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VOCABULARY
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VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY
• Introduction
• Synonyms and Antonyms
• One-Word Substitutes
• Analogies & Word Pairs
• Spellings
• Idioms
VOCABULARY - AN INTRODUCTION
Standardized tests that measure a candidate's

proficiency in English contain questions from
three categories - vocabulary, grammar, and
comprehension.
The first category, which is vocabulary, tests the

candidate's knowledge of words in the English
lexicon (by the way, lexicon is another word for
dictionary; there... you're improving your
vocabulary already!). Person with the Largest
Vocabulary
The second category, which is grammar, tests
the candidate's knowledge of stringing words An average person has around
10,000 to 20,000 words in their
into sentences. Here, the candidates are tested
vocabulary, but Shakespeare
on their ability to detect and/or correct errors in knew and used 31,534 words,
sentences. in addition to this, he knew
35,000 words which he never
The third category, which is comprehension, used. So, Shakespeare had
tests the candidate’s ability to see connection 66,534 words in his
between sentences. Here, the candidates are vocabulary.
tested on their ability to organize sentences into
paragraphs and/or organize paragraphs into
larger units of written expression.
This manual addresses the first category.

Broadly, the word vocabulary encompasses all
the words one knows in a language. For
example, you have a vocabulary for words in
your mother tongue, you have one for words in
English, and you have one for words in your
third language. However, we can segregate a
person's vocabulary into two groups:
VOCABULARY
1. Active Vocabulary: A person's active

vocabulary consists of all the words a person
understands and uses.
2. Passive Vocabulary: A person's passive
vocabulary consists of all the words a person
understands but doesn't use.
For example, all the words below indicate the

meaning, "very high in temperature."
blazing, boiling, heated, humid, red, scorching,

sizzling, sultry, sweltering, torrid, tropical,
warm, white, baking, blistering, broiling,
burning, calescent, close, decalescent, febrile,
fevered, feverish, feverous, fiery, flaming,
igneous, incandescent, like an oven, on fire,
ovenlike, parching, piping, recalescent,
roasting, scalding, searing, smoking, steaming,
stuffy, summery, sweltry, thermogenic, tropic,
and very warm.
Now, out of these words, pick the one's that you

understand and use. For instance, humid,
warm, burning, and heated. These words belong
to your active vocabulary.
At the same time, words such as scorching,

tropical, blistering, feverish, fiery, parching, and
roasting are words you understand, but don't
use. These words belong to your passive
vocabulary.
Improving your active vocabulary improves

your ability to express your thoughts through
the written or spoken word. However, improving
active vocabulary takes years of effort. Who has
that kind of time while preparing for an exam?
From an examination point of view, it's better to

work on your passive vocabulary than working
on your active vocabulary. In an exam, all you
need to do is recollect the meaning of the words
presented in the question. Therefore, the stress
is on recollection. In the next section, we will
discuss a few strategies to improve recollection.
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE RECOLLECTION
VOCABULARY
Most people have no problems learning new

words. You can open a dictionary and learn
thousands of new words in a relatively short
amount of time. But, the challenge is to
commit the meanings of those words to long-
term memory. Here are some methods that
will help you do that:
MAKE WORD ASSOCIATION WEBS
Our brain takes what we read and makes it

into images, ideas, and feelings etc. and then
makes connections between what we knew
before and the new information (words and
ideas). This is how we remember things. The
“new” stuff is fitted into the “old” stuff. Think
of a tree. It is easier for you to see a big tree
with lots of branches and leaves than it is to
see a small tree with very few branches and
leaves, right? Well, it’s the same for your
brain. When you connect a new word or idea to
things you already know you make it easier for
your brain to find (see) it when you need to
remember it.
How can you do this? Easy. Make an Idea Web.

Start with the thing you want to remember
(words, ideas, sentences) in the middle of a
piece of paper. Then draw lines from it like a
spider’s web. At the end of the line write down
any ideas or words or even pictures that you
think of when you say the word or idea in the
middle of the page. Anything you think of is
ok…just write it down.
This only takes about 2 minutes. Now all the

words/ideas are getting connected in your
mind. If you see or hear one of them it will
help your brain remember all of the others. To
make this work really well, you can talk to
yourself about how each word/idea fits
together with the others. The more you do
this, the more connections you make. Lots of
connections makes it very easy for your brain
to “see” the word you want to recall when you
are trying to remember it.
VOCABULARY
REMEMBER IN CHUNKS (COLLOCATIONS)
Remembering the word is important but

English, like Chinese, is a language and
languages are NOT just facts to be
remembered – they are tools for people to USE
to express their ideas and communicate. So,
find examples of how each word is used in
your text. Write a few words before and after
the word so that you remember how it is used.
For example: if your word is “arrogant” write
something like this….”the tall, arrogant man” …
This will help you to remember that “arrogant”
is an adjective and that it describes people.
The next thing to do is to make 3 full
sentences with the word to practice using it.
USE PICTURES
Draw small pictures that show the meaning of

the word if you can. Sounds crazy, right?
That’s why it works. Our brains have so much
normal information coming in every moment
that a crazy image is a nice surprise – and you
always remember surprises, don’t you? Our
brains are also specially designed to catch and
understand visual information quickly. So,
make a funny picture that shows the meaning
of the word you want to remember and your
brain will remember it easily.
TELL A TALL STORY
If you think there are too many new words to

remember, there’s a memory trick that can
help. Just make a crazy story that uses all the
words. Picture it in your mind as you make the
story. We remember stories easily, especially
crazy stories that we can imagine in detail in
our minds. Repeat the story and you will
remember the words. When you make the
story connect the words in funny ways. For
example, if you want to remember these 20
words:
VOCABULARY
shoes, piano, tree, pencil, bird, bus, books,

driver, dog, pizza, flower, basketball, door,
television, spoons, chair, jump, dance,
computer, stone….you could make a story like
this:
There is a piano wearing shoes and sitting in a

tree. The tree is strange because someone has
stuck a giant pencil through it. On the pencil a
bird is sitting and watching a bus full of people
reading books. Even the driver is reading a
book which is bad because he isn’t paying
attention to driving. So, he hits a dog that is
eating a pizza in the middle of the road and
kills it. The driver digs a hole and buries the
dog in it and then puts a flower on it. He
notices that there is a door in the dog’s grave
and opens it. Inside he can see a television
with 2 spoons for antennas on top of it. No-one
is watching the television because they are all
watching the chair. Why? – Because the chair
is jumping and dancing and throwing stones at
the computer.
Try it. You’ll be surprised!
RECYCLE THE PIECES
Use roots, prefixes and suffixes to guess what

a word means. For example:
Maybe you don’t recognize this word

“microbiology” but may be able to guess what
it means. First, look at the prefix “micro”.
Micro means very small. You may also
remember that “ology” means a subject, the
study of something. Already we know that part
of this word’s meaning is “the study of” +
“something small”. Now, you will probably
remember that “bio” means living things. So,
we can figure out that microbiology probably
means the study of very small living things.
This is correct. English is like a puzzle – we put
the pieces together to make new words. So if
you make a list of word beginnings that you
often see (un-, dis-, con-, micro-, etc.) and
word endings that you often see (-able, -ly, -
ent, -tion, -ive, etc.) and remember what they
VOCABULARY
mean, you will be able to guess what many

new words mean.
THINK & LEARN IN OPPOSITES
Learn words with opposite meanings

(antonyms) and words with similar meanings
(synonyms) together. For example, learn
angry/happy (antonyms) and angry/cross
(synonyms) at the same time. We can
remember similar and opposite things more
easily because they “stick together” in our
minds.
TIMING IS EVERYTHING
According to psychologists who study how we

remember anything, there is a better way to
learn things quickly and permanently. Use the
new word immediately. Use it 10 minutes
later. Use it 1 hour later. Use it 1 day later.
Use it 1 week later. After that, you’ll rarely
have to review – the new vocabulary is yours
forever.
With the help of these strategies, you can

slowly but surely enhance your passive
vocabulary. But, you're probably wondering
where to begin. Since you are using this
manual to prepare for an exam, exam
questions are the best place to start. But,
before we dive into questions you're likely to
face in your assessments, let's look at the
common question types in the vocabulary
category.
QUESTION TYPES
Here are the question types commonly found

in the vocabulary section of a verbal ability
test:
1. Synonyms and Antonyms: This question

type tests your ability to pick a word from the
VOCABULARY
options similar in meaning (synonym) or

opposite in meaning (antonym) to the word in
the question stem.
2. One-Word Substitute: This question type
tests your ability to pick a single word that
matches the sentence or phrase in the
question stem.
3. Analogies: This question type tests your
ability to categorize words based on types of
relationships.
4. Spellings: This question type tests your
ability to accurately spell words.
5. Idioms: This question type tests your
ability to distinguish the literal meaning of an
idiom from the actual meaning of the idiom.
In the subsequent sections, we will discuss

each of the above question types.
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
Let's look at a question from this problem

type.
In the following questions, each word in capital

letters is followed by four words or phrases.
Choose the one which is similar in meaning to
the word given in the, capital letters.
ACCOUTREMENTS
(a) Relatives
(b) Companions
(c) Blemishes
(d) Belongings
It is clear that you cannot answer this question

unless all the words in the question are at least
a part of your passive vocabulary. So, this is a
very tough question for candidates who have
not invested time in building their passive
vocabulary through methods suggested before.
However, there are some questions where you
can use embedded clues in the word to
eliminate some answer choices. For example:
BONHOMIE
VOCABULARY
(a) Friendliness
(b) Wrath
(c) Very
(d) Greed
The word BONHOMIE is made of two smaller

words - boon and homo. The word boon means
good and homo means man. So, bonhomie
means good man. So, in some questions, the
root words giveaway the meaning of the word.
This allows us to eliminate options (b) and (d)
right away. And, option (c) is not related to the
word in the question stem; so, it cannot be the
answer. Thus, through clever guesswork, we
know the answer is option (a).
Learning root words, prefixes, and suffixes is

an incredibly useful technique in solving
vocabulary-based questions. So, in the next
sections, we will discuss the most frequently
used root words, suffixes, and prefixes.
ROOT WORDS
A root word is the most basic form of a word

that is able to convey a particular description,
though or meaning. It does not have a prefix
or a suffix (at the end of a word). Example
ACT, ALL, ALTER etc.
Ambi, Amphi
Meaning: both, on both sides, around
Examples: ambidextrous - able to use both
hands equally; ambidexterity, ambiguous -
having more than one meaning; ambivalence -
conflicting or opposite feelings toward a person
or thing, ambivalent, ambient, amboceptor,
amputation, ancipital.
Ami, Amic, Imic

