A

Project Report

On

“Green Concrete Using GGBS,River Pebbles and CRF as Partial

Replacement to Cement and Aggregates”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

Diploma in

Civil Engineering

Prescribed by

Maharashtra State Board Of Technical Education, Mumbai

2018-2019

Submitted by

Sarang Warjurkar

Shital Ughade Tejendra Jambhule

Punamchand Sindam Amar Chatap

Ashikkumar Jiwane

Under the Guidance of

Prof. P.S.Moon

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR442401 (M.S.)[2018-2019]

 SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR (M.S.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2018-2019

CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that this complete project report of entitled “Green
Concrete
Using GGBS,River Pebbles and CRF as Partial Replacement to
Cement and Aggregates”Submitted by the following students of sixth semester of
“SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR, (M.S.) in the partial fulfillment for
requirement of DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING from MaharashtraState Board Of
Technical Education, Mumbai, (M.S.). This is the record of their own project work carried out
by them under my guidance and supervision for the academic session 2018-2019.

Submitted by

Sarang Warjurkar

Shital Ughade Tejendra Jambhule

Punamchand Sindam Amar Chatap

Ashikkumar Jiwane

Prof. P.S.Moon
Project Guide
Civil Engineering Department
ShriSai Polytechnic, Chandrapur, (M.S.

Prof. AmolGowardhan sir Prof. S. N. Pilare

Head OfDeaprtment Principal
Civil Engineering Department Shri Sai Polytechnic, Chandrapur, (M.S)
Shri Sai Polytechnic, Chandrapur, (M.S)

CONTENT

Sr.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. Abstract 4.0

2. Introduction 5.0 to 6.0

3. Aim & Objectives 7.0 to 10.0

4. Methodology 11.0 to 12.0

5. Reference 13.0
 ABSTRACT
Concrete is the most commonly and widely used building material applied in all forms of
construction, with an annual production exceeding 2 billion metric tons per year, it is the single
most widely used manufactured substance on earth owing to its remarkable versatility as a
building material. But the production of raw materials of concrete has certain detrimental effects
on environment, mostly the production of cement and coarse aggregated obtained from crushing
plants and continuous mining of river beds for getting the natural sand. Eight to 10 percent of the
world's total CO2 emissions come from manufacturing cement. The global warming gas is
released when limestone and clays are crushed and heated to high temperatures. Whereas
production of granitic coarse aggregates on large scales and indiscriminate mining of river beds
for sand, to overcome the demand of concrete raw materials has resulted in serious
environmental and social problems. Therefore there is an urgent need to find alternative or green
materials of concrete to preserve and protect our natural resources for future, by replacing them
partially or fully to achieve sustainable development in construction industry. Green concrete is
defined as a concrete which uses waste material as at least one of its components, or its
production process does not lead to environmental destruction, or it has high performance and
life cycle sustainability This paper mainly discusses the potential use of ground granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBS), naturally available river pebbles, crushed rock fines (CRF) as partial
replacements to cement, sand and coarse aggregates for making green concrete. This research
evaluates the strength of hardened concrete, by partially replacing cement by various percentages
of ground granulated blast furnace slag, natural sand by CRF and coarse aggregates by river
pebbles for M40 grade of concrete at different ages. From this study, it can be concluded that,
since the grain size of GGBS is less than that of ordinary Portland cement, its strength at early
ages is low, but it continues to gain strength over a long period. The optimum use of green
materials as replacement to cement, sand and coarse aggregates is characterized by high
compressive strength and good workability

Keywords— green concrete, sustainable concrete, GGBS, Crushed rock fines

 INTRODUCTION

Concrete is one of the major construction materials being utilized worldwide. Concrete is made
usually from a properly proportioned mixture of cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates and
often, chemical and mineral admixtures. Cement and fine aggregate is the main ingredient used
to make concrete, which are obtained from natural resources. Cement is an artificial material
manufactured with the naturally available limestone, silica and gypsum. Aggregates are
considered one of the main constituents of concrete since they occupy more than 70% of the
concrete mix. Due to rapid urbanization in India and countries, construction industry is growing
at an alarming rate and in order to meet the requirements of construction materials the mining
and quarrying sector has grown rapidly, leading to depletion of the natural resources. Due to
heavy increase in construction activities, the crushed granite stone which are the conventional
coarse aggregate is under depletion thus causing shortage. In order to meet the sand requirement
indiscriminate mining of rivers for sand has become quite common and inevitable. The sand
activities have resulted in large number of environmental and social problems. Production of
cement on large scale to meet the global demand has led to CO2 emissions thus causing negative
environmental effects. To meet the global demand of concrete in the future, it is becoming a
challenging task to find suitable alternative construction materials which can fully or partially
replace the natural aggregate without affecting the property of concrete and make green concrete
for sustainable future. The different materials that can be used as an alternative for natural fine
aggregate include blast furnace slag, manufactured sand, crushed glass, copper slag, recycled
aggregates, fly ash, steel slag etc. The use of such materials not only result in conservation of
natural resources but also helps in maintaining good environmental conditions by effective
utilization of these byproducts which will otherwise remain as a waste material. Blast furnace
slag is such a material which could be used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. Blast
furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel making)
from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried
and ground into a fine powder. These materials are otherwise considered to be a potential waste
material which is been dumped near the industrial area. Utilization of industrial byproducts and
wastes as fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and as supplementary binding materials in concrete
has economic, environmental and technical benefits. Research results indicated that the
incorporating these materials in concrete has already been proven to improve the strength and
durability performance of concrete. This paper outlines the influence of Ground Granulated Blast
furnace Slag (GGBS) as partial replacement to cement, waste river pebbles obtained after sieving
sand as partial replacement of coarse aggregate, crushed rock fines(CRF) as partial replacement
to natural to sand ; on mechanical properties of concrete. The strength of concrete isdetermined
by replacing the main concrete ingredients with alternative materials in various percentages for
M40 mix
 OBJECTIVES

