane do not conform
to all of the qualifications indicated in Section 9.3.
The graph in Annex G provides guidance for
improving the accuracy of the flow rate
152 | Field Performance Measurement
determinations. This graph indicates the effect of
expected resolution of velocity determinations. This
effect is shown for several manometer slope ratios.
For all ratios, the expected resolution used as a basis
for the graph is the length of indicating column
equivalent to 0.05 in. wg in a manometer with slope
ratio of 1:1. As indicated in the graph, reading
resolution uncertainty can be significant. However,
this uncertainty can be controlled by selecting a
manometer with a slope suited to the velocity
pressures to be measured and by avoiding regions of
very low velocity in the selection of the traverse plane
location. Reading resolution uncertainties exceed
normally acceptable values at velocity pressures less
than 0.023 in. wg. This corresponds to a velocity of
approximately 600 fpm for air of 0.075 lbm/ft3 density.
Generally, ducts are sized for velocities considerably
in excess of 600 fpm. Velocities less than 600 fpm
may exist in certain sections of the system in some
installations, but these sections can usually be
avoided. Do no use a Pitot-static tube and
manometer to determine velocities in the low ranges
associated with filters and cooling coils in air
conditioning, heating, and ventilating units. In some
instances, the uncertainties incurred in the
determinations of low velocity flows may be
acceptable. For example, an uncertainty of 15% in
the determination of the flow rate in a branch duct
that accounts for 20% of the total flow rate for the
system affects the accuracy of the total flow rate
determination by only 3%.
In addition to low range velocities, other conditions
may exist at the traverse plane which can
significantly affect the accuracy of the flow rate
determination. These include nonuniform velocity
distribution, swirl, and other mass turbulence.
Improve the accuracy of the flow rate determination
by avoiding these conditions in the selection of the
traverse plane location, or improve the conditions by
modifying the system.
10. Fan Static Pressure
10.1 General
Determine fan static pressure by using the static
pressures at the fan inlet and outlet, the velocity
pressure at the fan inlet, and applicable System
Effect Factors. The use of System Effect Factors in
the determination of fan static pressure is described
in Section 5. The velocity pressure at the fan inlet is
the calculated average velocity pressure at this
location, and as such, its determination is based on
the fan flow rate, the density at the fan inlet, and the
fan inlet area. The static pressures at the fan inlet and
outlet may be obtained directly by making pressure
measurements at these locations; or they may be
determined by making pressure measurements at
other locations, upstream and downstream of the fan.
In the latter case, the determinations must account
for the effects of velocity pressure conversions and
pressure losses, as may occur between the
measurement planes and the planes of interest.
10.2 Pressure measuring instruments
This section describes only the instruments for use in
measuring static pressure. Instruments for use in the
other measurements involved in the determination of
fan static pressure are described in Section 13.
Use a Pitot-static tube of the proportions shown in
Annex B, a double reverse tube as shown in Annex
C, or a side wall pressure tap as shown in Annex E,
and a manometer to measure static pressure.
10.2.1 Pitot-static tube. The comments that appear
in Section 9.2 regarding the use and calibration of the
Pitot-static tube are applicable to its use in the
measurement of static pressures.
10.2.2 Double reverse tube. The double reverse
tube cannot be used to measure static pressure
directly. It must be connected to two manometers and
the static pressure for each point of measurement
must be calculated. Both the manometer connections
and the method of calculation are shown in Annex C.
10.2.3 Pressure tap. The pressure tap does not
require calibration. Use no fewer than four taps
located 90 degrees apart. In rectangular ducts, a
pressure tap should be installed near the center of
each wall. It is important that the inner surfaces of the
duct in the vicinities of the pressure taps be smooth
and free from irregularities, and that the velocity of
the gas stream does not influence the pressure
measurements.
10.2.4 Manometers. A manometer with either
vertical or inclined indicating column may be used to
measure static pressure. Inclined manometers used
to measure static pressures require calibration and
should be selected for the quality, range, slope, scale
graduations, and indicating fluid necessary to
minimize reading resolution errors.
10.3 Static pressure measurements
It is important that all static pressure measurements
be referred to the same atmospheric pressure, and
this atmospheric pressure be that for which the
barometric pressure is determined.
Make static pressure measurements near the fan
inlet and the fan outlet, and where the airway
between the measurement plane and the plane of
interest is straight and without change in cross-
sectional area. Then the duct friction loss between
the measurement plane and the plane of interest is
usually insignificant, and considerations of velocity
pressure conversions and calculations of pressure
losses for duct fitting and other system components
can be avoided.
When a system component is situated between the
measurement plane and the plane of interest, the
pressure loss of the component must be calculated
and credited to the fan. The calculation of the
pressure loss is usually based on the component’s
performance ratings, which may be obtained from the
manufacturer of the item.
If there is a change in area between the
measurement plane and the plane of interest, then
the calculation of the static pressure at the plane of
interest must account for velocity pressure
conversion and include any associated pressure
loss. When the change in area is moderate and
gradual, the conversion of velocity pressure is
considered to occur without loss and the static
pressure is calculated on the basis of no change in
total pressure between the measurement plane and
the plane of interest. This assumes that the duct
friction loss between the two planes is negligible.
When the change in area is an abrupt and sizable
enlargement, as in a duct leading into a large
plenum, the loss is considered to be equivalent to the
velocity pressure in the smaller area, and the static
pressure at the plane of interest is considered to be
the same as the static pressure at the measurement
plane. This assumes that the velocity pressure in the
larger area and the duct friction loss are negligible.
10.3.1 Location of the measuring plane. When the
fan is ducted outlet, the static pressure measurement
plane downstream of the fan should be situated a
sufficient distance from the fan outlet to allow the flow
to diffuse to a more uniform velocity distribution and
to allow the conversion of velocity pressure to static
pressure. See Annex P for guidance in locating the
measurement plane in these cases. In general,
pressure taps should be used if it is necessary to
measure static pressure in the immediate vicinity of
the fan outlet. The static pressure at this location is
difficult to measure accurately with a Pitot-static tube
due to the existence of turbulence and localized high
velocities. If the surface conditions or the velocities at
the duct walls are unsuited for the use of pressure
taps, then a Pitot-static tube must be used with
extreme care, particularly in aligning the nose of the
tube with the lines of the flow streams.
The location of the static pressure measurement
Field Performance Measurement | 153
plane upstream of the fan should not be less than ½
equivalent diameter from the fan inlet. In the event
that static pressure measurements must be made in
an inlet box, the measurement plane should be
located as indicated in Figure 9.2. In the case of
double inlet fans, static pressure measurements must
be made in both inlet boxes in order to determine the
average static pressure on the inlet side of the fan.
In general, the qualifications for a plane well suited
for the measurement of static pressure are the same
as those for the measurement of velocity pressure,
as indicated in Section 9.3:
1) The velocity distribution should be uniform
throughout the traverse plane.
2) The flow streams should be at right angles to the
plane.
3) The cross-sectional shape of the airway in which
the plane is located should not be irregular.
4) The cross-sectional shape and area of the airway
should be uniform throughout the length of the
airway in the vicinity of the plane.
5) The plane should be located such as to minimize
the effects of leaks in the portion of the system
that is located between the plane and the fan.
A long, straight run of duct upstream of the
measurement plane will usually provide acceptable
conditions at the plane. Regions immediately
downstream from elbows, obstructions, and abrupt
changes in airway area are generally unsuitable
locations. Regions where unacceptable levels of
turbulence are present should be avoided.
If in any fan-system installation the prospective
locations for static pressure measurement planes
lack one or more desirable qualities, the alternatives
are to accept the best qualified locations and
evaluate the effects of the undesirable aspects of the
conditions on the accuracy of the test results or
provide suitable locations by modifying the system.
10.3.2 When using a Pitot-static tube or a double
reverse tube to measure static pressure, a number of
measurements must be made throughout the plane.
Use Annex H to determine the number and
distribution of the measurement points. When using
pressure taps, a single measurement at each of the
taps located at the plane is sufficient.
10.4 Static pressure calculations
Static pressure measurements may be positive or
154 | Field Performance Measurement
negative. By definition, positive values are those
measured as being greater than atmospheric
pressures; negative values are those measured as
being less than atmospheric pressure. In all of the
equations in this publication, the values of static
pressures must be entered with their proper signs
and combined algebraically.
10.4.1 Static pressure at measuring planes. The
static pressure at a plane of measurement (x) is
calculated as follows:
Psx =
∑P sxr
number of readings
Where:
Psxr = the static pressure reading, corrected for
manometer calibration
10.4.2 Static pressure at fan inlet or outlet. The
static pressure at the fan inlet, Ps1, and the static
pressure at the fan outlet, Ps2, may be measured
directly in some cases. In most cases, the static
pressure measurements for use in determining fan
static pressure will not be made directly at the fan
inlet and outlet, but at locations a relatively short
distance upstream from the fan inlet and downstream
from the fan outlet. These static pressure
measurements are designated Ps4 and Ps5,
respectively. Static pressure at the fan inlet, Ps1, is
derived as follows:
Pt4 = Pt1 + ∆P4,1
Where:
Pt4 = the total pressure plane of measurement
Pt1 = the total pressure at the fan inlet
∆P4,1 = the sum of the pressure losses between the
two planes
These losses (∆P) include those attributable to duct
friction, duct fittings, other system components, and
changes in airway area. Although ∆P represents a
loss in all cases, it is considered a positive value as
used in the equations in this publication. By
substitution and rearrangement:
Ps1 = Ps4 + Pv4 - Pv1 - ∆P4,1
Similarly, for static pressure at the fan outlet, Ps2:
Pt2 = Pt5 + ∆P2,5
Ps2 = Ps5 + Pv5 - Pv2 + ∆P2,5
Where:
The velocity pressures at the various planes can be
determined from the following general equations for
the velocity pressure at a plane of measurement (x):
Pvx = Pv3 (A3/Ax)2 (ρ3/ρx)
Or:
Pvx = (Qx/1096Ax)2 ρx
Locate the static pressure measurement planes such
that the pressure losses between the measurement
planes and the planes of interest are insignificant.
This will eliminate the uncertainties involved in the
determination of the pressure losses, and the
equations for Ps1 and Ps2 reduce to the following:
Ps1 = Ps4 + Pv4 - Pv1
Ps2 = Ps5 + Pv5 - Pv2
These equations may be used when changes in area
between the measurement planes and the planes of
interest are moderate and gradual, and the pressure
losses associated with conversions of velocity
pressure to static pressure are negligible.
If, in addition to the losses being negligible there are
no changes in the areas between the measurement
planes and the respective planes of interest, then the
equations are further reduced to:
Ps1 = Ps4
Ps2 = Ps5
These equations may also be used when the only
losses between the measurement planes and the
planes of interest are those associated with changes
in area that are abrupt and sizable enlargements in
the direction of flow. This assumes that the velocity
pressure in the larger area is negligible.
10.4.3 Fan static pressure. The equation for fan
static pressure is:
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2 + ... + SEF n
Where:
SEF 1, SEF 2, ... SEF n = System Effect Factors that
account for the various System Effects that are
uncorrected and exist at the time of the field test.
10.5 Accuracy
The uncertainty analyses in Annex T indicate that the
uncertainties in fan static pressure determinations
are expected range from 2% to 8%. This range is
based on considerations of the conditions expected
to be encountered in most field test situations.
Improve the accuracy of the fan static pressure
determination by avoiding static pressure
measurement plane locations where turbulence or
other unsteady flow conditions will produce
significant uncertainties in the mental averaging of
pressure readings. Other reading resolution
uncertainties are not as significant in the fan static
pressure determination as in the determination of
flow rate. Generally, static pressure measurements
are much greater in magnitude than velocity pressure
measurements, and the selection of a manometer
that will provide reasonably good accuracy is not
usually a problem.
The uncertainty analyses in Annex T and the
resulting anticipated uncertainty range do not
account for uncertainties that may occur in the
following:
• Determinations of velocity pressure conversions
occurring between the measurement planes and
the planes of the fan inlet or fan outlet. The area
and density values that are involved in these
determinations are usually obtained without
significant uncertainties. However, pressure
losses associated with velocity pressure
conversions are often difficult to determine
accurately.
• Determinations of other pressure losses
occurring between the measurement planes and
the fan inlet or fan outlet. This includes pressure
losses in ducts, duct fittings, and other system
components. The calculations of these losses
are based on the assumption of uniform flow
conditions. This assumption may not be valid,
and the calculated pressure loss values may be
significantly inaccurate.
• Determinations of the values of System Effect
Factors. These determinations are based on
limited information, and as such, are subject to
uncertainty.
Avoid situations requiring these determinations,
thereby eliminating them as sources for uncertainties.
The uncertainties involved in determining the values
of System Effect Factors can be avoided only by
correcting the causes of the System Effects. This
requires alterations to the system.
Field Performance Measurement | 155
11. Fan Power Input
11.1 General
Fan power input data included as part of the fan
performance ratings are normally defined and limited
to either:
• power input to the fan shaft
• the total of the power input to the fan shaft and
the power transmission loss
The losses in fan shaft bearings are included in either
case. Since the results of field tests are usually
compared to the rated performance characteristics of
the fan, field test values of fan power input should be
determined on the same basis as that used in the fan
ratings. For belt driven fans, the rated fan power input
may or may not include belt drive losses. The
information regarding the basis of the rated fan
power input accompanies the rating data or is
otherwise available from the fan manufacturer. In
most instances, when a power transmission loss
occurs, the loss will have to be determined and
subtracted from the motor output in order to obtain
the fan power input.
11.2 Power measurement methods
In view of the fact that accuracy requirements for field
test determinations of fan power input vary
considerably, a number of test methods are
recommended. These methods are intended to
provide economical and practical alternatives for
dealing with various levels of accuracy requirements.
11.2.1 Phase current method. This method for
estimating the power output of three phase motors is
based on the relationship of motor current and motor
power output. The method, described in Annex K,
requires measurements of the phase currents and
voltages supplied to the motor while driving the fan.
Depending on the operating load point of the motor, it
may also involve the measurements of the no load
phase currents.
The phase current method is convenient and
sufficiently accurate for most field tests. In this
method, the closer the actual phase current is to the
motor nameplate value of full load amps, the greater
the accuracy. Since fan motors are normally selected
for operation at or near the full load point, this method
provides a reasonably accurate estimate of the
power output of the fan motor. Determine fan power
input by using the motor power output and, where
applicable, the power transmission loss.
156 | Field Performance Measurement
11.2.2 Typical motor performance data. Typical
motor performance data may be used to determine
fan power input. These data, which are referred to as
typical in that the data and the actual performance of
the motor are expected to correspond closely, can
usually be obtained from the motor manufacturer.
The data provided can be in a variety of forms, but
are sufficient to determine motor power output based
on electrical input measurements. It is important that
the power supplied to the motor during the field test
be consistent with that used as the basis for the
motor performance data. The phase voltage should
be stable and balanced, and the average should be
withing 2% of the voltage indicated in the
performance data.
Depending on the form of the typical motor
performance data, motor power output is determined
by one of the following methods:
1) Given the typical motor performance chart of
watts input versus motor power output at a stated
voltage.
Hmo, is the value in the typical motor performance
data that corresponds to the field test
measurement of watts input to the motor.
2) Given the typical motor performance chart of
watts input versus torque output and speed at a
stated voltage.
Use the field test measurement of watts input
and the corresponding typical motor performance
data values of torque output and speed; the
motor power output is calculated as:
T ×N
Hmo =
63025
3) Given the typical motor performance chart of
watts input versus motor efficiency at a stated
voltage.
Use the field test measurement of watts input
and the corresponding typical motor performance
data value of motor efficiency, the motor power
output is calculated as:
watts input × motor efficiency
Hmo =
746
4) Given the typical motor performance chart of
amps versus power factor and motor efficiency at
a stated voltage.
Use the field test measurements of amps input
and volts, and the typical motor performance
data values of power factor (pf) and motor
efficiency, corresponding to the measured amps
input; the motor power output is calculated as:
 amps × volts × pf × motor efficiency
Hmo =
746
Or, for three phase motors:
(3)0.5 × amps × volts × pf × motor efficiency
Hmo =
746
In both equations, amps and volts are the field test
measurement values and, in the case of three phase
motors, are the averages of the measured phase
values.
The fan power input is the motor power output minus
the power transmission loss, where applicable.
11.2.3 Calibrated motors. A calibrated motor may be
used to determine fan power input. When intending
to use this method, it is usually necessary to specify
in the motor purchase arrangements that the motor
be calibrated since an additional cost is normally
involved. Calibration data are similar to typical motor
performance data with the exception that, instead of
being merely typical, the calibration data represent
the performance of a specific motor, based on a test
of the motor. The motor is calibrated over a range of
operation. Electrical input data and other data
sufficient for the determination of power output are
obtained in the calibration. The calibration normally
provides data for operation at nameplate voltage, but
may include data for operation at voltages 10%
greater and 10% less than nameplate voltage. It is
important that the power supplied to the motor during
the field test be consistent with that used in its
calibration. The phase voltage should stable and
balanced, and the average should be within 2% of
the voltage at which the motor was calibrated. The
field test measurements and the calculations
involved in the determination of motor power output
are the same as those described in Section 11.2.2 for
use with typical motor performance data. The fan
power input is the motor power output minus the
power transmission loss, where applicable.
A calibrated motor provides accurate data to
determine motor power output. However, the cost of
the calibration is a limiting factor in the use of this
method in field tests. For low horsepower
applications, the fan manufacturer may be able to
calibrate a motor.
11.2.4. Torquemeters. Another method to determine
fan power input involves the use of a torquemeter
installed between the fan and the driver. The use of a
torquemeter requires some prearrangement with the
purchaser, who would normally have specified such
equipment, so that site conditions can be altered to
accommodate its installation. The torquemeter is
extremely limited in field test application. This is due
mainly to is high cost and the cost of its installation.
In addition, the length of the shut down time and the
revisions to site conditions required for its installation
are usually undesirable. For practical considerations,
it is not normally used in cases where the fan is belt
driven and where the fan impeller is installed directly
on the motor shaft.
11.3 Power measuring instruments
Measurement of current, voltage, watts, and power
factor can be obtained by using an industrial type
power analyzer of good quality. This type of
instrument is available with accuracies of 1% full
scale for volts, amps and power factor, and 2% full
scale for watts. Normally, the higher levels of
accuracy requirements can be met by using this type
of instrument, providing the measurements are well
up on the scales.
In many cases, accuracy level requirements will
permit the use of a clip-on type ammeter-voltmeter.
Clip-on instruments with accuracies of 3% full scale
are available.
11.4 Power transmission losses
Several types of power transmission equipment are
used in driving fans. Those in which power
transmission losses should be considered in the
determination of fan power input include belt drives,
gear boxes, fluid drives, and electromechanical
couplings.
Information as to whether the fan power input ratings
include power transmission losses is included in the
published performance ratings or is otherwise
available from the fan manufacturer. It is important
that this be established and that the fan power input
be determined accordingly in order to provide a valid
comparison of field test results to the fan
performance ratings. In most cases, fan power input
ratings do not include power transmission losses.
11.4.1 Estimating belt drive losses. In view of the
lack of published information available for use in
calculating belt drive losses, a graph is included in
Annex L for this purpose. As indicated in the graph,
belt drive loss, expressed as a percentage of motor
power output, decreases with increasing motor
power output and increases with increasing speed.
This graph is based on the results of over 400 drive
loss tests provided to AMCA by drive manufacturers.
The graph serves as a reasonable guide in
evaluating belt drive losses. The calculation of belt
drive loss, using this graph, is included in many of the
examples in Annex A.
Field Performance Measurement | 157
11.4.2 Estimating other transmission losses. For
other types of power transmission equipment, consult
the fan manufacturer to establish whether
transmission losses are included in the fan ratings,
and if so, request the magnitudes of the losses
allowed in the ratings. Otherwise, it will be necessary
to consult the manufacturer of the power
transmission equipment for the information regarding
transmission losses.
11.5 Accuracy
The uncertainty analyses presented in Annex T
indicate that the uncertainties in fan power input
determinations are expected to range from 4% to 8%.
This range is based on considerations of the
conditions encountered in most field test situations,
estimated accuracies of the various test methods
presented in this publication and allowances for
uncertainties in the determinations of power
transmission losses.
12. Fan Speed
12.1 Speed measuring instruments
Measure speed with a revolution counter and
chronometer, a stroboscopic tachometer, an
electronic counter-timer, or any other precision type
tachometer which has a demonstrated accuracy of
0.5% of the measured value. Friction driven and
magnetic type pickups should not be used in low fan
power ranges where they can influence speed and
fan power input measurements.
12.2 Speed measurements
Establish the speed by averaging a minimum of three
measurements made during the test determination
period. The variation in the measurements should not
exceed 1% for any single point of operation.
13. Densities
13.1 Locations of density determinations
Determine the densities of the gas stream for Plane
1, the fan inlet; and for Plane 3, the velocity pressure
measurement plane. In addition, the density at Plane
2, the fan outlet, must be determined whenever the
fan total pressure, the fan velocity pressure, or an
SEF at the outlet side of the fan is required.
13.2 Data required at each location
The pressure and temperature of the gas stream
must be obtained for each plane at which a density
158 | Field Performance Measurement
determination is required. The pressures at Planes 1
and 2 are based on the static pressure
measurements made for the purpose of determining
the fan static pressure. The pressure at Plane 3 is
obtained by averaging static pressure measurements
made concurrent with the velocity pressure
measurements made in a traverse of Plane 3. The
absolute pressure at a plane is calculated by using
the static pressure at the plane and the barometric
pressure. For this reason, it is important that the
barometric pressure be determined for the
atmosphere to which static pressure measurements
are referred. The temperatures used in density
determinations are measured at the planes of
interest.
13.3 Additional data
Additional data required in the determination of
density depends on the gas stream as indicated
below:
1) For air, the wet-bulb temperature is required
unless it is otherwise known that the air is
saturated with water vapor or that the water
vapor content of the air is insignificant. It should
be noted that incorrect assumptions as to
whether the air is dry or saturated can result in
substantial errors in density determinations.
2) For gases other than air, the normal procedure is
to rely on process personnel for the data
necessary to determine the density of the gas.
The information provided will include density or
data sufficient to calculate the density, which
should be for stated conditions of temperature
and pressure.
13.4 Density values
Gas stream density can be established when the
pressure, temperature, and additional data, as
indicated in Section 13.3, have been obtained.
Procedures for establishing density are described in
the examples in Annex M and are further illustrated in
the field test examples in Annex A.
Although the pressure and temperature of the gas
stream must be obtained for each plane at which a
density value is required, it is usually necessary to
obtain additional data, such as the wet-bulb
temperature, for only one plane in order to establish
the densities at all planes. The densities at the planes
for which the additional data is not obtained can be
calculated, providing the gas stream does not change
composition or undergo a change in phase between
planes. The calculation is based on density being
directly proportional to absolute pressure and
inversely proportional to absolute temperature.
13.4.1 Example calculation - ρ3 from ρ1. Use Figure
N.1 of Annex N to establish the density of air at Plane
1 based on the test determinations of barometric
pressure, pb, and the following Plane 1 values:
Ps1, static pressure, in. wg
td1, dry-bulb temperature, °F
tw1, wet-bulb temperature, °F
The following data are obtained for Plane 3:
Ps3, static pressure, in. wg
td3, dry-bulb temperature, °F
Calculate the density at Plane 3 as follows:
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d1 + 460 ⎞
ρ3 = ρ1 ⎜ s3 ⎟⎜ ⎟ 700 and 2000 fpm. Use a sling psychrometer to
⎝ 13.6 p1 ⎠ ⎝ t d3 + 460 ⎠
Where:
p1 = the absolute pressure, in. Hg at Plane 1,
calculated as follows:
p1 = pb + (Ps1/13.6)
In this manner, ρ3 can be calculated without having to
measure the wet-bulb temperature at Plane 3. These
equations can be used for gases other than air and
can be adapted for use in calculations involving any
two planes, subject to the limitations noted earlier.
In the example calculation of ρ3, pb is determined for
the atmosphere to which the measurements of Ps1
and Ps3 are referred. Refer static pressure
measurements to a common atmosphere. When
the pressures cannot be referred to a common
atmosphere, the absolute pressure for each plane is
calculated by using the static pressure measurement
at the plane and the barometric pressure for the
atmosphere to which the static pressure
measurement is referred. However, for the purposes
of accuracy, static pressure measurements that are
used in the determination of fan static pressure must
be referred to a common atmosphere.
13.5 Temperatures
Measure temperatures with mercury-in-glass, dial, or
thermocouple type thermometers. For temperatures
through 220°F, the thermometer should be accurate
within 2°F of the measured value and readable to 1°F
or finer. For temperatures above 220°F, the
thermometer should be accurate within 5°F of the
measured value and readable to 5°F or finer.
The temperature determination should be
representative of the average temperature of the gas
stream throughout the plane of interest. When the
temperature varies with time or temperature
stratification exists at the measurement plane,
several temperature measurements may be
necessary in order to obtain a representative
average. At elevated temperatures, the thermometer
may have to be shielded to prevent radiation effects
from exposed heat sources.
Locate the wet-bulb thermometer downstream from
the dry-bulb thermometer in order to prevent the dry-
bulb temperature measurement from being adversely
affected. The wet-bulb thermometer wick should be
clean, closely fitted, and wetted with fresh water. The
velocity of the air over the wick should be between
obtain dry and wet-bulb air temperature
measurements at the fan inlet for free inlet fans.
13.6 Barometric pressure
Use a portable aneroid barometer for field test
determinations of barometric pressure when an
acceptable site barometer is not available. The
barometer should be accurate within 0.05 in. Hg of
the measured value. Determine the test value of
barometric pressure by averaging measurements
made at the beginning and end of the test period.
When the test value of barometric pressure is to be
based on data obtained from a nearby airport, it is
important that the data include the barometric
pressure for the airport site and the elevation for
which the pressure was determined (often the
barometric pressure is corrected to sea level). This
pressure value must then be corrected to the test site
elevation. Barometric pressure decreases
approximately 0.1 in. Hg for every 100 ft increase in
elevation
13.7 Accuracy
As indicated in Annex T, uncertainties in density
determinations are expected to be less than 3%.
However, care must be exercised in obtaining
representative test measurements in order to prevent
the uncertainties from exceeding this value.
14. Conversion Calculations
Generally, the test fan will be operating at a speed
and inlet density that are somewhat different from the
Field Performance Measurement | 159
fan performance rating values of fan speed and inlet
density. In order to provide a common basis for
comparing the field test results to the fan
performance ratings, each of these two items must
be the same in both sets of data. This can be
accomplished by converting the results of the field
test to the speed and density conditions of the fan
performance ratings. The equations for the
conversion are as follows.
Qc = Q (Nc / N)
Psc = Ps (Nc / N)2 (ρc / ρ)
Ptc = Pt (Nc / N)2 (ρc / ρ)
Pvc = Pv (Nc / N)2 (ρc / ρ)
Hc = H (Nc / N)3 (ρc / ρ)
Where the subscript c designates values converted
to specified conditions, and items without the
subscript c are field test values.
These conversion equations do not account for the
effect of the compressibility of the gas stream.
However, since the test fan usually operates at
conditions of speed and inlet density that are
reasonably close to the quoted fan performance, the
conversion calculations usually result in small
changes from field test values and the effect of the
compressibility of the gas stream is considered to be
negligible. Where test conditions are considerably
different than design conditions, the effect of
compressibility may need to be considered.
15. Test Preparation
15.1 The following items should be agreed upon by
all interested parties prior to the start of a field
performance test:
1) AMCA Publication 200, Air Systems, AMCA
Publication 201, Fans and Systems, and AMCA
Publication 202, Troubleshooting, should be
reviewed and implemented before starting the
field test.
2) Personnel conducting field tests on fans must be
technically competent and fully conversant with
all four parts of the AMCA Fan Application
Manual. The person responsible for conducting
the test should be designated and agreed upon
by all parties.
3) The test instrumentation and locations of test
measurement planes should be established.
160 | Field Performance Measurement
Work required to accommodate test
measurements (drilling of traverse holes,
installation of static pressure taps and
thermometer wells, etc.) should be completed
prior to the test date.
4) System Effect Factors, if any, must be
established prior to the conduct of the test.
5) The expected test uncertainties must be agreed
upon prior to the test (see Annex T).
6) Responsibility for the cost of the test or any fan-
system modifications required as a result of the
test should be established.
7) Prior to testing, an inspection must be made to
ensure that the fan is installed in accordance with
the fan manufacturer’s recommendations. The
duct system should also be inspected for
compliance with design specifications, conditions
of filters, abnormal duct restrictions, etc.
8) The majority of fan field performance tests cover
a single point of operation, namely, the design
duty. If it is deemed necessary to cover several
points of operation, provision must be made in
advance for changing the system resistance. The
means used to vary the system resistance must
not cause adverse flow conditions in the vicinities
of the fan and measurement planes. If the fan
cannot be tested at the quoted system design
point, then it is sufficient for the evaluation of fan
field performance to establish the proximity of the
field test point to any portion of the fan
performance rating curve within the limitations of
the uncertainty analysis (see Annex T).
9) It must be established that the system remains
constant for the duration of the test. Modulating
dampers should be set in a fixed position, no
process changes shall be undertaken, etc.
Variable inlet vane controls or inlet box dampers
must be set in the full open position for the
duration of the test, except when testing for
control characteristics.
10) All precautions to ensure the safety of test
personnel must be observed.
11) The fan-system should be operated for a length
of time sufficient to ensure steady state
conditions prior to the start of the test.
12) It is advisable that representatives of all parties
interested in the test results be present at the
time of the test to cover their areas of
responsibility.
15.2 It is recommended that as a minimum, the
following equipment be taken to or be otherwise
available at the job site:
1) Pitot-static tubes of suitable lengths for the
maximum duct size to be traversed.
Considerations should be given to the use of a
double reverse tube in dirty atmospheres.
2) Manometers suitable for measuring static
pressures. Manometer fluids other than water are
acceptable, provided the specific gravity is
known. A spare bottle of manometer fluid is
advisable.
3) Inclined manometer suitable for measuring
velocity pressures.
4) Flexible tubing of suitable length to enable
manometers to be installed at a convenient
location.
5) Tubing couplings and “T” type tubing connectors.
6) Thermometers to cover the range of anticipated
temperatures.
7) Sling psychrometer for obtaining dry-bulb and
wet-bulb temperatures.
8) Clip-on ammeter-voltmeter, power analyzer, or
other suitable electrical measurement
instruments for the determination of fan power
input.
9) Fan speed measurement instrument.
10) Aneroid barometer.
11) Flashlight, tape, measuring rule, hand tools,
coveralls, etc.
12) Test data sheets, calculator, and necessary
drawings.
13) Complete AMCA Fan Application Manual
containing Publications 200, 201, 202, and 203.
16. Precautions
The following precautions should be observed when
conducting a field test:
1) Connect the Pitot-static tube to the manometers
according to anticipated pressures, i.e., whether
the pressures are positive or negative, and the
magnitudes of pressures.
2) Static and total pressure manometer tubing must
be “pinched off” prior to inserting or removing the
Pitot-static tube from the test duct. Release both
legs of the tubing simultaneously after the Pitot-
static tube is inside the test duct and properly
oriented. Failure to release simultaneously may
result in manometer fluid being blown from the
manometer.
3) Loop the manometer tubing well above the
manometer so that any fluid which is
inadvertently blown from the gauge will drain
back into the manometer.
4) The Pitot-static tube is intended for measuring
pressures in relatively clean gases. When using
Pitot-static tubes in dirty, wet, or corrosive
atmospheres, both legs of the Pitot-static tube
must be cleaned out frequently during the test.
Since fan pressure readings are never strictly
steady, absence of fluctuations is an
indication of a plugged Pitot-static tube.
Consider using a double reverse tube in these
situations.
5) When making measurements in wet gas
streams, continually check for the presence of
moisture in the tubing. Clear plastic tubing is
ideal from this standpoint. If moisture collects in
the tubing, immediately remove the Pitot-static
tube and clean the inside of the tubing and Pitot-
static tube before proceeding with the test.
6) Before performing any work inside a fan,
ductwork, or other system components, make
certain that the fan motor starter is “locked out.”
7) The area at the plane of flow measurement
should be measured internally to account for
internal insulation or other obstructions.
8) Do not rely on damper control indicators to
ensure that dampers are fully open. Check
visually.
9) Measure temperatures on both sides of double
inlet fans as temperature differences may exist
between each side.
10) When measuring in high temperature, corrosive
or explosive atmospheres, instruments should be
selected for suitability for such atmospheres.
17. Typical Fan-System Installations
A fan assembly may include any number of
appurtenances: variable inlet vanes, inlet boxes, inlet
box dampers, outlet dampers, inlet screens, belt
Field Performance Measurement | 161
guards, inlet bells, diffusers (evasés). Alternately,
these items may be included in the fan-system
installation, but not be a part of the fan assembly. In
order to determine the proper field test procedure
and to provide a valid basis for comparing field test
results to the fan performance ratings, it is important
to establish which of these items are considered a
part of the fan and which are considered a part of the
system. The fan performance ratings may be
assumed to include the appurtenances that are
established as being a part of the fan assembly.
The locations of the fan inlet and fan outlet depend
on whether specific appurtenances are considered
to be a part of the fan assembly. If the assembly
includes an inlet box, the fan inlet is the inlet to the
inlet box. For a fan assembly that includes a diffuser,
the fan outlet is the outlet of the diffuser.
In the case of heating, ventilating, and air-
conditioning equipment, the field test procedure will
depend on whether the equipment is a factory
assembled central station unit, a built-up unit, or a
packaged unit (see Section 17.4).
The performance ratings for a fan that includes inlet
box dampers, variable inlet vanes or outlet dampers
cover operation of the fan with these items in the full
open positions. In order to be able to compare the
field test results to the fan performance ratings, it is
essential that these items be fixed in their full open
positions for the duration of the test. In addition, when
the loss through a damper must be calculated, it is
essential that the damper blades be fixed in their full
open positions during the test since this is the
condition on which the damper pressure loss ratings
are based. This consideration arises when a damper,
which is not considered a part of the fan is located
between a static pressure measurement plane and
the fan. In order to determine the fan static pressure,
the loss through the damper must be calculated. In
these cases, the calculation of the loss is based on
the performance ratings for the damper.
17.1 Free inlet, free outlet fans
It is difficult to achieve an accurate field test of a free
inlet, free outlet fan. The most obvious problem is the
lack of a suitable location for the velocity pressure
measurement plane. In addition, in the case of
ventilators that supply or exhaust air from a building-
the most commonly encountered applications of free
inlet, free outlet fans-it is extremely difficult to define,
set, and maintain for the duration of the test the
“normal” system condition. Items affecting the system
include:
162 | Field Performance Measurement
a) The operations of ovens, furnaces, paint booths,
air conditioning equipment, other fans, and
similar items that may supply or exhaust air from
the building in intermittent or modulating
fashions.
b) The use of doors providing access to the
building. The effect is most significant when large
doors that are normally closed are kept open for
extended periods such as in loading operations.
c) The velocity and direction of the wind outside the
building, particularly in conjunction with the item
immediately above and as it may affect the flow
of air from the outlet of the ventilator.
d) The use of interior doors that my restrict the flow
of air from areas normally expected to be
ventilated.
Assuming that these difficulties can be resolved and
the desired system is fixed for the duration of the test,
determine the fan performance by using one of the
following methods:
1) Make field test measurements sufficient for
determining fan static pressure, fan power input,
fan speed, and the density of the air at the fan
inlet. In this method for testing a free inlet, free
outlet fan, the fan static pressure is calculated as
the static pressure on the outlet side of the fan
less the static pressure on the inlet side of the
fan: Ps = Ps2 - Ps1. The static pressure
measurements involved must be referred to the
same atmospheric pressure and made at
locations sufficiently distant from the fan inlet and
outlet so as to be unaffected by the velocity of the
air entering and leaving the fan. Using the fan
manufacturer’s certified performance ratings,
draw a performance curve for the fan for
operation at the test values of fan speed and
entering air density. Determine the fan air flow
rate by entering this curve at the test values of
fan static pressure and fan power input (see
Example 5C in Annex A).
2) Use the method as described above with the
exception that the performance curve is
established by a laboratory test of the fan,
conducted in accordance with AMCA Standard
210. For the laboratory test, the fan must be set
up in a manner that duplicates the field
installation conditions. That is, all appurtenances
must be in place and any restrictions or
obstructions to the free flow of air into the fan
inlet and away from the fan outlet must be
accurately duplicated in the laboratory test setup.
3) Install a duct on the inlet side of the fan for the
purpose of providing a location for the velocity
pressure measurement plane. All of the test
measurements and calculations in this method
for testing a free inlet, free outlet fan are the
same as those required for a fan with a ducted
inlet and a free outlet. The cross-sectional shape
and area of the duct, which is temporarily
installed for purposes of the test, should be
selected on the basis of minimizing its
interference with the flow of air into the fan inlet
while providing velocity pressure of magnitudes
that can be accurately measured. The length of
the duct should be a minimum of twice its
diameter or equivalent diameter, and the
entrance to the duct should be flared in order to
reduce the entrance loss. The velocity pressure
measurement plane should be located a
minimum of 1.5 diameters or equivalent
diameters downstream from the duct inlet. The
effect of this duct on the system is negligible, but
in changing the pattern of the flow of air into the
fan inlet, it may affect the performance of the fan
slightly. Applications of this method of test are
presented in Examples 5A and 5B in Annex A.
The equation for calculating fan static pressure
for this configuration is:
Ps = Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1)
17.2 Free inlet, ducted outlet fans
In the calculation of fan static pressure for this type of
fan-system configuration, the sum of the static
pressure at the fan inlet, Ps1, and the velocity
pressure at the fan inlet, Pv1, is considered to be
equal to the sum of the static pressure, Psx, and the
velocity pressure, Pvx, at a point sufficiently distant
from the fan inlet as to be in still air. At this point, the
static pressure is zero, and the velocity pressure in
still air is zero.
Ps1 + Pv1 = Psx + Pvx = 0
This consideration, which is the same as that used in
the methods for testing fans for performance rating
purposes, charges to the fan the losses incurred in
accelerating the air into the fan inlet and eliminates
inaccuracies which may occur in any attempt to
measure velocity pressure and static pressure at the
fan inlet. Since Ps1 + Pv1 = 0, the equation for
calculating fan static pressure for this configuration
is:
Ps = Ps2 + SEF 1 +SEF 2 + ... + SEF n
17.3 Ducted inlet, ducted outlet fans
In this type of fan-system configuration, there is no
special consideration in the calculation of fan static
pressure. The equation for this calculation is:
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2 + ... + SEF n
In this configuration, the flow conditions on the inlet
side of the fan are usually more favorable for the
location of the velocity pressure measurement plane.
17.4 Ducted inlet, free outlet fans
In this type of fan-system configuration, the static
pressure at the fan outlet, Ps2, is zero gauge
pressure, referred to the atmospheric pressure in the
region of the fan outlet. However, the gas stream may
be discharging from the fan into a region in which the
atmospheric pressure is somewhat different from that
to which all other pressure measurements are
referred. When this possibility exists, it is essential
that the static pressure measurements in the region
of the fan outlet be referred to the same atmospheric
pressure as used in all other pressure
measurements.
Ps = -Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2 + ... + SEF n
17.5 Air handling units
This category consists of draw-through and blow-
through types of equipment assemblies used in
heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning applications.
In addition to fans, these equipment assemblies may
include any number of combinations of coils, filters,
access sections, humidifiers, mixing boxes, dampers,
etc. Air handling units include packaged units, factory
assembled central station units, and built-up units.
The basis used in establishing the air performance
ratings for each of these unit types is described
below. It is important that the field test method
correspond to the rating method in each case.
17.5.1 Packaged units. This type of unit is supplied
and rated by the manufacturer as an assembly. The
static pressures at the inlet and outlet to the
assembly and the velocity pressure at the inlet to the
assembly are used in calculating the static pressure
generated by this type of air handling unit. See
Examples 4C and 4D in Annex A.
17.5.2 Factory assembled central station units.
The air performance ratings for this type of unit are
based on the operation of the fan section assembly
only, but include the effects of the air flow conditions
entering and leaving the fan section which are
created by accessory equipment such as plenums,
Field Performance Measurement | 163
coils, filters, mixing boxes, etc. The fan section
assembly includes the fan and the cabinet in which
the fan has been installed. The accessory items are
considered to be included in the system in which the
fan section operates. The static pressure and the
velocity pressure at the inlet of the fan section and
the static pressure at the fan section outlet, which
coincides with the fan outlet, are used in calculating
the static pressure generated by the fan section
assembly. See examples 4B and 4E in Annex A.