Meaning: Friend
Examples: Amicable, Inimical, amiable -
friendly, pleasant, lovable; amity - friendly and
peaceful relations; amorous - showing
romantic love.
Bell, Belli
Meaning: war
VOCABULARY
Examples: Antebellum - Belonging to a period

before a war, especially the American Civil
War, bellicose - warlike; belligerent - hostile,
ready to fight; rebel - person who opposes and
fights, rebellion - refusal to accept some
authority, code or convention.
Bene
Meaning: good, well
Examples: benefactor - person who gives
money to a cause; beneficial - producing a
good effect; benevolent - showing kindness or
goodwill
Calc
Meaning: stone
Examples: calcite; calcium- the flame of
acetylene gas generated by reaction of calcium
carbide with water; calcification- impregnation
with calcareous matter
Carn
Meaning: flesh, meat
Examples: carnivorous - flesh-eating; carnal -
pertaining to the body or flesh; incarnate -
given bodily form
Cata
Meaning: down, against completely, intensive,
Examples: cataclysm - a flood or other
disaster, catalog - a complete --ing;
catastrophe - turning for the worst, a
substantial disaster
Cede, Ceed, Cess

Meaning: go, yield
Examples: exceed - to go beyond the limits;
recede - to go back; accessible - easily
entered, approached, or obtained;
Chrono
Meaning: time
Examples: chronic - lasting for a long time;
chronological - arranging events in time order,
synchronize - happening at the same time
Demos
Meaning: people
VOCABULARY
Examples: democracy - government of the

people; demographic - the study of people;
epidemic - spreading among people in a region
Derma
Meaning: skin
Examples: dermatologist - a doctor for the
skin; pachyderm - a class of animals with very
thick skin (elephant, rhinoceros); dermatitis -
inflammation of the skin
Ego
Meaning: self
Examples: egoistic - self-centered; alter ego -
a higher aspect of oneself; egomania -
excessive preoccupation with oneself.
Endo
Meaning: within, inside
Examples: endotherm - a creature that can
keep its inside temperature fairly constant;
endocrine - relating to glands that secrete
directly into the blood or lymph; endogamy -
the custom to marry within one’s clan, tribe
etc.
Erg
Meaning: work
Examples: ergonomics - study of the working
environment; energy - the power to
accomplish work; energetics - science that
looks at energy and its transformation.
Aesth
Meaning: feeling, sensation, beauty
Examples: esthetician - someone who
beautifies; aesthetic - pertaining to a sense of
beauty; kinesthesia - the sensation of bodily
movement.
Fac
Meaning: make, do
Examples: artifact - an object made by a
person; factory - a place where things are
made; malefact - a person who does wrong.
Fid
Meaning: faith
Examples: confide - place trust in someone,
fidelity - faithfulness; fiduciary - a trustee;
VOCABULARY
Flect
Meaning: bend
Examples: deflect - to bend course because of
hitting something; inflection - a bending in the
voice’s tone or pitch; flexible - easily bending.
Gastr
Meaning: stomach
Examples: gastric - pertaining to the stomach;
gastronomy - serving the stomach by
providing good food; gastritis - inflammation of
the stomach.
Gen
Meaning: genesis, birth, production,
formation, kind
Examples: genealogy - the study of the
history of a family; generation - all the people
born at approximately the same time; genetic
-relating to heredity encoded in the genes.
Ger
Meaning: old age
Examples: geriatrics - medicine pertaining to
the elderly; gerontocracy - the rule of the
elders; gerontology - the science of aging.
Graph
Meaning: writing, recording, written
Examples: Graphology - the study of
handwritings; autograph - written with one’s
own hand; seismograph - a machine noting
strength and duration of earthquakes.
Helic
Meaning: spiral, circular
Examples: helicopter - an aircraft with
horizontal rotating wing; helix - a spiral form;
helicon - a circular tuba.
Helio
Meaning: sun
Examples: heliotropism - movement or growth
in relating to the sun; heliograph - apparatus
used to send message with the help of
sunlight; helianthus - genus of plants including
sunflowers.
Homo, Homeo
VOCABULARY
Meaning: like, alike, same

Examples: homogeneous - of the same nature
or kind; homonym - sounding alike;
homeopath - a therapy that is based on
treating “same with same”
Hydro
Meaning: liquid, water
Examples: hydrate - to add water to;
hydrophobia - intense fear of water;
hydroponics - growing plants in liquid nutrient
solution; hydraulic - operated by force created
by a liquid.
Icono
Meaning: image
Examples: icon - an (often religious) image, in
modern usage a simplified graphic of high
symbolic content; iconology
- science of symbols and icons; iconoclast -

someone who destroys religious images and
traditional beliefs.
Idio
Meaning: peculiar, personal, distinct
Examples: idiomatic - Peculiar to a particular
language; idiosyncracy - a physical or mental
characteristic typical or a particular person;
idiot - someone who is distinctly foolish or
stupid.
Ject
Meaning: throw
Examples: eject - to throw
someone/something out; interject - to throw a
remark into a discussion; project - to cast or
throw something.
Jud
Meaning: law
Examples: judgment - a decision of a court of
law; judicial - having to do with judges or
courts of law; judiciary - a system of courts of
law.
Kine
Meaning: motion, division, kinetics - study of
the force of motion;
VOCABULARY
Examples: psychokinesis or telekinesis - the

ability to move objects with your mind;
cinematography - motion picture making.
Lab
Meaning: work,
Examples: collaborate - to work with a
person; elaborate - to work out the details;
laborious - requiring a lot of hard work.
Lact
Meaning: milk
Examples: lactate - to give milk, nurse;
lactose - the sugar contained in milk; lactic
acid.
Logos
Meaning: word, doctrine, discourse
Examples: logic - correct reasoning;
monologue - a long speech by one speaker;
analogy - similarity, especially between things
otherwise dissimilar.
Loqu, Locu
Meaning: speak
Examples: eloquent - speaking beautifully and
forcefully; loquacious - very talkative;
elocution - art of public speaking.
Mal
Meaning: bad, ill, wrong
Examples: malcontent - wrong content;
malaria - “bad air”, infectious disease thought
to originate from the “bad air” of the swamps,
but caused by the bite of an infected mosquito;
malicious - showing strong ill will.
Meter
Meaning: measure
Examples: audiometer- an instrument that
measures hearing acuteness; chronometer- an
instrument that measures time; metric -
measured.
Osteo
Meaning: bone
Examples: osteoarthritis - inflammation caused
by degeneration of the joints; osteopathy -
therapy that uses among others manipulation
VOCABULARY
of the skeleton to restore health; osteology -

the study of bones.
Oxi/Oxy
Meaning: sharp oxymoron - combining two
ideas that sharply contradict each other;
oxidize - corrode a surface. para
Meaning: beside, beyond, abnormal, assistant
Examples: parasite - an organism that lives
on and off another living being; parallel -
alongside and always an equal distance apart;
paragraph - a portion of a written document
that presents a distinct idea.
Para
Meaning: protection from
Examples: parachute - protection from falling;
parasol - an umbrella used to protect from the
sun;
Pathos
Meaning: feeling, emotion
Examples: antipathy - a feeling of great
dislike; apathy - a lack of feeling or interest;
empathy - ability to understand another’s
feelings.
Radic, Radix
Meaning: root
Examples: eradicate - pull out at the roots;
radical - fundamental, looking at things from a
drastic point of view; radish - an edible root of
the mustard family.
Radio
Meaning: radiation, ray
Examples: radioactive - emitting radiation;
radiologist - someone diagnosing or treating
via radiation.
Rhod
Meaning: red
Examples: rhododendron - a flower with
red/pink flowers; rhodium - an element which
produces a red solution; rhodopsin - a purple
pigment in the retina that is needed for vision.
Rid
Meaning: laugh
VOCABULARY
Examples: deride - to make fun of someone;

ridicule - to make fun or mock; ridiculous -
silly, causing laughter.
Scop
Meaning: see, examine, observe
Examples: microscope - a device used to see
tiny things; periscope - a seeing instrument on
a submarine; telescope - a device used to see
over a distance.
Scrib, Script
Meaning: write, written
Examples: inscribe - to write letters or words
on a surface; scribe - a person who writes out
documents; describe - to represent with words
or pictures.
Tax
Meaning: arrangement
Examples: syntax - the systematic
arrangement of words; taxonomy - the science
of classification; ataxia - loss of the ability to
coordinate muscle action.
Techno
Meaning: technique, skill
Examples: technology - the practical
application of knowledge; technocracy - rule of
technology; technologically - characterized by
technology.
Tele
Meaning: far, distant, complete
Examples: telephone - a device to talk to a
distant person; telescope - a device to view
distant objects; television - a device to receive
pictures from afar; telecommuting - working
remotely, bridging the distance via virtual
devices.
Terra
Meaning: land, earth
Examples: extraterrestrial - existing outside
the earth; terrain - ground or land; territory -
an area of land.
Theo
Meaning: god
VOCABULARY
Examples: monotheism - belief in one god;

