Analytical Methods – Assignment 2

Trigonometric Methods

Trigonometry

1. A 4.2m long ladder is placed against a perpendicular pylon with its foot 60cm from the pylon.

1.1 Determine how far up the pylon the ladder reaches

To solve this equation it is nessasary to find the unknown value, this is achieved by the folllowing
equation:

x 2 + 0.6 2 = 4.2 2
x 2 + 0.36 = 17.64
x 2 = 17.28
x = 17.28
x = 4.156m

1.2 Calculate how far the top of the ladder rises when the foot of the ladder is moved 20cm
towards the pylon

To do this I use the exact same method as above except this time I substituye the new values in.

x 2 + 0.4 2 = 4.2 2
x 2 + 0.16 = 17.64
x 2 = 17.48
x = 4.18

Therfore the top of the ladder will rise 0.024 meters.

 2. From a point on horizontal ground a surveyor measures the angle of elevation of a church
spire as 20°. He moves 50m closer to the church and measures the angle of elevation as 25°.
Calculate the height of the spire.

To make the calculations of this equation easier I will represent the church and spire graphically as a series
of two trianguls:

P
P

R
25° 20° S
Q
x 50

Equation X

In triangle PQS

h
Tan 20° =
x + 50

Hence h = tan 20°( x + 50)

i.e. h = 0.3639( x + 50)

Equation Y
h
In triangle PQR, Tan 25° =
x

Hence h = tan 25°( x) , i.e. h = 0.4663x

Equating equation x and y gives:

0.3639( x + 50) = 0.4663 x

0.3639 x + (0.3639)(50) = 0.4663 x

(0.3639)(50) − (0.4663 − 0.3639) x

18.195 = 0.1024 x

18.195
x= = 177.685
0.1024

From equation y,

Height of the building h = 0.4663 x = 0.4663(177.685) = 82.854m

3. Solve the triangle ABC given that: C = 90°, A = 35° and AC = 5mm

35°
A
C 5mm

θ = 180° 90° 35° = 55°

So to find BC:

On the calculator Tan 35 x 5mm = 3.501

And to find the hypotenuse (BA):

52 + 3.5012 = BA2 = 37.257

37.257 = 6.103
4. A ship, X, sails at a steady speed of 50km/hr in direction W 30° N (i.e. A bearing of 300° from port).
At the same time another ship, Y, leaves port at a steady speed of 40km/hr in a direction N 20° E (i.e.
a bearing of 20°). Determine their distance apart after 15hrs.

The first step would be to find the speed of the ship by multiplying speed by time.

Ship 1 travels at 750Km.

Ship 2 travels at 600Km.

Using the cosine rule: c2 = a2 + b2 2ab Cos C

So:

c 2 = 750 2 + 600 2 2(750 × 600) cos C

562500 + 360000 900000 × 0.1736

= 922500 156240 = 766220

c = 766220

c = 875.362 Km to 3 d.p
5. An aero plane is sighted due east from a radar station at an elevation of 50° and a height of 5,000m
Later it is sighted at an elevation of 45° and a height of 2500m in a direction of E 70° S.

5.1 If it is descending uniformly, find the angle of decent

B
A
2500m

5000m
θ

b H3

H3

5000m a

A B c 2500m
A H1 H2
H1
H2 B

50

O
45
O

H3

H1 H2

70
1

Work out length AO and OB.

5000
AO = = 4195.498
Tan50

2500
OB = = 2500
Tan 45
Then work out the hypotenuse of each triangle H1 and H2.
H 1 = 5000 2 + 4195.498 2 = 42598025 = 6526.716

H 2 = 2500 2 + 2500 2 = 12500000 = 3535.533

I will then calculate the first and second positions of the aircraft from there I will then be able to find the angle
of desent.

1st position ( θ )
(4195.498)
(5000)

2nd position (2349.232) 2500 sin 70.

(855.0504) 2500 cos 7-
(2500)

From this I can then find the difference in the distance between the two different observations using
pythagoras theorem.