17.5.3 Built-up units. Built-up units are similar to

factory assembled central station units, except that in
built-up units, the components are normally obtained
from a number of equipment suppliers and the unit is
assembled at the installation site. The fans which are
used in built-up units are rated as free-standing,
unencumbered by the cabinets in which they are
installed. In the field test determination of the
performance of the fan, the static pressure and
velocity pressure at the fan inlet and the static
pressure at the fan outlet are used in calculating the
fan static pressure. An SEF that accounts for the
effect of the cabinet is normally included in this
calculation, and it may be necessary to include an
SEF to account for the conditions at the fan outlet.
See Example 4A in Annex A.

164 | Field Performance Measurement

Annex A. Field Test Examples

This annex contains examples of field tests. The examples are presented in detail and cover several types of fan-
system combinations. Field test procedures are illustrated in a variety of situations. Portions of the procedures are
typical for all fan-system installations. Other portions of the procedures demonstrate methods for dealing with the
more difficult features encountered in some installations. Not all of the possible fan-system combinations are
included in the examples, but it is expected that the examples will provide sufficient guidance for dealing with those
cases not covered.

EXAMPLES OF FANS, INSTALLATION TYPE B: FREE INLET, DUCTED OUTLET

1A: Centrifugal Forced Draft Fan

1B: Centrifugal Forced Draft Fan with Inlet Silencers
1C: Axial Forced Draft Fan with Inlet Silencers
1D: Centrifugal Fans in Parallel

EXAMPLE OF FANS, INSTALLATION TYPE D: DUCTED INLET, DUCTED OUTLET

2A: Utility Fan in a Ventilating System

2B: Centrifugal Fan in a Sawdust Conveying System
2C: Axial Fan in a Dryer System
2D: Centrifugal Fan in a Scrubber System
2E: Centrifugal Fan in a Process System
2F: Axial Fan in a Ventilation System
2G: High Pressure Centrifugal Fans in Series

EXAMPLES OF FANS, INSTALLATION TYPE C: DUCTED INLET, FREE OUTLET

3A: Centrifugal Fan in an Exhaust System

3B: Axial Fan in an Exhaust System
3C: Centrifugal Fan in a Scrubber System
3D: Centrifugal Roof Ventilator with Ducted Inlet

EXAMPLES OF AIR HANDLING UNITS

4A: Centrifugal Fan in a Built-up Air conditioning Unit

4B: Central Station Air Conditioning Unit, Factory Assembled Draw-Through Type
4C: Packaged Air Conditioning Unit
4D: Packaged Air Conditioning Unit
4E: Central Station Air Conditioning Unit, Factory Assembled Blow-Through Type

EXAMPLES OF FANS, INSTALLATION TYPE A: FREE INLET, FREE OUTLET

5A: Free Inlet, Free Outlet Roof Ventilator with temporary duct
5B: Free Inlet, Free Outlet Propeller Fan with temporary duct
5C: Free Inlet, Free Outlet Roof Ventilator as installed

Field Performance Measurement | 165

EXAMPLE 1A: CENTRIFUGAL FORCED DRAFT FAN
SEF 1
DIFFUSER
L
VARIABLE
INLET VANES
SIDE VIEW OUTLET SIDE VIEW
ORIENTATION
OF PITOT TUBE
COMMENTS
1. The variable inlet vanes are considered part of the
fan. Performance ratings for fans with inlet vanes
cover operation with the inlet vanes in their full open
position. In order to be able to compare the test
results to the fan performance ratings, it is essential
that the inlet vanes be fixed in their full open positions
for the duration of the test.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of the fan
diffuser (evasé). Determine Ps3 by averaging the
static pressure measurements made in the same
traverse. Procedures for the traverse are described in
Section 9.4. These velocity pressure and static
pressure measurements are susceptible to error due
to the turbulence existing in the region of the fan
outlet. In addition, it is undesirable to have Plane 3
located in a diverging airway. However, no other
more suitable location for Plane 3 exists in this
example. It is recommended that the Pitot-static tube
be oriented so that its nose is aligned with the
anticipated flow streams, particularly near the walls of
the diffuser, as shown in the diagram. Determine the
area of the traverse plane, A3, which is located at the
tip of the Pitot-static tube, as shown in the diagram,
not at the location of the Pitot-static tube access
holes in the diffuser.
166 | Field Performance Measurement
3 2
A2
A3
LOCATIONS OF
PLANES 2 AND 3
3. Measure td1 and tw1 in the path of the air flowing into
the fan inlets. Determine pb for the general vicinity of
the fan. Measure td3 in Plane 3. All of these
measurements are used in the determination of
densities at the various planes of interest.
4. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and, if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point (refer to Annex K).
5. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of
duct at the fan outlet. In order to calculate the value
of SEF 1, it is necessary to measure the length of the
outlet duct, L; the outlet area of the fan, A2; and the
blast area of the fan.
6. The sum of the static pressure, Ps1, and velocity
pressure, Pv1, at the inlets of a fan with unrestricted
inlets is considered to be equal to the sum of the
static pressure, Psx, and the velocity pressure, Pvx, at
a point sufficiently distant from the fan inlets as to be
in still air. At this point, the static pressure is zero, and
the velocity pressure in still air is zero. GENERAL

Ps1 + Pv1 = Psx + Pvx = 0 VIVs in full open positions.

Fan direct connected to motor.
This consideration, which is the same as that used in
the methods for testing fans for performance rating CALCULATIONS
purposes, charges to the fan losses incurred in
accelerating the air into the fan inlets and eliminates DENSITIES
the inaccuracies which arise in any attempt to
measure the velocity pressure and static pressure at For fan inlet conditions of:
the fan inlets. To calculate the fan static pressure:
td1 = 85°F
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 tw1 = 63°F
= Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1) + SEF1 p1 = pb
= 28.91 in. Hg
Since:
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ1 = 0.0701
Ps1 + Pv1 = 0 lbm/ft3
Ps = Ps2 + SEF 1
The density at Plane 3:
7. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 1780 rpm and
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d1 + 460 ⎞
0.0701 lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the ρ3 = ρ1 ⎜ s3 ⎟⎜ ⎟
results to the specified conditions. In this case, the ⎝ 13.6 p1 ⎠ ⎝ t d3 + 460 ⎠
test conditions are identical to the specified ⎛ 14.4 + 13.6 × 28.91 ⎞ ⎛ 545 ⎞
= 0.0701⎜
conditions and no calculations are required. ⎝ 13.6 × 28.91 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 556 ⎟⎠
= 0.0712 lbm/ft 3
OBSERVATIONS

SITE MEASUREMENTS In this case, ρ2 is considered to be equal to ρ3.

pb = 28.91 in. Hg FLOW RATES

td1 = 85°F
tw1 = 63°F V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5
td3 = 96°F = 1096 (1.52/0.0712)0.5
Ps3 = 14.4 in. wg = 5064 fpm
Pv3 = 1.52 in. wg
N = 1780 rpm Q3 = V3A3
A2 = 11.94 ft2 = 5064 × 11.3
A3 = 11.3 ft2 = 57223 cfm
Blast Area = 7.76 ft2 Q = Q1
L = 3 ft.
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
= 57223 (0.0712/0.0701)
MEASURED MOTOR DATA
= 58121 cfm
Volts = 570, 560, 572
FAN POWER INPUT
= 567 av.
Amps = 160, 166, 163
Measured amps/FLA = (163/181)
= 163 av.
= 0.90
= 90%
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
Annex K indicates that Equation A will provide a
200 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
reasonably accurate estimate of motor power output
575 volts, 1800 rpm, 181 FLA
for a 200 hp motor operating at 90% FLA.

Field Performance Measurement | 167

Hmo = 200 (163/181) (567/575) FAN STATIC PRESSURE
= 178 hp
Since A2 is greater than A3, there may be some
Since the fan is direct connected to the motor: conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure
between Planes 3 and 2. However, the amount of
H = Hmo conversion will be very small relative to the static
= 178 hp pressure measured at Plane 3 and ignoring any
change in static pressure from Plane 3 to Plane 2 will
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR have no appreciable effect on the test results.
Therefore, Ps2 is considered equal to Ps3.
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1 and 8.3
indicate the following calculations: Ps = Ps2 + SEF 1
= 14.4 + 0.57
Q2 = Q3 (ρ3/ρ2) = 14.97 in. wg
= 57223 (0.0712/0.0712)
= 57223 cfm CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

V2 = (Q2/A2) Qc = Q
= (57223/11.94) = 58121 cfm
= 4793 fpm Psc = Ps
= 14.97 in. wg
Duct diameter equivalent to the diffuser outlet area: Hc = H
= 178 hp
De2 = 4 A2 / π
= ( 4 × 11.94 ) / π
= 3.9 ft.

Figure 8.3 shows that for velocities over 2500 fpm,

100% effective duct length is one duct diameter per
1000 fpm,

= De2 (V2/1000)
= 3.9 (4793/1000)
= 18.7 ft

L in % effective duct length

= (L/18.7) 100
= (3/18.7) 100
= 16%

Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2

= 7.76/11.94
= 0.65

For blast area ratio of 0.65, and 16% effective duct

length, Figure 8.3 shows System Effect Curve U
applies. For 4793 fpm velocity and curve U, Figure
7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.6 in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3. At
0.0712 lbm/ft3.

SEF 1 = 0.6 (0.0712/0.075)

= 0.57 in. wg

168 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 1B: CENTRIFUGAL FORCED DRAFT FAN WITH INLET SILENCERS
DIFFUSER
STATIC
PRESSURE TAPS
A2
SEF 1
SIDE VIEW 2 OUTLET SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This fan, as supplied and rated by the
manufacturer, includes the variable inlet vanes and
inlet boxes, but does not include the silencers.
Performance ratings for fans with inlet vanes cover
operation with the inlet vanes in the full open
positions. In order to be able to compare the test
results to the fan performance ratings, it is essential
that the inlet vanes be fixed in their full open positions
for the duration of the test.
2. Determine Pv3a and Pv3b by using the root mean
square of the velocity pressure measurements made
in traverses of Planes 3a and 3b. A3a and A3b are the
areas traversed. Determine Ps3a and Ps3b by
averaging each of the two sets of static pressure
measurements made in the same traverses.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Ps3a and Ps3b are used in determining the density
at the traverse plane. A location for Plane 3
measurements may be obtained by installing ducts
on each silencer inlet, as shown in the diagram. The
ducts should be a minimum of one equivalent
diameter in length, and have flared inlets to reduce
entrance losses and provide more uniform velocity
profiles at the pressure measurement planes.
3. Measure Ps1a and Ps1b at locations close to the
entrances to the inlet boxes and in planes which are
substantially equal in area to the planes of the
TEMPORARY
DUCT
3a 3b
0.5 De
SILENCERS
VARIABLE INLET VANES
entrances to the inlet boxes (Plane 1). Determine Ps2
by averaging the pressure measurements at each of
four static pressure taps located near the end of the
fan diffuser (evasé). See Annex E for details of static
pressure taps.
4. Measure td3 and tw3 near the inlet ducts. Determine
pb for the general vicinity of the fan. Measure td2 in
Plane 2. All of these measurements are used in the
determination of densities at the various planes of
interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and amps
(FLA). If the motor power output is to be estimated by
using the phase current method described in Annex
K, it is not necessary to measure motor watts;
however, it may be necessary to disconnect the drive
and measure the no load amps (NLA) if the motor is
not operating at or near its full load point. Refer to
Annex K.
6. SEF 1 is due to the effect of there being no duct
at the fan outlet. In order to calculate the value of
SEF 1, it is necessary to measure the fan outlet area,
A2, and the blast area of the fan.
7. To calculate the fan static pressure:
Field Performance Measurement | 169
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 CALCULATIONS

Where: DENSITIES

Pv1 = (Q/1096A1)2 ρ1 For Plane 3 conditions of:

8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted td3 = 85°F

fan curve drawn for operation at 1180 rpm and 0.075 tw3 = 58°F
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results
to the specified conditions. The basis for the Ps3 = (Ps3a + Ps3b)/2
calculations is described in Section 14. = (-0.65 - 0.70)/2
= -0.675 in. wg
OBSERVATIONS p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.31 + (-0.675/13.6)
SITE MEASUREMENTS = 29.26 in. Hg

pb = 29.31 in. Hg Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0712

td2 = 93°F lbm/ft3
td3 = 85°F
tw3 = 58°F It is assumed that the temperature at Plane 1 are the
Ps1a= -1.20 in. wg same as those at Plane 3. The density at Plane 1:
Ps1b= -1.30 in. wg
Ps2 = 10.1 in. wg ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
ρ1 = ρ3 ⎜ s1 ⎟⎜ ⎟
Ps3a= -0.65 in. wg
⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d1 + 460 ⎠
Ps3b= -0.70 in. wg
⎛ −1.25 + 13.6 × 29.31 ⎞ ⎛ 545 ⎞
Pv3a= 0.61 in. wg = 0.0712 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 545 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.26 ⎠⎝ ⎠
Pv3b= 0.62 in. wg
N = 1180 rpm = 0.0711 lbm/ft 3
A1a = A1b
= 12.5 ft2 The density at Plane 2:
A2 = 18 ft2
A3a = A3b ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
= 12.5 ft2 ρ2 = ρ3 ⎜ s2 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d2 + 460 ⎠
Blast Area = 13.5 ft2
⎛ 10.1 + 13.6 × 29.31 ⎞ ⎛ 545 ⎞
= 0.0712 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
MEASURED MOTOR DATA ⎝ 13.6 × 29.26 ⎠ ⎝ 553 ⎠
= 0.0721 lbm/ft 3
Volts = 460, 455, 465
= 460 av
FLOW RATES
Amps = 257, 256, 258
= 257 av
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/ρ3)0.5
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA = 1096 (0.61/0.0712)0.5
= 3208 fpm
200 HP, 3 phase 60 hertz
460 volts, 1180 rpm, 285 FLA Q3a = V3aA3a
= 3208 × 12.5
GENERAL = 40100 cfm

VIVs in full open positions. Fan direct connected to V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/ρ3)0.5
motor. The motor manufacturer advises that this = 1096 (0.62/0.0712)0.5
motor type has a peak efficiency of 91% at a power = 3234 cfm
factor of approximately 0.89.
Q3b = V3bA3b
= 3234 × 12.5
= 40425 cfm
170 | Field Performance Measurement
Q3 = Q3a + Q3b SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR
= 40100 + 40425
= 80525 cfm AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1 and 8.3
indicate the following calculations:
Q = Q1
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ1) Q3 (ρ3/ρ2) = 80525 (0.0712/0.0721)
= 80525 (0.0712/0.0711) = 79520 cfm
= 80638 cfm
(Q2/A2) = (79520/18)
FAN POWER INPUT = 4418 fpm

Measured amps/FLA = (257/285) Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2

= 0.90 = 13.5/18
= 90% = 0.75

Annex K indicates that Equation A will provide a
reasonably accurate estimate of motor power output
for a 250 hp motor operating at 90% FLA.
Hmo = 250 (257/285) (460/460)
= 225 hp
As a check of this value, using the motor efficiency
data and the appropriate equation in Section 11.2.2:
For a blast area ratio of 0.75, and no duct, Figure 8.3
shows System Effect Curve T applies. For 4418 fpm
velocity and curve T, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.65
in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3. At 0.0720 lbm/ft3:
SEF 1 = 0.65 (0.0721/0.075)
= 0.62 in. wg
FAN STATIC PRESSURE

Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2

3 × 257 × 460 × 0.89 × 0.91
Hmo = = (80638/1096 × 25)2 0.0711
746
= 0.62 in. wg
= 222 hp
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
Since the motor is not fully loaded, the power factor = 10.1 - (-1.25) - 0.62 + 0.62
and efficiency may be less, which would reduce Hmo = 11.33 in. wg
as calculated using the second method. However,
this is a reasonable check. The value of Hmo is CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
selected to be the average of the two results:
Qc = Q
Hmo = 224 hp = 80638 cfm

Since the fan is direct-connected to the motor, there Psc = 11.33 (0.075/0.0711)
is no drive loss, and: = 11.95 in. wg

H = Hmo Hc = 224 (0.075/0.0711)

= 224 hp = 236 hp

Field Performance Measurement | 171

EXAMPLE 1C: AXIAL FORCED DRAFT FAN WITH INLET SILENCER
TEMPORARY
PLANE 3
SHORT DUCT
LOCATION
3 STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
SILENCER
0.5 De
INLET
BOX INNER
1 CYLINDER
SIDE VIEW
GUIDE VANES
COMMENTS
1. This is a variable pitch axial flow fan. The fan
assembly, as supplied and rated by the manufacturer,
includes the inlet box and diffuser section, but does
not include the silencer. It is essential that the blade
pitch angle be fixed for the duration of the test. This
blade angle should be agreed upon by all interested
parties.
2. A temporary short duct is installed upstream of the
silencer to establish Plane 3 in which more uniform
pressures can be obtained. The duct should be a
minimum of one equivalent diameter in length, and
have a flared inlet to reduce entrance losses and
provide a more uniform velocity profile at the
pressure measurement plane. Determine Pv3 by
using the root mean square of the velocity pressure
measurements made in a traverse of Plane 3. Ps3 is
determined by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Ps3 is used in determining the density at the
traverse plane.
3. Measure Ps1 at a location close to the entrance to
the inlet box and in a plane which is substantially
equal in area to the plane of the entrance to the inlet
box (Plane 1). Determine Ps5 by averaging the
pressure measurements at each of four static
pressure taps located near the end of the fan diffuser.
172 | Field Performance Measurement
TRANSITION
5
DIFFUSER
SECTION 2
L
See Annex E for details of static pressure taps. In this
example, Ps2 is considered to be equal to Ps5.
4. Measure td3 and tw3 near the entrance to the short
inlet duct. Determine pb for the general vicinity of the
fan. Measure td5 in Plane 5. All of these
measurements are used in the determination of
densities at the various planes of interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point. Motor performance data, supplied by the
motor manufacturer, are used in the determination of
motor power output for this example.
6. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of
duct between the diffuser outlet and the elbow
downstream of the diffuser. In order to calculate the
value of SEF 1, it is necessary to measure the length
of the transition, L, and the outlet area of the diffuser,
A2.
7. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure: CALCULATIONS

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 DENSITIES

Where: For Plane 3 conditions of:

Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1) td3 = 68°F

tw3 = 62°F
8. Axial fans are often rated in Fan Total Pressure.
Computation of Fan Total Pressure is illustrated in the p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
CALCULATIONS section of this example. = 29.8 + (-1.40/13.6)
= 29.70 in. Hg
9. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 880 rpm and 0.0740 Use Figure 20 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0744
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results lbm/ft3
to the specified conditions. In this case, the test
conditions are identical to the specified conditions It is assumed that td1 = td3. The density at Plane 1:
and no calculations are required.

OBSERVATIONS ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞

ρ1 = ρ3 ⎜ s1 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d1 + 460 ⎠
SITE MEASUREMENTS ⎛ −1.8 + 13.6 × 29.8 ⎞ ⎛ 528 ⎞
= 0.0744 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
pb = 29.8 in. Hg ⎝ 13.6 × 29.70 ⎠ ⎝ 528 ⎠
td3 = 68°F = 0.0743 lbm/ft 3
tw3 = 62°F
td5 = 88°F The density at Plane 2:
Ps1 = -1.80 in. wg
Ps3 = -1.40 in. wg ρ 2 = ρ5
Ps5 = 20.8 in. wg
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
Pv3 = 1.30 in. wg = ρ3 ⎜ s5 ⎟⎜ ⎟
N = 880 rpm ⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d5 + 460 ⎠
A1 = 170.3 ft2 ⎛ 20.8 + 13.6 × 29.8 ⎞ ⎛ 528 ⎞
= 0.0744 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
A2 = 176 ft2 ⎝ 13.6 × 29.70 ⎠ ⎝ 548 ⎠
A3 = 170.3 ft2 = 0.0756 lbm/ft 3
A5 = A2
L = 15 ft FLOW RATE

MEASURED MOTOR DATA V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5

= 1096 (1.3/0.0744)0.5
Volts = 4000, 4000, 4100
= 4581 fpm
= 4033 av
Amps = 450, 445, 448
Q3 = V3A3
= 448 av
= 4581 × 170.3
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA = 780144 cfm

4000 hp, 3 phase 60 hertz Q = Q1

4000 volts, 900 rpm, 520 FLA = Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
= 780144 (0.0744/0.0743)
GENERAL = 781194 cfm

Fan direct connected to motor. Motor performance

data at operating load, as supplied by motor
manufacturer: 0.88 power factor, 95% efficiency.

Field Performance Measurement | 173

FAN POWER INPUT SEF 1 = 0.32 (0.0756/0.075)
= 0.32 in. wg
3 × volts × amps × power factor × efficiency
Hmo = FAN STATIC PRESSURE
746
3 × 4033 × 448 × 0.88 × 0.95 Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1)
=
746 = 1.3 (170.3/170.3)2 (0.0744/0.0743)
= 3507 hp = 1.30 in. wg

Since the fan is direct connected to the motor, there Ps2 = Ps5
is no drive loss, and: = 20.8 in. wg

H = Hmo Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1

= 3507 hp = 20.8 - (-1.80) - 1.30 + 0.32
= 21.62 in. wg
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR
FAN TOTAL PRESSURE
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1, 8.1, and 8.4
indicate the following calculations: Pt1 = Ps1 +Pv1
= -1.8 + 1.30
Q2 = Q3 (ρ3/ρ2) = -0.50 in. wg
= 780144 (0.0744/0.0756)
= 767761 cfm Pv2 = Pv3 (A3/A2)2 (ρ3/ρ2)
= 1.3 (170.3/176)2 (0.0744/0.0756)
V2 = (Q2/A2) = 1.20 in. wg
= (767761/176)
= 4362 Pt2 = Ps2 + Pv2
= 20.8 + 1.20
Duct diameter equivalent to the diffuser outlet area: = 22.00 in. wg

Pt = Pt2 - Pt1 + SEF 1

De2 = 4 A2 / π
= 22.00 - (-0.50) + 0.32
= ( 4 × 176 ) / π = 22.82 in. wg
= 15 ft.
Also:
Pt = Ps + Pv
Figure 8.1 shows that for velocities over 2500 fpm, Pv = Pv2
100% effective duct length is one duct diameter for
= 1.20 in. wg
every 1000 fpm:
Pt = 21.62 + 1.20
= 22.82 in. wg
= De2 (V2/1000)
= 15 (4362/1000)
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
= 65.43 ft.
Qc = Q
L in % effective duct length
= 781194 cfm
Psc = Ps
= (L/65.43) 100
= (15/65.43) 100 = 21.62 in. wg
= 23% Ptc = Pt
= 22.82 in. wg
For 23% effective duct length and a vaneaxial fan Hc = H
with a 2 piece elbow, Figure 8.4 shows System Effect = 3507 hp
Curve V applies. For 4362 fpm velocity and curve V,
Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.32 in. wg at 0.075
lbm/ft3. At 0.0756 lbm/ft3.

174 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 1D: CENTRIFUGAL FANS IN PARALLEL
1 PLAN VIEW 1 SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. Each of the fans, as supplied and rated by the
manufacturer, includes an outlet damper.
Performance ratings for fans with outlet dampers
cover operation with the outlet damper in the full
open position. In order to be able to compare the test
results to the fan performance ratings it is essential
that the outlet dampers be fixed in the full open
positions for the duration of the test.
2. In this example, there are no suitable locations for
traverse planes for use in determining directly the
flow rate for each fan. The alternative is to determine
the total flow rate and since the fans and their
operating speeds are alike, assume that each fan
delivers a flow rate proportional to its actual speed.
Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of the
velocity pressure measurements made in a traverse
of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight run of
duct, such as shown in the diagram. Determine Ps3 by
averaging the static pressure measurements made in
the same traverse. Procedures for traverses are
described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in determining
the density at the traverse plane. Measure the area of
traverse plane, A3, which is located at the tip of the
Pitot-static tube.
3. Determine Ps2 for each fan by averaging the
pressure measurements at each of four static
pressure taps located in the short length of duct
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
OUTLET DAMPER
SEF 1
PLENUM
between the outlet damper and the plenum. See
Annex E for details of static pressure taps. Measure
td2 in Plane 2 for each fan.
4. For each fan, measure td1 and tw1 in the path of the
air flowing into the fan inlet. Determine pb for the
general vicinity of the fans. Measure td3 in Plane 3. All
of these measurements are used in the determination
of densities at the various planes of interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts for each fan. Record all
pertinent motor nameplate data, including volts
(NPV) and full load amps (FLA). If the motor power
outputs are to be estimated by using the phase
current method described in Annex K, it is not
necessary to measure motor watts; however, it may
be necessary to disconnect the drives and measure
the no load amps (NLA) if the motors are not
operating at or near their full load points. Refer to
Annex K.
6. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of
duct between the outlet of each fan and the plenum.
In this case, the duct length is so short as to be
judged equivalent to there being no duct at all. In
order to calculate the value of SEF 1, it is necessary
to measure the outlet areas of the fans, A2, and their
blast areas.
Field Performance Measurement | 175
7. The sum of the static pressure, Ps1, and the Ps2 = 6.4 in. wg
velocity pressure, Pv1, at the inlet of a fan with an N = 1890 rpm, RH fan speed
unrestricted inlet is considered to be equal to the sum A2 = 3.2 ft2
of the static pressure, Psx, and the velocity pressure, Blast Area = 2.25 ft2
Pvx, at a point sufficiently distant from the inlet as to
be in still air. At this point, the static pressure is zero, MEASURED MOTOR DATA
and the velocity pressure in still air is zero.
LH Fan
Ps1 + Pv1 = Psx + Pvx Volts = 575, 572, 578
=0 = 575 av
Amps = 16, 17, 17
This consideration, which is the same as that used in = 16.7 av
the methods for testing fans for performance rating NLA = 7.0
purposes, charges to the fan losses incurred in
accelerating the air into the fan inlet and eliminates RH Fan
the inaccuracies which arise in any attempt to Volts = 575, 574, 573
measure the velocity pressure and static pressure at = 574 av
the fan inlet. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure: Amps = 15, 16, 16
= 15.7 av
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 NLA = 7.0
= Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1) + SEF 1
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
Since Ps1 + Pv1 = 0:
LH Fan
Ps = Ps2 + SEF 1 25 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
575 volts, 1780 rpm, 23 FLA
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
RH Fan
fan curve drawn for operation at 1900 rpm and 0.075
25 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results
575 volts, 1780 rpm, 23 FLA
to the specified conditions. The basis for the
calculations is described in Section 14.
GENERAL
OBSERVATIONS
Outlet dampers in full open positions. Fans
connected to motors through belt drives.
SITE MEASUREMENTS
CALCULATIONS
pb = 29.05 in. Hg
td3 = 78°F DENSITIES
Ps3 = 5.6 in. wg
Pv3 = 0.47 in. wg For inlet conditions for both fans of:
A3 = 7.4 ft2
td1 = 75°F
LH Fan tw1 = 57°F
td1 = 75°F p1 = pb
tw1 = 57°F = 29.05 in. Hg
td2 = 79°F
Ps2 = 6.4 in. wg Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ1 = 0.0718
N = 1910 rpm, LH fan speed lbm/ft3
A2 = 3.2 ft2
Blast Area = 2.25 ft2 The density at Plane 2:

RH Fan
td1 = 75°F
tw1 = 57°F
td2 = 79°F

176 | Field Performance Measurement

 Annex K indicates that the average of the results of
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d1 + 460 ⎞
ρ2 = ρ1 ⎜ s2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ Equation A and Equation B will provide a reasonably
⎝ 13.6 p1 ⎠ ⎝ t d2 + 460 ⎠ accurate estimate of motor power output for a 25 hp
⎛ 6.4 + 13.6 × 29.05 ⎞ ⎛ 535 ⎞ motor operating at approximately 70% FLA.
= 0.0718 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.05 ⎠ ⎝ 539 ⎠
LH Fan
= 0.0724 lbm/ft 3 Eqn A = 25 (16.7/23) (575/575)
= 18.15 hp
The density at Plane 3:
Eqn B = 25 [(16.7 - 7)/(23 - 7)] (575/575)
= 15.16 hp
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d1 + 460 ⎞
ρ3 = ρ1 ⎜ s3 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p1 ⎠ ⎝ t d3 + 460 ⎠ Hmo = (18.15 + 15.16)/2
⎛ 5.6 + 13.6 × 29.05 ⎞ ⎛ 535 ⎞ = 16.66 hp
= 0.0718 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.05 ⎠ ⎝ 538 ⎠
RH Fan
= 0.0724 lbm/ft 3 Eqn A = 25 (15.7/23) (574/575)
= 17.04 hp
FLOW RATES
Eqn B = 25 [(15.7 - 7)/(23 - 7)] (574/575)
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5 = 13.57 hp
= 1096 (0.47/0.0724)0.5
= 2792 fpm Hmo = (17.04 + 13.57)/2
= 15.31 hp
Q3 = V3A3
= 2792 × 7.4 Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive
= 20661 cfm loss of 5% for each fan.