polytheism - worshiping more than one god;
theology - the study of religion, god, etc.
Ultra
Meaning: beyond, extreme, more than
Examples: ultrahigh - extremely high;
ultramodern - more modern than anything
else; ultrasonic - sound waves beyond human
hearing.
Urb
Meaning: city
Examples: suburb - residential area on the
edge of a city; urban - relating to a city;
urbanology - the study of city life.
Vac
Meaning: empty
Examples: evacuate - to empty a dangerous
place; vacant - empty, not occupied; vacation
- a time without work.
Verb
Meaning: word
Examples: verbalize - to put into words;
adverb - a word relating to a verb; proverb - a
short saying that expresses a well-known
truth.
Vers, Vert
Meaning: turn
Examples: reverse - to turn around; introvert
- being turned towards the inside; version - a
variation of an original; controversy - a
conversation in which positions are turned
against each other.
Vice
Meaning: acting in place of, next in rank
Examples: vice-president - the person next in
rank to the president
Vid
Meaning: see
Examples: evident clearly seen
Vince, Vic
Meaning: conquer
VOCABULARY
Examples: convince - to win someone over;

invincible - not able to be conquered; victory -
the conquest of an enemy.
Vis, Vid
Meaning: see
Examples: vision - the ability to see; envision
- to picture in the mind; evident - clearly
visible.
Viv/Ivit
Meaning: live, life
Examples: revival - the act of bringing back to
life; vital - pertaining to live; vivacious - high-
spirited and full of life.
Voc/I
Meaning: voice, call
Examples: advocate - to speak in favor of;
equivocate - to use misleading language that
could be interpreted two different ways;
vocalize - to produce with your voice.
Vor, Vour
Meaning: eat
Examples: carnivorous - meat-eating;
voracious - desiring or eating food in great
quantities; devour - to eat quickly.
Xeno
Meaning: foreign
Examples: xenoblast, xenon - A colourless
odourless inert gaseous element occurring in
the earth’s atmosphere in trace amounts,
xenogamy, xenophobic - afraid of foreigners;
xenogenesis - the creation of offspring that is
completely different from either parent;
xenophile - attracted to foreigners.
Xyl
Meaning: wood
Examples: xylem - The woody part of plants:
the supporting and water-conducting tissue,
consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels,
xylocarp; xyloid- resembling wood; xylophone-
an organ percussion stop of similar tone
quality
Zo
Meaning: animal, animal life, living being
VOCABULARY
Examples: zoology - study of animals; zooid -

One of the distinct individuals forming a
colonial animal such as a bryozoan or
hydrozoan; zooplankton - Animal constituent
of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish
larvae.
Zyg
Meaning: a pair, yoke
Examples: Heterozygous - having dissimilar
alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci,
zygote - a cell formed by the union of two
gametes and the organism developing from
that; zygomorphic - capable of division into
symmetrical halves by only one longitudinal
plane passing through the axis.
PREFIX
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

a-, an- without, not anesthetic, atheist
ab- away, from abject, abscess
ad-, a-, ac-, as- to, toward access, admit, assist
ante before antecedent, anterior
anti- against antibiotics, antioxidant
auto- self autoimmune, autonomous
ben- good benefit, benign
bi- two, both bifocals, bipolar
circum- around circumference, circumscribe
co-, com-, con- with companion, concurrent
contra-, counter- against contradict, counteract
de- down, undo, not degenerate, depress
di-, dis- lack of, not, apart disadvantage, displacement
eu- good, normal eugenics, eulogy
ex- out (of), former expose, extract
exo-, ecto-, extra-, extro- outside exoskeleton, extraordinary
fore- before foresee, foreshadow
VOCABULARY
hemi- half hemisphere

hyper above, excessive hyperactive, hypertension
hypo- under, insufficient hypodermic, hypothetical
il-, im-, in-, ir- in, into, not, against illegitimate, inadequate
inter- among. between interpose, intervene
intra- within intramural, intravenous
macro- large macrobiotic, macrocosm
mal- bad malfunction, malignant
micro- small microbe, microscope
mis- wrong misfortune, mistake
mono- one monolingual, monopoly
multi- many multiple, multitask
non- not, lacking nonfat, nonsense
ob-,o-, oc-, op- against, over, completely object, occur, omit, oppose
omni- all omnipotent, omnivorous
peri- around peripheral, periscope
poly- many polygamous, polygon
post- after postgraduate, postpone
pre- before precede, predict, prevent
pro- forward progress, promotion
quad- four quadriplegic, quadrangle
re- again, back reform, retain, regenerate
semi- half, partially semiannual, semiconscious
sub-, sup-, sus- under submarine, subtropical
super-, supra- above, excessive superlative, suprarenal
sym-, syn- with, together sympathy, synthetic
trans- across, beyond Transform, transportation
tri- three tricycle, triple
ultra- beyond. excessive ultraliberal, ultrasonic
un- not undeserved, unhappy
uni- one uniform, unilateral
VOCABULARY
SUFFIX
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE

-able Adj (able) dependable, valuable
-al Adj original, typical
-an NP (belonging to; see -ian) Korean, Mexican
-ance N (see -ant 1) reliance, significance
-ancy N (see -ant 1) constancy
-ant 1 Adj constant, reliant, significant
-ant 2 NP attendant, participant
NP (person who __; see -er
-ar beggar
2)
-ary Adj primary, secondary
-ate V coordinate, differentiate
-ed Adj or tense (PT) bored, coordinated, tired
NP (person who receives an
-ee nominee, refugee
action)
-en 1 Adj or tense (PT) eaten, written
-en 2 V (to make __) lengthen, tighten
-ence N (see -ent 1) influence, persistence
-ency N (see -ent1) efficiency, emergency
-ent 1 Adj efficient, persistent
-ent 2 NP resident
-er 1 CP (Adj) busier, taller
-er 2 NP (person who __) baker, consumer, teacher
-es 1 pl-PT (N; see -s 1) candies, dishes, toes
-es 2 3ps, PT (see -s 2) fixes, washes
-est CP (superlative adj) busiest, tallest
-fication N (see -fy) modification, simplification
-ful Adj (full of) resourceful stressful
VOCABULARY
-fy, -ify V (to make__ ) classify, modify, simplify

-ian NP (see -an) Brazilian, musician
-ible Adj (able) eligible, visible
-ic Adj basic, sympathetic
-ing Adj or tense (PT) boring, frightening
-ion N (see -sion & -tion) erosion, resolution
-ish Adj (similar to) boyish, Irish
-ism N communism, federalism
chemist, communist,
-ist NP (group member)
federalist
-ity N diversity, security
-ive Adj excessive, productive
-ize V characterize, organize
-less Adj (without) effortless, helpless
-logy N (study of) archeology, geology
-ly Adv basically, typically, usually
-ment N assignment, judgment
-ness N awareness, tiredness
NP (person who __; see -er
-or doctor, sailor
2)
-ous Adj ambiguous, enormous
-s 1 pl-PT (N) clocks, streets, trees
-s 2 3ps, PT eats, thinks
-ship N authorship, relationship
-sion N expansion, vision
-tion N classification, reaction
-y Adj (presence of) cheery, noisy, rainy
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Identify the meaning of the underlined word

(Synonym):
VOCABULARY
1. He felt dizzy due to circumambulating.

A. Running away
B. Walking in a circle
C. Rush
D. Running to
E. Walking away from
2. Action should be taken to grow the opulent

vegetation in the fertile soil.
A. Moneyed
B. Destitute
C. Penurious
D. Poor
E. Approve
3. The enmity between the two communities

resulted in an outbreak of clashes.
A. Tumult
B. Subside
C. Contextual
D. Practical
E. Feasible
4. It is not my responsibility to answer all these

unsubstantiated rumors.
A. Gratuitous
B. Substantial
C. Well-founded
D. Connotation
E. Achievable
5. His benevolence made it possible for many

poor boys to attend college.
A. Malevolence
B. Malice
C. Sermon
D. Munificence
E. Communication
6. He felt that he was not honored. So, his talk

was full of sardonic remarks
A. Zealous
B. Sarcastic
C. Vindictive
D. Unusual
E. Informative
7. Thou art’ is the archaic form of what you are

A. Contemporary
B. Novel
VOCABULARY
C. Passé
D. Thick
E. Trouble-free
8. Much to his chagrin, he came last in the

race.
A. Brightness
B. Balance
C. Omnipresence
D. Embarrassment
E. Simplicity
9. Your presence did allay my fear when I was

caught in the traffic jam.
A. Heighten
B. Assuage
C. Enhance
D. Grave
E. Opinionate
10. The King abjured his right over the

neighboring country in order to provide
peace to the people.
A. Deny
B. Worship
C. Earn
D. Semantic
E. Subscribe
Identify the word with the opposite in meaning

(Antonym):
1. When the plane crashed near the Arctic

Circle, the survivors were able to withstand the
cold and harsh elements because they met
Native Eskimos who taught them much-needed
survival skills.
A. Endure
B. Possess
C. Perish
D. Survive
E. Tolerate
2. Melanie thought that the issue at hand was

not morally just, and consequently she would
never endorse the petition circulating
throughout her neighbourhood.
A. Support
B. Oppose
VOCABULARY
C. Create
D. Irregular
E. Approve
3. At the managers’ meeting, the group decided

against the new project as a viable option and
decided on another direction to ensure success
for the company’s fall line.
A. Possible
B. Practical
C. Positive
D. Impractical
E. Feasible
4. After months of grueling work and painful

injuries to her shoulder and back, Susan
realized that her dream of swimming the English
Channel was unattainable.
A. Realistic
B. Confused
C. Impossible
D. Painful
E. Unachievable
5. The couple tried to converse in the busy

restaurant, but they couldn't hear themselves
speak so they went elsewhere.
A. Chattering
B. Chat
C. Talk
D. Stop talking
E. Communicate
6. After a grueling and busy week at work, the

stillness of the pond reminded Lara of the
silence she'd been searching since Monday.
A. Serenity
B. Tameness
C. Tranquility
D. Uproar
E. Zealot
7. The dim lights made it hard to see, so Ben

squinted to make out the stranger's face in the
distance.
A. Weak
B. Muted
C. Strong
D. Faint
E. Simplify
VOCABULARY
8. As the wood wolves howled, Gloria and

