NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS

Test Characteristic Sample Problem Given Hypothesis Computation

Chi- Square - One or more categories ; at least 10 sample size As part of the deal with WWF, Bird (1-4) H0: There is no significant Observed Frequency:
- Simple random sample the timber concession can only Tree (A-C) difference between the number of Total given Tree Species for each a, B & C
- Data in frequency form (observed & expected diff.) cut down one species of tree. To bird species for each tree. Expected Frequecy:
- 2 categorical variables form 1 population help them decide what species - There is no relationship Total of Tree A ∗ Total of Bird 1
- determine whether there is a significant difference of tree to cut, the company between the two variables. 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (157)
between the expected frequencies and the observed hired an ornithologist who did a - The two variables are
frequencies in one or more categories survey of each tree species, and independent. Total of Tree B ∗ Total of Bird 2
- determine whether paired observations on two what bird species was utilizing ACCEPT Ho if the computed value 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (157)
variables are independent of each other each tree species. is < than the critical value
- test significant association bet 2 variables Total of Tree C ∗ Total of Bird 3
- Independent T-Test: test whether there is statistically 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (157)
significant difference bet. The means from 2 unrelated Degree of Freedom
groups = (# of rows -1)(# of columns -1)
= (3-1)(4-1) = 6
Kruskal Wallis - one nominal variable and one ranked variable given that one of the reserves is 4 areas, with 10 Ho: There is no difference in the 1. rank in ascending order
- no normal distribution and the variances are not equal relatively bigger in area than the samples each distribution of fish species 2. Values that occur more than once are
- tests whether the mean ranks are the same in all the three other reserves. Ten between the areas. ranked based on their average
groups. counting stations were 3. T= sum of the ranks per area
- data points per sample area are more than five and are established within each of the REJECT Ho if H is > x2 value 4. N= over all total = 40
independent from each other four areas. Using scuba, ten 5. n= total per area = 10
minutes was spent in each 12 𝑇2
H= (∑𝑛𝑖 )- 3(N+1)
counting station and the 𝑁(𝑁+1)
12 3092 2162 1892 1062
number of A. olivaceous was = ( + + + )-
40(40+1) 10 10 10 10
noted in the data sheet. The 3(40+1) = 15.3615
same routine was done in all 6. Df = k -1 = 4-1 = 3
four areas designated. 7. Find x2 value using df & α= 0.05
Spearman rank - Measures strength of association bet. 2 ranked Leak in pipeline of pesticide 2 variables that are
variables factory: official went to the site either ordinal, interval
- Assumption: there is a monotonic relationship bet and collected water samples or ratio
variables from the start of the leak
upstream all the way to the end
of the creek, at 10 meter
intervals. He also counted the
number of guppies at each
collecting site.
Mann Whitney: Matched - Nominal variables with only 2 values
- Analogous to two sample T-Test
- Compare differences bet. 2 independent groups when
dependent variable is either ordinal or continuous &
not normally distributed
Mann Whitney:
Unmatched
Wilcoxon (Matched) - Diff. bet 2 non-independent samples Scientists wanted to know if the Fish (1-10) Ho: median diff. bet. pairs of 1. [∆W] = Wf- Wi
- Repeated measures or matched pairs from same introduced species might be Original Weight observations is zero. 1. Signed rank = Wi- Wf
population. indirectly out-competing the 3 After Months Weight REJECT Ho if, W+ is = or is > upper (determine if + or -)
- measured at least on an ordinal scale native species for food. critical value or = or < lower Crit. 2. Get W(sum) +
Val.
Wilcoxon (Unmatched)
PARAMETRIC TEST
Test Characteristic Sample Problem Given Hypothesis Computation
Paired T-Test - compare the values of means from two related Scientists wanted to know if the Fish (1-10) H 0 : µd = 0 Solve for:
(like Wilcoxon Matched) samples based on the criteria: introduced species might be Original Weight n = number of paired differences
- no. of points in each data set must be the same and indirectly out-competing the 3 After Months Weight d = mean of the sample differences
organized in pairs having a definite relationship. native species for food. sd = standard deviation of
- 30 or less number of samples Se= standard error of mean
T- value
Z- Test - > 30 no. of samples In this study it was determined 2 areas with: H0: There is no significant 1. α= 0.05
𝑥 −𝑥
- standard deviation and variance are given if the change in plant species Population size (n) difference between the means of 2. solve for: Z= 12 22
- variances not necessarily the same unlike in F-Test. (from A to B) has an effect to Mean (x) the wing span of the butterflies √ 𝑠1 + 𝑠2
𝑛1 𝑛2
- comparing the means of the samples provided the size of adult butterflies. Standard Deviation (s) that feeds on plant species A and 3. identify p value
- applied to know whether two populations or groups Wing spans of butterflies from Variance (s2) plant species B.
differ significantly on a single categorical characteristic the two areas were measured in
- tests the mean of a normally distributed population millimetres (mm).
w/ known variance REJECT Ho if p-value< significance
level
Pearson Rank - measure of strength of a linear association bet 2 Find out whether baskeball
variables performace is correlated to
- denoted by r height
- attempts to draw a line of best-fit through data of 2 0 – no association bet. 2 variables
variables & how far away all these data points are to >0 = positive association (both variable
the best fit line increase)
- treats all variables equally <0 = negative association (as value of one
variable increases, the other variable
decreases)
+1 or -1: all data pts included in best fit line

One Way ANOVA - compares means between groups - group of individuals, randomly μ= group mean There is no significant difference
- omnibus test- cannot tell which groups are diff (needs split into 3 or more smaller k= no. of groups bet. The means of 3 or more
Post-Hoc Test) groups, diff tasks assigned & independent (unrelated) groups
- 3 or more levels of 1 factor outcome on same dependent
variable is measured
Two Way ANOVA - compare effect of multiple levels of 2 factors; multiple Human Resources Department Variable of interest: All age groups have equal stress on
observations at each level of a company desires to know occupational stress the average.
- test effect of 2 factors at the same time if occupational stress varies 2 factors: age and Both the gender groups have equal
- satisfies replication, randomization & local control according to age and gender gender stress on the average
- Before & after Scenario 3 groups:
Observation now and after 6 Age < 40
months 40-55
>55
Gender: Male or female

PARAMETRIC
- interval or ratio (height, weight, w/ decimals)
- specific probability distribution (NORMALLY
DISTRIBUTED- values are close)
- known population info.
- Null hypothesis: w/ parameters
- Based on distribution
- Mean, variance
Comparison Test - used to know whether 2 or more groups are the same or equal, if not which is greater or smaller?
NON- PARAMETRIC Correlation Test - used to know the relationship between 2 or sometimes 3 groups whether they are directly or inversely related and by how much?
NOTICE that your value is either between 1 and 0 or 0 and 1
- For nominal & ordinal tests
VALUE: the closer your value to zero, the weaker the relationship
(counting nos.)
- Distribution free SIGN: positive sign means it is directly related; negative means it is inversely related
- General hypothesis 0.90-1.00 very weak correlation
- Deals with ranks 0.70-0.89 weak correlation
- Comparison between medians 0.40-0.69 modest correlation
0.20-0.39 strong correlation
0.00-0.19 very strong correlation
Association Test - used to know which group or groups show an affinity to a set of conditions
Unmatched -uses 2 different population
Matched-uses the same population