Q = Q1 LH Motor
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ1) HL = 0.05 Hmo
= 20661 (0.0724/0.0718) = 0.05 × 16.66
= 20834 cfm = 0.83 hp
Assume that the air flow rate for each fan is H = Hmo - HL
proportional to its speed. = 16.66 - 0.83
= 15.83 hp
LH Fan
Q = Q1 RH Motor
= 20834 [1910/(1910 + 1890)] HL = 0.05 Hmo
= 10472 cfm = 0.05 × 15.31
= 0.77 hp
RH Fan H = Hmo - HL
Q = Q1 = 15.31 - 0.77
= 20834 [1890/(1910 + 1890)] = 14.54 hp
= 10362 cfm
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR
FAN POWER INPUT
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1 and 8.3
LH Fan indicate the following calculations:
Measured amps/FLA = (16.7/23)
= 0.73 LH Fan
= 73% Q2 = Q1 (ρ1/ρ2)
= 10472 (0.0718/0.0724)
RH Fan = 10385 cfm
Measured amps/FLA = (15.7/23)
= 0.68 V2 = (Q2/A2)
= 68% = (10385/3.2)
= 3245 fpm

Field Performance Measurement | 177

 Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2 CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
= 2.25/3.2
= 0.70 LH Fan
Qc = 10472 (1900/1910)
RH Fan = 10417 cfm
Q2 = Q1 (ρ1/ρ2)
= 10362 (0.0718/0.0724) Psc = 6.88 (1900/1910)2 (0.075/0.0718)
= 10276 cfm = 7.11 in. wg

V2 = (Q2/A2) Hc = 15.83 (1900/1910)3 (0.075/0.0718)

= (10276/3.2) = 16.28 hp
= 3211 fpm
RH Fan
Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2 Qc = 10362 (1900/1890)
= 2.25/3.2 = 10417 cfm
= 0.70
Psc = 6.88 (1900/1890)2 (0.075/0.0718)
For a blast area ratio of 0.7 and no duct, Figure 8.3 = 7.26 in. wg
shows System Effect Curve S applies. For each fan
with velocities of 3245 fpm and 3211 fpm and curve
Hc = 14.54 (1900/1890)3 (0.075/0.0718)
S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.5 in. wg at 0.075
= 15.43 hp
lbm/ft3. At 0.0724 lbm/ft3:

SEF 1 = 0.5 (0.0724/0.075)

= 0.48 in. wg

FAN STATIC PRESSURE

Ps = Ps2 + SEF 1

LH Fan
Ps = 6.4 + 0.48
= 6.88 in. wg

RH Fan
Ps = 6.4 + 0.48
= 6.88 in. wg

178 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 2A: UTILITY FAN IN A VENTILATION SYSTEM
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
PLAN VIEW 2
SEF 2
L
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight
run of duct, such as shown in the diagram. Determine
Ps3 by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses
are described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in
determining the density at the traverse plane.
Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube.
2. Determine Ps1 by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps in
the collar connection at the fan inlet. Determine Ps2
by averaging the pressure measurements at each of
four static pressure taps located near the fan outlet.
3. Measure td3 and tw3 in the traverse plane. Assume
td1 is equal to td3. Determine pb for the general vicinity
of the fan. Measure td2 in Plane 2. All of these
measurements are used in determining densities at
the various planes of interest.
4. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
3-PIECE
ELBOW
R/D = 1
SEF 1
OUTLET SIDE VIEW
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point. Refer to Annex K.
5. SEF 1 is due to the effect of the elbow located at
the fan inlet. SEF 2 is due to the effect of insufficient
length of duct between the fan outlet and the elbow
downstream of the fan. In order to calculate the
values of the SEFs, it is necessary to measure the
inlet area and the outlet area of the fan, A1 and A2;
the length of the outlet duct, L; and the blast area of
the fan.
6. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure:
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2
Where:
Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1)
7. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 1880 rpm and 0.075
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results
to the specified conditions. The basis for the
calculations is described in Section 14.
Field Performance Measurement | 179
 OBSERVATIONS The density at Plane 1:

SITE MEASUREMENTS
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
ρ1 = ρ3 ⎜ s1 ⎟⎜ ⎟
pb = 29.20 in. Hg ⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d1 + 460 ⎠
td2 = 72°F ⎛ −2.18 + 13.6 × 29.20 ⎞ ⎛ 532 ⎞
= 0.0719 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 532 ⎟
td3 = 72°F ⎝ 13.6 × 29.06 ⎠⎝ ⎠
tw3 = 66°F = 0.0718 lbm/ft 3
Ps1 = -2.18 in. wg
Ps2 = 0.35 in. wg
The density at Plane 2:
Ps3 = -1.95 in. wg
Pv3 = 0.45 in. wg
N = 1730 rpm ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
ρ2 = ρ3 ⎜ s2 ⎟⎜ ⎟
A1 = 1.07 ft2 ⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d2 + 460 ⎠
A2 = 1.17 ft2 ⎛ 0.35 + 13.6 × 29.20 ⎞ ⎛ 532 ⎞
= 0.0719 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 532 ⎟
A3 = 1.07 ft2 ⎝ 13.6 × 29.06 ⎠⎝ ⎠
Blast Area = 0.7 ft2 = 0.0723 lbm/ft 3
L = 0.83 ft

MEASURED MOTOR DATA FLOW RATES

Volts = 227, 229, 228 V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5

= 228 av = 1096 (0.45/0.0719)0.5
Amps = 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 = 2742 fpm
= 10.3 av
NLA = 7.1 Q3 = V3A3
= 2742 × 1.07
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA = 2934 cfm

5 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz Q = Q1

230 volts, 1750 rpm, 14 FLA = Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
= 2934 (0.0719/0.0718)
GENERAL = 2938 cfm

Fan connected to motor through belt drive. FAN POWER INPUT

CALCULATIONS Measured amps/FLA = 10.3/14

= 0.74
DENSITIES = 74%

For Plane 3 conditions of: Annex K indicates that the average of the results of
Equation A and Equation B will provide a reasonably
td3 = 72°F accurate estimate of motor power output for a 5 hp
tw3 = 66°F motor operating at 74% FLA.

p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6) Eqn A = 5 (10.3/14) (228/230)

= 29.20 + (-1.95/13.6) = 3.65 hp
= 29.06 in. Hg
Eqn B = 5 [(10.3 - 7.1)/(14 - 7.1)] (228/230)
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0719 = 2.30 hp
lbm/ft3
Hmo = (3.65 + 2.30)/2
It is assumed that td1 = td3 = 2.98 hp

180 | Field Performance Measurement

Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive L in % effective duct length
loss of 6.5%.
= (L/3.05) 100
HL = 0.065 Hmo = (0.83/3.05) 100
= 0.065 × 2.98 = 27%
= 0.19 hp
Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2
H = Hmo - HL = 0.7/1.17
= 2.98 - 0.19 = 0.6
= 2.79 hp
For blast area ratio of 0.6, 27% effective duct length
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTORS and elbow position C, Figure 8.5 shows System
Effect Curve P - Q applies. For 2494 fpm velocity and
To determine the value of SEF 1, calculate the curve P - Q, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 2 = 0.7 in. wg at
velocity at the fan inlet: 0.075 lbm/ft3. At 0.0723 lbm/ft3:

V1 = Q1/A1 SEF 2 = 0.7 (0.0723/0.075)

= 2938/1.07 = 0.67 in. wg
= 2746 fpm
FAN STATIC PRESSURE
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figure 9.5 indicates that
for a three piece elbow with radius to diameter ratio Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1)
of 1, and with no duct between the elbow and the fan = 0.45 (1.07/1.07)2 (0.0719/0.0718)
inlet, System Effect Curve R applies. For 2746 fpm = 0.45 in. wg
velocity and curve R, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.55
in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3. At 0.0718 lbm/ft3: Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2
= 0.35 - (-2.18) - 0.45 + 0.53 + 0.67
SEF 1 = 0.55 (0.0718/0.075) = 3.28 in. wg
= 0.53 in. wg
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
For SEF 2, AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1,
8.1, and 8.5 indicate the following calculations: Qc = 2938 (1880/1730)
= 3193 cfm
Q2 = Q3 (ρ3/ρ2)
= 2934 (0.0719/0.0723) Psc = 3.28 (1880/1730)2 (0.075/0.0718)
= 2918 cfm = 4.05 in. wg
V2 = (Q2/A2)
Hc = 2.79 (1880/1730)3 (0.075/0.0718)
= 2918/1.17
= 3.74 hp
= 2494 fpm

Duct diameter equivalent to the fan outlet area:

De2 = (4A2/π)0.5
= (4 × 1.17/π)0.5
= 1.22 ft

Figure 8.1 shows that for velocities of 2500 fpm or

less, the 100% effective outlet duct length is 2.5 duct
diameters,

= 2.5 × 1.22
= 3.05 ft

Field Performance Measurement | 181

EXAMPLE 2B: CENTRIFUGAL FAN IN A SAWDUST CONVEYING SYSTEM
1
SEF 1
4-PIECE ELBOW
R/D = 1
L1
OUTLET SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight
run of duct, such as shown in the diagram. Determine
Ps3 by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses
are described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in
determining the density at the traverse plane.
Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube.
2. Determine Ps1 by using a Pitot-static tube or static
pressure taps in the duct connection at the fan inlet.
If a Pitot-static tube is used, it should not project into
the upstream elbow but be located well within the
length of the duct connection as shown in the
diagram. The friction loss in the short length of outlet
duct is assumed to be negligible, and Ps2 is
considered to be equal to the static pressure at the
duct outlet. The static pressure at the outlet of the
duct is zero gauge pressure, referred to the
atmospheric pressure in the region of the duct outlet.
In situations such as this example, the air may be
discharging from the duct into a region in which the
atmospheric pressure is somewhat different from that
to which all other pressure measurements are
referred. When this possibility exists, it is essential
that the static pressure in the region of the
discharging air be measured, referred to the same
182 | Field Performance Measurement
SEF 2 2
L2
SIDE VIEW
atmospheric pressure as used in all other pressure
measurements. In this case, the pressure was
measured as 0.1 in. wg.
3. Measure td3 and tw3 in the traverse plane.
Determine pb for the general vicinity of the fan.
Measure td1 and td2. All of these measurements are
used in determining densities at the various planes of
interest.
4. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point. Refer to Annex K.
5. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of
duct between the fan inlet and the elbow upstream of
the fan. SEF 2 is due to the effect of insufficient
length of duct at the fan outlet. In order to calculate
the values of the SEFs, it is necessary to measure
the inlet area and the outlet area of the fan, A1 and
A2; the lengths of the inlet connection and the outlet
duct, L1 and L2; and the blast area of the fan.
6. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure: CALCULATION

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2 DENSITIES

Where: For Plane 2 conditions of:

Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1) td2 = 91.3°F

tw2 = 70.4°F
7. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 2075 rpm and 0.075 p2 = pb + (Ps2/13.6)
lbm/ft3, it is necessary to convert the results to the = 29.82 + (0.1/13.6)
specified conditions. The basis for the calculations is = 29.83 in. Hg
described in Section 14.
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ2 = 0.0714
OBSERVATIONS lbm/ft3

SITE MEASUREMENTS The density at Plane 1:

pb = 29.82 in. Hg
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d2 + 460 ⎞
td1 = 86.6°F ρ1 = ρ2 ⎜ s1 ⎟⎜ ⎟
td2 = 91.3°F ⎝ 13.6 p2 ⎠ ⎝ t d1 + 460 ⎠
tw2 = 70.4°F ⎛ −11.4
4 + 13.6 × 29.82 ⎞ ⎛ 551.3 ⎞
= 0.0714 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 546.6 ⎟
td3 = 86°F ⎝ 13.6 × 29.83 ⎠⎝ ⎠
Ps1 = -11.4 in. wg = 0.0700 lbm/ft 3
Ps2 = 0.1 in. wg
Ps3 = -8.9 in. wg
The density at Plane 3:
Pv3 = 1.24 in. wg
N = 2120 rpm, fan speed
A1 = 1.40 ft2 ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d2 + 460 ⎞
ρ3 = ρ2 ⎜ s3 ⎟⎜ ⎟
A2 = 1.40 ft2 ⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d3 + 460 ⎠
A3 = 1.57 ft2 ⎛ −8.9 + 13.6 × 29.82 ⎞ ⎛ 551.3 ⎞
= 0.0714 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 546 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.83 ⎠⎝ ⎠
Blast Area = 1.26 ft2 = 0.0705 lbm/ft 3
L1 = 1.33 ft
L2 = 3.0 ft
FLOW RATES
MEASURED MOTOR DATA
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5
Volts = 460, 460, 459 = 1096 (1.24/0.0705)0.5
= 460 av = 4596 fpm
Amps = 26.5, 25.5, 26
= 26 av Q3 = V3A3
NLA = 11.3 = 4596 × 1.57
= 7216 cfm
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
Q = Q1
30 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz = Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
460 volts, 1750 rpm, 36 FLA = 7216 (0.0705/0.0700)
= 7268 cfm
GENERAL
FAN POWER INPUT
Fan connected to motor through belt drive.
Measured amps/FLA = (26/36)
= 0.72
= 72%

Field Performance Measurement | 183

Annex K indicates that the average of the results of For SEF 2, AMCA Publication 201-90, Figure 8.3
Equation A and Equation B will provide a reasonably indicates the following calculations:
accurate estimate of motor power output for a 30 hp
motor operating at 72% FLA. Q2 = Q3 (ρ3/ρ2)
= 7216 (0.0705/0.0714)
Eqn A = 30 (26/36) (460/460) = 7125 cfm
= 21.67 hp
V2 = (Q2/A2)
Eqn B = 30 [(26 - 11.3)/(36 - 11.3)] (460/460) = (7125/1.40)
= 17.85 hp = 5089 fpm

Hmo = (21.67 + 17.85)/2 Duct diameter equivalent to the fan outlet area:
= 19.76 hp
De2 = (4A2/π)0.5
Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive = (4 × 1.40/π)0.5
loss of 4.8%. = 1.34 ft
HL = 0.048 Hmo Figure 8.3 shows that for velocities over 2500 fpm,
= 0.048 × 19.76 100% effective duct length is one duct diameter per
= 0.95 hp 1000 fpm:

H = Hmo - HL = D2 (V2/1000)
= 19.76 - 0.95 = 1.34 (5089/1000)
= 18.81 hp = 6.82 ft

SYSTEM EFFECT FACTORS The length of the outlet duct in % effective duct
length:
To determine the value of SEF 1, calculate the
velocity at the fan inlet: = (L2/6.82) 100
= (3.0/6.82) 100
V1 = (Q1/A1) = 44%
= (7268/1.40)
= 5191 fpm Blast ratio area = Blast Area/A2
= 1.26/1.40
The diameter of the fan inlet: = 0.9

D1 = (4A1/π)0.5 For blast area ratio of 0.9 and 44% effective duct
= (4 × 1.40/π)0.5 length, Figure 8.3 shows no System Effect Curve
= 1.34 ft. applies and SEF 2 = 0.

The length of the duct between the elbow and the fan FAN STATIC PRESSURE
inlet in terms of D1:
Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1)
= (L1/D1) = 1.24 (1.57/1.40)2 (0.0705/0.0700)
= (1.33/1.34) = 1.57 in. wg
= 1.0
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figure 9.5 indicates that = 0.1 - (-11.4) - 1.57 + 1.2 + 0
for a four piece elbow with a radius to diameter ratio = 11.13 in. wg
of 1, and with a length of duct between the elbow and
the fan inlet equal to 1 equivalent diameter, System CONVERSIONS TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
Effect Curve S applies. For 5191 fpm velocity and
curve S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 1.3 in. wg at Qc = 7268 (2075/2120)
0.075 lbm/ft3. At 0.0700 lbm/ft3: = 7114 cfm

SEF 1 = 1.3 (0.0700/0.075) Psc = 11.13 (2075/2120)2 (0.075/0.0700)

= 1.2 in. wg = 11.42 in. wg

184 | Field Performance Measurement

Hc = 18.81 (2075/2120)2 (0.075/0.0700)
= 18.90 hp

Field Performance Measurement | 185

EXAMPLE 2C: AXIAL FAN IN A DRYER SYSTEM
4 5 STRAIGHTENING VANES
2 3
1
SEF 2
PLAN VIEW
SEF 1
INNER CYLINDER
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This type of installation is normally classified as
one in which a satisfactory test cannot be conducted.
Due to the configurations of the airways, there are no
locations at which reasonably accurate pressure
measurements can be made. In addition, the
judgments required in determining the values of the
SEFs are susceptible to error. The purpose of
presenting this example is to illustrate the not
uncommon instance in which a test must be conducted
in order to provide performance information, even
though the results will be innaccurate to a degree
which is not normally acceptable.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located as shown in the diagram.
Determine Ps3 by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. These velocity pressure and static pressure
measurements are susceptible to error due to the
turbulence existing in the region of the fan outlet. In
addition, it is undesirable to have Plane 3 located in
a diverging airway. However, no other more suitable
location for Plane 3 exists in this example. It is
recommended that the Pitot-static tube be oriented
so that its nose is aligned with the anticipated flow
streams, particularly near the walls of the diffuser.
Determine the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
186 | Field Performance Measurement
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
A3
LOCATION OF PLANE 3
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube, as shown in
the diagram, not at the location of the Pitot-static tube
access holes.
3. Determine Ps4 by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps
located near the fan inlet. In the same manner,
determine Ps5 at a location near the fan outlet. It is
undesirable to have pressure measurement planes
located in converging and diverging airways, but
there are no other more suitable locations for these
planes in this installation. Measure A4 and A5, the
cross-sectional areas of the airways at Planes 4 and 5.
4. Measure td3, tw3, and td4. Determine pb for the
general vicinity of the fan. These measurements are
used in the determination of densities at the various
planes of interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point. Refer to Annex K.
6. Although an elbow is located a short distance MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
upstream of the fan, it is considered to produce no
system effect since it is equipped with turning vanes 25 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
and the average velocity through the elbow will be 460 volts, 1750 rpm, 31 FLA
relatively low due to its large cross-sectional area.
Therefore, SEF 1 = 0. In judging SEF 2, the rapidly GENERAL
diverging transition fitting downstream of the fan is
considered equivalent to no duct at the fan outlet. In Fan connected to motor through belt drive
order to calculate the value of SEF2, it is necessary
to measure the outlet area of the fan, A2. CALCULATIONS

7. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure, DENSITIES

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2 For Plane 3 conditions of:

Where: td3 = 86.5°F

tw3 = 75.5°F
Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1)
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
Ps1 and Ps2 are calculated on the basis of total = 28.90 + (1.5/13.6)
pressure considerations, using Ps4, Ps5, and the = 29.01 in. Hg
calculated velocity pressures at Planes 1, 2, 4, and 5.
Use Figure N.1 from Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0694
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted lbm/ft3
fan curve drawn for operation at 1580 rpm and
0.0690 lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the The density at Plane 4:
results to the specified conditions. The basis for the
calculations is described in Section 14. ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
ρ 4 = ρ3 ⎜ s4 ⎟⎜ ⎟
OBSERVATIONS ⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d4 + 460 ⎠
⎛ −1.57 + 13.6 × 28.90 ⎞ ⎛ 546.5 ⎞
= 0.0694 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 545 ⎟
SITE MEASUREMENTS ⎝ 13.6 × 29.01 ⎠⎝ ⎠
= 0.0691 lbm/ft 3
pb = 28.90 in. Hg
td3 = 86.5°F
tw3 = 75.5°F It is assumed that td1 = td4 and at the low pressure
td4 = 85°F levels which exist at Planes 1 and 4, the difference
between these pressures will be small, and assuming
Ps3 = 1.5 in. wg
ρ1 = ρ4, will result in an error which is considered
Pv3 = 0.044 in. wg
negligible. By similar reasoning, it is assumed that
Ps4 = -1.57 in. wg
ρ5 = ρ2 = ρ3.
Ps5 = 1.22 in. wg
N = 1590 rpm FLOW RATES
A1 = A2 = 8.0 ft2
A3 = 29.8 ft2 V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5
A4 = 12.4 ft2 = 1096 (0.044/0.0694)0.5
A5 = 9.6 ft2 = 873 fpm

MEASURED MOTOR DATA Q3 = V3A3

= 873 × 29.8
Volts = 450, 449, 448 = 26015 cfm
= 449 av
Amps = 25.0, 24.5, 25.0 Q = Q1
= 24.8 av = Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
NLA = 9.4 = 26015 (0.0694/0.0691)
= 26128 cfm

Field Performance Measurement | 187

FAN POWER INPUT FAN STATIC PRESSURE

Measured amps/FLA = (24.8/31) Pv4 = Pv3 (A3/A4)2 (ρ3/ρ4)

= 0.80 = 0.044 (29.8/12.4)2 (0.0694/0.0691)
= 80% = 0.26 in. wg

Annex K indicates that the average of the results of Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1)
Equation A and Equation B will provide a reasonably
accurate estimate of motor power output for a 25 hp = 0.044 (29.8/8.0)2 (0.0694/0.0691)
motor operating at 80% FLA. = 0.61 in. wg

Eqn A = 25 (24.8/31) (449/460) Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps4 + Pv4

= 19.52 hp Ps1 = Ps4 + Pv4 - Pv1
= -1.57 + 0.26 - 0.61
Eqn B = 25 [(24.8 - 9.4)/(31 - 9.4)] (449/460) = -1.92 in. wg
= 17.40 hp
Pv5 = Pv3 (A3/A5)2 (ρ3/ρ5)
Hmo = (19.52 + 17.40)/2 = 0.044 (29.8/9.6)2 (0.0694/0.0694)
= 18.46 hp = 0.42 in. wg

Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive Pv2 = Pv3 (A3/A2)2 (ρ3/ρ2)
loss of 4.9%. = 0.044 (29.8/8.0)2 (0.0694/0.0694)
= 0.61 in. wg
HL = 0.049 Hmo
= 0.049 × 18.46 Ps2 + Pv2 = Ps5 + Pv5
= 0.90 hp Ps2 = Ps5 + Pv5 - Pv2
= 1.22 + 0.42 - 0.61
H = Hmo - HL = 1.03 in. wg
= 18.46 - 0.90 Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2
= 17.56 hp = 1.03 - (-1.92) - 0.61 + 0 + 0.24
= 2.58 in. wg
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTORS
Losses between Planes 1 and 4 and between Planes
SEF 1 = 0 See item 6 under COMMENTS. 2 and 5 have been ignored.
To determine the value of SEF 2, AMCA Publication CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
201-90, Figure 8.2 indicates that a vaneaxial fan with
no outlet duct will use System Effect Curve U. Qc = 26128 (1580/1590)
= 25964 cfm
Q2 = Q3 (ρ3/ρ2)
= 26015 (0.0694/0.0694)
Psc = 2.58 (1580/1590)2 (0.0690/0.0691)
= 26015 cfm
= 2.54 in. wg
V2 = (Q2/A2)
Hc = 17.56 (1580/1590)3 (0.0690/0.0691)
= (26015/8.0)
= 3252 fpm = 17.21 hp

From Figure 7.1, using 3252 fpm and curve U, SEF 2

= 0.26 in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3. At 0.0694 lbm/ft3:

SEF 2 = 0.26 (0.0694/0.075)

= 0.24 in. wg

188 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 2D: CENTRIFUGAL FAN IN A SCRUBBER SYSTEM
INLET BOX DAMPER
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
SEF 1
3
1
L
INLET BOX
DIFFUSER
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This fan, as supplied and rated by the
manufacturer, includes the inlet box damper and the
inlet box. Performance ratings for fans with inlet box
dampers cover operation with the dampers in the full
open positions. In order to be able to compare the
test results to the fan performance ratings, it is
essential that the damper be fixed in the full open
position for the duration of the test.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located shortly upstream of the
inlet damper. Determine Ps3 by averaging the static
pressure measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Measure A3, the area of the traverse plane,
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube and A1, the
area of the inlet to the damper.
3. Determine Ps2 by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps
located near the end of the fan outlet. See Annex E
for details of static pressure taps.
4. Measure td3 and tw3 in the traverse plane.
Determine pb for the general vicinity of the fan.
Measure td2 in Plane 2. These measurements are
used in the determination of densities at the various
planes of interest.
OUTLET SIDE VIEW
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV), and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point. Refer to Annex K.
6. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of
duct at the fan outlet. In order to calculate the value
of SEF 1, it is necessary to measure the length of the
outlet duct, L; the fan outlet area, A2; and the blast
area of the fan.
7. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure:
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
Since Plane 1 is located shortly downstream of Plane
3 in an airway of uniform cross-section (A1 = A3), the
conditions which exist at Plane 3 are assumed to
exist at Plane 1. Therefore, Ps1 = Ps3 and Pv1 = Pv3.
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 1780 rpm and 0.059
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results
Field Performance Measurement | 189
to the specified conditions. The basis for the pe = 0.5603 in. Hg
calculations is described in Section 14.
pp = pe - [p3 (td3 - tw3)/2700]
OBSERVATIONS = 0.5603 - [24.28 (63 - 62)/2700]
= 0.5513 in. Hg
SITE MEASUREMENTS
1.3257( p3 − 0.378 pp )
pb = 29.44 in. Hg ρ3 =
td2 = 97°F t d3 + 460
td3 = 63°F 1.3257 ( 24.28 − 0.378 × 0.5513 )
=
tw3 = 62°F 63 + 460
Ps2 = 1.1 in. wg = 0.0610 lbm/ft 3
Ps3 = -70.2 in. wg
Pv3 = 0.64 in. wg
Consider ρ1 to be equal to ρ3.
N = 1790 rpm
A1 = 6.5 ft2 The density at Plane 2:
A2 = 5.32 ft2
A3 = 6.5 ft2 ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
Blast Area = 1.89 ft2 ρ2 = ρ3 ⎜ s2 ⎟⎜ ⎟
L = 2.50 ft ⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d2 + 460 ⎠
⎛ 1.1 + 13.6 × 29.44 ⎞ ⎛ 523 ⎞
= 0.0610 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
MEASURED MOTOR DATA ⎝ 13.6 × 24.28 ⎠ ⎝ 557 ⎠
= 0.0696 lbm/ft 3
Volts = 4160, 4150, 4150
= 4153 av
Amps = 50, 51, 52 FLOW RATES
= 51 av
NLA = 14 V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5
= 1096 (0.64/0.0610)0.5
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA = 3550 fpm

500 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz Q3 = V3A3

4160 volts, 1785 rpm, 61 FLA = 3550 × 6.5
= 23075 cfm
GENERAL Q = Q1 = Q3
= 23075 cfm
Inlet box damper in full open position. Fan direct
connected to motor. FAN POWER INPUT

CALCULATIONS Measured amps/FLA = 51/61

= 0.84
DENSITIES = 84%

For Plane 3 conditions of: Annex K indicates that the average of the results of
Equation A and Equation B will provide a reasonably
td3 = 63°F accurate estimate of motor power output for a 500 hp
tw3 = 62°F motor operating at 84% FLA.

p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6) Eqn A = 500 (51/61) (4153/4160)

= 29.44 + (-70.2/13.6) = 417 hp
= 24.28 in. Hg
Eqn B = 500 [(51 - 14)/(61 - 14)] (4153/4160)
Use the modified Apjohn equation, described in = 393 hp
Section M.2.3 in Annex M, and the table in Figure N.2
in Annex N to calculate the density at Plane 3. Hmo = (417 + 393)/2
= 405 hp

190 | Field Performance Measurement

Since the fan is direct-connected to the motor, there Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2
is no drive loss, and: = 1.89/5.32
= 0.36
H = Hmo
= 405 hp For a blast area ratio of 0.36, and 25% effective duct
length, Figure 8.3 shows System Effect Curve U
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR applies. For 3802 fpm velocity and curve U, Figure
7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.36 in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3. At
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1 and 8.3 0.0696 lbm/ft3:
indicate the following calculations.
SEF 1 = 0.36 (0.0696/0.075)
Q2 = Q3 (ρ3/ρ2) = 0.33 in. wg
= 23075 (0.0610/0.0696)
= 20224 cfm FAN STATIC PRESSURE

V2 = Q2/A2 Ps1 = Ps3

= 20224/5.32 = - 70.2 in. wg
= 3802 fpm Pv1 = Pv3
= 0.64 in. wg
Duct diameter equivalent to the diffuser outlet area: Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
= 1.1 - (-70.2) - 0.64 + 0.33
De2 = (4A2/π)0.5 = 71.0 in. wg
= (4 × 5.32/π)0.5
= 2.60 ft CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

Figure 8.3 shows that for velocities over 2500 fpm Qc = 23075 (1780/1790)
100% effective duct length is one duct diameter for = 22946 cfm
every 1000 fpm:
Psc = 71.0 (1780/1790)2 (0.059/0.0610)
= De2 (V2/1000) = 67.9 in. wg
= 2.60 (3802/1000)
= 9.89 ft. Hc = 405 (1780/1790)3 (0.059/0.0610)
= 385 hp
L in % effective duct length:

= (L/9.89) 100
= (2.50/9.89) 100
= 25%

Field Performance Measurement | 191

EXAMPLE 2E: CENTRIFUGAL FAN IN A PROCESS SYSTEM
STATIC OUTLET DAMPER
PRESSURE TAPS 5
2
INLET BOXES
INLET BOX
DAMPERS
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This fan, as supplied and rated by the
manufacturer, includes the inlet box dampers and the
inlet boxes, but does not include the outlet damper.
Performance ratings for fans with inlet box dampers
cover operation with the dampers in the full open
positions. Also, performance ratings for items such as
the outlet damper are for operation in the full open
position. In order to be able to compare the test
results to the fan performance ratings, it is essential
that the outlet damper and the inlet dampers be fixed
in their full open positions.
2. Determine Pv3a and Pv3b by using the root mean
square of the velocity pressure measurements made
in Planes 3a and 3b. Determine Ps3a and Ps3b by
averaging each of the two sets of static pressure
measurements made in the same traverses.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Measure A3a and A3b, the areas of the traverse
planes and A1a and A1b, the areas of the inlets to the
inlet dampers.
3. Determine Ps5 by averaging the pressure
measurements of each of four static pressure taps
located downstream of the outlet damper.
192 | Field Performance Measurement
1a 1b
3a 3b
OPPOSITE OUTLET SIDE VIEW
4. Measure td3a, td3b, and td5. Since flue gas is being
handled by the fan, the Orsat apparatus is used by
process personnel to determine the density of the
gas. Determine pb for the general vicinity of the fan.
These data are used in the determination of densities
at the various planes of interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point. Motor performance data, supplied by the
motor manufacturer, are used in the determination of
motor power output for this example.
6. In this example, the duct downstream of the outlet
damper is of sufficient length, and no SEF applies.
7. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure:
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1
Ps2 is calculated on the basis of total pressure MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
considerations using Ps5, the outlet damper pressure
loss, and the calculated velocity pressures at Planes 3000 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
2 and 5. Since the inlets to the inlet dampers (Planes 4000 volts, 880 rpm, 385 FLA
1a and 1b) are located shortly downstream of the
traverse planes (Planes 3a and 3b) in an airway of GENERAL
uniform cross-section, the conditions which exist at
the traverse planes are assumed to exist at the inlets Inlet box dampers and outlet damper in full open
to the inlet dampers. positions. Fan direct connected to motor. Motor
efficiency data supplied by motor manufacturer.
Ps1 = Ps3 Pressure loss data supplied by manufacturer of outlet
= (Ps3a + Ps3b)/2 damper.

Pv1 is calculated using the total flow rate and the total CALCULATIONS
area at the inlets to the inlet dampers.
DENSITIES
Pv1 = (Q1/1096A1 )2 ρ1
The densities at Planes 3a and 3b are:
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 880 rpm and 0.049 ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ 70 + 460 ⎞
ρ3a = 0.0725 ⎜ s3a ⎟⎜ ⎟
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results ⎝ 13.6 × 29.92 ⎠ ⎝ t d3a + 460 ⎠
to the specified conditions. The basis for calculations ⎛ −18.8 + 13.6 × 30.12 ⎞ ⎛ 530 ⎞
is described in Section 14. = 0.0725 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 805 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.92 ⎠⎝ ⎠
OBSERVATIONS = 0.0458 lbm/ft 3

SITE MEASUREMENTS
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ 70 + 460 ⎞
ρ3b = 0.0725 ⎜ s3b ⎟⎜ ⎟
pb = 30.12 in. Hg ⎝ 13.6 × 29.92 ⎠ ⎝ t d3b + 460 ⎠
td3a= 345°F ⎛ −18.3 + 13.6 × 30.12 ⎞ ⎛ 530 ⎞
td3b= 359°F = 0.0725 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 819 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.92 ⎠⎝ ⎠
td5 = 363°F
= 0.0451 lbm/ft 3

Ps3a= -18.8 in. wg

Ps3b= -18.3 in. wg
Pv3a= 2.053 in. wg It is assumed that ρ1a = ρ3a and ρ1b = ρ3b.
Pv3b= 2.028 in. wg
The density at Plane 5:
Ps5 = -1.6 in. wg
N = 892 rpm
A1a = A1b ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ 70 + 460 ⎞
ρ5 = 0.0725 ⎜ s5 ⎟⎜ ⎟
= 60.7 ft2 ⎝ 13.6 × 29.92 ⎠ ⎝ t d5 + 460 ⎠
A2 = 115 ft2 ⎛ −1.6 + 13.6 × 30.12 ⎞ ⎛ 530 ⎞
A3a = A3b = 0.0725 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 823 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.92 ⎠⎝ ⎠
= 60.7 ft2
= 0.0468 lbm/fft 3
A5 = 140 ft2
Blast Area = 80 ft2
It is assumed that ρ2 = ρ5.
The density of the gas, as determined by Orsat
analysis, is 0.0725 lbm/ft3 at 29.92 in. Hg and 70°F. FLOW RATES

MEASURED MOTOR DATA V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/ρ3a)0.5

= 1096 (2.053/0.0458)0.5
Volts = 4300, 4250, 4200 = 7338 fpm
= 4250 av
Amps = 378, 376, 380 Q3a = V3aA3a
= 378 av = 7338 × 60.7
kW = 2519 = 445417 cfm
Field Performance Measurement | 193
V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/ρ3b)0.5 FAN STATIC PRESSURE
= 1096 (2.028/0.0451)0.5
= 7349 fpm Pv1 = (Q1/1096A1)2 ρ1
= (891501/1096 × 121.4)2 0.0455
Q3b = V3bA3b = 2.04 in. wg
= 7349 × 60.7
= 446084 cfm Pv2 = Pv1 (A1/A2)2 (ρ1/ρ2)
= 2.04 (121.4/115)2 (0.0455/0.0468)
Q3 = Q3a + Q3b = 2.21 in. wg
= 445417 + 446084
= 891501 cfm Pv5 = Pv1 (A1/A5)2 (ρ1/ρ5)
= 2.04 (121.4/140)2 (0.0455/0.0468)
Since the air is divided evenly between the two inlet = 1.49 in. wg
boxes:
Ps2 + Pv2 = Ps5 + Pv5 + Damper Loss
ρ1 = ρ3
= (ρ3a + ρ3b)/2 Ps2 = Ps5 + Pv5 + Damper Loss - Pv2
= (0.0458 + 0.0451)/2 = -1.6 + 1.49 + 0.75 - 2.21
= 0.0455 lbm/ft3 = -1.57 in. wg

Q = Q1 Ps1 = Ps3
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ1) = (Ps3a + Ps3b)/2
= 891501 (0.0455/0.0455) = (-18.8 - 18.3)/2
= 891501 cfm = -18.55 in. wg

FAN POWER INPUT Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1

= -1.57 - (-18.55) - 2.04
Measured amps/FLA = (378/385) = 14.94 in. wg
= 0.98
= 98% CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
Annex K indicates that Equation A will provide a Qc = 891501 (880/892)
reasonably accurate estimate of motor power output
= 879508 cfm
for a 3000 hp motor operating at 98% FLA.