Steven found it difficult to see in the gloomy
forest.
A. Dark
B. Dreadful
C. Ominous
D. Bright
E. Inexperienced
9. The merry wedding ceremony took place

outdoors. It was beautiful and picturesque!
A. Scenic
B. Ugly
C. Aesthetic
D. Pretty
E. Convinced
10. The graphic movie is for adults only because

most of the scenes are unsuitable for children
A. Clear
B. Detailed
C. Implicit
D. Explicit
E. Confinement
SOLTION AND EXPLANATION
SYNONYMNS
1. The given sentence has a clue in the word

‘dizzy’. One would feel dizzy if walking in a
circle. The root word in the highlighted word is
‘ambulate’ which means to walk. So, the given
word means to walk in a circular fashion.
Option 1 is self-explanatory. So, it is not the
right answer.
Option 2 is self-explanatory. So, it is the right
answer.
Option 3 means to hurry. So, it is the wrong
answer.
Option 4 means to running towards a direction.
So, it is the wrong answer.
Option 5 means is self-explanatory. So, it is
the wrong answer.
Hence the correct answer is Option 2
VOCABULARY
2. In the given sentence, fertile soil is

mentioned. This means that there is an
opportunity to grow rich vegetation. The
highlighted word means wealthy and lavish.
Option 1 means rich and affluent. So, this is
the right answer.
Option 2 means poor and penniless. So, this is
the wrong answer.
Option 3 means needy. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 4 is self-explanatory. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 5 means agree. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Hence, the correct answer is Option 1.
3. In the given sentence, the enmity is talked

about. So, this would result in some sort of
commotion. The highlighted word means
eruption.
Option 1 means uproar. So, this is the right
answer.
Option 2 means collapse. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 3 means related. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 4 means sensible. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 5 means possible. So, this is the wrong
answer.
4. In the given sentence, the hint given is

‘rumours’. This seems like someone is denying
an accusation. So, in the context, the word
means ‘not backed up’ by any evidence.
Option 1 means uncalled for. So, this is the
right answer.
Option 2 means considerable. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 3 means logical and this is the
antonym. So, this is the wrong answer.
Option 4 means suggestion. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 5 means attainable. So, this is the
wrong answer.
5. The given sentence means that because of a

good nature, poor boys could attend college.
VOCABULARY
The highlighted word contains the root word

‘bon/ben’ which means something good. So,
the word means good natured.
Option 1 contains the root word ‘mal’ which
pertains to something bad. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 2 contains the root word ‘mal’ which
pertains to something bad. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 3 means lecture. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 4 means generosity. So, this is the right
answer.
Option 5 means to communicate. So, this is
the wrong answer.
6. The given sentence implies that he felt

offended. So, he might have done something
negative. The given word means mocking.
Option 1 means enthusiastic. So, this is the
wrong answer.
right answer.
Option 3 means cruel. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 4 means strange. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 5 means instructive. So, this is the
wrong answer.
7. In the given sentence, the highlighted word

contains the root word ‘archa’ which means
primitive.
Option 1 means modern and current. So, this
is the wrong answer.
Option 2 contains the root word ‘nov’ which
means new. So, this is the wrong answer.
Option 3 means out-of-date. So, this is the
right answer.
Option 4 means fat. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 5 means simple. So, this is the wrong
answer.
8. In the given sentence, the highlighted word

means embarrassment.
VOCABULARY
Option 1 means brilliance. So, this is the wrong

answer.
Option 2 means steadiness. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 3 contains the root word ‘omni’ which
means ‘all’. The word means presence
everywhere. So, this is the wrong answer.
right answer.
Option 5 means ease. So, this is the wrong
answer.
9. From the given sentence, we can get a hint

that the speaker was calmed due to the
intense situation of the traffic jam. So, the
highlighted word means calm.
Option 1 means increase. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 2 means lessen. So, this is the right
answer.
Option 3 means to improve. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 4 means serious. So, this is the wrong
answer
Option 5 means headstrong and determined.
So, this is the wrong answer.
10. From the given sentence, we can

understand that the king might have left the
neighboring kingdom for the sake of peace.
The highlighted word means to give up.
Option 1 means to reject. So, this is the right
answer.
Option 2 means love. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 3 means to be paid or obtain something
rightfully. So, this is the wrong answer.
Option 4 pertains to relating something to
logic. So, this is the wrong answer.
Option 5 means to arrange for receiving
something regularly. So, this is the wrong
answer.
ANTONYMNS
1. The highlighted word means to be able to

endure or go through something.
VOCABULARY
Option 1 is self-explanatory. So, it is the wrong

answer.
Option 2 means to own. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 3 means to die or not able to withstand.
So, this is the right answer.
Option 4 is self-explanatory. So, it is the wrong
answer.
Option 5 means to bear. So, it is the wrong
answer.
Hence the correct answer is Option 3
2. In the given sentence, we can understand

that Melanie did not think that the issue was
right. The highlighted word means to support.
wrong answer.
Option 2 means to go up against. So, this is
the right answer.
Option 3 means to make. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 4 means crooked. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 5 means to agree and support. So, this
is the wrong answer.
3. In the given sentence, if the managers

decided for another option, they surely refused
the current one. The highlighted word means
practical.
wrong answer.
wrong answer.
Option 3 is self-explanatory. So this is the
wrong answer.
Option 4 means not practical. So, this is the
right answer.
Option 5 means possible. So, this is the wrong
answer.
4. The highlighted word means something that

cannot be attained.
Option 1 means something practical. So, this is
the right answer.
Option 2 means puzzled. So, this is the wrong
answer.
VOCABULARY
Option 3 means something not possible. So,

this is the wrong answer.
wrong answer.
Option 5 means something that cannot be
achieved. So, this is the wrong answer.
5. From the given sentence, we understand

that if the couple couldn’t hear each other,
they were trying to communicate or speak.
Option 1 means to gossip. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 2 means to talk. So, this is the wrong
answer.
wrong answer.
right answer.
wrong answer.
6. In the given sentence, if Lara was searching

for silence, the word means something
pertaining to silence.
Option 1 means calmness. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 2 means being gentle. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 3 means Quiet. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 4 means chaos. So, this is the right
answer.
Option 5 means supporter. So, this is the
wrong answer.
7. In the given sentence, if Ben couldn’t see

easily, the lights must not have been bright.
wrong answer.
Option 2 means soft and quiet. So, this is the
wrong answer.
right answer.
Option 4 means pale and weak. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 5 means making things simpler. So,
this is the wrong answer.
VOCABULARY
8. In the given sentence, since they found it

difficult to see, the word means something
dull.
wrong answer.
Option 2 means terrible. So, this is the wrong
answer.
Option 3 means threatening. So, this is the
wrong answer.
right answer.
Option 5 means being new and ‘not having any
experience’. So, this is the wrong answer.
9. In the given sentence, the wedding is

merry. The highlighted word means pertains to
a positive nature. It means charming.
Option 1 means beautiful. So, this is the wrong
answer.
right answer.
Option 3 means artistic. So, this is the wrong
answer.
wrong answer.
Option 5 means certain. So, this is the wrong
answer.
10. The highlighted word in this context

means ‘leaving nothing to imagine’. Everything
is described with great detail.
wrong answer.
Option 2 means thorough. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 3 means unspoken or hidden. So, this
is the right answer.
Option 4 means open and clear. So, this is the
wrong answer.
Option 5 means captivity. So, this is the wrong
answer.
VOCABULARY
ONE-WORD SUBSTITUTION
List of One Word Substitution for “Individual

Character/ Person/ People”
PHRASE ONE WORD

One who is not sure about God’s existence Agnostic
A person who deliberately sets fire to a building Arsonist
One who does a thing for pleasure and not as a profession Amateur
One who can use either hand with ease Ambidextrous
One who makes an official examination of accounts Auditor
A person who believes in or tries to bring about a state of
Anarchist
lawlessness
A person who has changed his faith Apostate
One who does not believe in the existence of God Atheist
A person appointed by two parties to solve a dispute Arbitrator
One who leads an austere life Ascetic
One who does a thing for pleasure and not as a profession Amateur
One who can either hand with ease Ambidextrous
An unconventional style of living Bohemian
One who is bad in spellings Cacographer
One who feeds on human flesh Cannibal
A person who is blindly devoted to an idea/ A person
Chauvinist
displaying aggressive or exaggerated patriotism
A critical judge of any art and craft Connoisseur
Persons living at the same time Contemporaries
One who is recovering health after illness Convalescent
A girl/woman who flirts with man Coquette
A person who regards the whole world as his country Cosmopolitan
One who is a centre of attraction Cynosure
One who sneers at the beliefs of others Cynic
A leader or orator who espoused the cause of the common
Demagogue
people
A person having a sophisticated charm Debonair
A leader who sways his followers by his oratory Demagogue
A dabbler (not serious) in art, science and literature Dilettante
One who is for pleasure of eating and drinking Epicure
One who often talks of his achievements Egotist
Someone who leaves one country to settle in another Emigrant
A man who is womanish in his habits Effeminate
One hard to please (very selective in his habits) Fastidious
One who runs away from justice Fugitive
VOCABULARY
One who is filled with excessive enthusiasm in religious