2349 .232 2 + 855 .0504 − 4195 .498 2 = 4083 .44 meters

The height difference between the two observations is 2500 meters therefore:

tan θ = 2500
4083
θ = 0.549rads
= 31.5°
Therfore the angle of desent is 31.5 degrees.

5.2 Find the speed of the aero plane if the time between observations is 40s

Speed = distance(d)
time(t)

4083.44
Speed = = 102.086m / s
40
102.086 x 3600=367509.6 meters covered in one hour

367509.6
= 367.5km / hr
1000
 6. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of two concurrent and coplanar forces of 30N
and 50N when the angle between them is 55°. State the direction of the resultant relative to the 50N
force.
.
Figure 1 Figure 2
30 N 30N

30 cos 55°
55 55°
°

50N
Sin 55°
55°
30N

50 N
Resultant

Origin

Figure 3
24.57

67.21
71.56

Unknown

From the above drawings I was able to calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant from the two
forces, the calculations are as follows:

Resultant = -30sin55=-24.57
= 50+30cos 55= 67.21
From this I can the find the magnitude by:

Magnitude = 67.212 + −24.57 2 = 71.56

Therefore the Magnitude is 71.56N

Using the above information I was then able to draw figure 3 leaving only the unknown internal angle to be
found which would give us the direction.

24.57
Sinθ = = 0.3434
71.56
θ = 0.35
= 20.8°

To conclude the magnitude is 71.56N and the direction is 20.8 degrees.

.

Therefore

40.978 30
≡
Sin55 SinR

30 Sin55
SinR = = 0.599
40.978

R = 36.848
Resultant of 40.978 N at 36.848 degrees from the 50 N force.

Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates and Radian Measure

7. Change the following to polar co-ordinates:

Illustrate your answer with a diagram (-2.2, 5.5)

Y
P

r
5.
5

θ
a

0
2.2 X

From Pythagoras theorem r = 2.2 2 + 5.5 2 = 5.92368

 5.5
By trigonometric ratios a = tan −1 = 68.19859 or 1.19028 rad
2.2

Hence θ = 180 68.19859 = 111.80141°

Or θ = π 1.19028 = 1.95131 rad

Point P in polar co-ordinates form is (5.923, 111.801) or (5.923, 1.951)

8. Change the following to Cartesian co-ordinates:

Illustrate your answer with a diagram (6.4, 2.27 rad)

θ=2.27
rad

A
0

R= 6.4

B
x = r cos θ = 6.4 cos 2.27 = 4.1197
This corresponds to the length OA in the
diagram.

y = r sin θ = 6.4 sin 2.27 = 4.898

This corresponds to the length AB in the

diagram.

Thus (-4.119, 4.898) in Cartesian coordinates

corresponds to the polar coordinates (6.4, 2.27 rad)

9. Convert the following between degrees and radians as appropriate:

9.1 30°

1° = 0.0174

Therefore:

30 x 0.0174 = 0.523

9.2 90°

90 x 0.0174 = 1.566

π
9.3 rads
3
π
= 1.047 Rad
3
1.047 x 57.295 = 59.987°

9.4 0.838 rads

0.838 x 57.295 = 48.0132°

10. A train is traveling at 108km/h and has wheels of diameter 80cm. Determine:

10.1 The angular velocity of the wheels in both rad/s and rpm

Linear velocity v=108 km/h

km m 1 h
= 108 ×1000 × = 30m / s
h km 3600 s
Radius of the wheel 800mm
2 =0.4m

v = ωr , so,

v 30
Angular velocity ω= =
r 0.4
=75Rad/s

And

= 2 πn Where n is in rev/s

ω 75
angular speed n= = rev/s
2π 2π

75
= 60 × Rev/min
2π

= 716.19 Rev/min

10.2 The number of revolutions made by one of the wheels if the speed remains constant for 2.7km
and there is no slipping

s
v= then the time taken to travel 2.7km i.e. 2700m at a constant speed of 30m/s is given by:
t

s 2700m
Time t = = = 90 s
v 30m / s
Since the wheel is rotating at 716.19 rev/min, then in 90/60 minutes it makes:

90
716.19 rev / min× min = 1074.285 Revolutions
60
Sinusoidal Functions

11. Solve the following in the range 0° to 360°:

Cos 1 ( 0.678) = 0

180 – 47.312 = 132.69 and 180 + 47.312 = 227.31

C−1(.067)=431The
o 872 s solution of Cos-1 (-0.678), between 0 & 360 degrees are: 132.69 and 227.31

12. The voltage, v, in an alternating current circuit at any time, t, (seconds) is given by:

π
v = 100Sin 200π0+ volts
4

Determine:

12.1 The amplitude, periodic time, frequency and phase angle (in degrees)

Amplitude = 100 V

Angular Velocity, ω = 200 π

2π 2π 1
Hence periodic time, T = = =
ω 200 π 100

= 0.01s Or 10ms

1 1
Frequency, f = = = 100 Hz
T 0.01

π 180
Phase Angle = rad = 0.785rad = 0.785 ×
4 π

= 45° leading v = 100 Sin (200πt)

12.2 The voltage when t = 0

v = 100 Sin(200π 0 + 0.785)

= 100Sin(628.32 + 45°)

= 663.1V
12.3 The voltage when t = 5ms

 5 
v = 100 Sin 200 π 3 + 0.785 
 10 

= 100Sin(2.356) = 100 Sin 135.436°

= 70.17V
12.4 The time when the voltage first reaches 50v

When v = 50 then 50 = 100 Sin( 200πt 0.785)

50
= Sin( 200πt 0.785)
100

( 200 πt 0.785) = arc

Hence 50
sin
100

= 30° or 0.522rad

200πt = 0.522 + 0.785

= 1.307

Hence when v = 50v

1.307
Time, t = = 2.0801 × 10−3 seconds
200π

13. A complex voltage waveform, v, is comprised of a 141.4v rms fundamental voltage at a frequency
π
of 200 Hz, a 40% third harmonic component leading the fundamental voltage at zero time by rads
4
π
and a 20% fifth harmonic component lagging the fundamental by rads .
3
13.1 Write down an expression for the voltage, v

Voltage = 141.4 V (rms). So the maximum value or amplitude is: 2 (141.4) = 200

If the fundamental frequency is 200Hz then angular velocity

ω = 2 πf = 2 π 200 = 400 π Rads/s

Hence fundamental voltage of V = 200 sin(400π t )

The third harmonic component has an amplitude equal to 40% of 200 V i.e. 80

The frequency of the third harmonic component is 3 × 200 = 600 Hz so:

ω = 2 π 600 = 1200 π
 π
Hence third harmonic voltage is represented by V = 80 sin(1200 πt + )
4
The fifth harmonic has an amplitude equal to 20% of 200 V i.e. 40

The frequency of the fifth harmonic component is: 5 × 200 = 1000 Hz

So: ω = 2 π ×1000 = 2000 π

π
Hence the voltage of the fifth harmonic is shown as V = 40 sin( 2000 πt )
3
Overall

π π
V = 200 sin( 400πt ) + 80 sin 1200 πt + + 40 sin 2000πt
4 3

13.2 Plot the resulting complex waveform for v over one cycle of the fundamental
waveform.

Re

300
The following formulas were used in m.s spreadsheet and the data optained follows on the next three pages.

A1 = Time
B1 = Fundamental Voltage = 200*SIN(400*PI()*A3*0.001)
C1 = Third Harmonic = 80*SIN(1200*PI()*A3*0.001+PI()/4)
D1 = Fifth Harmonic = 40*SIN(2000*PI()*A3*0.001-PI()/3)
E1 = Total Voltage = B3+C3+D3