Hmo = 3000 (378/385) (4250/4000) Psc = 14.94 (880/892)2 (0.049/0.0455)

= 3130 hp = 15.66 in. wg

The data supplied by the motor manufacturer indicate Hc = 3174 (880/892)3 (0.049/0.0455)
motor efficiency of 94% at the measured power input = 3282 hp
of 2519 kW. Using this information:

Hmo = (2519 × 0.94)/0.746

= 3174 hp

The more accurate method of estimating the motor

power output is assumed to be the latter. Since the
fan is direct connected to the motor, there is no drive
loss, and:

H = Hmo
= 3174 hp

194 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 2F: AXIAL FAN IN A VENTILATION SYSTEM
GUIDE VANES STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
4 5
SEF 1
INNER
L1 L2
CYLINDER
1 2
COMMENTS
1. The unusual duct arrangement in this example
makes it very difficult to obtain accurate pressure
measurements, and this fact should be understood
before testing begins. Also, the use of a diverging
inlet fitting and a converging outlet fitting with this fan
can pose additional problems. Unless the degrees of
divergence and convergence are moderate, as they
are in this example, the fan performance will be
adversely affected.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located well downstream in a
straight run of duct, such as shown in the diagram.
Determine Ps3 by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Ps3 is used in determining the density at the
traverse plane. Measure the area of the traverse
plane, A3.
3. Determine Ps5 by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps
located near the end of the duct connection at the fan
outlet. Determine Ps4 by using static pressure taps in
the duct connection at the fan inlet. Measure A4 and
A5, the cross-sectional areas of the duct connections
at the static pressure taps.
2-PIECE ELBOW
(TYPICAL)
SEF 2
4. Measure td3 and tw3 in the traverse plane.
Determine pb for the general vicinity of the fan.
Measure td4. These measurements are used in
determining densities at the various planes of
interest.
5. Measure the fan speed, motor amps, volts, and if
possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor nameplate
data, including volts (NPV) and full load amps (FLA).
If the motor power output is to be estimated by using
the phase current method described in Annex K, it is
not necessary to measure motor watts; however, it
may be necessary to disconnect the drive and
measure the no load amps (NLA) if the motor is not
operating at or near its full load point. Motor
performance data, supplied by the motor
manufacturer, are used in the determination of motor
power output for this example.
6. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of
duct between the fan inlet and the elbow upstream of
the fan. SEF 2 is due to the effect of insufficient
length of duct between the fan outlet and the elbow
downstream of the fan. In order to calculate the
values of the SEFs, it is necessary to measure the
inlet area and the outlet area of the fan, A1 and A2;
and the lengths of the inlet and outlet duct
connections, L1 and L2.
Field Performance Measurement | 195
7. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure: 460 volts, 1760 rpm, 24.6 FLA

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2 GENERAL

Where: Fan direct connected to motor. Motor efficiency data

Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1)
Ps2 and Ps1 are calculated using measured static
pressure values and constant total pressure
considerations.
supplied by motor manufacturer. Fan speed
measurement was not obtained due to the closed
duct arrangements on both sides of the fan. The
measured amps indicate that the motor is operating
very close to the full load condition, so the rpm was
assumed to be the motor nameplate value of 1760.

Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps4 + Pv4 CALCULATIONS

Ps2 + Pv2 = Ps5 + Pv5
DENSITIES
Where each velocity pressure is calculated in a
For Plane 3 conditions of:
manner similar to the calculation of Pv1, shown
above. td3 = 82.8°F
tw3 = 57.2°F
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 1750 rpm and 0.075
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results
= 29.76 + (0.5/13.6)
to the specified conditions. The basis for the
= 29.80 in. Hg
calculations is described in Section 14.
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0728
OBSERVATIONS
lbm/ft3.
SITE MEASUREMENTS
It is assumed ρ2 = ρ5 = ρ3.
pb = 29.76 in. Hg
td3 = 82.8°F The density at Planes 1 and 4:
tw3 = 57.2°F
td4 = 80°F ρ1 = ρ 4
Ps3 = 0.5 in. wg ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
Pv3 = 0.783 in. wg = ρ3 ⎜ s4 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d4 + 460 ⎠
Ps4 = -1.1 in. wg
⎛ −1.1 + 13.6 × 29.76 ⎞ ⎛ 542.8 ⎞
Ps5 = 0.82 in. wg = 0.0728 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 540 ⎟
A1 = A2 ⎝ 13.6 × 29.80 ⎠⎝ ⎠
= 7.1 ft2 = 0.0729 lbm/ft 3
A3 = A5
= 4.91 ft2 FLOW RATES
A4 = 6.2 ft2
L1 = 3.0 ft V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5
L2 = 3.5 ft = 1096 (0.783/0.0728)0.5
= 3594 fpm
MEASURED MOTOR DATA
Q3 = V3A3
Volts = 460, 461, 459 = 3594 × 4.91
= 460 av = 17647 cfm
Amps = 25.0, 25.0, 24.8
= 24.9 av Q = Q1
kW = 18.0 = Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
= 17647 (0.0728/0.0729)
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
= 17623 cfm
20 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz

196 | Field Performance Measurement

FAN POWER INPUT Diameter of the fan outlet:

The data supplied by the motor manufacturer indicate D2 = (4A2/π)0.5

motor efficiency of 87.5% at the measured power = (4 × 7.1/π)0.5
input of 18.0 kW. Using this information: = 3.01 ft

Hmo = (18.0 × 0.875)/0.746 Figure 8.1 shows that for velocities of 2500 fpm or
= 21.1 hp less, the 100% effective duct length is 2.5 diameters:

Since the fan is direct connected to the motor, there = 2.5 × 3.01
is no drive loss, and: = 7.53 ft

H = Hmo The length of the outlet duct in % effective duct

= 21.1 hp length:

SYSTEM EFFECT FACTORS = (L2/7.53) 100

= (3.5/7.53) 100
To determine the value of SEF 1, calculate the = 46%
velocity at the fan inlet:
From Figure 8.4, for a vaneaxial fan with a 46%
V1 = (Q1/A1) effective duct length between its discharge and a two
= (17623/7.1) piece elbow, System Effect Curve W applies. From
= 2482 fpm Figure 7.1 for 2485 fpm velocity and curve W, SEF 2
is less than 0.1 in. and is considered negligible.
Diameter of the fan inlet:
SEF 2 = 0.00
D1 = (4A1/π)0.5
= (4 × 7.1/π)0.5 FAN STATIC PRESSURE
= 3.01 ft
Pv5 = Pv3 (A3/A5)2 (ρ3/ρ5)
The length of the duct between the elbow and the fan = 0.783 (4.91/4.91)2 (0.0728/0.0728)
inlet in terms of the fan inlet diameter: = 0.783 in. wg

= (L1/D1) Pv2 = Pv3 (A3/A2)2 (ρ3/ρ2)

= (3.0/3.01) = 0.783 (4.91/7.1)2 (0.0728/0.0728)
= 1.00 = 0.37 in. wg

AMCA Publication 201-90, Figure 9.2 indicates that Ps2 + Pv2 = Ps5 + Pv5
for a two piece elbow with a length of duct between Ps2 = Ps5 + Pv5 - Pv2
the elbow and the fan inlet equal to 1.00 diameter = 0.82 + 0.783 - 0.37
System Effect Curve S-T applies. For a velocity of = 1.23 in. wg
2482 fpm and curve S-T, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 =
0.25 in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3. At 0.0729 lbm/ft3: Pv4 = Pv3 (A3/A4)2 (ρ3/ρ4)
SEF 1 = 0.25 (0.0729/0.075) = 0.783 (4.91/6.2)2 (0.0728/0.0729)
= 0.24 in. wg = 0.49 in. wg

For SEF 2, AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1, Pv1 = Pv3 (A3/A1)2 (ρ3/ρ1)
8.1, and 8.4 indicate the following calculations: = 0.783 (4.91/7.1)2 (0.0728/0.0729)
= 0.37 in. wg
Q2 = Q3 (ρ3/ρ2)
= 17647 (0.0728/0.0728) Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps4 + Pv4
= 17647 cfm Ps1 = Ps4 + Pv4 - Pv1
= -1.1 + 0.49 - 0.37
V2 = Q2/A2 = -0.98 in. wg
= 17647/7.1
= 2485 fpm

Field Performance Measurement | 197

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2
= 1.23 - (-0.98) - 0.37 + 0.24 + 0
= 2.08 in. wg

CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

Qc = 17623 (1750/1760)
= 17523 cfm

Psc = 2.08 (1750/1760)2 (0.075/0.0729)

= 2.12 in. wg

Hc = 21.1 (1750/1760)3 (0.075/0.0729)

= 21.3 hp

198 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 2G: HIGH PRESSURE CENTRIFUGAL FAN IN A SERIES
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
1b
2a
1a
INLET BOX
FAN A
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. The two single inlet fans in this example have been
rated by the manufacturer as a two stage assembly.
Although rated as an assembly, sufficient
measurements are made to provide performance
data for each fan. The damper downstream of the
second fan is not included as part of the rated
assembly. In virtually all cases in which an air flow
control damper, such as the one shown in the
diagram, is included in the system, the point of
operation of major interest and for which the fan has
been selected is at the maximum air flow rate. This
example is no exception. Therefore, it is essential
that the damper be fixed in its full open position for
the duration of the test.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3. Determine Ps3 by averaging the
static pressure measurements made in the same
traverse. Procedures for traverses are described in
Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in determining the density at
the traverse plane, A3, which is located at the tip of
the Pitot-static tube.
3. Determine the static pressures at Planes 1a, 1b-
2a, and 2b. As shown in the diagram, these planes
are located shortly downstream of the inlets and
outlets of the fans, which are the planes of interest. In
each case, the conditions which exist at the plane of
2b
FAN B
DAMPER
INLET BOX
measurements are assumed to exist at the
respective plane of interest because of the close
proximity and the fact that the two planes are equal in
area. The static pressure at each plane may be
determined by averaging the static pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps, or
by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in a Pitot-static tube traverse of the plane.
However, due to the turbulence existing in the
regions of the outlets of the fans, it is recommended
that static pressure taps be used at Planes 1b-2a and
2b.
4. Measure td3, tw3, td1b, and td2b; td1a is assumed to be
equal to td3. Determine pb for the general vicinity of
the fan. These measurements are used in
determining densities at the planes of interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts for each fan. Record all
pertinent motor nameplate data, including volts
(NPV), and full load amps (FLA). If the motor power
outputs are to be estimated by using the phase
current method described in Annex K, it is not
necessary to measure motor watts; however, it may
be necessary to disconnect the drives and measure
the no load amps (NLA) if the motors are not
operating at or near their full load points. In this
example, a watts input measurement is made for
Field Performance Measurement | 199
each motor and motor performance data, supplied by Second Stage
the motor manufacturer, are used in determining Volts = 4080, 4040, 4020
motor power outputs. = 4047 av
Amps = 44, 44.5, 45
6. The SEF which would normally be attributed to = 44.5 av
insufficient length of duct at the outlet of the first kW = 272
stage fan does not apply in this case because the
fans have been rated as an assembly. MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA

7. To calculate the static pressure for the two stage Data identical for each stage:
assembly: 350 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
4000 volts, 1790 rpm, 44.5 FLA
Ps = Ps2b - Ps1a - Pv1a
GENERAL
Where:
Fans direct connected to motors. Motor efficiency
Pv1a = Pv3 (A3/A1a )2 (ρ3/ρ1a) data supplied by motor manufacturer.

8. In order to compare the test results to the CALCULATIONS

performance quoted for the two stage assembly for
operation at 1780 rpm and 0.045 lbm/ft3 density, it is DENSITIES
necessary to convert the results to the specified
conditions. The basis for the calculations is described For Plane 3 conditions of:
in Section 14.
td3 = 35°F
OBSERVATIONS tw3 = 33°F

SITE MEASUREMENTS p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)

= 28.64 + (-150/13.6)
pb = 28.64 in. Hg = 17.61 in. Hg
td3 = 35°F
tw3 = 33°F Use the modified Apjohn equation for partial vapor
td1b = td2a pressure and the density equation based on perfect
gas relationships, both of which are described in
= 95°F
Annex M, and the data in Figure N.2 in Annex N to
td2b = 147°F
calculate the density at Plane 3.
Pv3 = 0.745 in. wg
Ps3 = -150 in. wg pe = 0.1879 in. Hg
Ps1b = Ps2a
= -79.5 in. wg
p3 (t d3 − t w3 )
Ps2b = 0.5 in. wg pp = pe −
Na = 1790 rpm, first stage fan speed 2700
Nb = 1790 rpm, second stage fan speed 17.61(35 − 33)
= 0.1879 −
A1a = A2a = A1b = A2b 2700
= 5.6 ft2 = 0.1749 in. Hg
A3 = 4.92 ft2
1.3257( p3 − 0.378 pp )
MEASURED MOTOR DATA ρ3 =
t d3 + 460
First Stage 1.3257 (17.61 − 0.378 × 0.1749 )
=
Volts = 4000, 4040, 4080 35 + 460
= 4040 av = 0.0470 lbm/ft 3
Amps = 44.5, 45, 45.5
= 45 av
kW = 278 Any conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure
which may occur between Planes 3 and 1a can be
ignored with no significant effect on the accuracy of
the test results. Therefore:

200 | Field Performance Measurement

Ps1a = Ps3 FAN POWER INPUT
= -150 in. wg
At the measured power input values of 278 kW and
Assuming no change in temperature between Planes 272 kW, the data supplied by the motor manufacturer
3a and 1a: indicate efficiency of 95% for each motor.

ρ1a = ρ3 Hmoa = (278 × 0.95)/0.746

= 0.0470 lbm/ft3 = 354 hp

To provide information regarding the flow rates Hmob = (272 × 0.95)/0.746

between stages and leaving the second stage, = 346 hp
additional density values are calculated as follows:
Since each fan is direct connected to its motor, there
ρ1b = ρ2a are no drive losses and:

⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞ Ha = Hmoa

= ρ3 ⎜ s1b ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d4 + 460 ⎠ = 354 hp
⎛ −79.5 + 13.6 × 28.64 ⎞ ⎛ 495 ⎞
= 0.0470 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 555 ⎟ Hb = Hmob
⎝ 13.6 × 17.61 ⎠⎝ ⎠
= 346 hp
= 0.0543 lbm/fft 3
FAN STATIC PRESSURE
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
ρ2b = ρ3 ⎜ s2b ⎟⎜ ⎟ Pv1a = Pv3 (A3/A1a)2 (ρ3/ρ1a)
⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d2b + 460 ⎠ = 0.745 (4.92/5.6)2 (0.0470/0.0470)
⎛ 0.5 + 13.6 × 28.64 ⎞ ⎛ 495 ⎞ = 0.575 in. wg
= 0.0470 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 17.61 ⎠ ⎝ 607 ⎠
= 0.0624 lbm/ftt 3 The static pressure for the two stage assembly:

Ps = Ps2b - Ps1a - Pv1a

FLOW RATES
= 0.5 - (-150) - 0.575
= 149.9 in. wg
V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5
= 1096 (0.745/0.0470)0.5 CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
= 4364 fpm
Qc = 21471 (1780/1790)
Q3 = V3A3 = 21351 cfm
= 4364 × 4.92
= 21471 cfm Psc = 149.9 (1780/1790)2 (0.045/0.0470)
= 141.9 in. wg
Q = Q1a
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ1a) Hac = 354 (1780/1790)3 (0.045/0.0470)
= 21471 (0.0470/0.0470) = 333 hp
= 21471 cfm
Hbc = 346 (1780/1790)3 (0.045/0.0470)
Q1b = Q2a
= 326 hp
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ2a)
= 21471 (0.0470/0.0543)
= 18584 cfm

Q2b = Q3 (ρ3/ρ2b)
= 21471 (0.0470/0.0624)
= 16172 cfm

Field Performance Measurement | 201

EXAMPLE 3A: CENTRIFUGAL FAN IN AN EXHAUST SYSTEM
AIR INTAKE VENTS
3a
3b
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
PLAN VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This fan, as supplied and rated by the
manufacturer, does not include the backdraft damper.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
be made in a single plane, located in a duct common
to all branches. In this example, a measurement
plane which provides a satisfactory velocity profile
cannot be located within the short length of duct
between the point of connection of the branch ducts
and the fan inlet. The alternative, as indicated in the
diagram, is to make a velocity pressure
measurement traverse in the longest available duct
run of each branch. The velocity pressure for each
branch is determined by using the root mean square
of the velocity pressure measurements made in the
traverse. The static pressure at each traverse plane
is determined by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse. These
static pressure values are used in determining the
densities at the traverse planes. Procedures for
traverses are described in Section 9.4. In order to
determine the air flow rates it is necessary to
measure the area of each traverse point.
3. Ps1, the static pressure at the fan inlet may be
determined by averaging the static pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps or
by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in a Pitot-static tube traverse of Plane 1. If a
202 | Field Performance Measurement
BACKDRAFT DAMPER
SEF 1
2
3c
Pitot-static tube is used, it should be positioned well
within the inlet collar in which Plane 1 is located.
Measure the area of Plane 1 for use in calculating
Pv1. The static pressure at the outlet of the backdraft
damper is zero gauge pressure, referred to the
atmospheric pressure in the region of the outlet of the
backdraft damper. In situations such as this example,
the air may be discharging from the damper into a
region in which the atmospheric pressure is
somewhat different from that to which all other
pressure measurements are referred. When this
possibility exists, it is essential that the static
pressure in the region of the discharging air be
measured, referred to the same atmospheric
pressure as used in all other pressure
measurements.
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at each velocity traverse plane and the dry-bulb
temperature at Plane 1. In this example, td2 is
assumed to be equal to td1. Determine pb for the
general vicinity of the fan. These measurements are
used in determining densities at the planes of
interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method Pv3a = 0.765 in. wg
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure Pv3b = 0.88 in. wg
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to Pv3c = 0.86 in. wg
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps N = 800 rpm
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full A1 = 16.8 ft2
load point. Refer to Annex K.
A2 = 13.8 ft2
6. SEF 1 is due to the effect of there being no duct A3a = 5.4 ft2
at the fan outlet. In order to calculate the value of A3b = A3c
SEF 1, it is necessary to measure the outlet area of = 3.0 ft2
the fan, A2, and the blast area of the fan. Blast Area = 11.0 ft2

7. Determine the backdraft damper pressure loss by MEASURED MOTOR

using the performance ratings supplied by the
manufacturer and the pressure loss multiplier data in Volts = 460, 458, 462
Figure 8.7 of AMCA Publication 201-90. The use of = 460 av
the multiplier is indicated because the damper is Amps = 28, 27, 26
mounted directly to the fan outlet. = 27 av
NLA = 14.7
8. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure:
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
25 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
Where: 460 volts, 1760 rpm, 32 FLA

Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2 ρ1 GENERAL

Q1 = Q3a (ρ3a/ρ1) + Q3b (ρ3b/ρ1) + Q3c (ρ3c/ρ1)
Ps2 is the sum of the static pressure in the region of
the damper outlet, which was measured as zero, and
the backdraft damper pressure loss.
Fan connected to motor through belt drive. Pressure
loss data supplied by manufacturer of backdraft
damper.
CALCULATIONS

9. In order to compare the test results to the quoted DENSITIES

fan curve drawn for operation at 810 rpm and 0.075
Since the static pressure values at Planes 1, 3a, 3b,
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results
and 3c are very small, no appreciable error will occur
to the specified conditions. The basis for the
by using the barometric pressure instead of the
calculations is described in Section 14.
absolute pressure at each plane in the determination
of the densities. The densities at these planes are
OBSERVATIONS
obtained by using Figure N.1 in Annex N.
SITE MEASUREMENTS
ρ1 = 0.0739 lbm/ft3
pb = 29.8 in. Hg ρ3a = 0.0731 lbm/ft3
td1 = 72°F ρ3b = 0.0750 lbm/ft3
tw1 = 62°F ρ3c = 0.0741 lbm/ft3
td3a = 77°F
tw3a = 67°F FLOW RATES
td3b = 65°F
tw3b = 56°F V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/ρ3a)0.5
td3c = 70°F = 1096 (0.765/0.0731)0.5
tw3c = 62°F = 3546 fpm
Ps1 = -1.00 in. wg
Ps3a = -0.80 in. wg V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/ρ3b)0.5
Ps3b = -0.45 in. wg = 1096 (0.88/0.0750)0.5
Ps3c = -0.040 in. wg = 3754 fpm

Field Performance Measurement | 203

V3c = 1096 (Pv3c/ρ3c)0.5 SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR
= 1096 (0.86/0.0741)0.5
= 3734 fpm AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1 and 8.3
indicate the following calculations:
Q3a = V3aA3a
= 3546 × 5.4 Q2 = Q1
= 19148 cfm = 41603 cfm

Q3b = V3bA3b It is assumed that ρ2 = ρ1.

= 3754 × 3.0
= 11262 cfm V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (41603/13.8)
Q3c = V3cA3c = 3015 fpm
= 3734 × 3.0
= 11202 cfm Blast area ratio = Blast area/A2
= 11.0/13.8
= 0.80
Q = Q1
= Q3a ( ρ3a / ρ1 ) + Q3 b ( ρ3 b / ρ1 ) + Q3c ( ρ3c / ρ1 )
For a blast area ratio of 0.8 and no duct, Figure 8.3
⎛ 0.0731 ⎞ ⎛ 0.0750 ⎞ ⎛ 0.0741 ⎞ shows System Effect Curve T-U applies. For 3015
= 19148 ⎜ ⎟ + 11262 ⎜ 0.0739 ⎟ + 11202 ⎜ 0.0739 ⎟
⎝ 0 . 0739 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ fpm velocity and curve T-U, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1
= 41603 cfm = 0.27 in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0739
lbm/ft3:

FAN POWER INPUT SEF 1 = 0.27 (0.0739/0.075)

= 0.27 in. wg
Measured amps/FLA = (27/32)
= 0.84 BACKDRAFT DAMPER LOSS MULTIPLIER
= 84%
The data supplied by the manufacturer of the damper
Annex K indicates that the average of the results of indicate that the pressure loss for the damper, ∆Ps, is
Equation A and Equation B will provide a reasonably 0.4 in. wg at the flow rate of 41603 cfm at 0.075
accurate estimate of motor power output for a 25 hp lbm/ft3 density. AMCA Publication 201-90, Figure 8.7
motor operating at 84% FLA. indicates a ∆Ps multiplier of 1.9 for a damper which is
mounted directly to the outlet of a fan which has a
Eqn A = 25 (27/32) (460/460) blast area ratio of 0.8.
= 21.1 hp
Backdraft damper loss = ∆Ps × 1.9 × (ρ2/0.075)
Eqn B = 25 [(27 - 14.7)/(32 - 14.7)] (460/460) = 0.4 × 1.9 (0.0739/0.075)
= 17.8 hp = 0.75 in. wg

Hmo = (21.1 + 17.8)/2 FAN STATIC PRESSURE

= 19.45 hp
Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2 ρ1
Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive = [41603/(1096 × 16.8)]2 0.0739
loss of 4.8%. = 0.38 in. wg
HL = 0.048 Hmo Ps2 is equal to the static pressure at the outlet of the
= 0.048 × 19.45 damper, which is zero, plus the damper loss.
= 0.93 hp
Ps2 = 0 + damper loss
H = Hmo - HL
= 0 + 0.75
= 19.45 - 0.93 = 0.75 in. wg
= 18.52 hp Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
= 0.75 - (-1.0) - 0.38 + 0.27
= 1.64 in. wg

204 | Field Performance Measurement

CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

Qc = 41603 (810/800)
= 42123 cfm

Psc = 1.64 (810/800)2 (0.075/0.0739)

= 1.71 in. wg

Hc = 18.52 (810/800)3 (0.075/0.0739)

= 19.51 hp

Field Performance Measurement | 205

EXAMPLE 3B: AXIAL FAN IN AN EXHAUST SYSTEM

2-PIECE ELBOW

SEF 1

L1
1
STATIC GUIDE VANES
PRESSURE TAPS
INNER CYLINDER
2
SEF 2
L2
5

PLAN VIEW

COMMENTS

1. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of motor nameplate data, including volts (NPV), and full
the velocity pressure measurements made in a load amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight estimated by using the phase current method
run of duct, as shown in the diagram. Determine Ps3 described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
by averaging the static pressure measurements motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
are described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in (NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
determining the density at the traverse plane. load point. Refer to Annex K.
Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube. 5. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of
duct between the fan inlet and the elbow upstream of
2. Determine Ps5 by averaging the pressure the fan. SEF 2 is due to the effect of insufficient
length of duct between the fan outlet and the elbow
measurements at each of four static pressure taps
downstream of the fan. In order to calculate the
located near the end of the duct connection at the fan
values of the SEFs, it is necessary to measure the
outlet. Determine Ps1 by using a Pitot-static tube or
inlet area and the outlet area of the fan, A1 and A2;
static pressure taps in the duct connection at the fan
and the lengths of the inlet and outlet duct
inlet. If a Pitot-static tube is used, it should not project
connections, L1 and L2.
into the upstream elbow but be located well within the
length of the duct connection.
6. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure:
3. Measure td3 and tw3 in the traverse plane; td1 is
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2
assumed to be equal to td3. Determine pb for the
general vicinity of the fan. Measure td5. These
Where: Pv1 = Pv3
measurements are used in determining densities at
the planes of interest.
Since:
4. Measure the fan speed and the motors amps,
A1 = A3
volts, and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent

206 | Field Performance Measurement

And: CALCULATIONS

ρ1 = ρ3 DENSITIES

Due to the close proximity of Planes 2 and 5 and the For Plane 3 conditions of:
fact that there is no change in area between the two
planes, all conditions which exist at Plane 5 are td3 = 72°F
assumed to exist at Plane 2. tw3 = 66°F

Therefore: p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.20 + (-1.92/13.6)
Ps2 = Ps5 = 29.06 in. Hg

7. In order to compare the test results to the quoted Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0719
fan curve drawn for operation at 1730 rpm and 0.075 lbm/ft3.
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results
to the specified conditions. The basis for the Assume that td1 = td3.
calculations is described in Section 14.

OBSERVATIONS ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞

ρ1 = ρ3 ⎜ s1 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d1 + 460 ⎠
SITE MEASUREMENTS
⎛ −2.02 + 13.6 × 29.20 ⎞ ⎛ 532 ⎞
= 0.0719 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 532 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.06 ⎠⎝ ⎠
pb = 29.20 in. Hg
td3= 72°F = 0.0719 lbm/ft 3

tw3= 66°F
td5= 73°F Assume that td2 = td5 and Ps2 = Ps5.
Ps1= -2.02 in. wg
Ps3= -1.92 in. wg ρ 2 = ρ5
Pv3= 0.35 in. wg
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
Ps5= 0.10 in. wg = ρ3 ⎜ s5 ⎟⎜ ⎟
N = 1710 rpm ⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d5 + 460 ⎠
A1 = A2 = A3 = A5 ⎛ 0.10 + 13.6 × 29.20 ⎞ ⎛ 532 ⎞
= 0.0719 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 533 ⎟
= 2.64 ft2 ⎝ 13.6 × 29.06 ⎠⎝ ⎠
L1 = 1.5 ft, length of inlet duct
= 0.0721 lbm/ft 3
L2 = 2.25 ft, length of the outlet duct

MEASURED MOTOR DATA FLOW RATES

Volts = 227, 229, 228 V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5

= 228 av = 1096 (0.35/0.0719)0.5
Amps = 12.2, 12.3, 12.4 = 2418 fpm
= 12.3 av
NLA = 7 Q3 = V3A3
= 2418 × 2.64
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA = 6384 cfm

5 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz Q = Q1

230 volts, 1760 rpm, 14.0 FLA = Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
= 6384 (0.0719/0.0719)
GENERAL
= 6384 cfm
Fan connected to motor through belt drive.
Q2 = Q5
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ5)
= 6384 (0.0719/0.0721)
= 6366 cfm

Field Performance Measurement | 207

FAN POWER INPUT R-S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.24 in. wg at 0.075
lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0719 lbm/ft3:
Measured amps/FLA = (12.3/14.0)
= 0.88 SEF 1 = 0.24 (0.0719/0.075)
= 88% = 0.23 in. wg
Annex K indicates that the average of the results of
Equation A and Equation B will provide a reasonably For SEF 2, AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1,
accurate estimate of motor power output for a 5 hp 8.1, and 8.4 indicate the following calculations:
motor operating at 88% FLA.
V2 = (Q2/A2)
Eqn A = 5 (12.3/14) (228/230) = (6366/2.64)
= 4.35 hp = 2411 fpm

Eqn B = 5 [(12.3 - 7)/(14 - 7)] (228/230) The diameter of the fan outlet:
= 3.75 hp
D2 = (4A2/π)0.5
Hmo = (4.35 + 3.75)/2
= (4 × 2.64/π)0.5
= 4.05 hp = 1.83 ft
Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive Figure 8.1 shows that for velocities of 2500 fpm or
loss of 6.3%. less, the 100% effective duct length is 2.5 diameters:
HL = 0.063 Hmo = 2.5 × 1.83
= 0.063 × 4.05 = 4.58 ft
= 0.26 hp
The length of the outlet duct in % effective duct
H = Hmo - HL length:
= 4.05 - 0.26
= 3.79 hp = (L2/4.58) 100
= (2.25/4.58) 100
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTORS = 49%

To determine the value of SEF 1, calculate the From Figure 8.4, for a vaneaxial fan with a 49%
velocity at the fan inlet: effective duct length between its discharge and a two
piece elbow, System Effect Curve W applies. From
V1 = (Q1/A1) Figure 7.1, for 2411 fpm velocity and curve W, SEF 2
= (6384/2.64) is less than 0.1 in. wg, and is considered negligible.
= 2418 fpm
SEF 2 = 0.00
Calculate the diameter of the fan inlet:
FAN STATIC PRESSURE
D1 = (4A1/π)0.5
= (4 × 2.64/π)0.5 Since:
= 1.83 ft.
A1 = A3
Calculate the length of duct between the elbow and ρ1 = ρ3
the fan inlet in terms of the fan inlet diameter: Pv1 = Pv3

= (L1/D1) Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2

= (1.5/1.83) = 0.10 - (-2.02) - 0.35 + 0.23 + 0.00
= 0.82 = 2.00 in. wg

AMCA Publication 201-90, Figure 9.2, indicates that

for a vaneaxial fan with a two piece elbow with a
length of duct between the elbow and the fan inlet
equal to 0.8 diameters, System Effect Curve R-S
(estimated) applies. For 2418 fpm velocity and curve

208 | Field Performance Measurement

CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

Qc = 6384 (1730/1710)
= 6459 cfm

Psc = 2.00 (1730/1710)2 (0.075/0.0719)

= 2.14 in. wg

Hc = 3.79 (1730/1710)3 (0.075/0.0719)

= 4.09 hp

Field Performance Measurement | 209

EXAMPLE 3C: CENTRIFUGAL FAN IN A SCRUBBER SYSTEM

3
WET CELL SCRUBBER
1

2
PLAN VIEW
SEF 1

SIDE VIEW

COMMENTS

1. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located in the duct connection at
the fan inlet, as shown in the diagram. Determine Ps3
by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses
are described in Section 9.4. Ps3 is used in
determining the density at the traverse plane.
Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3, which is
located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube. In locating
Plane 3 downstream of the scrubber, changes in the
composition of the air as a result of the action of the
scrubber are properly taken into account in the
determination of fan air flow rate. Due to the close
proximity of Planes 1 and 3, and the fact that there is
no change in area between the two planes, the
conditions which exist at Plane 3 are assumed to
exist at Plane 1.
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point. Refer to Annex K.
5. SEF 1 is due to the effect of there being no duct
at the fan outlet. In order to calculate the value of
SEF 1, it is necessary to measure the outlet area of
the fan, A2, and the blast area of the fan.
6. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure:
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
Where:

2. Ps2, the static pressure at the fan outlet, is zero.
3. Measure td3 and tw3 in the traverse plane.
Determine pb for the general vicinity of the fan.
Measure td2. These measurements are used in
determining densities at the planes of interest.
4. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV), and full load
210 | Field Performance Measurement
Pv1 = Pv3
Ps1 = Ps3
Ps2 = 0
7. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 1700 rpm and 0.071
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results
to the specified conditions. The basis for the
calculations is described in Section 14.
 OBSERVATIONS
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
ρ2 = ρ3 ⎜ s2 ⎟⎜ ⎟
SITE MEASUREMENTS ⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d2 + 460 ⎠
⎛ 0 + 13.6 × 29.80 ⎞ ⎛ 525 ⎞
pb = 29.80 in. Hg = 0.0732 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.21 ⎠ ⎝ 530 ⎠
td3= 65°F
= 0.0740 lbm/ft 3
tw3= 64°F
td2= 70°F
Ps3= -8.0 in. wg FLOW RATES
Pv3= 0.337 in. wg
N = 1672 rpm V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5
A1 = A3 = 1096 (0.337/0.0732)0.5
= 7.06 ft2 = 2352 fpm
A2 = 5.15 ft2
Q3 = V3A3
Blast Area = 3.67 ft2 = 2353 × 7.06
= 16605 cfm
MEASURED MOTOR DATA
Q = Q1
Volts = 450, 458, 462
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
= 457 av
= 16605 (0.0732/0.0732)
Amps = 44, 45, 44.5
= 16605 cfm
= 44.5 av
Q2 = Q3 (ρ3/ρ2)
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
= 16605 (0.0732/0.0740)
40 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz = 16425 cfm
460 volts, 1780 rpm, 49 FLA
FAN POWER INPUT
GENERAL
Measured amps/FLA = (44.5/49)
Fan connected to motor through belt drive. = 0.91
= 91%
CALCULATIONS
Annex K indicates that Equation A will provide a
DENSITIES reasonably accurate estimate of motor power output
for a 40 hp motor operating at 91% FLA.
For Plane 3 conditions of:
td3 = 65°F Hmo = 40 (44.5/49) (457/460)
tw3 = 64°F = 36.1 hp

Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimate belt drive

p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
loss of 4.5%.
= 29.80 + (-8.0/13.6)
= 29.21 in. Hg
HL = 0.045 Hmo
= 0.045 × 36.1
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0732
= 1.6 hp
lbm/ft3.
H = Hmo - HL
It is assumed that:
= 36.1 - 1.6
td1 = td3
= 34.5 hp
Ps1 = Ps3
ρ1 = ρ3 SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR

AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1 and 8.3,

indicate the following calculations:

Field Performance Measurement | 211

V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (16425/5.15)
= 3189 fpm

Blast area ratio = Blast area/A2

= 3.67/5.15
= 0.71

For a blast area ratio of 0.7 and no duct, Figure 8.3

shows System Effect Curve S applies. For 3189 fpm
velocity and curve S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.5
in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0740 lbm/ft3:

SEF 1 = 0.5 (0.074/0.075)

= 0.49 in. wg

FAN STATIC PRESSURE

Pv1 = Pv3
= 0.337 in. wg

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1

= 0 - (-8.0) - 0.337 + 0.49
= 8.15 in. wg

CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

Qc = 16605 (1700/1672)
= 16883 cfm

Psc = 8.15 (1700/1672)2 (0.071/0.0732)

= 8.17 in. wg

Hc = 34.5 (1700/1672)3 (0.071/0.0732)

= 35.2 hp

212 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 3D: CENTRIFUGAL ROOF VENTILATOR WITH DUCTED INLET
3a SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This centrifugal roof ventilator, as supplied and
rated by the manufacturer, does not include the
backdraft damper. It is essential that the backdraft
damper blades be fixed in their full open positions,
otherwise uneven velocity distribution will occur at
the inlet to the ventilator, adversely affecting its
performance.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
be made in a single plane, located in a duct common
to all branches. In this example, a measurement
plane which provides a satisfactory velocity profile
cannot be located within the short length of duct
between the point of connection of the branch ducts
and the ventilator inlet. The alternative, as indicated
in the diagram, is to make a velocity pressure
measurement traverse in each branch. The velocity
pressure for each branch is determined by using the
root mean square of the velocity pressure
measurements made in the traverse. The static
pressure at each traverse plane is determined by
averaging the static pressure measurements made in
the same traverse. These static pressure values are
used in determining the densities at the traverse
planes. Procedures for traverses are described in
Section 9.4. In order to determine the air flow rates, it
is necessary to measure the area of each traverse
plane.
2
1
BACKDRAFT DAMPER
4
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
3b
3. Ps4 may be determined by averaging the static
pressure measurements at each of four static
pressure taps or by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in a Pitot-static tube traverse of
Plane 4. If a Pitot-static tube is used, it should be
positioned well within the duct in which Plane 4 is
located, and not project into the upstream elbows.
Measure the area of Plane 1 for use in calculating
Pv1. In this example, A4 = A1. Ps2, the static pressure
at the outlet of the ventilator, is zero gauge pressure,
referred to the atmospheric pressure in the region of
the ventilator outlet. In situations such as this
example, the air may be discharging from the
ventilator into a region in which the atmospheric
pressure is somewhat different from that to which all
other pressure measurements are referred. When
this possibility exists, it is essential that the static
pressure in the region of the discharging air be
measured, referred to the same atmospheric
pressure as used in all other pressure
measurements. In this case, Ps2 was measured as
zero.
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at each velocity traverse plane. In this example, td1
and td4 are assumed to be equal to td3a. Determine pb
for the general vicinity of the fan. These
measurements are used in determining densities at
the planes of interest.
Field Performance Measurement | 213
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts, MEASURED MOTOR DATA
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV) and full load Volts = 450, 455, 460
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be = 455 av
estimated by using the phase current method Amps = 5.7, 5.85, 5.9
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure = 5.82 av
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point. Refer to Annex K. 5 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
460 volts, 1780 rpm, 5.95 FLA
6. Determine the backdraft damper pressure loss by
using the performance ratings supplied by the GENERAL
manufacturer.
Fan connected to motor through belt drive. Pressure
7. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure: loss data supplied by manufacturer of backdraft
damper.
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1
CALCULATIONS
Where:
DENSITIES
Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1 )2 ρ1
For Planes 3a and 3b conditions of:
Q1 = Q3a (ρ3a/ρ1) + Q3b (ρ3b/ρ1)
td3a = td3b
Ps1 = Ps4 - backdraft damper pressure loss = 72°F
Ps2 = 0 tw3a = tw3b
= 66°F
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
fan curve drawn for operation at 620 rpm and 0.075 p3a = p3b
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results = pb + (Ps3a/13.6)
to the specified conditions. The basis for the = 29.20 + (-0.85/13.6)
calculations is described in Section 14. = 29.14 in. Hg

OBSERVATIONS Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain:

SITE MEASUREMENTS ρ3a = ρ3b

= 0.0721 lbm/ft3
pb = 29.20 in. Hg
td3a = td3b It is assumed that:
= 72°F
tw3a = tw3b td1 = td4 = td3a = td3b
= 66°F
Ps2 = 0 in. wg Since the differences in the static pressures at
Ps4 = -0.88 in. wg Planes 1, 3a, and 4 are very small, no appreciable
error will occur by assuming:
Ps3a = Ps3b
= -0.85 in. wg
ρ1 = ρ4 = ρ3a = ρ3b
Pv3a = 0.27 in. wg
Pv3b = 0.275 in. wg
FLOW RATES
N = 625 rpm
A1 = A4
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/ρ3a)0.5
= 7.9 ft2
= 1096 (0.27/0.0721)0.5
A3a = 3.4 ft2 = 2121 fpm
A3b = 3.3 ft2

214 | Field Performance Measurement

V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/ρ3b)0.5 BACKDRAFT DAMPER LOSS
= 1096 (0.275/0.0721)0.5
= 2140 fpm The data supplied by the manufacturer of the damper
indicate that the pressure loss for the damper, ∆Ps, is
Q3a = V3aA3a 0.22 in. wg at the flow rate of 14273 cfm at 0.075
= 2121 × 3.4 lbm/ft3 density.
= 7211 cfm
Backdraft damper loss = ∆Ps (ρ4/0.075)
Q3b = V3bA3b = 0.22 (0.0721/0.075)
= 2140 × 3.3 = 0.21 in. wg
= 7062 cfm
FAN STATIC PRESSURE
Q = Q1
= Q3a (ρ3a/ρ1) + Q3b (ρ3b/ρ1) Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2 ρ1
= 7211 (0.0721/0.0721) + 7062 (0.0721/0.0721) = [14273/(1096 × 7.9)]2 0.0721
= 14273 cfm = 0.20 in. wg

FAN POWER INPUT Ps1 = Ps4 - damper loss

= -0.88 - 0.21
Measured amps/FLA = (5.82/5.95) = -1.09 in. wg
= 0.98
= 98% Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1
= 0 - (-1.09) - 0.20
Annex K indicates that Equation A will provide a = 0.89 in. wg
reasonably accurate estimate of motor power output
for a 5 hp motor operating at 98% FLA. CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

Hmo = 5 (5.82/5.95) (455/460) Qc = 14273 (620/625)

= 4.84 hp = 14159 cfm

Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive Psc = 0.89 (620/625)2 (0.075/0.0721)
loss of 5.8%. = 0.91 in. wg

HL = 0.058 Hmo Hc = 4.56 (620/625)3 (0.075/0.0721)

= 0.058 × 4.84 = 4.63 hp
= 0.28 hp

H = Hmo - HL
= 4.84 - 0.28
= 4.56 hp

Field Performance Measurement | 215

EXAMPLE 4A: CENTRIFUGAL FAN IN A BUILT-UP AIR CONDITIONING UNIT
4 SEF 1
L
RETURN PLAN VIEW
AIR
SPRAY
SECTION
+ +
OUTSIDE
+
AIR +
+
+ +
+
+ +
PREHEAT COILS
FILTER SECTION
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This is an air conditioning unit which has been
assembled at the installation site. The subject of the
test is the fan, which is rated by the manufacturer as
free-standing, unencumbered by the cabinet in which
it has been installed. The fan performance ratings are
based on operation with the fan outlet ducted. Before
proceeding with the test, it is essential that all
dampers--outside air, return air, mixing box,
multizone, face and bypass or volume control--be
fixed in the positions agreed upon by all interested
parties as being applicable for the installation. Also,
the temperatures of the heating coils must be kept
constant throughout the test period. It may be
necessary to lock out, disconnect, or otherwise
modify automatic control devices in order to prevent
the positions of the dampers and temperatures of the
coils from changing during the test. Refer to Section
17.4.3 for additional considerations affecting the test
procedure for fans in this type of installation.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
be made in a single plane, located in a duct common
to all branches. In this example, a measurement
plane which provides a satisfactory velocity profile
cannot be located upstream of the fan or between the
point of connection of the branch ducts and the fan
outlet. The alternative, as indicated in the diagram, is
to make a velocity pressure measurement traverse in
each branch. The velocity pressure for each branch
216 | Field Performance Measurement
5
SEF 2
3a
FAN SECTION
DIFFUSER REHEAT COIL
PLATE 3b
is determined by using the root mean square of the
velocity pressure measurements made in the
traverse. the static pressure at each traverse plane is
determined by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse. These
static pressure values are used in determining the
densities at the traverse planes. Procedures for
traverses are described in Section 9.4. In order to
determine the air flow rates, it is necessary to
measure the area of each traverse plane.
3. Determine Ps4 by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in a traverse of Plane 4.
Determine Ps5 in a similar manner. Pitot-static tube
traverses are used in determining these static
pressures because the installation of suitable
pressure taps is usually prevented by the insulating
material encountered in this type of equipment. Due
to the abrupt expansion in area from Plane 2 to Plane
5, it is assumed that there is no conversion of velocity
pressure at Plane 2 to static pressure at Plane 5.
Therefore, it is assumed that Ps2 = Ps5. Measure the
area of Plane 4 for use in calculating Pv4.
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at Plane 4 and the dry-bulb temperatures at Planes
3a, 3b, and 5. Determine pb for the general vicinity of
the air conditioning unit. These measurements are
used in determining densities at the planes of interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and motor amps, volts, OBSERVATIONS
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV), and full load SITE MEASUREMENTS
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method pb = 28.72 in. Hg
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure td3a = 59°F
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to td3b = 90°F
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps td4 = 56°F
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full td5 = 58°F
load point. Refer to Annex K.
Ps4 = -1.75 in. wg
Ps3a = 3.65 in. wg
6. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient distance
between the fan inlets and the side walls of the fan Ps3b = 3.45 in. wg
cabinet. SEF 2 is attributed to the high degree of Pv3a = 0.60 in. wg
divergence of the transition fitting at the fan outlet. Pv3b = 0.47 in. wg
The effect created by this fitting is considered to be Ps5 = 3.77 in. wg
equivalent to the effect created by having no duct at N = 1160 rpm
the fan outlet. In order to determine the values of the A2 = 18.9 ft2
SEFs, it is necessary to measure the diameter of an A3a = 7.2 ft2
inlet of the fan, the distance between a fan inlet and
A3b = 9.7 ft2
a side wall of the fan cabinet, and the outlet area and
blast area of the fan. A4 = 93.2 ft2
Blast Area = 13.3 ft2
7. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure: D1 = 3.92 ft, fan inlet diameter
L = 2.83 ft
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2
= Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1) + SEF 1 + SEF 2 MEASURED MOTOR DATA

Where: Volts = 462, 465, 465

= 464 av
Ps2 = Ps5 Amps = 82, 81, 83
Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps4 + Pv4 = 82 av

MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA

Pv4 = (Q4/1096 A4)2 ρ4
75 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
Q4 = Q1
460 volts, 1780 rpm, 90.3 FLA
= Q3a (ρ3a/ρ1) + Q3b (ρ3b/ρ1)
GENERAL
The calculation of Pv4 is often ignored in instances
similar to this example on the basis that the Fan connected to motor through belt drive.
calculated value of Pv4 is relatively small and its
omission does not affect the test results significantly. CALCULATIONS

8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted DENSITIES

fan curve drawn for operation at 1170 rpm and 0.075
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results For Plane 4 conditions of:
to the specified conditions. The basis for the
calculations is described in Section 14. td4 = 56°F
tw4 = 54°F

p4 = pb + (Ps4/13.6)
= 28.72 + (-1.75/13.6)
= 28.59 in. Hg

Field Performance Measurement | 217

Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ4 = 0.0731 FAN POWER INPUT
lbm/ft3.
Measured amps/FLA = (82/90.3)
It is assumed that ρ1 = ρ4. = 0.91
= 91%

⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d4 + 460 ⎞ Annex K indicates that Equation A will provide a

ρ5 = ρ 4 ⎜ s5 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p4 ⎠ ⎝ t d5 + 460 ⎠ reasonably accurate estimate of motor power output
for a 75 hp motor operating at 91% FLA.
⎛ 3.77 + 13.6 × 28.72 ⎞ ⎛ 516 ⎞
= 0.0731⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 518 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 28.59 ⎠⎝ ⎠ Hmo = 75 (82/90.3) (464/460)
= 0.0739 lbm/ft 3 = 68.7 hp

Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive

⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d4 + 460 ⎞ loss of 4.3%.
ρ3a = ρ 4 ⎜ s3a ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p4 ⎠ ⎝ t d3a + 460 ⎠
HL = 0.043 Hmo
⎛ 3.65 + 13.6 × 28.72 ⎞ ⎛ 516 ⎞
= 0.0731⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 519 ⎟ = 0.043 × 68.7
⎝ 13.6 × 28.59 ⎠⎝ ⎠
= 2.95 hp
= 0.0737 lbm/ft 3
H = Hmo - HL
= 68.7 - 2.95
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d4 + 460 ⎞
ρ3b = ρ 4 ⎜ s3b ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 68.75 hp
⎝ 13.6 p4 ⎠ ⎝ t d3b + 460 ⎠
⎛ 3.45 + 13.6 × 28.72 ⎞ ⎛ 516 ⎞ SYSTEM EFFECT FACTORS
= 0.0731⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 550 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 28.59 ⎠⎝ ⎠
SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient distance
= 0.0695 lbm/ft 3 between the fan inlets and the side walls of the fan
plenum. The distance is 2.83 ft, or:
FLOW RATES
(2.83/3.92) = 0.72
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/ρ3a )0.5 = 72%
= 1096 (0.60/0.0737)0.5
Of the fan inlet diameter. The area of the fan inlets:
= 3127 fpm
A1 = 2 (π D12/4)
V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/ρ3b)0.5
= 2 (π × 3.922/4)
= 1096 (0.47/0.0695)0.5
= 2850 fpm = 24.1 ft2

Q3a = V3aA3a The fan inlet velocity:

= 3127 × 7.2
V1 = (Q1/A1)
= 22514 cfm
= (48982/24.1)
Q3b = V3bA3b = 2032 fpm
= 2850 × 9.7
AMCA Publication 201-90, Figure 9.11A, indicates
= 27645 cfm
that for a plenum wall spacing of 72% of the fan inlet
diameter System Effect Curve V applies. For 2032
Q = Q1
fpm inlet velocity and curve V, Figure 7.1 shows SEF
= Q3a (ρ3a/ρ1) + Q3b (ρ3b/ρ1)
1 = 0.06 in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0731
= 22514 (0.0737/0.0731) + 27645 (0.0695/0.0731)
lbm/ft3:
= 48982 cfm
SEF 1 = 0.06 (0.0731/0.075)
Q2 = Q1 (ρ1/ρ2)
= 0.06 in. wg
= 48982 (0.0731/0.0739)
= 48452 cfm
For SEF 2, AMCA Publication 201-90, Figures 7.1
and 8.3, indicate the following calculations:

218 | Field Performance Measurement

V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (48452/18.9)
= 2564 fpm

Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2

= 13.3/18.9
= 0.70

For a blast area ratio of 0.7 and no duct, Figure 8.3

shows System Effect Curve S applies. For 2564 fpm
velocity and curve S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 2 = 0.33
in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0739 lbm/ft3:

SEF 2 = 0.33 (0.0739/0.075)

= 0.33 in. wg

FAN STATIC PRESSURE

Pv4 = (Q4/1096 A4)2 ρ4

Since:

ρ4 = ρ1
Q4 = Q1

Pv4 = (48982/1096 × 93.2)2 0.0731

= 0.02 in. wg

Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps4 + Pv4

= -1.75 + 0.02
= -1.73 in. wg

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 + SEF 2

= Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1) + SEF 1 + SEF 2
= 3.77 - (-1.73) + 0.06 + 0.33
= 5.89 in. wg

CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

Qc = 48982 (1170/1160)
= 49404 cfm

Psc = 5.89 (1170/1160)2 (0.075/0.0731)

= 6.15 in. wg

Hc = 65.75 (1170/1160)3 (0.075/0.0731)

= 69.22 hp

Field Performance Measurement | 219

EXAMPLE 4B: CENTRAL STATION AIR CONDITIONING UNIT, FACTORY ASSEMBLED DRAW-
THROUGH TYPE
RETURN AIR
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
L
SEF 1
OUTSIDE + +
AIR
+ +
FILTER SECTION COIL SECTION
COMMENTS
1. This is a factory assembled, draw-through central
station unit. The subject of the test is the fan section,
which is rated by the manufacturer as an assembly of
the fan and the cabinet in which the fan has been
installed. As a draw-through unit, the performance
ratings for the fan section are based on operation
with the fan outlet ducted. Before proceeding with the
test, it is essential that all dampers--outside air, return
air, mixing box, multizone, face and bypass, or
volume control--be fixed in the positions agreed upon
by all interested parties as being applicable for the
installation. Also, the temperatures of heating and
cooling coils must be kept constant throughout the
test period. It may be necessary to lock out,
disconnect, or otherwise modify automatic control
devices in order to prevent the positions of the
dampers and temperatures of the coils from changing
during the test. Refer to Section 17.4.2 for additional
considerations affecting the test procedure in this
type of installation.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight
run of duct, as shown in the diagram. Determine Ps3
by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. This static pressure value
is used to determine the density at the traverse
plane. Procedures for traverses are described in
220 | Field Performance Measurement
1
PLAN VIEW 3
5
2
FAN SECTION
SIDE VIEW
Section 9.4. In order to determine the air flow rate, it
is necessary to measure the area of the traverse
plane.
3. Determine Ps1 by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in a traverse of Plane 1. Ps5
may be determined in a similar manner or by
averaging the pressure measurements at each of
four static pressure taps. If it is possible to install
suitable pressure taps, their use is preferred in the
region of the fan outlet. due to the close proximity of
Planes 2 and 5, and the fact that there is no change
in area between the two planes, the conditions which
exist at Plane 5 are assumed to exist at Plane 2.
Measure the area of Plane 1 for use in calculating
Pv1.
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at Plane 3 and the dry-bulb temperatures at Planes 1
and 5. Determine pb for the general vicinity of the air
conditioning unit. These measurements are used to
determine densities at the planes of interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts,
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV), and full load
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to MEASURED MOTOR DATA
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full Volts = 440, 444, 442
load point. Refer to Annex K. = 442 av
Amps = 47.4, 47.7, 48.0
6. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of = 47.7 av
duct between the fan outlet and the elbow
downstream of the fan. In order to determine the MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
value of SEF 1, it is necessary to measure the outlet
area of the fan, A2; the length of the outlet duct, L; 40 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
and the blast area of the fan. 440 volts, 1770 rpm, 49.7 FLA

7. To calculate the Fan Section Static Pressure: GENERAL

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1 Fan connected to motor through belt drive.

Where: CALCULATIONS

Ps2 = Ps5 DENSITIES

Pv1 = (Q1/1096A1)2 ρ1 For Plane 3 conditions of:

td3 = 49.3°F
The calculation of Pv1 is often ignored in instances
tw3 = 47.3°F
similar to this example on the basis that the
calculated value of Pv1 is relatively small, and it
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
omission does not affect the test results significantly.
= 29.27 + (1.31/13.6)
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted = 29.37 in. Hg
fan section curve drawn for operation at 1430 rpm
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0762
and 0.075 lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert
the results to the specified conditions. The basis for lbm/ft3.
the calculations is described in Section 14.
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
OBSERVATIONS ρ1 = ρ3 ⎜ s1 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d1 + 460 ⎠
SITE MEASUREMENTS ⎛ −0.847 + 13.6 × 29.27 ⎞ ⎛ 509.3 ⎞
= 0.0762 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 507.5 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.37 ⎠⎝ ⎠
pb = 29.27 in. Hg = 0.0760 lbm/ftt 3
td1 = 47.5°F
td3 = 49.3°F
tw3 = 47.3°F ⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
ρ5 = ρ3 ⎜ s5 ⎟⎜ ⎟
td5 = 49°F ⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d5 + 460 ⎠
Ps1 = -0.847 in. wg
⎛ 1.39 + 13.6 × 29.27 ⎞ ⎛ 509.3 ⎞
Ps3 = 1.31 in. wg = 0.0762 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 509 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.37 ⎠⎝ ⎠
Pv3 = 0.294 in. wg
Ps5 = 1.39 in. wg = 0.0763 lbm/ft 3
N = 1402 rpm
A1 = 147.2 ft2 It is assumed ρ2 = ρ5.
A2 = A3 = A5
= 15.42 ft2 FLOW RATES
Blast Area = 9.4 ft2
L = 2.0 ft, length of outlet duct V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5
= 1096 (0.294/0.0762)0.5
= 2153 fpm

Field Performance Measurement | 221

Q3 = V3A3 For velocities of 2500 fpm or less, the 100% effective
= 2153 × 15.42 outlet duct length is 2.5 duct diameters:
= 33199 cfm
= 2.5 × 4.43
Q = Q1 = 11.1 ft
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ1)
= 33199 (0.0762/0.0760) The length of the outlet duct in % effective duct
= 33286 cfm length:

Q2 = Q5 = (L/11.1) 100
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ5) = (2.0/11.1) 100
= 18%
= 33199 (0.0762/0.0763)
= 33155 cfm
Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2
FAN POWER INPUT = 9.4/15.42
= 0.61
Measured amps/FLA = (47.7/49.7)
= 0.96 For a blast area ratio of 0.6, 18% effective duct length
= 96% and elbow position A, Figure 8.5 shows System
Effect Curve R applies. For 2150 fpm velocity and
Annex K indicates that Equation A will provide a curve R, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.34 in. wg at
reasonably accurate estimate of motor power output 0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0762 lbm/ft3:
for a 40 hp motor operating at 96% FLA.
SEF 1 = 0.34 (0.0762/0.075)
Hmo = 40 (47.7/49.7) (442/440) = 0.35 in. wg
= 38.6 hp
FAN SECTION STATIC PRESSURE
Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive
loss of 4.5%. Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2 ρ1
= (33286/1096 × 147.2)2 0.0760
HL = 0.045 Hmo = 0.003 in. wg
= 0.045 × 38.6
= 1.74 hp It is assumed that Ps2 = Ps5

H = Hmo - HL Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1

= 38.6 - 1.74 = 1.39 - (-0.847) - 0.003 + 0.35
= 36.86 hp = 2.58 in. wg

SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

To determine SEF 1, AMCA Publication 201-90, Qc = 33286 (1430/1402)

Figures 7.1 and 8.5, indicate the following = 33951 cfm
calculations:
Psc = 2.58 (1430/1402)2 (0.075/0.0760)
V2 = (Q2/A2) = 2.65 in. wg
= (33155/15.42)
= 2150 fpm Hc = 36.86 (1430/1402)3 (0.075/0.0760)
= 38.60 hp
Duct diameter equivalent to the fan outlet area:

De2 = (4 A2/π)0.5
= (4 × 15.42/π)0.5
= 4.43 ft

222 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 4C: PACKAGED AIR-CONDITIONING UNIT
4 1
INLET PLENUM FILTERS
COOLING COIL
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the air
conditioning unit assembly. This assembly does not
include the inlet plenum. The performance ratings for
the unit assembly are based on operation with the
outlets of the fans ducted. Before proceeding with the
test, it is essential that all system dampers be fixed in
the positions agreed upon by all interested parties as
being applicable for the installation. Also, the
temperature of the cooling coil must be kept constant
throughout the test period. It may be necessary to
lock out, disconnect or otherwise modify automatic
control devices in order to prevent the positions of the
dampers and the temperature of the coil from
changing during the test. Refer to Section 17.4.1 for
additional considerations affecting the test procedure
in this type of installation.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located near the end of a straight
run of duct, as shown in the diagram. Determine Ps3
by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. This static pressure value
is used to determine the density at the traverse
plane. Procedures for traverses are described in
Section 9.4. in order to determine the air flow rate, it
is necessary to measure the area of the traverse
plane.
3
2
SEF 1
PLAN VIEW
FANS 5
SIDE VIEW
3. Ps4 may be determined by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps or
by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in a Pitot-static tube traverse of Plane 4. Ps5 is
determined in a similar manner. However, if it is
possible to install suitable static pressure taps, their
use is preferred in the regions of the outlets of the
fans. Due to the close proximity of Planes 1 and 4
and the fact that there is no change in area between
the two planes, the conditions which exist at Plane 4
are assumed to exist at Plane 1. Although Plane 5 is
greater in area that Plane 2, the degree of divergence
is relatively small. Therefore, Ps2 will be calculated
based on Ps5 and the assumption that there is no
change in total pressure from Plane 2 to Plane 5.
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at Plane 4 and the dry-bulb temperatures at Planes 3
and 5. In this example, the cooling medium, normally
circulated in the coil was shut off in order to maintain
constant air temperatures during the test. In order to
account for water vapor which may have been added
to the air as a result of evaporation of moisture
previously condensed on the coil, the wet-bulb
temperature at Plane 3 was measured. Determine pb
for the general vicinity of the air conditioning unit.
These measurements are used in determining
densities at the planes of interest.
Field Performance Measurement | 223
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts, A1 = A4
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor = 31.7 ft2
nameplate data including volts (NPV), and full load A2 = 11.5 ft2
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
A3 = 16.4 ft2
estimated by using the phase current method
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure A5 = 14.3 ft2
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to Blast Area = 4.0 ft2 per fan
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps L = 2.0 ft, length of outlet duct
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full
load point. Refer to Annex K. MEASURED MOTOR DATA

6. Although an elbow is located shortly downstream Volts = 460, 455, 465

of the fans, SEF 1 is judged to be more closely = 460 av
characterized as the effect due to insufficient lengths Amps = 38.2, 38, 37.9
of duct on the outlets of the fans. In order to = 38.0 av
determine the value of SEF 1, it is necessary to
measure the outlet area and the blast area of one of MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
the fans and the length, L, of its outlet duct.
25 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
7. To calculate the static pressure for the unit 460 volts, 1760 rpm, 39.5 FLA
assembly:
GENERAL
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
Fans connected to motor through belt drive.
Where:
CALCULATIONS
Ps1 = Ps4
DENSITIES
Pv1 = (Q1/1096A1)2 ρ1
For Plane 3 conditions of:
Ps2 = Ps5 + Pv5 - Pv2
td3 = 75.0°F
tw3 = 59.5°F
Pv2 and Pv5 are calculated in manners similar to the
calculation of Pv1.
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.65 + (2.03/13.6)
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
= 29.80 in. Hg
unit assembly curve drawn for operation at 1050 rpm
and 0.075 lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0736
the results to the specified conditions. The basis for
the calculations is described in Section 14. lbm/ft3.

OBSERVATIONS For Plane 4 conditions of:

SITE MEASUREMENTS td4 = 72.5°F

tw4 = 58.5°F
pb = 29.65 in. Hg
td3 = 75.0°F p4 = pb + (Ps4/13.5)
tw3 = 59.5°F = 29.65 + (-0.32/13.6)
td4 = 72.5°F = 29.63 in. Hg
tw4 = 58.5°F
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ4 = 0.0735
td5 = 74.5°F
lbm/ft3.
Ps3 = 2.02 in. wg
Pv3 = 0.35 in. wg It is assumed that ρ1 = ρ4.
Ps4 = -0.32 in. wg
Ps5 = 2.11 in. wg
N = 1025 rpm

224 | Field Performance Measurement

 SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d3 + 460 ⎞
ρ5 = ρ3 ⎜ s5 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p3 ⎠ ⎝ t d5 + 460 ⎠ To determine SEF 1, AMCA Publication 201-90,
⎛ 2.11 + 13.6 × 29.65 ⎞ ⎛ 535 ⎞ Figures 7.1 and 8.3, indicate the following
= 0.0736 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 534.5 ⎟ calculations:
⎝ 13.6 × 29.80 ⎠⎝ ⎠
= 0.0737 lbm/ft 3 V2 = (Q2/A2)
= (39143/11.5)
It is assumed ρ2 = ρ5. = 3404 fpm

FLOW RATES Duct diameter equivalent to the outlet area of one fan:

V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5 De2 = (4A2/2π)0.5

= 1096 (0.35/0.0736)0.5 = (4 × 11.5/2π)0.5
= 2390 fpm = 2.71 ft

Q3 = V3A3 Figure 8.3 shows that for velocities over 2500 fpm,
= 2390 × 16.4 100% effective duct length is one diameter for every
= 39196 cfm 1000 fpm:

Q2 = Q5 = De2 (V2/1000)
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ5) = 2.71 (3404/1000)
= 39196 (0.0736/0.0737) = 9.22 ft
= 39143 cfm
L in % effective duct length:
Q = Q1 = Q4
= Q3 (ρ3/ρ4) = (L/9.22) 100
= (2.0/9.22) 100
= 39196 (0.0736/0.0735)
= 22%
= 39249 cfm
Blast area ratio = Blast area/A2
FAN POWER INPUT
= (2 × 4.0)/11.5
Measured amps/FLA = (38.0/39.5) = 0.70
= 0.96
= 96% For a blast area ratio of 0.7, and 22% effective duct
length Figure 8.3 shows System Effect Curve W
Annex K indicates that Equation A will provide a applies. For 3404 fpm velocity and curve W, Figure
reasonably accurate estimate of motor power output 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.13 in. wg at 0.075 lbm/ft3
for a 25 hp motor operating at 96% FLA. density. At 0.0737 lbm/ft3:

Hmo = 25 (38.0/39.5) (460/460) SEF 1 = 0.13 (0.0737/0.075)

= 24.1 hp = 0.13 in. wg

Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive STATIC PRESSURE OF UNIT
loss of 4.8%.
Pv5 = (Q5/1096 A5)2 ρ5
HL = 0.048 Hmo = (39143/1096 × 14.3)2 0.0737
= 0.048 × 24.1 = 0.46 in. wg
= 1.2 hp
Pv2 = (Q2/1096 A2)2 ρ2
H = Hmo - HL = (39143/1096 × 11.5)2 0.0737
= 24.1 - 1.2 = 0.71 in. wg
= 22.9 hp

Field Performance Measurement | 225

Ps2 + Pv2 = Ps5 + Pv5
Ps2 = Ps5 + Pv5 - Pv2
= 2.11 + 0.46 - 0.71
= 1.86 in. wg

Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2 ρ1

= (39249/1096 × 31.7)2 0.0735
= 0.09 in. wg

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1

= 1.86 - (-0.32) - 0.09 + 0.13
= 2.22 in. wg

CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

Qc = 39249 (1050/1025)
= 40206 cfm

Psc = 2.22 (1050/1025)2 (0.075/0.0735)

= 2.38 in. wg

Hc = 22.9 (1050/1025)3 (0.075/0.0735)

= 25.1 hp

226 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 4D: PACKAGED AIR-CONDITIONING UNIT
3a
3b
PLAN VIEW
L
2
SEF 1
+ +
HEATING COIL
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the air
conditioning unit assembly. This assembly includes
the filter section and the inlet louver. The
performance ratings for the unit assembly are based
on operation with the outlets of the fans ducted.
Before proceeding with the test, it is essential that all
system dampers be fixed in the positions agreed
upon by all interested parties as being applicable for
the installation. Also, the temperature of the heating
coil must be kept constant throughout the test period.
It may be necessary to lock out, disconnect or
otherwise modify automatic control devices in order
to prevent the positions of the dampers and the
temperature of the coil from changing during the test.
Refer to Section 17.5.1 for additional considerations
affecting the test procedure in this type of installation.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
be made in a single plane, located in a duct common
to all branches. In this example, a measurement
plane which provides a satisfactory velocity profile
cannot be located upstream of the fans or between
the point of connection of the branch ducts and the
outlets of the fans. The alternative, as indicated in the
diagram, is to make a velocity pressure
measurement traverse in each of two branches. the
velocity pressure for reach branch is determined by
using the root mean square of the velocity pressure
measurements made in the traverse. The static
STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
5
FILTER SECTION
1
INLET LOUVER
pressure at each traverse plane is determined by
using the root mean square of the velocity
measurement traverse in each of two branches. The
velocity pressure for each branch is determined by
using the root mean square of the velocity pressure
measurements made in the traverse. The static
pressure at each traverse plane is determined by
averaging the static pressure measurements made in
the same traverse. These static pressure values are
used in determining the densities at the traverse
planes. Procedures for traverses are described in
Section 9.4. In order to determine the air flow rates, it
is necessary to measure the area of each traverse
plane.
3. Determine Ps5 by averaging the pressure
measurements at each of four static pressure taps
located in the duct fitting at the outlets of the fans.
The conditions which exist at Plane 5, including the
static pressure, are assumed to exist at Plane 2,
based on their close proximity and the fact that there
is no change in area between the two planes. In
situations such as this example, it is important to be
certain that all pressure measurements are referred
to the same atmospheric pressure.
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at Plane 1 and the dry-bulb temperatures at Planes
3a, 3b, and 5. Determine pb for the general vicinity of
Field Performance Measurement | 227
the air conditioning unit. These measurements are 8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted
used to determine densities at the planes of interest. performance curve for the packaged unit drawn for
operation at 1720 rpm and 0.075 lbm/ft3 density, it is
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts, necessary to convert the results to the specified
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor conditions. The basis for the calculations is described
nameplate data, including volts (NPV), and full load in Section 14.
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method OBSERVATIONS
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to SITE MEASUREMENTS
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full pb = 29.65 in. Hg
load point. Motor performance data, supplied by the td1 = 72°F
motor manufacturer, are used in the determination of tw1 = 61°F
motor power output in this example. td5 = 85°F
td3a= 82.5°F
6. SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient length of
td3b= 83°F
duct between the outlets of the fans and the elbow
downstream of the fans. In order to determine the Ps5 = 1.25 in. wg
value of SEF 1, it is necessary to measure the outlet Ps3a= 1.15 in. wg
area and the blast area of one of the fans and the Ps3b= 1.22 in. wg
length of the duct, L, between the fan and the elbow. Pv3a= 0.56 in. wg
Pv3b= 0.60 in. wg
7. The sum of the static pressure, Ps1, and velocity N = 1710 rpm
pressure, Pv1, at the inlet to the unit assembly is A2 = A5
considered to be equal to the sum of the static = 5.64 ft2
pressure, Psx, and velocity pressure, Pvx, at a point A3a = 3.1 ft2
sufficiently distant from the inlet as to be in still air. At A3b = 2.2 ft2
this point, the static pressure is zero, and the velocity
Blast Area = 2.5 ft2 per fan
pressure in still air is zero.
L = 0.96 ft, length of outlet duct
Ps1 + Pv1 = Psx + Pvx = 0
MEASURED MOTOR DATA
This consideration, which is the same as that used in
Volts = 460, 458, 462
the methods for testing this type of unit for
= 460 av
performance rating purposes, charges to the unit
Amps = 10.0, 10.0, 9.8
losses incurred in accelerating the air into its inlet and
= 9.9 av
eliminates the inaccuracies which arise in any
attempt to measure the velocity pressure and static
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
pressure at the inlet. To calculate the static pressure
for the unit assembly:
10 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
460 volts, 1750 rpm, 13.5 FLA
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
= Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1) + SEF 1 GENERAL