Fanatic
matters
One who believes in fate Fatalist
A lover of good food Gourmand
Conferred as an honour Honorary
A person who acts against religion Heretic
A person of intellectual or erudite tastes Highbrow
A patient with imaginary symptoms and ailments Hypochondriac
A person who is controlled by wife Henpeck
One who shows sustained enthusiastic action with
Indefatigable
unflagging vitality
Someone who attacks cherished ideas or traditional
Iconoclast
institutions
One who does not express himself freely Introvert
Who behaves without moral principles Immoral
A person who is incapable of being tampered with Impregnable
One who is unable to pay his debts Insolvent
A person who is mentally ill Lunatic
A person who dislikes humankind and avoids human
Misanthrope
society
A person who primarily concerned with making money at
Mercenary
the expense of ethics
Someone in love with himself Narcissist
One who collect coins as hobby Numismatist
A person who likes or admires women Philogynist
A lover of mankind Philanthropist
A person who speaks more than one language Polyglot
One who lives in solitude Recluse
Someone who walks in sleep Somnambulist
A person who is indifferent to the pains and pleasures of
Stoic
life
A scolding nagging bad-tempered woman Termagant
A person who shows a great or excessive fondness for
Uxorious
one’s wife
One who possesses outstanding technical ability in a
Virtuoso
particular art or field
One Word Substitution List for “Collection/ Group”
PHRASE ONE WORD

A group of guns or missile launchers operated together at
Battery
one place
A large bundle bound for storage or transport Bale
A large gathering of people of a particular type Bevy
An arrangement of flowers that is usually given as a
Bouquet
present
A family of young animals Brood
VOCABULARY
A group of things that have been hidden in a secret place Cache

A group of people, typically with vehicles or animals
Caravan
travelling together
A closed political meeting Caucus
An exclusive circle of people with a common purpose Clique
A group of followers hired to applaud at a performance Claque
A series of stars Constellation
A funeral procession Cortege
A group of worshippers Congregation
A herd or flock of animals being driven in a body Drove
A small fleet of ships or boats Flotilla
A small growth of trees without underbrush Grove
A community of people smaller than a village Hamlet
A group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals Herd
A large group of people Horde
A temporary police force Posse
A large number of fish swimming together Shoal
A strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid Torrent
One Word Substitutes List for “Research/

Profession”
PHRASE ONE WORD

The medieval forerunner of chemistry Alchemy
A person who presents a radio/television programme Anchor
One who studies the evolution of mankind Anthropologist
A person who is trained to travel in a spacecraft Astronaut
The scientific study of the physiology, structure, genetics,
ecology, distribution, classification, and economic Botany
importance of plants
A person who draws or produces maps Cartographer
A person who writes beautiful writing Calligrapher
A person who composes the sequence of steps and moves
Choreographer
for a performance of dance
A person employed to drive a private or hired car Chauffeur
A person who introduces the performers or contestants in
Compere
a variety show
A keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection Curator
The branch of biology concerned with cyclical physiological
Chronobiology
phenomena
A secret or disguised way of writing Cypher
The study of statistics Demography
The use of the fingers and hands to communicate and
Dactylology
convey ideas
A person who sells and arranges cut flowers Florist
A line of descent traced continuously from an ancestor Genealogy
VOCABULARY
The therapeutic use of sunlight Heliotherapy

The art or practice of garden cultivation and management Horticulture
One who supervises in the examination hall Invigilator
The theory or philosophy of law Jurisprudence
A person who compiles dictionaries Lexicographer
The scientific study of the structure and diseases of teeth Odontology
One who presents a radio programme Radio Jockey
The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing Rhetoric
The branch of science concerned with the origin, structure,
Petrology
and composition of rocks
One who study the elections and trends in voting Psephologist
An artist who makes sculptures. Sculptor
The scientific study of the behaviour, structure,
Zoology
physiology, classification, and distribution of animals
Important One Word Substitution for “Spot/ Venue”
PHRASE ONE WORD

A collection of historical documents or records providing
Archives
information about a place, institution, or group of people
A large cage, building, or enclosure for keeping birds in Aviary
A building where animals are butchered Abattoir
A place where bees are kept; a collection of beehives Apiary
A building containing tanks of live fish of different species Aquarium
A place or scene of activity, debate, or conflict Arena
A collection of weapons and military equipment Arsenal
An institution for the care of people who are mentally ill Asylum
A hole or tunnel dug by a small animal, especially a rabbit,
Burrow
as a dwelling
A collection of items of the same type stored in a hidden
Cache
or inaccessible place
A public room or building where gambling games are
Casino
played
A large burial ground, especially one not in a churchyard Cemetery
A room in a public building where outdoor clothes or
Cloakroom
luggage may be left
A place where a dead person’s body is cremated Crematorium
a Christian community of nuns living together under
Convent
monastic vows
Nursery where babies and young children are cared for
Creche
during the working day
A stoppered glass container into which wine or spirit is
Decanter
decanted
A large bedroom for a number of people in a school or
Dormitory
institution
The nest of a squirrel, typically in the form of a mass of
Drey
twigs in a tree
VOCABULARY
A room or building equipped for gymnastics, games, and

Gymnasium
other physical exercise
A storehouse for threshed grain Granary
A large building with an extensive floor area, typically for
Hangar
housing aircraft.
A box or cage, typically with a wire mesh front, for
Hutch
keeping rabbits or other small domesticated animals
A place in a large institution for the care of those who are
Infirmary
ill
A small shelter for a dog Kennel
A place where wild animal live Lair
A place where coins, medals, or tokens are made Mint
A collection of wild animals kept in captivity for exhibition Menagerie
A building or buildings occupied by a community of monks
Monastery
living under religious vows
A place where bodies are kept for identification Morgue
A piece of enclosed land planted with fruit trees Orchard
A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water
Reservoir
supply
A small kitchen or room at the back of a house used for
Scullery
washing dishes and another dirty household work
A close-fitting cover for the blade of a knife or sword Sheath
A room or building for sick children in a boarding school Sanatorium
A place where animal hides are tanned Tannery
A large, tall cupboard in which clothes may be hung or
Wardrobe
stored
One Word Substitution for “Government/ Systems”
PHRASE ONE WORD

A state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of
Anarchy
authority or other controlling systems
A form of government in which power is held by the
Aristocracy
nobility
A system of government by one person with absolute
Autocracy
power
A self-governing country or region Autonomy
A system of government in which most of the important
decisions are taken by state officials rather than by Bureaucracy
elected representatives
A system of government by the whole population or all the
eligible members of a state, typically through elected Democracy
representatives
A state, society, or group governed by old people Gerontocracy
A state or country run by the worst, least qualified, or
Kakistocracy
most unscrupulous citizens
Government by new or inexperienced hands Neocracy
Government by the populace Ochlocracy
VOCABULARY
A small group of people having control of a country or

Oligarchy
organization
Government by the wealthy Plutocracy
Government not connected with religious or spiritual
Secular
matters
A form of government with a monarch at the head Monarchy
A political system based on government of men by God Thearchy
New One Word Substitution for “Fear/ Phobia”
PHRASE ONE WORD

An extreme or irrational fear of heights Acrophobia
An irrational fear of fresh air or drafts of air Aerophobia
Fear of being egotistical, being alone or isolated Autophobia
A phobia of pain Algophobia
An abnormal fear of heights Altophobia
An emotional disorder characterized by an obsessive
Anorexia
desire to lose weight by refusing to eat
An extreme or irrational fear of open or public places Agoraphobia
An abnormal and persistent fear of depths Bathophobia
Fear or hatred of books Bibliophobia
Fear of ugliness and things that are ugly Cacophobia
A dislike of being in the centre Centrophobia
An extreme fear about beauty Cellophobia
Fear of time Chronophobia
Fear of dogs Cynophobia
An extreme or irrational fear of confined places Claustrophobia
A delusion of being possessed by evil spirits Demonomania
An abnormal and persistent fear of drinking alcohol Dipsophobia
An abnormal and persistent fear of work or finding
Ergophobia
employment
Fear of getting married, being in a relationship, or
Gamophobia
commitment
Physical or psychological fear of sexual relations or sexual
Genophobia
intercourse
Fear of old age Geraphobia
Fear of knowledge Gnosiophobia
Fear of women Gynaephobia
Fear of writing or handwriting Graphophobia
An irrational and intense fear of travel Hodophobia
An excessive fear or aversion to obtaining pleasure Hedonophobia
Fear of disease Haemetophobia
An obsessive fear of words Logophobia
An extreme fear of wind or drafts Menemophobia
An extreme or irrational fear of the night or of darkness Nyctophobia
Fear of medication Pharamacophobia
VOCABULARY
Fear of death Thanatophobia

Extreme superstition regarding the number thirteen Triskaidekaphobia
All One Word Substitution for “Murder/ Death”
PHRASE ONE WORD

A solemn procession, especially for a funeral Cortege
A poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the
Elegy
dead
A phrase or form of words written in memory of a person
Epitaph
who has died
Killing of one’s son or daughter Filicide
Destruction or abortion of a fetus Foeticide
Killing of one’s brother or sister Fratricide
Killing of a large group of people Genocide
Killing of one person by another Homicide
Killing of infants Infanticide
Burial of a corpse in a grave or tomb Interment
Killing of one’s mother Matricide
A room or building in which dead bodies are kept Mortuary
A news article that reports the recent death of a person Obituary
Killing of a parent or other near relative Parricide
Killing of one’s father Patricide
An examination of a dead body to determine the cause of
Postmortem
death
Action of killing a king Regicide
Killing of one’s sister Sororicide
Act of intentionally causing one’s own death Suicide
Killing of one’s wife Uxoricide
List of One Word Substitution for to “Sound”
PHRASE ONE WORD

The branch of physics concerned with the properties of
Acoustics
sound
The sound of Alligators Bellow
The sound of Deers Bell
The sound of Crows Caw
The sound of Geese Cackle
The sound of Hens Cluck
The sound of Dolphins Click
The sound of Frogs Croak
The sound of Crickets Creak
The sound of Monkeys Gibber
The sound of Camels Grunt
The sound of Owls Hoot
VOCABULARY
The sound of Penguins Honk

