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Introduction
Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used structural material in engineering
construction. Although concrete is strong in resisting compressive stress, it is weak
intention. Hence to withstand tensional stresses, steel is need in concrete. The
reinforcement in concrete may be simple bars or rods bend and tied to a given
schedule with stirrups. The nominal diameters of bars used at site were Y10, Y12, Y16,
Y20, Y25 and R6.
Steel is supplied in two basic types.
Bar code
Indication of Reinforcement in Drawings
Engineering drawings is a language to communicate with details. Therefore there is a
standard to indicate reinforcement in drawing such as,
5Y10- 001- 150:-Which means 5 Number of Tor steel, 10mm Diameter, Bar mark
001, At 150mm CRS. At bottom face.
Bar location can be vary as follows:
Cover Blocks
They were made up of 1:3 ratio of cement mortar. Cover blocks should be
immersed in water for 28 days to get the maximum strength.All the beams were checked
to ensure adequate cover blocks are provided to the bottom and sides of the beam
reinforcement. Main bars of the columns were adjusted to ensure the covering
requirements before concreting. Stools of correct height were used to maintain the
require gap between top and bottom reinforcement nets and cover blocks were also
provided to bottom reinforcement.
Cover to Reinforcement
Concrete cover for steel bar is much necessary to protect the steel
against corrosion (rusting) and to provide resistance against fire.
For R.C.C. Slab and staircase the cover is 20 mm.
For RCC column the cover (To stirrups) 30mm.
In case of underground structures the cover is 50 mm.
In case of beams in superstructure (To stirrups) the cover is 25mm.
In case of ground resting floor slab (Top surface) and retaining walls the
cover is 50m.
Stirrups
Stirrups will be required at areas of high shear, such as bearing points and below
large point loads. Increasing concrete beam spans, to reduce the need for additional
piers, has resulted in the need for the use of steel stirrups. Concrete beams vary in
depth. The deeper the beam, the more shear capacity. When the depth is not
adequate, steel stirrups must be added to increase the shear capacity of the beam.
These stirrups are usually one piece of steel that is bent into a rectangular
shape. The stirrup typically wraps around the bottom and top bars of the beams. A
designer should specify the size, spacing and location along the length of the beam
where the stirrups are required. In my site specify the stirrup dimensions in our section
drawings, so that the stirrup can be manufactured prior to installation. The installer
should be careful to fabricate the stirrup from one piece of steel and adequately overlap
each end.
Stools
Stools are used to separate the top reinforcement mesh and bottom reinforcement
mesh. Dimension of the Stools could be change as requirement. Those should be
strength enough to bear the loads without changing the gap of two layers. 12 mm or 16
mm bars are used to make the stools.
Fig 5: Stools
Stirrup spacing
According to the Column reinforcement details drawing the reinforcement detail for a
typical internal Column, from to basement to ground floor is as follows.
Column stirrups were tightened up to beam bottom level and rest is tightened once
beam reinforcement is fabricated. So Bar benders was instructed how to provide the
stirrups. Mark the stirrup spacing from the basement floor level in the Column main bars
with a chalk as follow the detail drawing.
E.g.:
Fig 6: Section of column Reinforcement
Footing
Size – 1000 x 1000 x 250
Beam Reinforcement
Beam is a horizontal structural member resting on two or more supports. It is used to
transfer the load to the columns.Beam reinforcements are arranged after the
construction of beam and slab formwork.
First the top most reinforcement bars are hung over the beam formwork and then the
stirrups are placed and bound at correct positions. Thereafter the bottom reinforcement
bars are placed and bound to the stirrups. After that the rest of the reinforcement bars
and tension bars are inserted into the cage according to structural drawings. Then cover
blocks are fixed to bottom and side reinforcements before placing the concrete.
Top reinforcement of the beam shall be lapped at the middle of the span of between
two supports. Bottom reinforcement of the beam shall be lapped at the end of the span
of the two supports. Considering the region where the maximum bending movement is
existing.
Lapping is did the place which the tension is didn’t act. Normally 2/3 of the length is
choosing for lapping. When lapping top & bottom re-bar, it is better to follow the following
method.Otherwise, it might cause to reduce the concrete covering thickness of the
topmost& bottom most slab reinforcement.
E.g- (Anchorage length 45 d (for top bars),12 d (for bottom bars)) where “d”, “Ø” is
diameter of the Bar.
= 72.5mm
Anchorage length (x) = 45 x diameter of the bar(20 Ø)
= 827.5 mm
Slab Reinforcement
Slab reinforcement is the most important part of the structure. It is important to have an
idea on slab reinforcement detailing. Following basic thing could be studied in drawing
on slab reinforcement detailing.
First step of the fixing of slab reinforcement was placed the bottom most R/F (B1) of the
slab. Before placing the re-bar, correct spacing given in the detailing drawing were
marked by using piece of choke on the slab formwork. After placed the (B1) R/F then
placed the (B2) R/F and bound both R/F layers together by using binding wire. Then
cover blocks for bottom most R/F were fixed. Finally, Top R/F (T2), Topmost R/F (T1)&
distribution bars were placed according to the drawing and fixed together by using
binding wire. Then Stools were fixed to separate the both top & bottom R/F net as
fulfilled the thickness.
Bar crank
Bar cranking is the process of bending up the bottom steel bars in upward direction. It is
mainly to prevent upward bending moment near the joint. Also useful for attaching stirrup
bar effectively. Cranking is also used in two way slabs.
Bar schedule for Stiffener column, Sill beam and Lintel beam
Table 5: Bar schedule for Stiffener column, Sill beam and Lintel beam