Since: Fans connected to motor through belt drive. The

following motor performance data was supplied by
Ps1 + Pv1 = 0 the motor manufacturer:
Ps = Ps2 + SEF 1
Motor Efficiency:
Where: 82.5% at 1/2 load
84.5% at 3/4 load
Ps2 = Ps5 84.5% at full load

Power Factor = 0.85

228 | Field Performance Measurement

DENSITIES Q = Q1
= Q3a (ρ3a/ρ1) + Q3b (ρ3b/ρ1)
For Plane 1 conditions of: = 9455 (0.0723/0.0735) + 6950 (0.0722/0.0735)
= 16128 cfm
td1 = 72°F
tw1 = 61°F Q2 = Q5
p1 = pb = Q1 (ρ1/ρ5)
= 29.65 in. Hg = 16128 (0.0735/0.0720)
= 16464 cfm
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ1 = 0.0735
lbm/ft3. FAN POWER INPUT

Measured amps/FLA = (9.9/13.5)

⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d1 + 460 ⎞
ρ5 = ρ1 ⎜ s5 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.73
⎝ 13.6 p1 ⎠ ⎝ t d5 + 460 ⎠ = 73%
⎛ 1.25 + 13.6 × 29.65 ⎞ ⎛ 532 ⎞
= 0.0735 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 545 ⎟ The data supplied by the motor manufacturer indicate
⎝ 13.6 × 29.65 ⎠⎝ ⎠
power factor of 0.85 and motor efficiency of 84.5% for
= 0.0720 lbm/ft 3 the motor operating at 73% FLA. Using the
appropriate equation in Section 10.2.2:
It is assumed that ρ2 = ρ5
Hmo = (3)0.5 × 9.9 × 460 × 0.85 × 0.845/746
= 7.59 hp
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d1 + 460 ⎞
ρ3a = ρ1 ⎜ s3a ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13.6 p1 ⎠ ⎝ t d3a + 460 ⎠ Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates estimated belt drive
⎛ 1.15 + 13.6 × 29.65 ⎞ ⎛ 532 ⎞ loss of 5.6%.
= 0.0735 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 542.5 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.65 ⎠⎝ ⎠
HL = 0.056 Hmo
= 0.0723 lbm/ft 3 = 0.056 × 7.59
= 0.43 hp
⎛ P + 13.6 pb ⎞ ⎛ t d1 + 460 ⎞
ρ3b = ρ1 ⎜ s3b ⎟⎜ ⎟ H = Hmo - HL
⎝ 13.6 p1 ⎠ ⎝ t d3b + 460 ⎠ = 7.59 - 0.43
⎛ 1.22 + 13.6 × 29.65 ⎞ ⎛ 532 ⎞ = 7.16 hp
= 0.0735 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 543 ⎟
⎝ 13.6 × 29.65 ⎠⎝ ⎠
SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR
= 0.0722 lbm/ft 3
SEF 1 is due to the effect of insufficient lengths of
FLOW RATES duct between the outlets of the fans and the elbow
downstream of the fans. AMCA Publication 201-90,
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/ρ3a)0.5 Figures 7.1, 8.1, and 8.5 indicate the following
= 1096 (0.56/0.0723)0.5 calculations:
= 3050 fpm
V2 = (Q2/A2)
V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/ρ3b )0.5 = (16464/5.64)
= 2919 fpm
= 1096 (0.60/0.0722)0.5
= 3159 fpm
Duct diameter equivalent to the outlet area of one
fan:
Q3a = V3aA3a
= 3050 × 3.1
De2 = (4A2/2π)0.5
= 9455 cfm
= (4 × 5.64/2π)0.5
Q3b = V3bA3b = 1.89 ft
= 3159 × 2.2
= 6950 cfm Figure 8.1 shows that for velocities over 2500 fpm
100% effective duct length is one diameter for every
1000 fpm:

Field Performance Measurement | 229

 = De2 (V2/1000)
= 1.89 (2919/1000)
= 17%

L, in % effective duct length:

= (L/5.52) 100
= (0.96/5.52) 100
= 17%

Blast area ratio = Blast Area/A2

= (2 × 2.5)/5.64
= 0.89

For a blast area ratio of 0.89, 17% effective duct

length and elbow position C, Figure 8.5 shows
System Effect Curve S applies. For 2919 fpm velocity
and curve S, Figure 7.1 shows SEF 1 = 0.43 in. wg at
0.075 lbm/ft3 density. At 0.0720 lbm/ft3:

SEF 1 = 0.43 (0.0720/0.075)

= 0.41 in. wg

STATIC PRESSURE OF UNIT

Ps2 = Ps5
= 1.25 in. wg

Ps = Ps2 + SEF 1
= 1.25 + 0.41
= 1.66 in. wg

CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

Qc = 16128 (1720/1710)
= 16222 cfm

Psc = 1.66 (1720/1710)2 (0.075/0.0735)

= 1.71 in. wg

Hc = 7.16 (1720/1710)3 (0.075/0.0735)

= 7.44 hp

230 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 4E: CENTRAL STATION AIR CONDITIONING UNIT, FACTORY ASSEMBLED BLOW-
THROUGH TYPE
2
1
5 STATIC PRESSURE TAPS
PLAN VIEW
RETURN
AIR SPRAY
SECTION
+ +
OUTSIDE +
AIR +
+ +
FILTER SECTION FAN SECTION
SIDE VIEW
COMMENTS
1. This is a factory assembled, blow-through central
station unit. The subject of the test is the fan section,
which is rated by the manufacturer as an assembly of
the fan and the cabinet in which the fan has been
installed. As a blow-through unit, the performance
ratings for the fan section are based on operation
without the fan outlet ducted. Before proceeding with
the test, it is essential that all dampers (outside air,
return air, mixing box, multizone, face and bypass, or
volume control) be fixed in the positions agreed upon
by all interested parties as being applicable for the
installation. Also, the temperatures of heating and
cooling coils must be kept constant throughout the
test period. It may be necessary to lock out,
disconnect, or otherwise modify automatic control
devices in order to prevent the positions of the
dampers and temperatures of the coils from changing
during the test. In instances in which a cooling coil is
located between a velocity pressure traverse plane
and the fan, as in this example, the flow of the cooling
medium should be stopped or its temperature raised
to a level sufficient to prevent condensation on the
cooling coil, otherwise the moisture condensed will
not be properly taken into account in the
determination of fan air flow rate. Refer to Section
17.5.2 for additional considerations affecting the test
procedure in this type of installation.
2. Normally, velocity pressure measurements would
3b 3a
HEATING COIL
+
+
COOLING COIL
be made in a single plane, located in a duct common
to all branches. In this example, a measurement
plane which provides a satisfactory velocity profile
cannot be located upstream of the fan or between the
point of connection of the branch ducts and the fan
outlet. The alternative, as indicated in the diagram, is
to make a velocity pressure measurement traverse in
each branch. The velocity pressure for each branch
is determined by using the root mean square of the
velocity pressure measurements made in the
traverse. The static pressure at each traverse plane
is determined by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse. These
static pressure values are used in determining the
densities at the traverse plane. Procedures for
traverses are described in Section 9.4. In order to
determine the air flow rates it is necessary to
measure the area of each traverse plane.
3. Determine Ps1 by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in a traverse of Plane 1. Ps5
may be determined in a similar manner or by
averaging the pressure measurements at each of
four static pressure taps. If it is possible to install
suitable pressure taps, their use is preferred in the
regions of the fan outlet. Due to the abrupt expansion
in area from Plane 2 to Plane 5, it is assumed that
there is no conversion of velocity pressure at Plane 2
to static pressure at Plane 5. Therefore, it is assumed
Field Performance Measurement | 231
that Ps2 = Ps5. Measure the area of Plane 1 for use in tw3a = 71.5°F
calculating Pv1. td3b = 60°F
tw3b = 58°F
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures Ps1 = -2.43 in. wg
at Planes 1, 3a, and 3b. Determine pb for the general Ps5 = 6.55 in. wg
vicinity of the air conditioning unit. These Ps3a = 5.35 in. wg
measurements are used to determine densities at the Ps3b = 5.1 in. wg
planes of interest. The measurements of additional Pv3a = 0.53 in. wg
wet-bulb temperatures were made in this example in
Pv3b = 0.60 in. wg
order to provide data which may be used to
N = 1695 rpm
determine whether the moisture content of the air
changed between Plane 1 and Planes 3a and 3b. A1 = 68.9 ft2
A3a = 5.37 ft2
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps, volts, A3b = 6.78 ft2
and if possible, watts. Record all pertinent motor
nameplate data, including volts (NPV), and full load MEASURED MOTOR DATA
amps (FLA). If the motor power output is to be
estimated by using the phase current method Volts = 570, 575, 565
described in Annex K, it is not necessary to measure = 570 av
motor watts; however, it may be necessary to Amps = 81.5, 82.5, 81
disconnect the drive and measure the no load amps = 81.7
(NLA) if the motor is not operating at or near its full NLA = 19
load point. Refer to Annex K.
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
6. Since the performance ratings for the fan section
are based on operation without the fan outlet ducted, 100 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
an SEF does not apply for the unducted position. 575 volts, 1790 rpm, 95 FLA

7. To calculate the Fan Section Static Pressure: GENERAL

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 Fan connected to motor through belt drive.

Where: CALCULATIONS

Ps2 = Ps5 DENSITIES

Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2 ρ1
Q1 = Q3a (ρ3a/ρ1) + Q3b (ρ3b/ρ1) For Plane 1 conditions of:

The calculation of Pv1 is often ignored in instances td1 = 65°F

similar to this example on the basis that the tw1 = 60°F
calculated value of Pv1 is relatively small, and its
omission does not affect the test results significantly. p1 = pb + (Ps1/13.6)
= 28.85 + (-2.43/13.6)
8. In order to compare the test results to the quoted = 28.67 in. Hg
fan section curve drawn for operation at 1650 rpm
and 0.075 lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ1 = 0.0720
the results to the specified conditions. The basis for lbm/ft3.
the calculations is described in Section 14.
For Plane 3a conditions of:
OBSERVATIONS
td3a = 100°F
SITE MEASUREMENTS tw3a = 71.5°F

pb = 28.85 in. Hg p3a = pb + (Ps3a/13.6)

td1 = 65°F = 28.85 + (5.35/13.6)
tw1 = 60°F = 29.24 in. Hg
td3a = 100°F

232 | Field Performance Measurement

Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ1 = 0.0720 Hmo = (85.3 + 81.8)/2
lbm/ft3. = 83.6 hp

For Plane 3b conditions of: Reference to Figure L.1 in Annex L indicates

estimated belt drive loss of 4.2%.
td3b = 60°F
tw3b = 58°F HL = 0.042 Hmo
= 0.042 × 83.6
p3b = pb + (Ps3b/13.6) = 3.5 hp
= 28.85 + (5.1/13.6)
= 29.23 in. Hg H = Hmo - HL
= 83.6 - 3.5
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3b = 0.0741 = 80.1 hp
lbm/ft3.
FAN SECTION STATIC PRESSURE
FLOW RATES
Pv1 = (Q1/1096 A1)2 ρ1
V3a = 1096 (Pv3a/ρ3a)0.5 = (37405/1096 × 68.9)2 0.0720
= 1096 (0.53/0.0691)0.5 = 0.02 in. wg
= 3035 fpm
It is assumed that Ps2 = Ps5
V3b = 1096 (Pv3b/ρ3b)0.5
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1
= 1096 (0.60/0.0741)0.5
= 6.55 - (-2.43) - 0.02
= 3119 fpm
= 8.96 in. wg
Q3a = V3aA3a
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
= 3035 × 5.37
= 16298 fpm Qc = 37405 (1650/1695)
= 36412 cfm
Q3b = V3bA3b
= 3119 × 6.78
Psc = 8.96 (1650/1695)2 (0.075/0.0720)
= 21147 cfm
= 8.84 in. wg
Q = Q1
= Q3a (ρ3a/ρ1) + Q3b (ρ3b/ρ1) Hc = 80.1 (1650/1695)3 90.075/0.0720)
= 16298 (0.0691/0.0720) + 21147 (0.0741/0.0720) = 77.0 hp
= 37405 cfm

FAN POWER INPUT

Measured amps/FLA = (81.7/95)

= 0.86
= 86%

Annex K indicates that the average of the results of

Equation A and Equation B will provide a reasonably
accurate estimate of motor power output for a 100 hp
motor operating at 86% of FLA.

Eqn. A = 100 (81.7/95) (570/575)

= 85.3 hp

Eqn. B = 100 [(81.7 - 19)/(95 - 19)] (570/575)

= 81.8 hp

Field Performance Measurement | 233

EXAMPLE 5A: FREE INLET, FREE OUTLET ROOF VENTILATOR
TEMPORARY DUCT
WITH SQUARE
CROSS-SECTION,
De = EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER OF DUCT
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the roof
ventilator assembly. Before proceeding with the test,
refer to Section 17.4 for considerations affecting the
test procedure in this type of installation.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located in the duct which has
been installed on the inlet side of the ventilator.
Determine Ps3 by averaging the static pressure
measurements made in the same traverse.
Procedures for traverses are described in Section
9.4. Measure the area of the traverse plane, A3,
which is located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube. The
duct, temporarily installed for purposes of the test, is
square in cross-section. Its cross-sectional dimensions
were selected as the maximum permissible for its
installation into the opening in the ventilator mounting
curb. The length of the duct is twice its equivalent
diameter and the entrance to the duct is flared in oder
to reduce inlet losses. The installation of a duct of this
size and cross-sectional configuration is judged as
creating no significant effect on the performance of
the ventilator in this example.
3. Ps2, the static pressure at the outlet of the
ventilator, is zero gauge pressure, referred to the
atmospheric pressure in the region of the ventilator
outlet. In situations such as this example, the air may
234 | Field Performance Measurement
2 De
1.5 De
be discharging from the ventilator into a region in
which the atmospheric pressure is somewhat
different from that to which all other pressure
measurements are referred. When this possibility
exists, it is essential that the static pressure in the
region of the discharging air be measured, referred to
the same atmospheric pressure as used in all other
pressure measurements. In this example, Ps2 was
measured, referred to the same atmospheric pressure
as in the static pressure measurements made at
Plane 3.
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at the velocity traverse plane. Determine pb for the
general vicinity of the ventilator. These measurements
are used to determine densities at the planes of interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps and
volts. Record all pertinent motor nameplate data. For
the horsepower rating of the motor in this example, it
is recommended that the fan power input be
determined by using the measured watts input to the
motor and motor performance data, obtained from
the motor manufacturer.
6. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure:
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1
= Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1)
Where: FLOW RATE

Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps3 + Pv3 V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5

= 1096 (0.077/0.0727)0.5
7. In order to compare the test results to the quoted = 1128 fpm
fan curve drawn for operation at 1180 rpm and 0.075
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results Q = Q1 = Q3
to the specified conditions. The basis for the = V3A3
calculations is described in Section 14. = 1128 × 5.58
= 6294 cfm
OBSERVATIONS
FAN POWER INPUT
SITE MEASUREMENTS
At the measured power input value of 755 watts, the
pb = 29.37 in. Hg data supplied by the motor manufacturer indicate
td3 = 73.5°F efficiency of 61% for the motor.
tw3 = 58.1°F
Ps2 = 0.037 in. wg Hmo = (755 × 0.61)/746
Ps3 = -0.085 in. wg = 0.62 hp
Pv3 = 0.077 in. wg
N = 1177 rpm Since the fan is direct connected to the motor, there
A3 = 5.58 ft2 is no drive loss, and:

MEASURED MOTOR DATA H = Hmo

= 0.62 hp
Volts = 235, 230, 230
= 232 av FAN STATIC PRESSURE
Watts = 755
Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps3 + Pv3
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA = -0.085 + 0.077
= -0.008 in. wg
1 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz Ps = Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1)
230 volts, 1175 rpm, 3.6 FLA = 0.037 - (-0.008)
= 0.045 in. wg
General
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
Fan direct connected to motor. Motor efficiency data
supplied by motor manufacturer. Qc = 6294 (1180/1177)
= 6310 cfm
CALCULATIONS
Psc = 0.045 (1180/1177)2 (0.075/0.0727)
DENSITIES = 0.047 in. wg

For Plane 3 conditions of: Hc = 0.62 (1180/1177)3 (0.075/0.0727)

= 0.64 hp
td3 = 73.5°F
tw3 = 58.1°F

p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
= 29.37 + (-0.085/13.6)
= 29.36 in. Hg

Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0727

lbm/ft3.

It is assumed that ρ1 = ρ3.

Field Performance Measurement | 235

EXAMPLE 5B: FREE INLET, FREE OUTLET PROPELLER FAN
2 De
3
1.5 De
TEMPORARY DUCT
WITH SQUARE
CROSS-SECTION,
De = EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER OF DUCT
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the
propeller fan assembly. Before proceeding with the
test, refer to Section 17.4 for considerations affecting
the test procedure in this type of installation.
2. Determine Pv3 by using the root mean square of
the velocity pressure measurements made in a
traverse of Plane 3, located in the duct which has
been installed on the inlet side of the fan. Determine
Ps3 by averaging the static pressure measurements
made in the same traverse. Procedures for traverses
are described in Section 9.4. Measure the area of the
traverse plane, A3, which is located at the tip of the
Pitot-static tube. The duct, temporarily installed for
purposes of the test, is square in cross-section, with
side dimension of 1.5 D2. The shape and area of the
duct cross-section were selected on the basis of
minimizing the effect of the duct on the performance
of the fan while providing velocity pressure readings
of measurable magnitudes. The length of the duct is
twice its equivalent diameter, and the entrance to the
duct is flared in order to reduce inlet losses. The
installation of the duct is judged as creating no
significant effect on the performance of the fan in this
example.
3. Ps2, the static pressure at the outlet of the fan, is
zero gauge pressure, referred to the atmospheric
pressure in the region of the fan outlet. In situations
236 | Field Performance Measurement
2
D2
such as this example, the air may be discharging
from the fan into a region in which the atmospheric
pressure is somewhat different from that to which all
other pressure measurements are referred. When
this possibility exists, it is essential that the static
pressure in the region of the discharging air be
measured, referred to the same atmospheric
pressure as used in all other pressure
measurements. In this example, Ps2 was measured,
referred to the same atmospheric pressure as in the
static pressure measurements made at Plane 3.
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
at the velocity traverse plane. Determine pb for the
general vicinity of the fan. These measurements are
used to determine densities at the planes of interest.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps and
volts. Record all pertinent motor nameplate data. For
the horsepower rating of the motor in this example, it
is recommended that the fan power input be
determined by using the measured watts input to the
motor and motor performance data obtained from the
motor manufacturer.
6. To calculate the Fan Static Pressure:
Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1
= Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1)
Where: FLOW RATES

Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps3 + Pv3 V3 = 1096 (Pv3/ρ3)0.5

= 1096 (0.025/0.0715)0.5
7. In order to compare the test results to the quoted = 648 fpm
fan curve drawn for operation at 1725 rpm and 0.075
lbm/ft3 density, it is necessary to convert the results Q = Q1 = Q3
to the specified conditions. The basis for the = V3A3
calculations is described in Section 14. = 648 × 5.06
= 3279 cfm
OBSERVATIONS
FAN POWER INPUT
SITE MEASUREMENTS
At the measured power input value of 637 watts, the
pb = 29.65 in. Hg data supplied by the motor manufacturer indicate
td3 = 85°F efficiency of 65% for the motor.
tw3 = 74°F
Ps2 = 0 in. wg Hmo = (637 × 0.65)/746
Ps3 = -0.027 in. wg = 0.56 hp
Pv3 = 0.025 in. wg
N = 1775 rpm Since the fan is direct connected to the motor, there
A3 = 5.06 ft2 is no drive loss, and:

MEASURED MOTOR DATA H = Hmo

= 0.56 hp
Volts = 230, 225, 230
= 228 av FAN STATIC PRESSURE
Watts = 637
Ps1 + Pv1 = Ps3 + Pv3
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA = -0.027 + 0.025
= -0.002 in. wg
3/4 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz
230 volts, 1760 rpm, 4.8 FLA Ps = Ps2 - (Ps1 + Pv1)
= 0 - (-0.002)
GENERAL = 0.002 in. wg

Fan direct connected to motor. Motor efficiency data This small value is attributed to the loss at the duct
supplied by motor manufacturer. inlet, and the fan is considered to be operating at free
delivery (Ps = 0).
CALCULATIONS
CONVERSION TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
DENSITIES
Qc = 3279 (1725/1775)
For Plane 3 conditions of: = 3187 cfm

td3 = 85°F Psc = 0 in. wg

tw3 = 74°F
Hc = 0.56 (1725/1775)3 (0.075/0.0715)
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6) = 0.54 hp
= 29.65 + (-0.027/13.6)
= 29.65 in. Hg

Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0715

lbm/ft3.

It is assumed that ρ1 = ρ3

Field Performance Measurement | 237

EXAMPLE 5C: FREE INLET, FREE OUTLET ROOF VENTILATOR
COMMENTS
1. The subject of the test in this example is the roof
ventilator assembly. Before proceeding with the test,
refer to Section 17.1 for considerations affecting the
test procedure in this type of installation.
2. Ps3, the static pressure in the vicinity of the
ventilator inlet, would normally be determined by
averaging the static pressure measurements made in
a Pitot tube traverse. But in this example, a
temporary duct was not installed and the Pitot tube
traverse could not be accomplished. In this method
for testing a nonducted fan, consider the fan static
pressure (Ps) as the differential pressure, as read on
a manometer, between the pressure measured inside
the room (Ps3) and the pressure measured outside
the room in the vicinity of the ventilator outlet (Ps2).
These pressures are measured at a sufficient
distance from the ventilator so as to be unaffected by
the velocity of the entering or leaving air.
3. Ps2 is considered to be zero gauge pressure, but
since this measurement is actually part of the
differential pressure described in paragraph 2, it is
necessary to make only one density correction; the
correction is to the differential pressure, which is the
fan static pressure.
238 | Field Performance Measurement
4. Measure the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
in the region of the inside pressure measurement.
Also, determine pb in the same vicinity.
5. Measure the fan speed and the motor amps and
volts. Record all pertinent motor nameplate data. For
the horsepower rating of the motor in this example, it
is recommended that the fan power input be
determined by using the measured watts input to the
motor and motor performance data obtained from the
motor manufacturer.
6. Airflow rates are determined from the fan
manufacturer’s certified performance ratings. Draw a
fan performance curve from these ratings converted
to operation at the test values of fan speed and
entering air density. The basis for these calculations
is described in Section 14. The fan airflow rate is then
determined by entering this curve at the test values of
fan static pressure and fan power input.
OBSERVATIONS
SITE MEASUREMENTS
pb = 29.19 in. Hg
td3 = 79°F
tw3 = 63°F
Ps2 - Ps3 = 0.13 in. wg
N = 1735 rpm
MEASURED MOTOR DATA FAN STATIC PRESSURE

Volts = 229, 229, 232 The fan static pressure is considered to be the
= 230 av differential static pressure.
Watts = 1390
Ps = Ps2 - Ps3
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA = 0.13 in. wg

1.5 hp, 3 phase, 60 hertz It is assumed that Ps1 = Ps3

230 volts, 1740 rpm, 4.8 FLA
CONVERSION OF MANUFACTURER’S FAN
GENERAL RATINGS TO OPERATING CONDITIONS

Fan direct connected to motor. Motor efficiency data Rating Point #1

supplied by motor manufacturer.
Q1c = 8900 (1735/1750)
Fan performance, at standard air density, as supplied = 8824 cfm
by fan manufacturer for 1750 rpm.
Ps1c = 0
Point CFM Ps HP
H1c = 1.45 (1735/1750)3 (0.0715/0.0750)
1) 8900 0 1.45
= 1.35 hp
2) 8520 1/8 1.50
3) 8060 1/4 1.55
Rating Point #2

CALCULATIONS Q2c = 8520 (1735/1750)

= 8447 cfm
DENSITIES
Ps2c = 0.125 (1735/1750)2 (0.0715/0.0750)
For Plane 3 conditions of:
= 0.117 in. wg
td3 = 79°F
H2c = 1.50 (1735/1750)3 (0.0715/0.0750)
tw3 = 63°F
= 1.39 hp
pb3 = pb + (Ps2 - Ps1)/13.6
Rating Point #3
= 29.19 + (0.13/13.6)
= 29.2 in. Hg Q3c = 8060 (1735/1750)
= 7991 cfm
Use Figure N.1 in Annex N to obtain ρ3 = 0.0715
lbm/ft3. Ps3c = 0.25 (1735/1750)2 (0.0715/0.0750)
= 0.234 in. wg
It is assumed that ρ1 = ρ3.
H3c = 1.55 (1735/1750)3 (0.0715/0.0750)
FAN POWER INPUT
= 1.44 hp
At the measured power input value of 1395 watts, the
Draw a performance curve for these operating
data supplied by the motor manufacturer indicate
conditions. Enter the measured values for static
efficiency of 77% for the motor.
pressure and horsepower on the appropriate curves.
Ideally, these two points will coincide at the same
Hmo = (1390 × 0.77)/746
cfm. However, usually they will not coincide and
= 1.43 hp
should be averaged to determine the fan airflow rate.
Since the fan is direct connected to the motor, there
If this difference is small, such as in this example, it
is no drive loss, and:
is only a reflection of test inaccuracies. If, however,
these differences exceed 10%, the system should be
H = Hmo
reanalyzed for SEFs that may have been overlooked,
= 1.43 hp or for procedural errors in the initial testing.

Field Performance Measurement | 239

Qa = 8070 cfm (based upon horsepower)
Qb = 8400 cfm (based upon static pressure)

Use:

Q = 8235 cfm (average of above).

.40 1.50
x
x BHP

BHP (H)
x

.30 1.25

.20 1.00
STATIC PRESSURE IN. WG (Ps)

x
.10
SP

0 x
7000 8000 9000

CFM(Q)

Fan Performance at 0.0715 Air Density

240 | Field Performance Measurement

Annex B. Pitot Static Tubes

16D 8D

0.8D 0.5D Radius

0.4D
3D Radius D

Head shall be free from nicks and burrs.

90° ± 0.1°
All dimensions shall be within ±2%.

SECTION A-A 8 holes - 0.13D, not to exceed 0.04 in.,

diameter equally spaced and free from burrs.
Hole depth shall not be less than the hole
diameter.

Static Pressure
Note: Surface finish shall be 32 micro in. or better. The static
orifices may not exceed 0.04 in. diameter. The minimum Pitot
tube stem diameter recognized under this standard shall be
0.10 in. In no case shall the stem diameter exceed 1/30 of the
Total Pressure test duct diameter.

PITOT-STATIC TUBE WITH SPHERICAL HEAD

All other dimensions are the same

X/D V/D X/D V/D
as for spherical head pitot-static
tubes.
0.000 0.500 1.602 0.314
8D 0.237 0.496 1.657 0.295
0.336 0.494 1.698 0.279
0.474 0.487 1.730 0.266
0.622 0.477 1.762 0.250

D 0.741 0.468 1.796 0.231

X
0.936 0.449 1.830 0.211
1.025 0.436 1.858 0.192
1.134 0.420 1.875 0.176
1.228 0.404 1.888 0.163
0.2D Diameter

V 1.313 0.388 1.900 0.147

1.390 0.371 1.910 0.131
1.442 0.357 1.918 0.118
1.506 0.343 1.920 0.109
1.538 0.333 1.921 0.100
1.570 0.323

ALTERNATE PITOT-STATIC TUBE WITH ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD

Figure B.1
Field Performance Measurement | 241
Annex C. Double Reverse Tubes

AIR FLOW
TUBE ENDS MUST BE SMOOTH
AND FREE FROM BURRS

IMPACT TUBE REVERSE TUBE

SECTION VIEW
STAINLESS STEEL
TUBING PREFERRED
APPROX. 0.375 in. OD

FLEXIBLE TUBING
TOTAL PRESSURE = READING A
CORRECTED FOR MANOMETER
CALIBRATION

READING A ING B
READ

VELOCITY PRESSURE = READING B CORRECTED FOR

MANOMETER CALIBRATION AND
CALIBRATION FACTOR FOR THE
DOUBLE REVERSE TUBE.

Notes:

1. For use in dirty or wet gas streams.

2. The double reverse tube must be calibrated and used in the same orientation as used in its calibration
3. Also referred to as impact reverse tube, combined reverse tube, and type S tube.

Figure C.1 - Double Reverse Tube

242 | Field Performance Measurement

Annex D. Pitot-Static Tube Holder

0.312 in. DIA. PITOT-STATIC TUBE

SPLIT BRASS BUSHING
THERMOCOUPLE PRESS TO FIT INTO TUBING

DUCT WALL

1½ in. PIPE
HALF-COUPLING
WELDED TO DUCT

BRASS 1½ in. PIPE

BUSHINGS NIPPLE
12 in. LONG

STAINLESS STEEL TUBING

1 in. OUTSIDE DIA. × 8 ft. LONG
SLIP FIT IN BRASS BUSHINGS

Notes:

¼ in. OUTSIDE DIA. 1. Apparatus for mounting Pitot-static tube on duct

STAINLESS STEEL TUBING 2. For use in large ducts or high velocity gas streams
FOR GAS SAMPLING 3. 1 in. diameter tube slides inside 1.5 in. pipe, which
can be unscrewed and moved to another traverse
location
4. The gas sampling tube and thermocouple may be
omitted if these data are obtained in other manners

SPLIT BRASS CUT-OFF AND REBRAZE

BUSHING AFTER ASSEMBLY

Figure D.1 - Pitot-Static Tube Holder (Typical)

Field Performance Measurement | 243

Annex E. Static Pressure Tap

MAXIMUM 0.125 in. DIAMETER

FOR USE IN RELATIVELY
CLEAN GASES. MAY BE
NECESSARY TO INCREASE
DUCT WALL TO 0.312 in. DIAMETER
FOR DIRTY OR WET GASES

½ in. PIPE HALF-COUPLING

OR SIMILAR ARRANGEMENT

INSIDE SURFACE OF DUCT AND

EDGE OF HOLE ARE TO BE
SMOOTH AND FREE FROM BURRS

Figure E.1 - Static Pressure Tap

MINIMUM OF FOUR TAPS,

LOCATED 90° APART AND
NEAR THE CENTER OF
EACH WALL

STATIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

REQUIRED AT EACH TAP. USE
THE AVERAGE OF THE MEASUREMENTS
AS THE STATIC PRESSURE FOR THE PLANE

Figure E.2 - Locations of Static Pressure Taps

244 | Field Performance Measurement

Annex F. Pitot-Static Tube Connections

PLANE 2 PLANE 1 PLANE 4 PLANE 3

*SEF 1

Ps4 Ps3
FAN STATIC PRESSURE
Ps = - Ps1 - Pv1 + SEF 1
where Ps1 = Ps4 P v3
Pv1 = Pv3
Figure F.1 - Fan with Inlet Duct Only *SEF 1 is due to
Ps2 = 0
no duct at fan outlet
PLANE 3 PLANE 5 PLANE 2 PLANE 1

FAN STATIC PRESSURE

Ps3 Ps5 Ps = Ps2
where Ps2 = Ps5
P v3 Pt1 = 0

Figure F.2 - Fan with Outlet Duct Only

ALTERNATE
PLANE 3 PLANE 5 PLANE 2 PLANE 1 PLANE 4 PLANE 3

FAN STATIC PRESSURE

Ps = Ps2 - Ps1 - Pv1 Ps3
Ps5 Ps4
where Ps2 = Ps5
Ps1 = Ps4
Pv1 = Pv3 P v3

Figure F.3 - Fan with Inlet Duct and Outlet Duct

Field Performance Measurement | 245

Annex G. Manometer Data

10 in. wg
1:1
SLOPE
RATIO

2 in. wg
5:1 SLOPE RATIO

0.5 in. wg 1 in. wg

20:1 SLOPE RATIO 10:1 SLOPE RATIO

Figure G.1 - Manometer Data

246 | Field Performance Measurement

 PERCENT UNCERTAINTY IN VELOCITY DETERMINATION
USING PITOT-STATIC TUBE AND MANOMETER DUE TO MANOMETER SLOPE

Based on an uncertainty equivalent to an indicating column length of 0.05 in. wg in a vertical manometer (1:1 slope
ratio)

VELOCITY PRESSURE READING, in. wg

.01 .02 .04 .06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 2 3 4 6 8 10
10.0

8.0

6.0
5.0

4.0
% UNCERTAINTY IN VELOCITY DETERMINATION

3.0

2.0

1.0

MA OPE
SL
NO RA
0.8

ME TIO
TE
0.6 1:1

R
0.5
2:1

0.4
5:1
10
20

:1
:1

0.3

0.2

0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 15

STANDARD AIR VELOCITY, fpm (×1000)

Figure G.2 - Uncertainty in Velocity Determination

Field Performance Measurement | 247

Annex H. Distribution of Traverse Points

In order to obtain a representative average velocity in a duct, it is necessary to locate each traverse point
accurately. It is recommended that the number of traverse points increase with increasing duct size. The
distributions of traverse points for circular ducts, as indicated below, are based on log-linear Pitot traverse method.

60º X1 X2

X3

X4

D Xn

Xa = D × Ka

Where:
D is the inside diameter of the duct
Ka is the factor corresponding to the duct size and the traverse point location as indicated in the table below

NUMBER OF
INSIDE TRAVERSE
DIAMETER POINTS IN K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 K10 K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16
OF DUCT EACH OF 3
DIAMETERS
LESS THAN
8 .021 .117 .184 .345 .655 .816 .883 .979
8 ft.
8 ft.
THROUGH 12 .014 .075 .114 .183 .241 .374 .626 .759 .817 .886 .925 .986
12 ft.
GREATER
16 .010 .055 .082 .128 .166 .225 .276 .391 .609 .724 .775 .834 .872 .918 .945 .990
THAN 12 ft.

Figure H.1 - Distribution of Traverse Points for Circular Ducts

248 | Field Performance Measurement

The recommended minimum number of traverse points for rectangular ducts is indicated below in Figure H.3. For
rectangular ducts with cross-sectional areas of 24 square feet and less, the recommended minimum number is 24.
For cross-sectional areas greater than 24 square feet, the minimum number of points increases as indicated in
Figure H.3. The points are to be located in the centers of equal areas with the areas as nearly square as practical
(see Figure H.2). If the flow conditions at the traverse plane are less than satisfactory, the accuracy of the
determination of flow rate may be improved by using more than the recommended minimum number of points.
Fewer points may be used if the flow is very uniform; however, the maximum area covered per point should not
exceed 3 square feet.