The sound of Cattle Moo
The sound of Horses Neigh
The sound of Nightingales Pipe
The sound of Ducks Quack
The sound of Parrots Screech
The sound of Rats Squeak
The sound of Birds Twitter
The sound of Elephants Trumpet
The sound of Mosquitoes Whine
List of One Word Substitution for “Generic Terms”
PHRASE ONE WORD

An act of abdicating or renouncing the throne Abdication
An annual calendar containing important dates and
statistical information such as astronomical data and tide Almanac
tables
A cold-blooded vertebrate animal that is born in water and
Amphibian
breathes with gills
A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal
Allegory
a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one
A statement or proposition on which an abstractly defined
Axiom
structure is based
A nation or person engaged in war or conflict, as
Belligerent
recognized by international law
An examination of tissue removed from a living body to
Biopsy
discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease
The action or offence of speaking sacrilegiously about God
Blasphemy
or sacred things; profane talk
The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their
Chronology
occurrence
A vigorous campaign for political, social, or religious
Crusade
change
Lasting for a very short time Ephemeral
Spoken or done without preparation Extempore
Release someone from a duty or obligation Exonerate
Fond of company Gregarious
Making marks that cannot be removed Indelible
Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong Infallible
Certain to happen Inevitable
A sentimental longing or wistful affection for a period in
Nostalgia
the past
A solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases Panacea
A doctrine which identifies God with the universe Pantheism
Excessively concerned with minor details or rules Pedantic
VOCABULARY
The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and

Plagiarism
passing them off as one’s own
Safe to drink Potable
The emblems or insignia of royalty Regalia
Violation or misuse of what is regarded as sacred Sacrilege
A position requiring little or no work but giving the holder
Sinecure
status or financial benefit
A thing that is kept as a reminder of a person, place, or
Souvenir
event
An imaginary ideal society free of poverty and suffering Utopia
Denoting a sin that is not regarded as depriving the soul
Venial
of divine grace
In exactly the same words as were used originally Verbatim
ANALOGIES & WORD PAIRS
An analogy means a similarity or a

correspondence. In questions based on
analogy, you are given a pair of words or
letters that have a certain relationship. From
the alternatives provided, you have to select
the choice that best matches the relationship
existing between the first two words or letters.
The given pair of words or letters is set off by
a colon or ratio sign (:) signifying how the
word A is related to the word B. The double
colon (:: ) that separate the given pair stands
for “in the same way”.
For example:
King:Prince::
(a) Uncle:Nephew
(b) Profuse:Availability
(c) President:Minister
(d) Stallion:Colt
Choice (d) is the answer. In the above
example, the relationship is that of a father
and a young one.
Analogy question can be solved easily by using

the following methods:
A. Initially establish the relationship between

the given pair and then check the answer
VOCABULARY
choices to find a similar relationship. For

example:
Angle:Radian::
(a) Cattle:Herd
(b) Odometer:Speed
(c) Dearth:Scarcity
(d) Area:Hectares
Choice (d) is the answer. In the above

example, Angle is measured in radians, so it is
a quantity - unit relationship. Similarly ‘Area’ is
measured in Hectares.
B. If the relationship is the same but positions

are interchanged, then it’s like a trap, don’t go
for it. For example.
Ostrich:Bird::
(a) Mammal:Panther
(b) Bleat:Lambs
(c) Pomphret:Fish
(d) Lion:Cub
Here in Choice (a) as well as in the given

question, there is a group-member
relationship. Choice (a) could have been the
answer had the words been interchanged to
Panther:Mammals.
Choice (c) is the answer.
Now, let’s have a look at the various types of
Analogical Relationships.
TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP
1. Age Relationship:
Man:Boy
Calf:Cow
Colt:Horse
Explanation: Different terms used for different
ages of same type, say ‘boy’ is the offspring of
a ‘man’.
2. Antonymous Relationship:
Save:Kill
Kind:Cruel
Abrupt:Gradual
Mourn:Rejoice
Explanation: Opposite in meaning
VOCABULARY
3. Association Relationship:
Ammeter:Current
Thermometer:Temperature
Explanation: Ammeter is related to current
(measures it ) similar to a Thermometer
measuring temperature
4. Blood / Family Relationship:

Brother:Sister
Father:Mother
Uncle:Aunt
Nephew:Niece
Explanation: Here, we have a corresponding
relation at the same level
5. Cause and Effect Relationship or Event

Aftermath Relationship:
Taunt:Unpleasantness
Dirt:Disease
Explanation: The second word is a reaction
that occurs due to the first
6. Characteristic Relationship
Intelligentsia:Elitist
Rabble:Plebeian
Explanation: Intelligentsia is characterized as
elitist, while rabble is characterized as plebeian
7. Comparative Relationship
Graphite:Black
Emerald:Green
Explanation: Examples used while making
comparisons of colors and properties
8. Classification Relationship
Clam:Mollusc
Crocodile:Reptile
Man:Mammal
Hammer:Tool
Car:Vehicle
Water:Liquid
Explanation: Biological / Botanical / Physical /
Chemical Classification
9. Degree of Difference:
Tepid:Hot
Admiration:Obsession
Hot:Sizzling
Have same meaning but Relationship
difference is of shade degree or intensity only.
VOCABULARY
10. Finished Product - Raw Material

Relationship
Rubber:Latex
Oil:Seed
Linen:Flax
Fabric:Yarn
Explanation: First part is the raw material for
the second one
11. Functional Relationship

General:Command
Axe:Wood
Explanation: First word describes the function
of the other.
12. Habit Relationship

Tiger:Carnivorous
Buffalo:Herbivorous
Explanation: Food habit relationship
13. Location Relationship

Lotus Temple:Delhi
Jaipur:Rajasthan
Explanation: First part is located in the other.
14. Numerical Relationship

3:27
5:125
Explanation: 27 is cube of 3, similarly 125 is
the cube of 5. There can also be other
functions such as multiplication, division,
subtraction, addition, etc.
15. Purpose Relationship

Pencil:Write
Eraser:Rub
Explanation: The second term is the work of
the first term
16. Qualitative Relationship:

Huge:Small
Translucent:Opaque
Kilometre:Metre
Litre:Centilitre
Explanation: Can be classified under other
categories as well as properties
17. Gender Relationship

Boy:Girl
VOCABULARY
Nephew:Niece
Gentleman:Lady
Explanation: Corresponding relations
18. Specialist - Subject Area

Cardiologist:Heart
Ophthalmologist:Eye
Chef:Food
Explanation: The area of specialization
19. Study Relationship:

Botany:Plants
Cytology:Cells
Explanation: The area of the subject
20. Synonymous Relationship:

Solicit:Request
Fallacy:Illusion
Calm:Sedate
Mix:Blend
Explanation: Words similar in meaning or
similar shade of meaning
21. Time Sequence:

Dawn:Dusk
Day:Night
Evening:Morning
Explanation: One comes after the other
Relationship
22. Tool:Object :
Scissors:Cloth
Knife:Meat
Explanation: Instrument used on medium
23. Instrument and Utility:

Truck:Transport
Sofa:Sitting
Explanation: The Item and its purpose
24. Worker:Article
Cobbler:Shoe
Creator:Creation
Carpenter:Table
Explanation: The produce of the worker
25. Whole and part

Bicycle:Paddle
Boat:Sail
Body:Muscle
VOCABULARY
Explanation: One is a part of the other.
26. Worker:Tool
Cobbler:Awl
Blacksmith:Anvil
Barber:Scissors
Explanation: Worker and the tool he
specializes in using
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Quiet: Reticent:: Loud:_________

A. Diminished B. Exaggerate
C. Gregarious D. Belligerent
2. Brutalize: Bully:: Criticize:_______

A. Castigate B. Hurt
C. Despair D. Destroy
3. Whimsical: Capricious:: Bombastic:_______

A. Funny B. Enthusiastic
C. Turgid D. Frivolous
Carnivore: Herbivore:: Virtuous:________

A. Faithful B. Spiritual
C. Nefarious D. Careful
Build: Demolish:: Recede:_________

A. Depart B. Approach
C. Arrive D. Reach
6. Hope: Despair:: Atheist:_________

A. Religious B. Believer
C. Disciplinarian D. Advisor
7. Vitriol: Spiteful:: Alabaster:_______

A. Stone B. Marble
C. White D. Biblical
8. Vernacular: Regional::
Fluctuation:__________
A. Irregular B. Dissentious
C. Austere D. Perfection
Rivulet: Small:: Citadel:_________

A. Casted B. Fortified
Populated D. Crowned
10.Nobility: Count:: Army:_________

VOCABULARY
Grenadier B. Cavalry
C. Guard D. Carrier
11 .Level: Hierarchy:: Instalment:________

A. Organization B. Bank
C. Settlement D. Serial
12. Sect: Religion:: Foreground:________

A. Landscape B. Painting
C. Fresco D. Background
13. Disparate: Distinct:: Virulent:________

A. Flowery B. Botanical
C. Poisonous D. Disgusting
14 .Unforgettable: Memorable::
Pleasing:_______
A. Soothing B. Happy
C. Breath-taking D. Blissful
15.Zealous: Devoted:: Bumptious:_______

