Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Quiapo, Manila
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
*Concern with how people think and feel about *Use a structured survey instrument that ask
the topics of concern to the research. all respondents the same questions in the same
order to allow from statistical analysis.
*Gather broader, more in-depth information from *Gather narrow amount of information from a large
fewer respondents (Micro—analysis) number of respondents (Macro-analysis)
*Open questions for greater depth and personal *Closed questions for qualification, can be coded
detail. and processed quickly.
ETHNOGRAPHY
A systematic studies of culture, values, beliefs, behavior, language of a distinct group of
a society.
Discovers and describes the cultural characteristics of a group of people
It is design to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes the society
from the point of view of the subject of the study.
ORIGIN: Came from the Greek word: Ethnos- “folk, people, nation” grapho- “I write”
Designed in Europe particularly in England in the late 19th century
Gerhard Friedrich Muller, developed the concept as a separate academic discipline.
Ethnography Explained:
Ethnography is the art and science of describing a group or culture. The description maybe
of small tribal group in an exotic land or classroom in middle-class suburbia.” –David M.
Fetterman. 1998
CONTEXTUAL
The research is carried out in the context in which the subjects normally live and work.
UNOBTRUSIVE
The research avoids manipulating the phenomena under investigation.
LONGITUDINAL
The research is relatively long.
COLLABORATIVE
The research involves participation od stakeholders other than the researcher.
INTERPRETATIVE
The researcher carries out interpretative analysis of the data.
ORGANIC
There is interaction between questions/ hypotheses and data collection/ interpretation.
FORMS OF ETHNOGRAPHY
Confessional
Life history
Feminist
Realist
Critical
Critical Ethnography- is a kind of ethnographic research in which the creators advocate for
the liberation of groups which are marginalized in society.
o Typically, are politically minded people who look to take stand of opposition to
inequality and domination.
ETHNOGRAPHY AS A METHOD
A. People’s behavior is studied in everyday context, rather than under experimental conditions
created by the researcher.
B. Data are gathered from range of sources, but observation and/ or relatively informal
conversation are usually the main ones.
C. The approach to data collection is “unstructured in the sense that it does not involve the
following through a detailed plan set up at the beginning; nor the categories used for
interpreting what people say or do pre-given or fixed. This does not mean that the research
is unsystematic; simply that initially the data are collected in as raw as a form, and as wide a
front, as feasible.
D. The focus is usually single setting or group, of relatively small scale. In life history research
may even be single individual.
E. The analysis of the data involves interpretation of the meanings and functions of human
actions and mainly takes the form of verbal descriptions and explanations, with
quantification and statistical analysis playing a subordinate role at most.
METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
NATURALISM
This is a view which social research aim is to capture the character of naturally occurring
human behavior, and that this can only be achieved by first-hand contact with it, not by
inferences from what people do in artificial settings like experiments or from what they say in
interviews about what they do elsewhere.
UNDERSTANDING
From this point of view, we are able to explain human actions effectively. We must gain an
understanding of the cultural perspective on which they are based. This is obviously
happened when we are studying a group of society whom unfamiliar to us. We shall find
much of what we see and hear from them.
DISCOVERY
Another feature of ethnographic thinking is a conception of the research process as
inductive or discovery-based; rather than as being limited to the testing explicit hypotheses.
RESEARCH PROCEDURE
The design of an ethnographic research is deceptively simple. It appears to require
only one “act naturally.”
DATA COLLECTION
The typical ethnographic research employs three kinds of data collection: interviews,
observations, and documentation. This in turn produces three kinds of data: quotations,
descriptions, and excerpts of documents, resulting in one product: the narrative description
Data collected includes the rich descriptive accounts, photographs, maps, figures, tables,
text, audio/ video records and transcriptions. The most common types of method used in
data collection are interviews (both formal and informal).
ETHICAL CONCERNS
In conducting an ethnographic research, there are also certain concerns that are being
raised every now and then. Over-all. They can be summarized as:
Informed consent
Privacy
Harm
exploitation
CASE STUDY
Emerging from approaches in business, law, and medicine. The case study provides an in-depth
description of a single unit. The “unit” can be an individual, a group, a site, a class, a policy, a
program, a process, an institution or a community. It is a single occurrence of something that
the researcher is interested in examining.
The question is “what are the characteristics of this particular entity phenomenon, person, or
setting”
1. Intrinsic case study- is conducted to understand a particular case that may be unusual,
unique, or different in some way. It does not necessarily represent other cases or a broader
traitor problem for investigation.
2. Instrumental case study- the researcher selects the case because it represents some other
issue under investigation and the researcher believes this particular case can help provide
insights or help to understand that issue.
3. Multiple or collective case study- uses several cases selected to further understand and
investigate a phenomenon, population, or general condition. The researcher believes that
the phenomenon is not idiosyncratic to a single unit and studying multiple units can provide
better illumination.
DATA COLLECTION
Case study may employ multiple methods of data collection and don’t rely on a single
technique.
Testing
Interviewing
Observation
Review of documents
Artifacts
Other methods may be used
TYPES OF DESIGNS
Single case- holistic (extreme or unique case)
Single case embedded
Multiple- holistic (literal or theoretical replication)
Multiple- embedded
PHENOMENOLOGY
Is a qualitative research method that is used to describe how human beings experience a
certain phenomenon.
Attempts to set aside biases and preconceived assumptions about human experiences,
feelings, response to a particular situation.
Based on the academic discipline of philosophy and psychology and has become a widely
accepted method for describing human experiences.
Defined as the direct investigation and description of phenomena as consciously
experience by people living those experiences.
Researchers conducting phenomenological studies are interested in the life experiences of humans. This type
of research can be applied to wide variety of situations and phenomena. Below are just a few examples of
topics that would lend themselves to phenomenological study:
How do parents of an autistic child cope with the news that their child has autism?
What is it like to experience being trapped in a natural disaster, such as a flood or hurricane?
How does it feel to live with a life-threatening aneurism?
What is it like to be a minority in a predominantly white community?
What is like to survive an airplane crash?
How do cancer patients cope with a terminal diagnosis?
What is it like to be a victim of sexual assault?