200
Time Fundamental Third Fifth Total
(ms) voltage Harmonic Harmonic Voltage
-
34.6410161 21.927526
0 0 56.56854249 5 34
-
16.2694657 82.217551
0.1 25.06664671 73.42037005 2 04
8.31646763 138.01496
0.2 49.73797743 79.96052483 3 99
29.7257930 178.621165
0.3 73.62491054 75.27046152 2 1
39.7808758 196.14049
0.4 96.35073482 60.00888557 1 62
34.6410161 188.51730
0.5 117.5570505 36.31923998 5 66
16.2694657 160.70755
0.6 136.9094212 7.528665065 2 2
-
- 8.31646763 123.46689
0.7 154.1026486 22.31928848 3 24
-
- 29.7257930 90.107227
0.8 168.8655851 49.03256429 2 79
-
- 39.7808758 72.325172
0.9 180.9654105 68.85936216 1 52
-
- 34.6410161 76.555219
1 190.2113033 79.01506725 5 86
-
- 16.2694657 102.114643
1.1 196.4574501 78.07334096 2 5
- 8.31646763 141.75536
1.2 199.6053457 66.16644594 3 74
- 29.7257930 184.36446
1.3 199.6053457 44.96667023 2 85
- 39.7808758 218.78686
1.4 196.4574501 17.45145931 1 66
34.6410161 237.36707
1.5 190.2113033 12.5147572 5 66
16.2694657 237.95818
1.6 180.9654105 40.72331326 2 95
-
8.31646763 223.76151
1.7 168.8655851 63.21240099 3 85
-
29.7257930 201.20035
1.8 154.1026486 76.82349485 2 04
-
39.7808758 176.77350
1.9 136.9094212 79.64495717 1 25
-
34.6410161 154.19655
2 117.5570505 71.28052194 5 62
-
16.2694657 132.98621
2.1 96.35073482 52.90494923 2 83
8.31646763 109.040411
2.2 73.62491054 27.09903362 3 8
- 29.7257930 76.950909
2.3 49.73797743 2.512860726 2 73
 - 39.7808758 33.075691
2.4 25.06664671 31.77183125 1 28
-
- 34.6410161 21.927526
2.5 -6.43149E-14 56.56854249 5 3
- 16.2694657
2.6 -25.06664671 73.42037005 2 -82.217551
-
- 8.31646763
2.7 -49.73797743 79.96052483 3 -138.01497
-
- 29.7257930 -
2.8 -73.62491054 75.27046152 2 178.621165
- -
- 39.7808758 196.14049
2.9 -96.35073482 60.00888557 1 6
- -
- 34.6410161 188.51730
3 -117.5570505 36.31923998 5 7
- -
- 16.2694657 160.70755
3.1 -136.9094212 7.528665065 2 2
-
8.31646763 123.46689
3.2 -154.1026486 22.31928848 3 2
-
29.7257930 90.107227
3.3 -168.8655851 49.03256429 2 8
-
39.7808758 72.325172
3.4 -180.9654105 68.85936216 1 5
-
34.6410161 76.555219
3.5 -190.2113033 79.01506725 5 9
16.2694657 -
3.6 -196.4574501 78.07334096 2 102.114643
- -
8.31646763 141.75536
3.7 -199.6053457 66.16644594 3 7
- -
29.7257930 184.36446
3.8 -199.6053457 44.96667023 2 8
- -
39.7808758 218.78686
3.9 -196.4574501 17.45145931 1 7
- -
34.6410161 237.36707
4 -190.2113033 -12.5147572 5 7
- -
- 16.2694657 237.95818
4.1 -180.9654105 40.72331326 2 9
-
- 8.31646763 223.76151
4.2 -168.8655851 63.21240099 3 8
- 29.7257930
4.3 -154.1026486 76.82349485 2 -201.20035
-
- 39.7808758 176.77350
4.4 -136.9094212 79.64495717 1 3
-
- 34.6410161 154.19655
4.5 -117.5570505 71.28052194 5 6
4.6 -96.35073482 - 16.2694657 -
 132.98621
52.90494923 2 8
- -
- 8.31646763 109.04041
4.7 -73.62491054 27.09903362 3 2
- -
29.7257930 76.950909
4.8 -49.73797743 2.512860726 2 7
- -
39.7808758 33.075691
4.9 -25.06664671 31.77183125 1 3
-
34.6410161 21.927526
5 1.2863E-13 56.56854249 5 34
Trigonometric Identities