Y Y
X
2 2

Figure H.2 - Distribution of Traverse Points for Rectangular Duct

100
90
80
70
NUMBER OF TRAVERSE POINTS

60
50

40

30
25

20

15

10
10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 150 200 250 300

DUCT CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA, ft2

Figure H.3 - Recommended Minimum Number

of Traverse Points for Rectangular Ducts

Field Performance Measurement | 249

Annex J. Instrumentation Characteristics

Table J.1 - Temperature Measurement

Approximate Precision
Range
No. Measurement Means Application F F Limitations
1. Glass-stem thermometers
Mercury-glass thermometer Temp of gases and liquids by contact -38/575 Less than In gases, accuracy af-
0.1 to 10 fected by radiation
Alcohol-glass thermometer ” -100/100 ” ”
Pentane-glass thermometers ” -200/70 ” ”
Jena or quartz mercury nitrogen
thermometers ” -38/1000 ” ”
2. Gas thermometer Primary standard -459/1000 Less than Requires consid-
0.01 erable skill to use
3. Resistance thermometers
Platinum-resistance thermometer Precision; remote readings; temp of -320/1800 Less than High cost; accuracy
fluids or solids by contact 0.02 to 5 affected by radiation
in gases
Nickel-resistance thermometer Remote readings; temp by contact -150/300 0.3 Accuracy affected by
radiation in gases
Thermistors ” Up to 600 0.1
4. Thermocouples
Pt-Pt-Rh thermocouple Standard for thermocouples 500/3000 0.1 to 5 High cost; also, re-
quires expensive
measuring device
Chromel-alumel thermocouple General testing of high temp; remote Up to 2200 0.1 to 15 Less accurate than
rapid readings by direct contact above
Iron-constantain thermocouple ” Up to 1500 0.1 to 15 Subject to oxidation
Copper-constantan thermocouple Same as above, especially suited for Up to 700 0.1 to 15
Chromel-constantan thermocouple low temp
5. Beckman thermometers For differential temp in same applica- 9 diff 0.018 Must be set for temp
(metastatic) tions as in glass stem thermometer to be measured
6. Bimetallic thermometers For approx temp 0/1000 1, usually Time lag; unsuitable
much more for remote use; un-
reliable
7. Pressure-bulb thermometers
Gas-filled bulb Remote-testing -100/1000 2 Caution must be ex-
ercised so that in-
stallation is correct
Vapor-filled bulb ” 20/500 2 ”
Liquid-filled bulb ” -50/2100 2 ”
8. Optical pyrometers For intensity of narrow spectra band 1500 upward 15
of high temp radiation (remote)
9. Radiation pyrometers For intensity of total high temp radi- Any range
ation (remote)
10. Seger cones (fusion pyrometers) Approx temp (within temp source) 1000/3600 50
11. Indicating crayons Approx temp (in surface) 125/900 ±1%
12. Melting and boiling points of Standards All except ex- Extremely For laboratory use
materials tremely high precise only
temp

Reprinted by permission from ASHRAE Handbook - 1989 Fundamentals

250 | Field Performance Measurement

 Table J.2 - Differential Pressure Measurement

No. Measurement Means Application Range Precision Limitations

1. Micromanometer Very low press. diff. 0 to 6 in. H20 0.005 to Not readily portable; not easy to
0.001 in. H20 use with pulsating pressure
2. Draft gauges Moderately low press. diff. 0 to 10 in. H20 0.005 to Must be leveled carefully
0.05 in. H20
3. Manometer Medium press diff. 0 to 100 in. H20 0.05 in. Where used with liquid must be
or Hg compensated for liquid density
4. Swinging-vane-type gauge Moderately low press. diff. 0 to 0.5 in. H20 5% Generally usable to atmospheric
0 to 20 in. H20 pressure only
5. Bourdon-tube type Medium to high press. diff., Any 0.05 to 5% Subject to damage due to over
usually to atmosphere press-shock or pulsation
6. Pressure transducers- Remote reading, responds 0.05 to 50,000 0.1 to 0.5% Requires electronic amplifier and
strain gauge, capacity, po- to rapid changes of pressure psi readout device
tentiometer, crystal, magnet

Table J.3 - Velocity Measurement

No. Measurement Means Application Range Precision Limitations

1. Smoke puff or airborne
solid tracer
2. Deflecting-vane
anemometer
3. Revolving-vane
anemometer
4. Pitot tube
5. Impact tube and side-
wall or other static tap
6. Heated thermocouple
anemometer
7. Hot-wire anemometer
Low air velocities in rooms;
highly directional
Air velocities in rooms, at
outlets, etc; directional
Moderate air velocities in
ducts and rooms; some-
what directional
Std instrument for mea-
surement of duct velocities
High velocities, small
tubes and where air direc-
tion may be variable
Air velocities in ducts,
velocity distributions
(a) Low air velocities; di-
rectional and nondirec-
tional available
(b) High air velocities
(c) Transient velocity and
turbulence
5 to 50 10 to 20% Awkward to use but valuable in
tracing air movement
30 to 24,000 5% Not well suited for duct readings;
needs periodic check calibration
100 to 3000 5 to 20% Extremely subject to error with
variations in velocities with space
or time; easily damaged; needs
periodic calibration
180 to 10,000 1 to 5% Accuracy falls off at low end of
with micromanometer range
600 to 10,000 with
draft gauges; 10,000
up with manometer
120 to 10,000 1 to 5% Accuracy depends upon constancy
with micromanometer; of static pressure across stream
600 to 10,000 with section
draft gauges; 10,000 up
with manometer
10 to 2000 3 to 20% Accuracy of some types not good
at lower end of range; steady
state measurements only
1 to 1000 1 to 20% Requires accurate calibration at
frequent intervals; complex,
costly
up to 60,000 1 to 20%

Reprinted by permission from ASHRAE Handbook - 1989 Fundamentals

Field Performance Measurement | 251

Annex K. Phase Current Method for Use Equation A to estimate the Hmo for motors of 5
Estimating the Power Output of Three horsepower and greater, operating at 90% or more of
FLA. The uncertainties will be less than 5%.
Phase Fan Motors
Use the average of Equation A and Equation B to
The power output of three phase motors can be
estimate the Hmo for all motors operating at less than
estimated based on the relationship of motor current
and motor power output. Two equations can be used 90% of FLA and for 3 horsepower and smaller motors
in estimating the motor power output. The equations operating above 90% of FLA. An estimated Hmo less
are as follows: than 50% of NPH can contain 15% uncertainties or
greater.
Equation A:
Figure K.1 represents the relationship of motor
current and motor power output. The “dashed” lines
⎛ Measured amps ⎞ ⎛ Measured volts ⎞ between 0% NPH and 100% NPH for motor sizes
Hmo = NPH ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ FLA ⎠⎝ NPV ⎠ shown represents Equation B. The solid lines
between these same end points for the motor sizes
Where: shown represent the general shape of typical motor
calibration amp/load curves. The solid line from
Hmo = motor power output 100% NPH and 100% FLA to 0% NPH and 0% FLA
NPH = nameplate horsepower represents Equation A. These curves indicate that if
FLA = full load amps you average the results of Equation A and Equation
NPV = nameplate volts B for a specific measured amp draw, that your results
measured volts = average of the measured phase approach the typical calibration curve. It also points
volts out that the uncertainties are low if just Equation A is
measured amps = average of the measured phase used above 90% FLA, especially in the larger integral
amps motor horsepowers.

Equation B: Many fractional horsepower and small integral

horsepower motors do not have a significant change
in current from no load to full load. The actual amps-
⎛ Measured amps - NLA ⎞ ⎛ Measured volts ⎞
Hmo = NPH ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ load characteristics for motors of the same
⎝ FLA - NLA ⎠⎝ NPV ⎠ horsepower rating can vary greatly from motor
manufacturer to motor manufacturer. No load
Where: amperage (NLA) varies significantly for the same size
motor between manufacturers. In addition, various
NLA = average of the measured phase values of no motor design requirements result in different amp-
load amps load characteristics even though the horsepower
NPH = nameplate horsepower ratings of the motors are the same. These are some
FLA = full load amps of the reasons that Figure K.1 cannot be used to
NPV = nameplate volts determine the motor output directly. The chart is only
intended to indicate the accuracy and suitability of
NLA can usually be obtained with the motor operating using the above equations for estimating motor
and the motor shaft coupling or belt drive power output.
disconnected. In the case where the fan impeller is
mounted directly on the motor shaft, it will be
necessary to remove the impeller in order to obtain
NLA measurements.

252 | Field Performance Measurement

 GENERALIZED CURVES ILLUSTRATING THE RELATIONSHIP OF
HORSEPOWER TO AMPS FOR THREE PHASE MOTORS

Do not use for determining actual motor horsepower

DOTTED LINES PER EQUATION B: Hmo ∝ MEASURED AMPS - NLA/FLA - NLA

100

90
RATED
HORSEPOWER
1
80 2

70
3

60

5
50

10

40

400
30

2500
20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% NAMEPLATE HORSEPOWER

PER EQUATION A: Hmo ∝ MEASURED AMPS

FLA

CAUTION: THIS CHART IS REPRESENTATIVE ONLY! SINCE THE AMP-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SAME SIZE MOTOR WILL VARY BETWEEN THE VARIOUS MOTOR MANUFACTURERS, IT CANNOT BE USED
TO DETERMINE THE HORSEPOWER OUTPUT OF A MOTOR. USE THE EQUATIONS AS DIRECTED ON THE
PREVIOUS PAGE.

Field Performance Measurement | 253

Annex L. Estimated Belt Drive Loss

Drive loss is defined as follows:

Percent drive loss equals power to driving sheave

minus power from driven sheaves times 100, divided
by power to driving sheave.

There are several things which can affect belt drive

efficiencies. Some of these are:

1) Over-designed drives. This was considered good

practice at one time because the drive would last
longer. It will still last longer but it is more
inefficient.

2) Multiple belts on subminimum diameter sheaves

are less efficient than fewer belts on larger
diameter sheaves. Both the National Electric
Motor Association and the Rubber
Manufacturer’s Association publish data dealing
with minimum recommended sheave diameters.
As these minimum sheave diameters are
approached, the drive loss becomes greater.

3) A larger belt section than required will increase

the drive loss.

4) A badly undertensioned drive will increase the

drive loss.

5) Misaligned drives will increase the drive loss.

Drive loss is manifested as heat in belt drives. Under

ambient conditions of less than 100°F, well designed
drives that operate efficiently will be warm to the
touch immediately after being shut down. If the drive
is uncomfortable to the touch (approximately 140°F
or more), then the drive loss is high. Obviously poorly
tensioned and misaligned drives should be corrected
before estimating brake horsepowers and drive
losses.

254 | Field Performance Measurement

 100
80
60

40
DRIVE LOSS, % MOTOR POWER OUTPUT*

30

20 RANGE OF DRIVE LOSSES FOR STANDARD BELTS

15

10
8
6

4
3

1.5

1
0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600

MOTOR POWER OUTPUT, hp

HIGHER BELT SPEEDS TEND TO HAVE HIGHER LOSSES

THAN LOWER BELT SPEEDS AT THE SAME HORSEPOWER

*Drive losses are based on the conventional V-belt, which has been the “work horse” of the drive industry for
several decades.

EXAMPLE

• Motor power output, Hmo, is determined to be 13.3 hp

• The belts are the standard type and just warm to the touch immediately after shutdown
• From chart, drive loss = 5.1%
• Drive loss, HL = 0.051 × 13.3
= 0.7 hp
• Fan power input, H = 13.3 - 0.7
= 12.6 hp

Figure L.1 - Estimated Belt Drive Loss

Field Performance Measurement | 255

Annex M. Density Determinations Since:

M.1 General Ps1 = 0

p1 = pb
This annex contains examples illlustrating the = 28.60 in. Hg
procedures for determining densities. Determinations
of densities are shown for air and for gases other The wet-bulb depression is:
than air.
td1 - tw1 = 78 - 62
M.2 Determination of the density of air, = 16°F
general case
For wet-bulb depression of 16°F, dry-bulb
Determine air density by using the Psychrometric temperature of 78°F and absolute pressure of 28.60
Density Chart, shown in Figure N.1 in Annex N, the in. Hg, obtain ρ1 = 0.0701 lbm/ft3 by using the
Psychrometric Density Table, shown in Annex N, or a Psychrometric Density Chart in Figure N.1 in Annex N.
calculation procedure which makes use of perfect
gas relationships and the modified Apjohn equation EXAMPLE M2.2
for partial vapor pressure. Examples of the use of
these procedures are included in this section. Each The conditions at a fan inlet, located at an elevation
of the procedures requires knowledge of the of 1000 ft above sea level are:
pressure, dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb
temperature of the air. Ps1 = -3.45 in. wg
td1 = 85°F
The Psychrometric Density Chart and the tw1 = 75°F
Psychrometric Density Table are limited to the
temperatures and pressures normally encountered in Barometric pressure, obtained from a nearby airport,
fan applications. is 29.82 in. Hg at sea level.

Limit the use of the calculation procedure that is Using the data in Figure N.3 in Annex N, the
based on perfect gas relationships and illustrated in barometric pressure at 1000 ft above sea level is:
Example M2.3, to instances in which the dry-bulb
temperature is 180°F or less. Accurate wet-bulb pb = 29.82 × 0.964
temperature measurements are difficult to obtain = 28.75 in. Hg
when the dry-bulb temperature exceeds 180°F.
The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is:
When the dry-bulb temperature exceeds 180°F, it
may be necessary to rely on site personnel for the p1 = pb + (Ps1/13.6)
water vapor content of the air. Alternately,
= 28.75 + (-3.45/13.6)
commercially available instrumentation for dew point
= 28.50 in. Hg
determination may be used. For the procedure
required to determine density based on the data
The wet-bulb depression is:
provided in either of the above cases, refer to
Psychrometric Tables and Charts by Zimmerman and
td1 - tw1 = 85 - 75
Lavine.1
= 10°F
EXAMPLE M2.1
For dry-bulb temperature of 85°F, absolute pressure
of 28.50 in. Hg and wet-bulb depression of 10°F, use
The conditions that exist at the inlet of a fan that is
the Psychrometric Density Table in Figures N.5 in
not ducted on the inlet side are:
Annex N to obtain:
td1 = 78°F
ρ1 = 0.06829 + 10 × 0.000041
tw1 = 62°F
= 0.0687 lbm/ft3

1. O. T. Zimmerman and I. Lavine, Psychrometric Tables and Charts, 2nd ed. (Dover, N.H.: Industrial Research Service Inc., 1964)

256 | Field Performance Measurement

Example M2.3
The conditions at a fan inlet are:
Ps1 = -8.75 in. wg
td1 = 146°F
tw1 = 93°F
The barometric pressure, pb, measured for the
atmosphere to which Ps1 is referred, is 28.15 in. Hg.
The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is:
p1 = pb + (Ps1 /13.6)
= 28.15 + (-8.75/13.6)
= 27.51 in. Hg
Use Figure N.2 in Annex N to obtain saturated vapor
pressure, pe, of 1.562 in. Hg for the wet-bulb
temperature of 93°F.
Use the modified Apjohn equation for partial vapor
pressure, pp, to obtain:
pp = pe - p1 (td1 - tw1)/2700
= 1.562 - 27.51 (146 - 93)/2700
= 1.022 in. Hg
ρ1 is calculated by using perfect gas relationships:
1.3257 ( p1 − 0.378 pp )
ρ1 =
( td1 + 460 )
1.3257 ( 27.51 − 0.378 × 1.022 )
=
(146 + 460 )
= 0.0593 lbm/ft 3
M.3 Determination of the density of air,
special cases
The procedures for the determination of the density
of air that are described in Section M.2 are valid for
dry air, air that is saturated with water vapor and air
that is partially saturated with water vapor. This
section contains alternate procedures for cases in
which it is known that the air is either dry or saturated.
Knowledge that the air is either dry or saturated
eliminates the usual requirement of the wet-bulb
temperature determination; however, it should be
noted that an incorrect assumption of either of these
conditions can result in a significant uncertainty in the
density determination.
EXAMPLE M3.1
Dry air is entering a fan inlet, located at an elevation
of 1000 ft above sea level. The pressure and
temperature at the inlet are:
Ps1 = -15 in. wg
td1 = 95°F
Barometric pressure, obtained from a nearby airport,
is 29.24 in. Hg at sea level.
Using the data in Figure N.3 in Annex N, the
barometric pressure at 1000 ft above seal level is:
pb = 29.24 × 0.964
= 28.19 in. Hg
The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is:
p1 = pb + (Ps1/13.6)
= 28.19 + (-15/13.6)
= 27.09 in. Hg
Dry air at 29.92 in. Hg and 70°F has a density of
0.075 lbm/ft3.
Consider the density of air to be directly proportional
to absolute pressure and inversely proportional to
absolute temperature. The density of the air at the fan
inlet is calculated as follows:
ρ1 = 0.075 (p1/29.92) [(70 + 460)/(td1 + 460)]
= 0.075 (27.09/29.92) [530/(95 + 460)]
= 0.0648 lbm/ft3
EXAMPLE M3.2
Saturated air is enterting a fan inlet, located at an
elevation of 1500 ft above sea level. The pressure
and temperature at the inlet are:
Ps1 = - 6.75 in. wg
td1 = 103°F
Barometric pressure, obtained from a nearby airport,
is 29.66 in. Hg at sea level.
Using the data in Figure N.3 in Annex N, the
barometric pressure at 1500 ft above sea level is:
pb = 29.66 × 0.947
= 28.09 in. Hg
The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is:
p1 = pb + (Ps1/13.6)
Field Performance Measurement | 257
 = 28.09 + (-6.75/13.6)
= 27.59 in. Hg
Refer to Figure N.4 in Annex N to obtain saturated air
density of 0.06868 at 103°F and 29.92 in. Hg.
EXAMPLE M4.1
A gas is entering a fan inlet located at an elevation of
2000 ft above sea level. The pressure and
temperature at the inlet are:

Assuming the density of saturated air to be directly Ps1 = - 22 in. wg

proportional to absolute pressure, the density at the td1 = 230°F
fan inlet is calculated as follows:
Barometric pressure, obtained from a nearby airport,
ρ1 = 0.06868 (p1/29.92) is 29.92 in. Hg at sea level. The composition of the
= 0.06868 (27.59/29.92) gas is 5.5% CO2, 1% CO, 15% O2, 1% H2, and 77.5%
= 0.0633 lbm/ft3 N2, by volume.

Assuming the density of saturated air to be directly The apparent molecular weight of the gas is
proportional to absolute pressure is an determined as follows:
approximation. The uncertainty in the density
determination as a result of this approximation Volume Molecular
increases with increasing temperature and increases Component Fraction × Weight = lb/mole
with increasing variation between the actual absolute
pressure and 29.92 in. Hg, which is the stated CO2 0.055 44 2.42
pressure for the data in Figure N.4. The uncertainty
CO 0.01 28 0.28
will be approximately 1% or less under the following
O2 0.15 32 4.80
conditions:
H2 0.01 2 0.02
• At 120°F and at an absolute pressure within 20% N2 0.775 28 21.70
of 29.92 in. Hg
• At 150°F and at an absolute pressure within 10% 1.00 29.22
of 29.92 in. Hg
• At 180°F and at an absolute pressure within 4% of Apparent molecular weight = (29.22/1.00)
29.92 in. Hg = 29.22

M.4 DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF A The density of the gas at 70°F and 29.92 in. Hg is
GAS OTHER THAN AIR calculated as follows:

The determination of the density of a gas other than Apparent molecular weight 29.22
air may require the use of complex equipment. =
386.7 386.7
Unless specifically qualified, an expert should be
consulted for the proper use of the equipment. If the
gas is a complex mixture of various consitutuents, as = 0.0756 lbm/ft 3
found in certain industrial processes, it is suggested
that the company chemist be consulted for the gas Using the data in Figure N.3 in Annex N, the
analysis. Particular care should be used if the gas is barometric pressure at 2000 ft above sea level is:
toxic, corrosive or explosive; and in these cases,
consideration should be given to substituting air for pb = 29.92 × 0.930
the test. = 27.83 in. Hg
The first two examples in this section illustrate gas The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is:
density determinations based on analyses that
provide the relative amounts of the gas constituents. p1 = pb + (Ps1/13.6)
Typical flue gas density data, which is provided in
= 27.83 + (-22/13.6)
Figure N.6 in Annex N, is illustrated in Example M4.3.
= 26.21 in. Hg
Since the actual density may be significantly different
from the density determined by using typical data, it
Consider the density of the gas to be directly
is recommended that the typical data be used only in
proportional to absolute pressure and inversely
the even that more specific information is not
proportional to absolute temperature. The density of
available.
the gas at the fan inlet is calculated as follows:

258 | Field Performance Measurement

ρ1 = 0.0756 (p1/29.92)[(70 + 460)/(td1 + 460)]
= 0.0756 (26.21/29.92) [530/(230 + 460)]
= 0.0509 lbm/ft3
EXAMPLE M4.2
The conditions that exist at the inlet of a fan are Ps1 =
-19.5 in. wg and td1 = 240°F. The barometric pressure,
pb, measured for the atmospheric to which Ps1 is
referred is 29.35 in. Hg. The composition of the gas
is 5.5% CO2, 1% CO, 15% O2, 1% H2, and 77.5% N2
by weight.
EXAMPLE M4.3
Flue gas is flowing at Plane 3, the Pitot traverse
measurement plane. The flue gas is the result of
using natural gas as the fuel. The conditions that
exsit at Plane 3 are:
Ps3 = 5.74 in. wg
td3 = 680°F
The barometric pressure, pb, measured for the
atmosphere to which Ps3 is referred is 28.85 in. Hg.

The apparent molecular weight of the gas is The absolute pressure at Plane 3 is:
determined as follows:
p3 = pb + (Ps3/13.6)
Volume Molecular = 28.85 + (5.74/13.6)
Component Fraction × Weight = lb/mole = 29.27 in. Hg

CO2 0.055 44 0.00125 Refer to Figure N.6 in Annex N to obtain typical flue
CO 0.01 28 gas density when natural gas is used as the fuel of
0.00036
O2 0.15 32 0.0725 lbm/ft3 at 70°F and 29.92 in. Hg.
0.0047
H2 0.01 2 0.005 Consider the density of the flue gas to be directly
N2 0.775 28 0.0277 proportional to absolute pressure and inversely
proportional to absolute temperature. The density of
1.00 0.0390 the gas at Plane 3 is calculated as follows:

Apparent molecular weight = 1/0.0390 ρ1 = 0.0725 (p3/29.92)[(70 + 460)/(td3 + 460)]

= 25.6 = 0.0725 (29.27/29.92) [530/(680 + 460)]
= 0.0330 lbm/ft3
The density of the gas at 70°F and 29.92 in. Hg is
calculated as follows:

Apparent molecular weight 25.6

=
386.7 386.7

= 0.0662 lbm/ft 3

The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is:

p1 = pb + (Ps1/13.6)
= 29.35 + (-19.5/13.6)
= 27.92 in. Hg

Consider the density of the gas to be directly

proportional to absolute pressure and inversely
proportional to absolute temperature. The density of
the gas at the fan inlet is calculated as follows:

ρ1 = 0.0662 (p1/29.92)[(70 + 460)/(td1 + 460)]

= 0.0662 (27.92/29.92) [530/(240 + 460)]
= 0.0468 lbm/ft3

Field Performance Measurement | 259

 40 0.060

38 0.061

36 0.062
1. Calculate wet-bulb depression. Enter chart at the left.
34 2. Proceed horizontally to the appropriate dry-bulb 0.063
temperature.
32 3. Read vertically to the absolute pressure. 0.064
4. Then read horizontally to the density.
30 Example 0.065

g
• Given: td = 54°F; tw = 50°F; pb = 29.9 in. Hg
28 28.0 0.066

260 | Field Performance Measurement

• Wet-bulb depression = 4°F; proceed hori-

in. H
28.2 Solution:
28.4 zontally to 54°F dry-bulb temperature;
26 read vertically to 29.9 in. Hg; read horizon- 0.067

URE
28.6 tally to the density -- ρ = 0.0769 lbm/ft3.

SS
28.8
24 29.0 0.068

PRE
29.2

TE
22 29.4 0.069

OLU
29.6
29.8
0.070

ABS
20
30.0

18 0.071
AIR DENSITY, lbm/ft3

16 0.072

WET-BULB DEPRESSION, °F
14 0.073

12 0.074

10 0.075

8 0.076

6 0.077

4 0.078

2 0.079
98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42

0 0.080
DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, °F
Figure N.1 - Psychrometric Density Chart

Field Performance Measurement | 261

 tw pe tw pe tw pe tw pe tw pe
°F in. Hg °F in. Hg °F in. Hg °F in. Hg °F in. Hg

30 .1646 60 .5219 90 1.423 120 3.451 150 7.580

31 .1724 61 .5408 91 1.468 121 3.548 151 7.770
32 .1805 62 .5603 92 1.515 122 3.647 152 7.963
33 .1879 63 .5804 93 1.562 123 3.749 153 8.161
34 .1956 64 .6011 94 1.611 124 3.853 154 8.362

35 .2036 65 .6225 95 1.662 125 3.960 155 8.569

36 .2118 66 .6445 96 1.714 126 4.069 156 8.779
37 .2204 67 .6667 97 1.767 127 4.180 157 8.994
38 .2292 68 .6906 98 1.821 128 4.295 158 9.213
39 .2384 69 .7148 99 1.877 129 4.412 159 9.437

40 .2478 70 .7397 100 1.935 130 4.531 160 9.665

41 .2576 71 .7653 101 1.994 131 4.654 161 9.898
42 .2678 72 .7917 102 2.054 132 4.779 162 10.14
43 .2783 73 .8188 103 2.117 133 4.908 163 10.38
44 .2892 74 .8468 104 2.180 134 5.038 164 10.63

45 .3004 75 .8757 105 2.246 135 5.173 165 10.88

46 .3121 76 .9053 106 2.313 136 5.310 166 11.13
47 .3241 77 .9359 107 2.381 137 5.450 167 11.40
48 .3365 78 .9673 108 2.452 138 5.593 168 11.66
49 .3494 79 .9997 109 2.525 139 5.740 169 11.94

50 .3626 80 1.033 110 2.599 140 5.889 170 12.21

51 .3764 81 1.067 111 2.675 141 6.043 171 12.50
52 .3905 82 1.103 112 2.753 142 6.199 172 12.79
53 .4052 83 1.139 113 2.833 143 6.359 173 13.08
54 .4203 84 1.176 114 2.915 144 6.522 174 13.38

55 .4359 85 1.214 115 2.999 145 6.689 175 13.69

56 .4520 86 1.254 116 3.085 146 6.860 176 14.00
57 .4687 87 1.294 117 3.173 147 7.034 177 14.32
58 .4859 88 1.336 118 3.263 148 7.212 178 14.64
59 .5036 89 1.379 119 3.356 149 7.394 179 14.94
180 15.31

Adapted from ASHRAE Handbook - 1989 Fandamentals

Figure N.2 - Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Absolute Vapor Pressures, Inches of Mercury

262 | Field Performance Measurement

 ALTITUDE SPECIFIC PRESSURE ALTITUDE SPECIFIC PRESSURE
ft. GRAVITY in. Hg ft. GRAVITY in. Hg

0 1.00 29.92 3000 0.896 26.82

100 0.996 29.81 3200 0.890 26.62
200 0.993 29.70 3400 0.833 26.42
300 0.989 29.60 3600 0.877 26.23
400 0.986 29.49 3800 0.870 26.03

500 0.982 29.38 4000 0.864 25.84

600 0.979 29.28 4200 0.857 25.65
700 0.975 29.17 4400 0.851 25.46
800 0.971 29.07 4600 0.845 25.27
900 0.968 28.96 4800 0.838 25.08

1000 0.964 28.86 5000 0.832 24.90

1100 0.961 28.75 5200 0.826 24.71
1200 0.957 28.65 5400 0.820 24.52
1300 0.954 28.54 5600 0.814 24.34
1400 0.950 28.44 5800 0.807 24.16

1500 0.947 28.33 6000 0.801 23.98

1600 0.944 28.23 6500 0.786 23.53
1700 0.940 28.13 7000 0.772 23.09
1800 0.937 28.02 7500 0.757 22.65
1900 0.933 27.92 8000 0.743 22.22

2000 0.930 27.82 8500 0.729 21.80

2100 0.926 27.72 9000 0.715 21.39
2200 0.923 27.62 9500 0.701 20.98
2300 0.920 27.52 10000 0.688 20.58
2400 0.916 27.42 15000 0.564 16.89

2500 0.913 27.32 20000 0.460 13.75

2600 0.909 27.21 25000 0.371 11.10
2700 0.906 27.11 30000 0.297 8.89
2800 0.903 27.01 35000 0.235 7.04
2900 0.899 26.91 40000 0.185 5.54

Note: Specific gravity of standard air at sea level and 29.92 in. Hg = 1.00

Figure N.3 - Relative Specific Gravity of Air at Various Altitudes1

1. Robert Jorgensen, ed., Fan Engineering, 7th ed. (Buffalo, NY, Buffalo Forge Co., 1970) p.8 - Reprinted by Permission

Field Performance Measurement | 263

 PROPERTIES OF SATURATED AIR2

WEIGHT IN A WEIGHT IN A
WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF
CUBIC FOOT VOLUME CUBIC FOOT VOLUME
THE VAPOR THE VAPOR
OF MIXTURE OF MIXTURE
Temp ft3/lb Temp ft3/lb
°F OF °F OF
TOTAL lb/lb lb/lb TOTAL lb/lb lb/lb
DRY AIR VAPOR DRY AIR VAPOR
WEIGHT DRY AIR OF OF WEIGHT DRY AIR OF OF
lb lb lb lb
lb DRY AIR MIXTURE lb DRY AIR MIXTURE

-25 .09134 .000018 .09136 10.95 .00020 .00020 46 .07768 .000509 .07819 12.87 .00655 .00651
-20 .09025 .000024 .09027 11.07 .00027 .00027 47 .00750 .000527 .07803 12.90 .00680 .00675
-15 .08922 .000031 .08925 11.21 .00035 .00035 48 .07731 .000545 .07785 12.93 .00705 .00700
-10 .08820 .000041 .08824 11.34 .00046 .00046 49 .07714 .000567 .07771 12.96 .00734 .00728
-5 .08723 .000053 .08728 11.46 .00061 .00061 50 .07694 .000587 .07753 12.99 .00762 .00756

0 .08625 .000068 .08632 11.59 .00080 .00080 51 .07676 .000608 .07737 13.02 .00792 .00786
5 .08529 .000087 .08538 11.72 .00102 .00102 52 .07657 .000632 .07720 13.06 .00823 .00819
10 .08434 .000110 .08445 11.85 .00130 .00130 53 .07637 .000651 .07702 13.09 .00854 .00845
15 .08340 .000140 .08354 11.99 .00168 .00168 54 .07620 .000675 .07687 13.12 .00884 .00877
20 .08247 .000176 .08264 12.12 .00213 .00213 55 .07600 .000700 .07670 13.15 .00921 .00913

21 .08230 .000185 .08248 12.15 .00225 .00224 56 .07582 .000723 .07654 13.19 .00952 .00943
22 .08210 .000193 .08229 12.18 .00235 .00234 57 .07562 .000749 .07637 13.22 .00989 .00980
23 .08193 .000202 .08213 12.20 .00246 .00245 58 .07544 .000775 .07622 13.25 .01026 .01016
24 .08173 .000213 .08194 12.23 .00260 .00259 59 .07524 .000801 .07604 13.29 .01063 .01052
25 .08156 .000222 .08178 12.26 .00272 .00271 60 .07506 .000829 .07589 13.32 .01103 .01091

26 .08136 .000233 .08159 12.29 .00285 .00284 61 .07486 .000857 .07572 13.35 .01143 .01130
27 .08117 .000243 .08141 12.32 .00300 .00299 62 .07468 .000886 .07557 13.39 .01185 .01171
28 .08099 .000254 .08124 12.34 .00314 .00313 63 .07447 .000916 .07539 13.42 .01229 .01214
29 .08083 .000264 .08109 12.37 .00328 .00327 64 .07429 .000947 .07524 13.46 .01273 .01257
30 .08063 .000277 .08090 12.40 .00345 .00344 65 .07408 .000979 .07506 13.49 .01320 .01303

31 .08043 .000290 .08072 12.43 .00362 .00361 66 .07390 .001012 .07491 13.53 .01368 .01349
32 .08025 .000303 .08055 12.46 .00378 .00376 67 .07369 .001045 .07473 13.57 .01417 .01397
33 .08006 .000315 .08038 12.49 .00393 .00392 68 .07350 .001080 .07458 13.60 .01468 .01447
34 .07989 .000327 .08022 12.51 .00409 .00408 69 .07330 .001115 .07441 13.64 .01520 .01497
35 .07970 .000339 .08004 12.54 .00426 .00425 70 .07310 .001152 .07425 13.68 .01576 .01551

36 .07952 .000353 .07987 12.57 .00444 .00442 71 .07290 .001189 .07409 13.71 .01630 .01604
37 .07933 .000364 .07969 12.60 .00460 .00458 72 .07270 .001229 .07393 13.75 .01691 .01662
38 .07916 .000380 .07954 12.63 .00480 .00478 73 .07250 .001268 .07377 13.79 .01748 .01717
39 .07897 .000394 .07936 12.66 .00499 .00496 74 .07229 .001310 .07360 13.83 .01812 .01780
40 .07880 .000409 .07921 12.69 .00519 .00516 75 .07208 .001352 .07343 13.87 .01876 .01841

41 .07860 .000425 .07902 12.72 .00541 .00538 76 .07188 .001395 .07328 13.91 .01941 .01904
42 .07843 .000440 .07887 12.75 .00561 .00558 77 .07166 .001439 .07310 13.95 .02008 .01968
43 .07825 .000456 .07871 12.78 .00583 .00579 78 .07144 .001485 .07293 13.99 .02079 .02036
44 .07805 .000473 .07852 12.81 .00606 .00602 79 .07124 .001532 .07277 14.03 .02150 .02106
45 .07788 .000491 .07837 12.84 .00630 .00626 80 .07104 .001579 .07262 14.08 .0223 .02174

Figure N.4 - Weights of Air, Water Vapor, and Saturated Mixture of Air and
Water Vapor at Different Temperatures and 29.92 in. Hg

2. Jorgensen, op. cit., pp 15-17 Reprinted by Permission

264 | Field Performance Measurement

 PROPERTIES OF SATURATED AIR2

WEIGHT IN A WEIGHT IN A
WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF
CUBIC FOOT VOLUME CUBIC FOOT VOLUME
THE VAPOR THE VAPOR
OF MIXTURE OF MIXTURE
Temp ft3/lb Temp ft3/lb
°F OF °F OF
TOTAL lb/lb lb/lb TOTAL lb/lb lb/lb
DRY AIR VAPOR DRY AIR VAPOR
WEIGHT DRY AIR OF OF WEIGHT DRY AIR OF OF
lb lb lb lb
lb DRY AIR MIXTURE lb DRY AIR MIXTURE