A. Obese B. Conceited
C. Loud D. Malevolent
16.Peccadillo: Sin:: Masquerade:_________

A. Parade B. Carnival
C. Party D. Costume
17.Alcohol: Liquid:: Pragmatism:_______

A. Concept B. Philosophy
C. Ideals D. Custom
18.Virus: Pathogen:: Lithograph:________

A. Codes B. Drawings
C. Hieroglyphs D. Print
19.Invective: Blame:: Masonry:________

A. Cult B. Construct
C. Scandalous D. Conspire
20.Eulogy: Praise:: Blandishment:_____

A. Coax B. Sooth
C. Exile D. Banish
21.Decanter: Pour:: Monument:_________

A. Conquer B. Construct
C. Climb D. Venerate
22.Fake: Authenticity:: Latent:__________

A. Laidback B. Later
VOCABULARY
C. Manifestation D. Inactivity
23.Powerless: Efficacy:: Explicit:_______

A. Ambiguity B. Similarity
C. Clarity D. Irregularity
24.Unprecedented: Forerunners::
Adulterated:_____
A. Toxic B. Poisonous
C. Purity D. Conceited
25.Quill: Author:: Papyrus:______

A. Scribe B. Farmer
C. Gardener D. Washer
26.Mouse: Engineer:: Oar:

A. Slave B. Merchant
C. Mason D. Sailor
27.Scalpel: Surgeon:: Guillotine:______

A. King B. Queen
C. Executioner D. Butcher
28.Tripod: Camera:: Easel:_________

A. Frame B. Brushes
C. Paint D. Canvas
29.Dermal: Skin:: Arboreal:______

A. Fauna B. Arteries
C.Trees D. Surreal
30.Expulsion: School:: Ostracism:________

A. Public B. Town
C. Society D. City
ANSWER KEY
Question Number Answers

1 C
2 A
3 C
4 C
5 B
6 B
7 C
8 A
9 B
10 A
11 D
VOCABULARY
12 A
13 C
14 C
15 B
16 C
17 B
18 D
19 B
20 A
21 D
22 C
23 A
24 C
25 A
26 D
27 C
28 D
29 C
30 C
SPELLINGS
Plenty of native speakers find it confusing, too.

A lot of the English language is “borrowed”
from other languages. That’s why we get a lot
of weirdly-spelled words in English. “Zucchini,”
for example, is actually an Italian word. In
ancient Greece, a “gymnasium” was a place
where men exercised naked! With so many
words from different cultures and languages,
learning to spell in English can sometimes
seem too difficult! Don’t worry, though. It is
possible to improve your English spelling. You
just have to know where to start.
Why English Spelling Is Important
If you’re learning English, you need to learn to

spell in English. You might think writing and
spelling aren’t so important for everyday
communication. But if you think you only need
to write in school, think again! Today, people
are writing more than ever. We’re updating our
Facebook statuses. We’re texting each other.
We’re writing reviews of things we bought on
Amazon. We write emails to friends and at
work. We send out invitations. We write
reports. We do many other things that require
(need) writing.
VOCABULARY
Writing is a big part of your life, even if you

don’t realize it.
That’s why spelling is so important! Knowing

how to spell correctly helps others understand
you. It also helps you understand more of
what you read: The more you learn about
spelling, the more you know about how words
work. This knowledge can help you figure out
what new words mean, and how to pronounce
them.
What Country Is Your Spelling From?
Before you learn spelling for English words,

figure out which country’s spelling you want to
use. American, British, Canadian and
Australian English have slightly different
spellings for some words. For example, the
word “color” in American would be spelled
“colour” in British.
Which country’s spelling you choose should

depend on why you’re learning English. Are
you planning to study in Great Britain? Work in
the U.S.? Are you learning just for fun? Decide
before you learn, so you don’t have to re-learn
the correct country’s spelling later!
How to Improve Your English Spelling: 9

Painless Methods
1. Use mnemonics
Remembering information can be difficult. But
when you give that information more meaning,
it becomes easier to memorize. Mnemonic
devices turn information into a picture, a
sentence, a rhyme or anything else that’s
easier to remember.
Here are three types of mnemonic devices you

can use to remember difficult spelling:
Rhymes and songs make words and

information easier to remember. One of the
best-known spelling rhymes is “i before e
except after c or when sounding like a as in
neighbor and weigh.” This rhyme tells you
when to write “ie” and when to write “ei.” You
VOCABULARY
can listen to another rhyming song about

spelling from Between the Lions. You can also
make up your own!
An acronym takes the first letter of a few
words and puts them together. You might
already use acronyms online or in texts. LOL,
for example, stands for “Laughing Out Loud.”
BRB is “Be Right Back.” One way to remember
some tricky spellings is by turning each letter
into a word. For example, to remember
“rhythm” just remember “Rhythm Helps Your
Two Hips Move.” Turn difficult words into silly
sentences and you will remember them in no
time.
Some mnemonics use sentences to explain the
difficult part of spelling a word. Having trouble
spelling the word “island”? Just remember that
“An island is land surrounded by water.” Is
“separate” spelled with an e or an a in the
middle? “There’s a rat in separate!” You can
find more useful sentences on About.com, or
make up your own.
2. Learn a few rules

Sometimes the best way to learn is to know
the rules. Start by learning a few. Then, as you
learn new words, you can add more and more
rules. Before you know it, you’ll be able to
spell most words!
You can find short lists of basic spelling rules

at smc.edu, YourDictionary and About.com.
Don’t try to learn them all at once! Instead,
learn and practice one or two at a time until
you understand them.
The next time you find a word that you can’t

spell, try finding out if it follows a rule.
For example, why does the y in “friendly” turn

into an i in “friendliness”?
Well, when you add a suffix (a word ending

like “-ness”) to a word that ends in the letter
y, that y is changed to an i. But that’s not the
case if the suffix starts with an i (like “-ing”).
So someone can be “trying” but that same

person “tries.” You can be “partying” or go to
many “parties.” Thanks to knowing one word,
VOCABULARY
you can learn how to spell many others that

follow the same rule!
3. Learn commonly misspelled words

Some words are so tough to spell that even
native speakers get them wrong a lot. You can
find some commonly misspelled English words
in this post or in this list on YourDictionary.
You can also find some videos of misspelled

words. This one looks through YouTube
comments and corrects the spelling. This one
teaches a song to help you remember seven
tough-to-spell words.
Many commonly misspelled words are not

words you need to use too often. But here are
ten commonly misspelled words you might
actually need to know how to spell:
across
basically
beginning
believe
foreign
friend
forty
interrupt
until
weird
Of course, this doesn’t mean you should
memorize all these words at once! Learn them
one at a time, starting with the ones you use
the most often. Or you can just…
4. Make a list of the words you have

trouble spelling
Maybe you already know how to spell most
commonly misspelled words (great for you!).
Or maybe you just don’t use the word
“vacuum” too often when you’re writing.
Instead of studying a list of words made by

someone else, why not make your own? Write
down words that you have trouble spelling,
even if they seem simple. Then learn their
spelling rules or memorize them with
mnemonics.
VOCABULARY
You might find that you have trouble with

certain groups of words. For example:
“percent,” “preview,” “presentation”… when do
you write “pre” and when is it “per”? Knowing
what you need to learn is an important part of
learning!
5. Check word origins in the dictionary

Many English words have Greek and Roman
roots. This means they have Greek or Latin
words in them. Knowing common roots can
help you spell (and understand) more words.
When you look up a word in the dictionary, you

might check the meaning and part of speech.
But it can also be useful to check the origin
(where something comes from). Many
dictionaries include the origin of the words.
For example, have you ever wondered why

“bicycle” is spelled the way it is? It comes from
the Greek word cycl, which means “circle.” This
is easy to remember because a wheel has the
shape of a circle. The bi in “bicycle” is from
Latin, and means “two.” So a bicycle is
something that has two wheels.
Now, the next time you see cycl in a word, you

can use it to guess the meaning. It will also
help you remember how to spell the word. If a
unicycle is like a bicycle but with just one
wheel, what do you think uni means?
Here’s a short list of Latin and Greek roots,

and here is a huge one.
6. Chunk it
Sometimes words are difficult to spell just
because they are long. In these cases, you can
use the chunking method. Chunking is when
you separate the word into “chunks,” or
shorter parts. This way, you’re not memorizing
the spelling for one long word, but just a few
short ones!
The word “embarrassed,” for example, can be

chunked like this:
em
bar
VOCABULARY
ras
sed
Just remember the spelling for these four short

“words,” and you’ll spell “embarrassed”
correctly every time.
You can do this with any word you have

trouble spelling—it makes them much easier to
remember!
7. Sound it out
This is a spelling trick that is often taught to
little kids, because it’s so simple. If you’re not
sure how to spell a word, say it out loud, very
slowly. Then write down what you hear.
Of course, this won’t work with every word.

The word “friend,” for example, doesn’t sound
the way it’s written. For words that don’t
sound the way they’re spelled, you will need to
use a different method.
In many simpler words, you should be able to

get the correct spelling (or very close to it) by
sounding the word out. So if you’re getting
similar words like “blink” and “blank” confused,
sound them out, letter by letter. This will help
you spell and improve your pronunciation.
8. Draw a picture
You can use drawing as another mnemonic
device. Have you ever noticed that the word
“bed” actually looks like a bed? Using pictures
is a great way to remember spellings.
Turn words that are difficult to spell into

pictures. For example, “balloon” looks like it
has two balloons in the middle. Maybe they’re
being held up by the double l next to them,
which is really two kids.
Draw any word you’re having trouble with,

making the letters into a picture. The words
will stop being just letters, and turn into an
image.
9. Play word games

Playing word games is a fun way to test your
new spelling skills. It’s also a good way to
VOCABULARY
learn new words. Classic board games like

Scrabble and Scattergories are great for
spelling practice. Apps like Spelling City and
SpellTower are fun ways to test yourself even
more.
Now that you know how to improve your