1
14. Show that: Sin 2θ = (1 Cos 2θ) and explain where this would be useful
2

If Cos 2θ = Cos 2θ Sin 2θ

And Cos 2θ + Sin 2θ = 1

Then:

Cos 2θ = 1 Sin 2θ

Cos 2θ = (1 Sin 2θ) Sin 2θ

∴Cos 2θ = 1+ 2 Sin 2θ

(1 Cos 2θ)
∴ = Sin 2θ
2
This equation is useful when calculating RMS values.

15. Solve the following in the range: 0° to 360°

5Sin 2 x + 3Sin x = 4

Rearranging the equation to make the answer equal to zero would give me:
5Sin 2 x + 3Sin x 4 = 0
Now that the equation is in this format I can easily apply the quadratic formula:

So: a = 5, b = 3 and c = -4

3± 32 4(5 × 4) 3 ± 9.433
Sinx = =
2×5 10
+ Sinx = 0.6433
- Sinx = -1.2433

The values in the range 0° to 360° are:

X = 40°038’ and 139°962

 π
16. Solve the following for values: 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π 5Sin θ = 8Cosθ
6
 π
Sin θ - 
 6
Sin( A - B ) = SinACosB - SinBCosA
 π π π
Sinθ −  = SinθCos − CosθSin
 6 6 6
π 3
Cos =
6 2
π
Sin = 0.5
6
 π 3 1 8
Sinθ −  = Sinθ − Cosθ = Cosθ
 6 2 2 5
3 8 1
sin θ = cos θ + cos θ
2 5 2
3 8 1 16 5 21
sin θ = ( + ) cos θ = ( + ) cos θ = cos θ
2 5 2 10 10 10
3 21
sin θ = cos θ
2 10
3 sin θ 3 21 42
= tan θ = tan θ
2 cos θ 2 10 10 3
 3.42 
θ = tan  = 1.18rads

 30 
also tan θ = tan (θ + π )
hence1.18 + π = 4.321rads = 247.59°
Therefore
θ 1 = 1.18rads = 67.59°
θ 2 = 4.321rads = 247.59°
17. Express the equation: 5.5Cos t + 7.8Sin t

17.1 In the form R Sin (t+α) and hence

7.8Sin(t ) + 5.5Cos (t ) = RSin(t + α)

= R[ Sin(tCosα + Cos (t ) × Sinα)]

= ( RCosα) Sin(t ) + ( RSinα)Cos (t )

Equating coefficients:

7.8
Cosα =
R
5.5
Sinα =
R

7.82 + 5.52 = 9.544

so,

7.8Sin(t ) + 5.5Cos (t ) = 9.544 Sin(t + α)

RSinα = 5.5

RCosα = 7.8

5.5
Tanα =
7.8

α = 0.614 radians

7.8Sin(t ) + 5.5Cos (t ) = 9.544 Sin(t + 0.614)

17.2 Solve, for values 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π 5.5Cos t + 7.8 Sin t = 4.5

9.544 Sin (t + 0.614 ) = 4.5

4 .5
si (t + 0.614 ) = = 0.471495
9.544
a, sin 0.471495 = 0.490985 = t + 0.614
t = −012301

Which is not in range of:

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π so, add 2π for one solution.
t = 2π − 0.12301 = 6.16rad
Also
sin(0.490985)=o.471495
then
sin(π − 0.490985) = 0.471495
π − 0.490985 = t + 0.614
t = π − 0.490985 − 0.614 = 2.036608
hence
t = 6.16rads
t = 2.04rads
Bibliography

1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform

John Bird – Higher Engineering Mathematics

Barry college module1 Maths

Barry college module 2 Physics

Yeovil college Moodle.

Www.freestudy.com.