 Types of waste produced:- The amount/type of waste generated during paper production
varies remarkably from mill to mill, because of adopted different recycling rates. However, in
Jagiroad Paper Mill, following different types of solid wastes and sludge are produced. They
are chiefly generated during wastewater treatment, pulping and deinking processes.
1. Wastewater treatment sludge
2. Lime mud
3. Grits
 Materials used:- All the materials have been collected personally, stored properly and
procured freshly at the beginning of the study. The materials have been characterized in the
Geotechnical Laboratory of Delhi Technological University as well as in Assam Engineering
College for assurance. Whereas, environmental engineering laboratory of Delhi Technological
University was used to determine chemical properties of lime mud and fly ash
1. Characterization of lime mud
2. Characterization of fly ash
3. Characterization of soil
 Methodology

Paper mill waste has been obtained from Ballarpur Industries limited (BILT) Ballarpur,
Chandrapur, India. The lime mud thus obtained from these wastes has been used for making
bricks by mixing in different weight proportions with another industrial waste: fly ash; obtained
from Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, chandrapur, Maharashtra, India. The composed
mixtures have been adjudged in accordance to Indian Standards (Indian Standard: 1725, 1997).

1. Fabrication of unburnt bricks

The brick samples of size 190 × 90 × 90 mm (Indian Standard: 12894, 2002) have
been casted in Soil Mechanics laboratory of Delhi Technological University by blending
lime mud and soil in 15:85, 20:80, 25:75, 30:70, 35:65 and 40:60 ratios respectively by
dry weight. Modular bricks made of lime mud, fly ash and soil have also been casted in
ratios of 15:10:75, 20:10:70, 25:10:65, 30:10:60, 35:10:55 and 40:10:50 respectively. The
blended samples have been mixed with sufficient quantity of water to obtain working
consistency for moulding. The clean mould has been filled with the above mix without
allowing any air bubble. The surplus mix has then been removed such that top surface of
the mould can be levelled. Since the bricks have been cast by hand, so no pressure has
been applied on the mould. The moulded brick has then been allowed to dry for two days
in such a manner that there is no direct contact with sun light. After that, the specimens
are sun dried for two days and are kept in room temperature for 28 days. Fly ash and
cement mixed bricks have been cured by moist jute bags for 7 and 28 days respectively.
All bricks are then tested after 28 days for compressive strength as per the provisions of
Indian standards (Indian Standard: 3495 (Part 1), 1992). Before testing, the frogs and
voids of the specimen have been filled up. A pictorial view of the casted bricks.

2. Fabrication of burnt bricks

The non-modular brick samples of size 230 × 110 × 70 mm (Indian Standard:

1077, 1997) have been casted using lime-mud and soil in ratios of 0:100, 5:95, 10:90,
15:85, 20:80, 25:75, 30:70, respectively by volume, at the brick manufacturing site of
 M/s Sri Bajrang Brick Manufacturing Company, Jagiroad; just 4 km away from the
dumping site of M/s HPCL, Jagiroad Paper Mill. Since the prime motive of the present
study is to maximise the usage of lime mud waste as a brick making resource, henceforth,
fly ash and cement has been avoided in the soil—lime mud mix for the burnt bricks. The
aforementioned blended samples have been mixed with sufficient quantity of water to
obtain working consistency for moulding. The clean mould has been filled with the above
mix without allowing any air bubble. The surplus mix has then been removed such that
top surface of the mould can be levelled. Since the bricks have been cast by hand, so no
pressure has been applied on the mould as depicted in Figures 12–14. The moulded brick
are dried as per the conventional method as shown in Figure 15 for a week after which
the dry bricks have been placed in kiln for burning. All the burnt bricks have been tested
for compressive strength and water absorption as per the provisions of Indian standards
(Indian Standard: 3495 (Part 1), 1992), respectively. Before testing, the frogs and voids
of the specimen have been filled up.

 Results and discussion

 Burnt bricks
 Unburnt bricks . Compressive strength . Water absorption
 References

Abang, A. A., & Chandra, S. (1977). Waste materials used in concrete manufacturing.
Westwood, NJ: Noyes Publications. Bajpai, P. (2014).

Generation of waste in pulp and paper mills. Management of pulp and paper mill waste (1st ed.).
New York, NY: Springer. Balasubramanian, J., Sabumon, P. C., John, U., & Ilangovan, R.
(2006).

Reuse of textile effluent treatment plant sludge in building materials. Waste Management, 26(1),
22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.011 Davis, M. L., & Cornweel, D. A. (1998).

Introduction to environmental engineering (3rd ed.). New York, NY: WCB McGraw-Hill. Deka,
S., & Yasmin, S. (2006). Utilization of lime sludge waste from paper mills for fish culture.
Current Science, 90(8), 1126–1129. Demir, I. (2006).

An investigation on the production of construction brick with processed waste tea. Building and
Environment, 41(9), 1274–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. buildenv.2005.05.004 Demir, I.,
Serhat, M., & Mehmet, O. (2005).

Utilization of kraft pulp production residues in clay brick production. Building and Environment,
40(11), 1533–1537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.11.021