English spelling, you just need to work on it.
LIST OF COMMONLY MISSPELLED WORDS
COMMON
CORRECT SPELLING SPELLING ADVICE
MISSPELLING
accomodate,
accommodate, accommodation two cs, two ms
accomodation
achieve i before e acheive
across one c accross
aggressive, aggression two gs agressive, agression
apparently -ent not -ant apparantly
appearance ends with -ance appearence
argument no e after the u arguement
assassination two double s’s assasination
basically ends with -ally basicly
beginning double n before the -ing begining
believe i before e beleive, belive
bizarre one z, double -r bizzare
business begins with busi- buisness
calendar -ar not -er calender
Caribbean one r, two bs Carribean
cemetery ends with -ery cemetary
chauffeur ends with -eur chauffer
colleague -ea- in the middle collegue
coming one m comming
committee double m, double t, double e commitee
completely ends with -ely completly
conscious -sc- in the middle concious
VOCABULARY
curiosity -os- in the middle curiousity

definitely -ite- not –ate- definately
dilemma -mm- not -mn- dilemna
disappear one s, two ps dissapear
disappoint one s, two ps dissapoint
ecstasy ends with –sy ecstacy
embarrass two rs, two s’s embarass
environment n before the m enviroment
existence ends with -ence existance
Fahrenheit begins with Fahr- Farenheit
familiar ends with -iar familar
finally two ls finaly
fluorescent begins with fluor- florescent
foreign e before i foriegn
foreseeable begins with fore- forseeable
forty begins with for- fourty
forward begins with for- foward
friend i before e freind
further begins with fur- futher
gist begins with g- jist
glamorous -mor- in the middle glamourous
government n before the m goverment
guard begins with gua- gaurd
happened ends with -ened happend
harass, harassment one r, two s’s harrass, harrassment
honorary -nor- in the middle honourary
humorous -mor- in the middle humourous
idiosyncrasy ends with -asy idiosyncracy
immediately ends with -ely immediatly
incidentally ends with -ally incidently
independent ends with -ent independant
VOCABULARY
interrupt two rs interupt

irresistible ends with -ible irresistable
knowledge remember the d knowlege
liaise, liaison remember the second i: liais- liase, liason
lollipop i in the middle lollypop
millennium, millennia double l, double n millenium, millenia
Neanderthal ends with -thal Neandertal
necessary one c, two s’s neccessary
noticeable remember the middle e noticable
occasion two cs, one s ocassion, occassion
occurred, occurring two cs, two rs occured, occuring
occurrence two cs, two rs, -ence not -ance occurance, occurence
pavilion one l pavillion
persistent ends with -ent persistant
pharaoh ends with -aoh pharoah
piece i before e peice
politician ends with -cian politican
Portuguese ends with –guese Portugese
two s’s in the middle and two at
possession posession
the end
preferred, preferring two rs prefered, prefering
propaganda begins with propa- propoganda
publicly ends with –cly publically
really two ls realy
receive e before i recieve
referred, referring two rs refered, refering
religious ends with -gious religous
remember -mem- in the middle rember, remeber
resistance ends with -ance resistence
sense ends with -se sence
separate -par- in the middle seperate
siege i before e seige
VOCABULARY
successful two cs, two s’s succesful

supersede ends with -sede supercede
surprise begins with sur- suprise
tattoo two ts, two os tatoo
tendency ends with -ency tendancy
therefore ends with -fore therefor
threshold one h in the middle threshhold
tommorow,
tomorrow one m, two rs
tommorrow
tongue begins with ton-, ends with -gue tounge
truly no e truely
unforeseen remember the e after the r unforseen
unfortunately ends with -ely unfortunatly
until one l at the end untill
weird e before i wierd
wherever one e in the middle whereever
which begins with wh- wich
IDIOMS
Every language has its own collection of wise

sayings. They offer advice about how to live
and also transfer some underlying ideas,
principles and values of a given culture /
society. These sayings are called "idioms" - or
proverbs if they are longer. These
combinations of words have (rarely complete
sentences) a "figurative meaning" meaning,
they basically work with "pictures".
This List of commonly used idioms and sayings
(in everyday conversational English), can help
to speak English by learning English idiomatic
expressions. This is a list, which contains
exactly 66 of the most commonly used idioms
and their meaning.
LIST OF IDIOMS
VOCABULARY
A hot potato
Speak of an issue (mostly current) which many people are talking about and which is
usually disputed
A penny for your thoughts

A way of asking what someone is thinking
Actions speak louder than words

People's intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say.
Add insult to injury

To further a loss with mockery or indignity; to worsen an unfavorable situation.
At the drop of a hat

Meaning: without any hesitation; instantly.
Back to the drawing board

When an attempt fails and it's time to start all over.
Ball is in your court

It is up to you to make the next decision or step
Barking up the wrong tree

Looking in the wrong place. Accusing the wrong person
Be glad to see the back of

Be happy when a person leaves.
Beat around the bush

Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the issue.
Best of both worlds
VOCABULARY
Meaning: All the advantages.
Best thing since sliced bread

A good invention or innovation. A good idea or plan.
Bite off more than you can chew

To take on a task that is way to big.
Blessing in disguise
Something good that isn't recognized at first.
Burn the midnight oil

To work late into the night, alluding to the time before electric lighting.
Can't judge a book by its cover

Cannot judge something primarily on appearance.
Caught between two stools

When someone finds it difficult to choose between two alternatives.
Costs an arm and a leg

This idiom is used when something is very expensive.
Cross that bridge when you come to it

Deal with a problem if and when it becomes necessary, not before.
Cry over spilt milk

When you complain about a loss from the past.
Curiosity killed the cat

Being Inquisitive can lead you into an unpleasant situation.
VOCABULARY
Cut corners
When something is done badly to save money.
Cut the mustard [possibly derived from "cut the muster"]

To succeed; to come up to expectations; adequate enough to compete or participate
Devil's Advocate
To present a counter argument
Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched

This idiom is used to express "Don't make plans for something that might not
happen".
Don't give up the day job

You are not very good at something. You could definitely not do it professionally.
Don't put all your eggs in one basket

Do not put all your resources in one possibility.
Drastic times call for drastic measures

When you are extremely desperate you need to take drastic actions.
Elvis has left the building

The show has come to an end. It's all over.
Every cloud has a silver lining

Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.
Far cry from

Very different from.
VOCABULARY
Feel a bit under the weather

Meaning: Feeling slightly ill.
Give the benefit of the doubt

Believe someone's statement, without proof.
Hear it on the grapevine

This idiom means 'to hear rumors' about something or someone.
Hit the nail on the head

Do or say something exactly right
Hit the sack / sheets / hay

To go to bed.
In the heat of the moment

Overwhelmed by what is happening in the moment.
It takes two to tango

Actions or communications need more than one person
Jump on the bandwagon

Join a popular trend or activity.
Keep something at bay

Keep something away.
Kill two birds with one stone

This idiom means, to accomplish two different things at the same time.
Last straw
VOCABULARY
The final problem in a series of problems.
Let sleeping dogs lie

Meaning - do not disturb a situation as it is - since it would result in trouble or
complications.
Let the cat out of the bag

To share information that was previously concealed
Make a long story short

Come to the point - leave out details
Method to my madness
An assertion that, despite one's approach seeming random, there actually is structure
to it.
Miss the boat

This idiom is used to say that someone missed his or her chance
Not a spark of decency

Meaning: No manners
Not playing with a full deck

Someone who lacks intelligence.
Off one's rocker

Crazy, demented, out of one's mind, in a confused or befuddled state of mind, senile.
On the ball
When someone understands the situation well.
Once in a blue moon

Meaning: Happens very rarely.
VOCABULARY
Picture paints a thousand words

A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words.
Piece of cake
A job, task or other activity that is easy or simple.
Put wool over other people's eyes

This means to deceive someone into thinking well of them.
See eye to eye

This idiom is used to say that two (or more people) agree on something.
Sit on the fence

This is used when someone does not want to choose or make a decision.
Speak of the devil!

This expression is used when the person you have just been talking about arrives.
Steal someone's thunder

To take the credit for something someone else did.
Take with a grain of salt

This means not to take what someone says too seriously.
Taste of your own medicine

Means that something happens to you, or is done to you, that you have done to
someone else
To hear something straight from the horse's mouth

To hear something from the authoritative source.
VOCABULARY
Whole nine yards

Everything. All of it.
Wouldn't be caught dead
Would never like to do something
Your guess is as good as mine
To have no idea, do not know the answer to a question

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VOCABULARY

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Standardized tests that measure a candidate's

The first category, which is vocabulary, tests the

This manual addresses the first category.

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1. Active Vocabulary: A person's active

For example, all the words below indicate the

blazing, boiling, heated, humid, red, scorching,

Now, out of these words, pick the one's that you

At the same time, words such as scorching,

Improving your active vocabulary improves

From an examination point of view, it's better to

STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE RECOLLECTION

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Most people have no problems learning new

MAKE WORD ASSOCIATION WEBS

Our brain takes what we read and makes it

How can you do this? Easy. Make an Idea Web.

This only takes about 2 minutes. Now all the

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REMEMBER IN CHUNKS (COLLOCATIONS)

Remembering the word is important but

Draw small pictures that show the meaning of

TELL A TALL STORY

If you think there are too many new words to

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shoes, piano, tree, pencil, bird, bus, books,

There is a piano wearing shoes and sitting in a

Try it. You’ll be surprised!

RECYCLE THE PIECES

Use roots, prefixes and suffixes to guess what

Maybe you don’t recognize this word

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mean, you will be able to guess what many

THINK & LEARN IN OPPOSITES

Learn words with opposite meanings

According to psychologists who study how we

With the help of these strategies, you can

Here are the question types commonly found

1. Synonyms and Antonyms: This question

options similar in meaning (synonym) or

In the subsequent sections, we will discuss

SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

Let's look at a question from this problem

In the following questions, each word in capital

It is clear that you cannot answer this question

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The word BONHOMIE is made of two smaller

Learning root words, prefixes, and suffixes is

A root word is the most basic form of a word

Ami, Amic, Imic

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Examples: Antebellum - Belonging to a period

Cede, Ceed, Cess

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Examples: democracy - government of the

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Meaning: like, alike, same

- science of symbols and icons; iconoclast -

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Examples: psychokinesis or telekinesis - the