81 .07081 .001629 .07244 14.12 .02301 .02249 116 .06186 .004427 .06629 16.16 .07157 .06678
82 .07059 .001680 .07227 14.16 .02380 .02325 117 .06154 .004548 .06609 16.24 .07390 .06882
83 .07038 .001733 .07211 14.21 .02462 .02403 118 .06124 .004669 .06591 16.32 .07625 .07084
84 .07015 .001785 .07193 14.26 .02545 .02482 119 .06092 .004794 .06571 16.41 .07869 .07296
85 .06993 .001840 .07177 14.30 .02631 .02566 120 .06060 .004921 .06552 16.50 .08121 .07511

86 .06970 .001898 .07160 14.34 .02723 .02651 121 .06027 .005049 .06532 16.58 .08376 .07729
87 .06947 .001954 .07142 14.39 .02813 .02736 122 .05995 .005183 .06513 16.68 .08646 .07958
88 .06925 .002014 .07126 14.44 .02908 .02826 123 .05960 .005319 .06492 16.77 .08925 .08194
89 .06902 .002072 .07109 14.48 .03002 .02915 124 .05927 .005456 .06473 16.87 .09204 .08428
90 .06880 .002139 .07094 14.53 .03109 .03015 125 .05892 .005598 .06452 16.96 .09502 .08677

91 .06855 .002201 .07075 14.58 .03211 .03111 130 .05713 .006355 .06349 17.49 .11125 .10010
92 .06832 .002267 .07058 14.63 .03318 .03212 135 .05524 .007195 .06244 18.10 .13026 .11523
93 .06809 .002334 .07042 14.69 .03428 .03314 140 .05319 .008128 .06132 18.79 .15280 .13255
94 .06785 .002404 .07025 14.73 .03543 .03422 145 .05100 .009162 .06016 19.60 .17966 .15230
95 .06760 .002474 .07007 14.79 .03660 .03531 150 .04865 .010303 .05895 20.55 .21178 .17478

96 .06736 .002546 .06991 14.84 .03780 .03642 155 .04612 .011547 .05767 21.67 .25038 .20022
97 .06711 .002620 .06973 14.90 .03904 .03757 160 .04340 .012937 .05634 23.03 .29810 .22962
98 .06688 .002692 .06957 14.95 .04025 .03870 165 .04048 .014436 .05492 24.69 .35660 .26285
99 .06660 .002770 .06931 15.01 .04159 .03993 170 .03734 .016118 .05346 26.77 .43168 .30150
100 .06634 .002853 .06919 15.07 .04300 .04124 175 .03398 .017926 .05191 29.43 .52750 .34530

101 .06610 .002937 .06904 15.12 .04443 .04255 180 .03035 .019905 .05036 32.94 .65580 .39525
102 .06583 .003019 .06885 15.18 .04586 .04385 185 .02645 .022062 .04851 37.78 .83410 .45425
103 .06557 .003106 .06868 15.25 .04737 .04523 190 .02228 .024393 .04667 44.85 1.0948 .52270
104 .06530 .003193 .06849 15.31 .04890 .04662 195 .01779 .026957 .04475 56.20 1.5153 .60240
105 .06504 .003283 .06832 15.37 .05048 .04806 200 .01297 .029730 .04270 77.11 2.2923 .69660

106 .06477 .003375 .06814 15.44 .05212 .04953 205 .00782 .032715 .04064 127.9 4.1838 .80500
107 .06451 .003470 .06798 15.50 .05379 .05105 210 .00232 .035942 .03836 431.0 15.493 .93700
108 .06421 .003568 .06778 15.57 .05556 .05264 212 .00000 .037298 .03730 ____ Inf. 1.0000
109 .06394 .003666 .06761 15.64 .05734 .05422
110 .06364 .003766 .06741 15.71 .05917 .05587

111 .06336 .003872 .06723 15.78 .06111 .05760

112 .06306 .003978 .06704 15.85 .06308 .05934
113 .06278 .004085 .06686 15.93 .06507 .06110
114 .06247 .004199 .06667 16.00 .06722 .06299
115 .06216 .004311 .06647 16.08 .06935 .06486

Figure N.4 - Weights of Air, Water Vapor, and Saturated Mixture of Air and
Water Vapor at Different Temperatures and 29.92 in. Hg

2. Jorgensen, op. cit., pp 15-17 Reprinted by Permission

Field Performance Measurement | 265

 Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - lbm/ft3 Approximate
average
Dry-Bulb Barometric Pressure in. Hg Increase in increase in
Temp. °F density per density per
0.1 in. °F wet-bulb
28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 pressure depression

30 .07703 .07839 .07974 .08110 .08245 .08380 .00027 .000017

31 .07687 .07822 .07957 .08093 .08228 .08363 .00027 .000017
32 .07671 .07806 .07940 .08075 .08210 .08345 .00027 .000017
33 .07654 .07789 .07924 .08058 .08193 .08327 .00027 .000018
34 .07638 .07772 .07907 .08041 .08175 .08310 .00027 .000018

35 .07621 .07756 .07890 .08024 .08158 .08292 .00027 .000018

36 .07605 .07739 .07873 .07807 .08141 .08274 .00027 .000018
37 .07589 .07723 .07856 .07990 .08123 .08257 .00027 .000019
38 .07573 .07706 .07840 .07973 .08106 .08239 .00027 .000019
39 .07557 .07690 .07823 .07956 .08089 .08222 .00027 .000019

40 .07541 .07674 .07806 .07939 .08072 .08205 .00027 .000019

41 .07525 .07657 .07790 .07922 .08055 .08187 .00026 .000020
42 .07509 .07641 .07773 .09705 .08038 .08170 .00026 .000020
43 .07493 .07625 .07757 .07889 .08021 .08153 .00026 .000020
44 .07477 .07609 .07740 .07872 .08004 .08135 .00026 .000020

45 .07461 .07592 .07724 .07855 .07986 .08118 .00026 .000020

46 .07445 .07576 .07707 .07838 .07970 .08101 .00026 .000021
47 .07429 .07560 .07691 .07822 .07953 .08084 .00026 .000021
48 .07413 .07544 .07674 .07805 .07936 .08066 .00026 .000021
49 .07397 .07528 .07658 .07788 .07919 .08049 .00026 .000022

50 .07381 .07512 .07642 .07772 .07902 .08032 .00026 .000022

51 .07366 .07496 .07625 .07755 .07885 .08015 .00026 .000022
52 .07350 .07479 .07609 .07739 .07868 .07998 .00026 .000023
53 .07334 .07464 .07593 .07722 .07852 .07981 .00026 .000023
54 .07318 .07447 .07576 .07706 .07835 .07964 .00026 .000023

55 .07302 .07431 .07560 .07689 .07818 .07947 .00026 .000024

56 .07287 .07415 .07544 .07673 .07801 .07930 .00026 .000024
57 .07271 .07399 .07528 .07656 .07784 .07913 .00026 .000025
58 .07255 .07383 .07512 .07640 .07768 .07896 .00026 .000025
59 .07240 .07367 .07495 .07623 .07751 .07879 .00026 .000025

60 .07224 .07352 .07479 .07607 .07734 .07862 .00026 .000026

61 .07208 .07336 .07463 .07590 .07718 .07845 .00026 .000026
62 .07193 .07320 .07447 .07574 .07701 .07828 .00026 .000027
63 .07177 .07304 .07430 .07557 .07684 .07811 .00026 .000027
64 .07161 .07288 .07414 .07541 .07668 .07794 .00026 .000028

Note: Approximate average decrease in density per 0.1°F rise in dry-bulb temperature equals .000017 lbm/ft3.

Figure N.5 - Psychrometric Density Table (I-P)

266 | Field Performance Measurement

 Psychrometric Density Table (I-P)

Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - lbm/ft3 Approximate

average
Dry-Bulb Barometric Pressure in. Hg Increase in increase in
Temp. °F density per density per
0.1 in. °F wet-bulb
28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 pressure depression

65 .07145 .07272 .07398 .07525 .07651 .07770 .00026 .000028

66 .07130 .07256 .07382 .07508 .07634 .07760 .00026 .000029
67 .07114 .07240 .07366 .07492 .07618 .07744 .00026 .000029
68 .07098 .07224 .07350 .07475 .07601 .07727 .00026 .000030
69 .07083 .07208 .07333 .07459 .07584 .07710 .00026 .000030

70 .07067 .07192 .07317 .07442 .07568 .07693 .00026 .000031

71 .07051 .07176 .07301 .07426 .07551 .07676 .00025 .000031
72 .07035 .07160 .07285 .07410 .07534 .07659 .00025 .000032
73 .07020 .07144 .07268 .07393 .07517 .07642 .00025 .000033
74 .07004 .07128 .07252 .07377 .07501 .07625 .00025 .000033

75 .06988 .07112 .07236 .07360 .07484 .07603 .00025 .000034

76 .06972 .07096 .07220 .07343 .07467 .07591 .00025 .000034
77 .06956 .07080 .07203 .07327 .07451 .07574 .00025 .000035
78 .06940 .07064 .07187 .07310 .07434 .07557 .00025 .000036
79 .06925 .07048 .07171 .07294 .07417 .07540 .00025 .000036

80 .06909 .07032 .07155 .07277 .07400 .07523 .00025 .000037

81 .06893 .07015 .07138 .07261 .07383 .07506 .00025 .000038
82 .06877 .07000 .07122 .07244 .07366 .07489 .00024 .000039
83 .06861 .06983 .07105 .07227 .07349 .07472 .00024 .000039
84 .06845 .06967 .07089 .07211 .07333 .07454 .00024 .000040

85 .06829 .06950 .07072 .07194 .07316 .07437 .00024 .000041

86 .06812 .06934 .07056 .07177 .07299 .07420 .00024 .000042
87 .06796 .06917 .07039 .07160 .07281 .07403 .00024 .000043
88 .06780 .06901 .07022 .07143 .07264 .07385 .00024 .000043
89 .06764 .06885 .07005 .07126 .07247 .07368 .00024 .000044

90 .06748 .06868 .06989 .07109 .07230 .07351 .00024 .000045

91 .06731 .06852 .06972 .07092 .07213 .07333 .00024 .000046
92 .06715 .06835 .06955 .07075 .07195 .07316 .00024 .000047
93 .06698 .06818 .06938 .07058 .07178 .07298 .00024 .000048
94 .06682 .06801 .06921 .07041 .07161 .07280 .00024 .000049

95 .06665 .06785 .06904 .07024 .07143 .07263 .00024 .000050

96 .06648 .06768 .06887 .07006 .07126 .07245 .00024 .000051
97 .06632 .06751 .06870 .06989 .07108 .07227 .00024 .000052
98 .06615 .06734 .06853 .06972 .01091 .07209 .00024 .000053
99 .06598 .06717 .06835 .06954 .07073 .07191 .00024 .000054
100 .06581 .06700 .06818 .06937 .07055 .07174 .00024 .000055

Note: Approximate average decrease in density per 0.1°F rise in dry-bulb temperature equals .000017 lbm/ft3.

Figure N.5 - Psychrometric Density Table (I-P)

Field Performance Measurement | 267

 FUEL FLUE GAS DENSITY
lbm/ft3
COAL 0.078

OIL 0.075

NATURAL GAS 0.0725

BAGASSE 0.070

BLAST FURNACE GAS 0.076

LIGNITE 0.073

WOOD 0.070

The above densities at 70°F and 29.92 in. Hg are based on average fuel analyses and moisture contents

Figure N.6 - Typical Densities for Various Flue Gases

268 | Field Performance Measurement

Annex P. Diffusion at Fan Outlets

BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE DUCT
OUTLET AREA
CUTOFF

25%

50%

75%
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH

AXIAL FAN

To calculate 100% effective duct length, assume a minimum of 2½ duct diameters for 2500 fpm or less. Add 1 duct
diameter for each additional 1000 fpm.

Example: 5000 fpm = 5 equivalent duct diameters

If the duct is rectangular, with side dimensions equal to a and b, the equivalent duct diameter is equal to (4ab/π)0.5

Figure P.1 - Controlled Diffusion and Establishment of a Uniform

Velocity Profile in a Straight Length of Outlet Duct

Field Performance Measurement | 269

Annex R. Terminology for Fans and Air Handling Units

CASING

BACKPLATE
RIM
HUB INLET

MOTOR BLADE
GUIDE VANE

IMPELLER

INLET BELL

Tubular Centrifugal Fan - Direct Drive

CASING

BLADE
DIFFUSER
HUB

MOTOR

IMPELLER

CASING

Tubeaxial Fan-Direct Drive

BEARING CASING
(Impeller Downstream)
BELT TUBE

BLADE

HUB

GUIDE VANE
Vaneaxial Fan-Belt Drive
IMPELLER
MECHANISM FOR
CONTROLLING
INLET BOX BEARINGS GUIDE VANES BLADE ANGLE
FAN
CASING

INNER CYLINDER

IMPELLER
DIFFUSER
Vaneaxial Mechanical Draft Fan

Figure R.1 - Common Terminology for Axial and Tubular Centrifugal Fans

270 | Field Performance Measurement

 HOUSING

DIVERTER

FF
TO
CU

CENTER PLATE

BLAST AREA
DISCHARGE
OUTLET AREA

SIDE SHEET
BACKPLATE

BLADE FF
TO
CU

INLET

SCROLL

IMPELLER

FRAME
RIM
BEARING
SUPPORT
INLET COLLAR

Figure R.2 - Common Terminology for Centrifugal Fan

Field Performance Measurement | 271

 Figure R.3 - Common Terminology for Centrifugal Fan Appurtenances

272 | Field Performance Measurement

 HEATING AND VENTILATING DRAW-THROUGH UNIT
MB
FS FB

BELT GUARD EXT

FS CS F & BP INT
MB
F & BP HC FB AS
+

HEATING AND VENTILATING BLOW-THROUGH UNIT

ZONE DAMPERS
FS
MB
BYPASS HC FB
COLD DECK +
+
HOT DECK

+ +

AIR-CONDITIONING DRAW-THROUGH UNIT

MB
AS FS CC HC SS FB ELIM
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +

DRIP TRAY

AIR-CONDITIONING BLOW-THROUGH UNIT

ZONE DAMPERS DIFFUSER
PLATE FS MB
HC HC CC FB
+

HOT DECK
+

+ +
+
COLD DECK
CC
+ + +
FLEXIBLE CONNECTION

AS ACCESS SECTION EXT F & BP EXTERNAL FACE AND BYPASS DAMPER FS FAN SECTION
CS COIL SECTION INT F & BP INTERNAL FACE AND BYPASS DAMPER FB FILTER BOX
CC COOLING COIL ELIM ELIMINATORS MB MIXING BOX
HC HEATING COIL SS SPRAY SECTION

Figure R.4 - Common Terminology for Central Station Air-Handling Units

Field Performance Measurement | 273

Annex S. Typical Format for Field Test Data Sheet

FIELD TEST DATA SHEET

JOB DESCRIPTION: Location, User, Contractor, Engineer, . . . . .

FAN DESCRIPTION: Mfgr., Size, Type, Ident. No., . . . . .

MOTOR DESCRIPTION: Mfgr., Nameplate Data (Ident. No., hp, volts, FLA, . . . ), Performance Data
Reference, . . . . .
DRIVE DESCRIPTION: Type, Mfgr., Ident. No., Size, . . . . .

REFERENCE DRAWINGS OR
SKETCHES OF INSTALLATION: System Configuration with Dimensions, Measurement Plane
Locations, . . . . .
MEASUREMENTS
AMBIENT DATA: Barometric Pressure, Dry-Bulb Temp., Wet-Bulb Temp, . . . . .

MOTOR DATA: volts, amps, watts, rpm, . . . . .

FAN SPEED

GAS DENSITY DATA:

GAS TEMPERATURES AT MEASUREMENT PLANES:

READING Ps1 or Ps4 Ps2 or Ps5 Ps3 Pv3 Pv3

1
2
3
4
5

•
•
•
•
n
TOTAL
AVERAGE

CALCULATIONS: (Refer to the various sections of this publication for the appropriate calculation
procedures.)

Figure S.1 - Typical Format for Field Test Data Sheet

274 | Field Performance Measurement

Annex T. Uncertainty Analysis
T.1 Introduction
In an attempt to determine the range of uncertainties
likely to be encountered in field testing of fans, a
statistical uncertainty analysis was undertaken.
Maximum and minimum uncertainties were assigned
to each quantity to be measured based on the degree
of difficulty in measuring the quantity, the previously
specified accuracies of instruments and the
conditions expected to be encountered in field
testing. These individual maximum and minimum
uncertainties were then combined statistically to
arrive at the probable range of overall uncertainties
for the fan flow rate, fan static pressure, and fan
power input. It would be unlikely, however, that any
particular field installation would have all minimum or
all maximum uncertainties occurring simultaneously.
Therefore, an agreement by the parties as to
acceptable measurement tolerances for a given
installation should be established prior to testing.
In Type A tests, it may be sufficient to accept the
results of any field test without consideration of the
probable uncertainties in the results. For Type B and
Type C tests, it may be necessary to calculate the
uncertainties. To do this, each measured quantity is
assigned an estimated uncertainty by agreement of
the parties involved and the overall uncertainty is
calculated as outlined in this annex.
T.2 General
This analysis is based on the assumption that fan
perfomance can be treated as a statistical quantity
and that the performances derived from repeated
tests would have a normal distribution. The most
probable performance would, therefore, be the mean
results based on repeated observations at each point
of operation. Only one set of observations is
specified in this publication. This analysis deals,
therefore, with the probable uncertainty in the results
obtained from a single set of observations.
The results of a fan field performance test for a single
point of operation are a combination of variables
which are normally presented graphically. Test results
will be considered to be the fan static pressure
versus flow rate and fan power input versus flow rate.
The uncertainty in results will be expressed in terms
of fan flow rate, fan static pressure, and fan power
input.
The accuracies specified in this publication are based
upon two standard deviations. This means that there
should be a 95% probability that the actual
uncertainties will be less than the specified value.
This applies only to random uncertainties. Systematic
uncertainties should be eliminated by the use of
properly calibrated test instruments. This analysis
considers only the uncertainties inherent in testing.
This publication specifies uncertainties in percent.
These are, of course, per unit uncertainties,
multiplied by 100. Absolute uncertainties which bear
the units of the quantity being measured or
calculated, are equal to the per unit uncertainty
multiplied by the measured or calculated quantity.
Since the tolerance on measured values is specified
on the basis of 95% confidence limits, the actual
deviations in results will be less than the calculated
deviations 95% of the time.
For the purposes of a field test, an uncertainty range
will be defined with minimum and maximum values.
This range of possible uncertainty is necessary to
cover the varying degrees of difficulty encountered in
performing tests in field installations. Field test
conditions range from near ideal to near impossible.
T.3 Symbols
In the analysis that follows, certain symbols and
notations are used in addition to those shown in
Annex Q.
Symbol Quantity
ex Per Unit Uncertainty in X
∆X Absolute Uncertainty in X
R Gas Constant (ft-lb/lbm —°R)
Subscript Description
A area
b Barometric Pressure
d Dry-bulb Temperature
f Velocity Pressure
g Static Pressure
h Power Input
H Fan Power Input
N Fan Speed
P Fan Static Pressure
Q Fan Flow Rate
w Wet-bulb Depression
x Generalized Quantity (A, b, ..., ρ)
ρ Density
T.4 Measurement uncertainties
The various measurement uncertainty ranges used in
this publication are listed below. The considerations
that led to their adoption include difficulties in field
testing generally not encountered in laboratory
testing.
Field Performance Measurement | 275
T.4.1 Barometric pressure. The estimated
uncertainty in measuring barometric pressure is
between 0.3% minimum and 0.7% maximum.
eb = 0.003 (min) to 0.007 (max)
Barometric pressure is generally obtained by
portable aneroid barometer, on-site barometer
(mercury or aneroid) or by use of data obtained from
a nearby airport. The uncertainty range above is
estimated based on the use of portable or on-site
instrumentation and applicable corrections.
T.4.2 Dry-bulb temperature. The estimated
uncertainty in measuring dry-bulb temperature is
between 0.5% of absolute temperature minimum and
2.0% of absolute temperature maximum.
ed = 0.005 (min) to 0.02 (max)
The estimated uncertainty range is based on a broad
temeprature range and the likelihood of stratification.
T.4.3 Web-bulb depression. The estimated
uncertainty in measuring wet-bulb depression is
between 5°F minimum and 10°F maximum.
ew = 5/(td - tw) (min) to 10/(td - tw) (max)
The estimated uncertainty range is based on a broad
temperature range with the associated difficulties in
determining wet-bulb readings at high or low
temperatures and the likelihood of stratification.
T.4.4 Fan speed. The estimated uncertainty in
measuring fan speed is between 0.5% minimum and
1.0% maximum.
eN = 0.005 (min) to 0.01 (max)
The uncertainty range in fan speed is estimated on
the basis of portable instrumentation accuracy and
an allowance for fluctuation in fan speed.
T.4.5 Power input. The estimated uncertainty in
measuring power input is betwen 3.0% minimum and
7.0% maximum.
eh = 0.03 (min) to 0.07 (max)
The estimated uncertainty range is based on the
various measurement methods and their respective
accuracies, estimated drive losses, and the broad
horsepower range encountered in the field.
T.4.6 Pitot traverse. A properly performed field
traverse is estimated to have an accuracy of 1.5%
minimum to 7.5% maximum.
276 | Field Performance Measurement
ec = 0.015 (min) to 0.075 (max)
The uncertainty range in the Pitot traverse is
estimated on the basis of traverse location, broad
range of duct sizes, nonuniform velocity profiles, and
turbulence.
T.4.7 Flow measurement area. The estimated
uncertainty in the flow measurement area is between
1.0% minimum to 2.0% maximum.
eA = 0.010 (min) to 0.020 (max)
The estimated uncertainty is based on a broad range
of duct sizes, accessibility, and the rigidity of ducts
under pressure.
T.4.8 Velocity pressure. An allowance of 2.0%
minimum to 5.0% maximum of the reading is
estimated for the mental averaging performed on a
fluctuating reading. An allowance of 1.0% minimum
to 2.0% maximum of the reading is estimated for
calibrated manometer uncertainty and relocation of
the instrument after calibration. In addition, an
allowance of 0.5% minimum to 10.0% maximum of
the reading is estimated for instrument precision. No
allowance is included for yaw on the assumption that
the Pitot-static tube is aligned within 10 degrees of
streamlines. A combined uncertainty can be written
as:
ef (min) = [(0.02)2 + (0.01)2 + (0.005)2]0.5
= 0.0229
ef (max) = [(0.05)2 + (0.02)2 + (0.10)2]0.5
= 0.1136
T.4.9 Static pressure. An allowance of 1.0%
minimum to 5.0% maximum of the reading is
estimated for the mental averaging performed on a
fluctuating reading. An allowance of 1.0% minimum
to 2.0% maximum of the reading is estimated for
calibrated manometer uncertainty and relocation of
the instrument after . In addition, a tolerance of 10%
minimum to 20.0% maximum of the fan velocity
pressure should cover the influence of Pitot-static
tube yaw or velocity influence on static pressure taps
and other possible effects. A combined uncertainty
can be written as:
eg (min) = {(0.01)2 + (0.01)2 + (0.005)2 +
[0.1 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5
= {0.000225 + [0.1 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5
eg (max) = {(0.05)2 + (0.02)2 + (0.02)2 +
[0.2 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5
= {0.0033 + [0.2 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5
Where the denominator in the final term in each Assuming ∆70.73 and ∆R are both zero:
equation will involve Ps2 or Ps5 and Ps1 or Ps4,
whichever are measured. eρ = (eb2 + ev2 + ed2)0.5

The estimated uncertainty range is based on an It can be shown that:

allowance for fluctuation in the fan-system operation,
lack of ideal measurement locations, turbulence, and ev2 = [(0.00000725 tw - 0.0000542) ∆(td - tw)]2
the relocation of instrumentation after calibration.
Where:
T.5 Combined uncertainties
∆(td - tw) = Absolute uncertainty in wet-bulb depression.
The uncertainties in the test performance are the
result of using various values, each of which contains
Other methods for determining density are assumed
a probable uncertainty. The combined uncertainty for
to have equal accuracy.
each of the fan performance variables is given below.
T.5.2 Fan flow rate. Fan flow rate directly involves
T.5.1 Density. Air density involves the various
the area at the flow measuring station, the Pitot
psychrometric measurements and the approximate
traverse, the square root of the pressure
formula:
measurement for flow, and the square root of the
density. Uncertainties in fan speed will produce a
70.73 pbV first-power uncertainty in flow rate when making the
ρ=
R ( t d + 460 ) fan law conversions. Combining:

eQ = [ec2 + eA2 (ef/2)2 + (eρ/2)2 + eN2]0.5

Where:

V = 1.0 - 0.378 {(pe/pb) - [(td - tw)/2700]}
For random and independant uncertainties in
products, the combined uncertainty is determined as
follows:
∆ρ/ρ = {(∆70.73/70.73)2 + (∆pb/pb)2 + (∆V/V)2 +
(∆R/R)2 + [∆td/(td + 460)]2}0.5
T.5.3 Fan static pressure. Fan static pressure
directly involves static pressure measurements.
Uncertainties in density will produce a first-power
uncertainty in fan static pressure while uncertainties
in fan speed will produce a second-power uncertainty
in fan static pressure when making fan law
conversions. Combining:
ep = [eg2 + eρ2 + (2eN)2]0.5

Table T.1

Measurement Minimum Maximum

eb 0.003 0.007
ed** 0.005 0.020
eW 5/(td - tw) 10/(td - tw)
eN 0.005 0.010
eh 0.030 0.070
ec 0.015 0.075
eA 0.010 0.020
ef 0.0229 0.1136
eg {0.000225 + [0.1 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5 {0.0033 + [0.2 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5

* These uncertainties do not account for the effect of swirl at the fan inlet. This situation must be corrected in order
to produce acceptable fan-system performance (see Section 5).

** Based on absolute temperature

Field Performance Measurement | 277

In order to simplify the application of this uncertainty
analysis to the results of field tests, the above
equation was developed on the basis of tests in
which static pressure measurements are made at a
single plane, as would be the case in which a fan is
ducted on one side only. However, the equation is
reasonably accurate for all other fan-system
configurations.

Although in most cases the determination of fan static

pressure involves Pv1, the uncertainty in determining
Pv1 is not included in the above equation on the basis
that it normally has a very small effect on the overall
uncertainty in fan static pressure.

For purposes of this publication, eP is applied directly

to Psc, which may include System Effect Factors.

T.5.4 Fan power input. Fan power input directly

involves the power measurement; in addition, when
making fan law conversions, density has a first-power
effect and speed has a third-power effect on fan
power input. Combining:

eH = [eh2 + eρ2 + (3eN)2]0.5

T.6 Summary

The minimum and maximum measurement

uncertainties (See Table T.1) were defined earlier in
Section T.4. Summarizing, the per unit uncertainties
are as shown in Table T.1.

The uncertainty calculations lead to absolute

uncertainties in fan flow rate, fan static pressure, and
fan power input that can be applied directly to the
corresponding test results. The uncertainty results
can then be plotted as rectangles around the test
point. Intersection of the rectangles with the quoted
fan performance within the limitations of a field test.
See the examples in Section T.7.

T.7 Examples

Two examples of the calculation of uncertainties and

the method of comparison with the quoted fan curve
are included in this section. Uncertainty calculations
and comparisons have been developed for Examples
2B and 2C of Annex A. Uncertainty calculations for
Example 2B utilize all minimum uncertainty
tolerances. Uncertainty calculations for Example 2C
utilize all maximum uncertainty tolerances. It would
be unlikely that any field installation would lend itself
to all minimum or all maximum measurement
tolerances. Agreement of the parties as to acceptable
measurement tolerances for a given installation
should be established prior to testing.

278 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 1: CALCULATION OF UNCERTAINTIES ev2 = [(0.00000725 tw - 0.0000542) ∆(td - tw)]2
IN TEST RESULTS BASED ON MINIMUM = [(0.00000725 × 70.4 - 0.0000542) 5]2
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY = 0.00000520

TEST VALUES eρ = [eb2 + ev2 + ed2)0.5

Reference: Example 2B in Annex A = (0.0032 + 0.00000520 + 0.0052)0.5
= 0.006261
SITE MEASUREMENTS
eP = [eg2 + eρ2 + (2eN)2]0.5
td2 = 91.3°F = [0.020112 + 0.0062612 + (2 × 0.005)2]0.5
tw2 = 70.4°F = 0.0233
Ps1 = -11.4 in. wg
Ps2 = 0.1 in. wg eQ = [ec2 + eA2 + (ef/2)2 + (eρ/2)2 + eN2]0.5
Pv3 = 1.24 in. wg = [0.0152 + 0.0102 + (0.0229/2)2 +
A2 = 1.40 ft2 (0.006261/2)2 + 0.0052]0.5
= 0.0222
A3 = 1.57 ft2
ρ2 = 0.0714 lbm/ft3 eH = [eh2 + eρ2 + (3eN)2]0.5
ρ3 = 0.0705 lbm/ft3
= [0.0302 + 0.0062612 + (3 × 0.005)2]0.5
= 0.0341
CONVERTED RESULTS
∆P = ePPsc
Qc = 7114 cfm
= 0.0233 × 11.42
Psc = 11.42 in. wg = 0.27 in. wg
Hc = 18.90 hp
Psc + ∆P = 11.42 + 0.27
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES = 11.69 in. wg

Reference: Minimum values per Section T.6 Psc - ∆P = 11.42 - 0.27

= 11.15 in. wg
eb = 0.003
ed = 0.005 ∆Q = eQQc
ew = 5/(td2 - tw2) = 0.0222 × 7114
eN = 0.005 = 158 cfm
eh = 0.030
ec = 0.015 Qc + ∆Q = 7114 + 158
eA = 0.010 = 7272 cfm
ef = 0.0229
eg = {0.000225 + [0.1 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5 Qc - ∆Q = 7114 - 158
= 6956 cfm
CALCULATIONS
∆H = eHHc
Pv = Pv2 = 0.0341 × 18.90
= 0.64 hp
= Pv3 (A3/A2)2 (ρ3/ρ2)
= 1.24 (1.57/1.40)2 (0.0705/0.0714) Hc + ∆H = 18.90 + 0.64
= 1.54 in. wg
= 19.54 hp
eg = {0.000225 + [0.1 Pv/(Ps2 - Ps1)]2}0.5 Hc - ∆H = 18.90 - 0.64
= {0.000225 + [(0.1 × 1.54)/(0.1 + 11.4)]2}0.5 = 18.26 hp
= 0.02011

Field Performance Measurement | 279

 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Psc + ∆P TEST POINT

Psc MINIMUM UNCERTAINTY RANGE

Psc - ∆P Qc = 7114 cfm

Ps, FAN STATIC PRESSURE

∆Q = 158 cfm

Psc = 11.42 in. wg

∆P = 0.27 in. wg

Hc = 18.90 hp
∆H = 0.64 hp

Qc + ∆Q
Qc - ∆Q

Qc
QUOTED FAN
Q, FAN FLOW RATE
PERFORMANCE
CURVES

Hc + ∆H

Hc
H, FAN POWER INPUT

Hc - ∆H

Qc - ∆Q Qc + ∆Q

Qc
Q, FAN FLOW RATE

Figure T.1

280 | Field Performance Measurement

EXAMPLE 2: CALCULATION OF UNCERTAINTIES eQ = [ec2 + eA2 + (ef/2)2 + (eρ/2)2 + eN2]0.5
IN TEST RESULTS BASED ON MAXIMUM = [0.0752 + 0.0202 + (0.1136/2)2
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES + (0.02176/2)2 + 0.0102]0.5
= 0.0973
TEST VALUES
eH = [eh2 + eρ2 + (3eN)2]0.5
Reference: Example 2C in Annex A
= [0.0702 + 0.021762 + (3 × 0.010)2]0.5
SITE MEASUREMENTS = 0.0792

td3 = 86.5°F ∆P = eP Psc

tw3 = 75.5°F = 0.0780 × 2.54
Ps4 = -1.57 in. wg = 0.20 in. wg
Ps5 = 1.22 in. wg
Psc + ∆P = 2.54 + 0.20
Pv2 = 0.61 in. wg
= 2.74 in. wg
CONVERTED RESULTS Psc - ∆P = 2.54 - 0.20
= 2.34 in. wg
Qc = 25964 cfm
Psc = 2.54 in. wg ∆Q = eQQc
Hc = 17.11 hp = 0.0973 × 25964
= 2526 cfm
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES
Qc + ∆Q = 25964 + 2526
Reference: Maximum values per Section T.6 = 28490 cfm
eb = 0.007 Qc - ∆Q = 25964 - 2526
ed = 0.020 = 23438 cfm
eW = 10/(td3 - tw3)
eN = 0.010 ∆H = eHHc
eh = 0.070 = 0.0792 × 17.11
ec = 0.075 = 1.36 hp
eA = 0.020
ef = 0.1136 Hc + ∆H = 17.11 + 1.36
eg = {0.0033 + [0.2 Pv/(Ps5 - Ps4)]2}0.5 = 18.47 hp

CALCULATIONS Hc - ∆H = 17.11 - 1.36

= 15.75 hp
eg = {0.0033 + [0.2 Pv/(Ps5 - Ps4)]2}0.5
= {0.0033 + [(0.2 × 0.61)/(1.22 + 1.57)]2}0.5
= 0.07219

ev2 = [(0.00000725 tw - 0.0000542) ∆(td - tw)]2

= [(0.00000725 × 75.5 - 0.0000542) 10]2
= 0.0000243

eρ = (eb2 + ev2 + ed2)0.5

= (0.0072 + 0.0000243 + 0.0202)0.5
= 0.02176

eP = [eg2 + eρ2 + (2eN)2]0.5

= [0.072192 + 0.021762 + (2 × 0.010)2]0.5
= 0.0780

Field Performance Measurement | 281

 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

TEST POINT
MAXIMUM UNCERTAINTY RANGE

Qc = 25964 cfm
∆Q = 2526 cfm
Psc + ∆P
Psc = 2.54 in. wg
Psc ∆P = 0.20 in. wg
Ps, FAN STATIC PRESSURE

Hc = 17.11 hp
Psc - ∆P ∆H = 1.36 hp

Qc - ∆Q
Qc + ∆Q

Qsc
Q, FAN FLOW RATE QUOTED FAN
PERFORMANCE
CURVES

Hc + ∆H
H, FAN POWER INPUT

Hc

Hc - ∆H

Qc - ∆Q Qc + ∆Q

Qsc
Q, FAN FLOW RATE

Figure T.2

282 | Field Performance Measurement

 AIR MOVEMENT AND CONTROL
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The Air Movement and control Association International, Inc. is a not-for-profit international association of the
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curtains, airflow measurement stations, acoustic attenuators, and other air system components for the industrial,
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