Centrifugal Pump

1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump.

2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and

compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump.

The centrifugal pump is used to raise liquids from a lower to a

higher

level by creating the required pressure with the help of centrifugal

action. Whirling motion is imparted to the liquid by means of

backward curved blades mounted on wheel known as the impeller.

As

the impeller rotates, the fluid that is drawn into the blade passages
at

the impeller inlet or eye is accelerated as its forced radially

outwards.

In this way, the static pressure at the outer radius is much higher
than

At the eye inlet radius. The water coming out of the impeller is then

lead through the pump casing under high pressure. The fluid has a

very high velocity at the outer radius of the impeller, and, to recover

this kinetic energy by changing it into pressure energy, diffuser

blades

mounted on a diffuser ring may be used. The stationary blade

passages

have an increasing cross-sectional area. As the fluid moves through

them, diffusion action takes place and hence the kinetic energy

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 Centrifugal Pump

is converted into pressure energy. Vaneless diffuser passages may also

be

used. The fluid moves from the diffuser blades into the volute casing.

The functions of a volute casing can be summarized as follows: It

collects water and conveys it to the pump outlet. the shape of casing

is such that its area of cross-section gradually increases towards the

outlet of the pump. As the flowing water progresses towards the

delivery

pipe, more and more water is added from the outlet periphery of the

impeller. Figure 1 shows a centrifugal pump impeller with the

velocity

triangles at 'inlet and outlet.

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 Centrifugal Pump

a. Type of casing.

b. Working head.

c. No. of impellers per shaft

d. Relative direction of flow through impeller.

e. No. of entrances to the impeller.

f. Disposition of shaft.

g. Liquid handled.

h. Specific speed.

The casing of a centrifugal pump is so designed that the kinetic

energy

of water is converted into pressure energy before the water. leaves the

casing. This considerably increases the efficiency of the pump. There

arc mainly two type of casing:

1.Volute or Scroll Collector.

2.Volute Casing with Guide Blades ((Diffuser (Turbine) Pump).

It is the head at which water is delivered by the pump. According to

rang of working head, pumps may be divided broadly in three

categories: -

1. Low Lift Centrifugal Pumps.

2. Medium Lift Centrifugal Pumps.

3. High Lift Centrifugal Pumps.

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 Centrifugal Pump

1. Single stage centrifugal pump.

2. Multi- stage centrifugal pump.

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 Centrifugal Pump

1.Axial flow pumps are characterized by high flow and low

pressure.

They lift liquid in a direction parallel to the impeller shaft,

Operating

essentially the same as a boat propeller. Pressure is developed wholly

by the propelling action of the impeller vanes Axial flow pumps are

designed to deliver very large quantities of water at comparatively

low

heads. the flow area is the same at inlet and outlet and the
minimum

head for this type of pump is the order of 20 m.

2. Radial flow pumps are characterized by high pressure and low

flow. They accelerate liquid through the center of the impeller and
out along the impeller blades at right angles (radially) to the pump
shaft. Pressure is developed wholly by centrifugal force.

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 Centrifugal Pump

3. Mixed flow pumps incorporate characteristics from both axial and

radial flow pumps, with typically medium flow and medium
pressure. They push liquid out away from the pump shaft at an
angle greater than 90°. Pressure is developed partly by centrifugal
force and partly by the lifting action of the impeller.

1. Single entry or single suction pump.

2. Double entry or double suction pump

The shaft may be disposed horizontally or vertically. Generally,

centrifugal pumps are designed with horizontal shafts. Vertical

disposition of shaft affects an economy in space occupied and is

therefore, suitable for deep-wells and mines.

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 Centrifugal Pump

Depending on the type and viscosity of liquid to be pumped, the

pump may have closed or Open impeller. Each of these types may
have ferrous, non-ferrous or stone-coated impeller to resist chemical
attack of liquids being pumped. •••

1. open impeller pump.

2. Close impeller pump.

3. Semi-opens impeller pump:

The various blades shapes utilized in impellers of centrifugal

pumps/compressors are shown in Fig. 3-1. The blade shapes can be
classified as:

1. Backward-curved blades (в < 90°)

2. Radial blades (в =90°)

3. Forward-curved blades (в > 90°) •

From the backward-curved vanes, the value of Vt2 (whirl

component

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 Centrifugal Pump

at outlet) is much reduced, and thus, such rotors have a low energy

transfer for a given impeller tip speed, while forward-curved vanes

have a high value of energy transfer. Therefore, it is desirable to

design

for high values of (в over 90°), but the velocity diagrams show that

this also leads to a very high value of V2. High kinetic energy is
seldom

required, and its reduction to static pressure by diffusion in a fixed

casing is difficult to perform in a reasonable sized casing. However,

radial vanes ((в = 90°) have some particular advantages for very
high

speed compressors where the highest possible pressure is required.

Radial vanes are relatively easy to manufacture and introduce no

complex bending stresses.

Losses: -The various losses occurring during the Operation of a

centrifugal pump may be grouped as follows:

• Hydraulic losses.

• Mechanical losses.

•Leakage loss.

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 Centrifugal Pump

hydraulic losses. The hydraulic losses that may occur in a

centrifugal pump installation be grouped

as:

 Hydraulic losses in the pump.

 Shock or eddy losses at the entrance to and the exit from the
impeller.
 Frication losses in the impeller.
 Frication and eddy losses in the guide vanes (or diffuser) and
casing.

Mechanical losses: The mechanical losses occur in the

centrifugal pump on account of the following: -

 Disc friction between the impeller and the liquid which fills
the
clearance spaces between the impeller and the casing.
 Mechanical friction of the main bearing and glands.

Leakage loss: In centrifugal pumps as ordinarily built, it is not

possible to provide a completely water-tight seal between the

delivery and suction spaces. As such there is always a certain

amount of liquid which slips or leaks from the high pressure to

the

low-pressure points in the pump and it never passes through the

delivery pipe. The liquid which escapes or leaks from a high-

pressure zone to a low-pressure zone carries with its energy,

which

is subsequently wasted in eddies. This loss of energy due to

leakage of liquid represents the leakage loss.

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 Centrifugal Pump

The efficiency of a centrifugal pump is expressed in the following

form: -

 Manometric efficiency.
 Volumetric efficiency.
 Mechanical efficiency.
 Overall efficiency

Experimental apparatus: - •:

 Water tank: -The device of centrifugal pump contains on

water

tank. At the practice’s laboratory the water elevation in the tank

gauge (28 cm) and the water elevation in the tank change upon
lift

or depression the tank.

Control interface box (micro process): -Control interface box with

process diagram in the front panel and the same distribution that

the different element located in the unit for an easy

understanding

by the student.

❖ Sensors (SP1, SP2, SC1).

Sp1 pressure sensor

Sp2 pressure sensor

Se1 flow sensor

by the perilous sensor we can make the measurement of the most

representation parameter of the pump: -

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 Centrifugal Pump

 Speed.
 Torque.
 Total imp.

Laboratory practices: -

Traditionally, the practices laboratory has been a stimulating

place

for students, where they have the Opportunity of being in contact

with experimental facts that give them new experiences and a

bigger

knowledge and domain of its environment. By simple experiences,

students develop their intuition of the reality dexterity in the

handling of the measure devices.

The objective of this practice is to obtain the energy, power and

efficiency curves of the pump in function of the flow applied.

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 Centrifugal Pump

For the obtaining of curves H(Q), N(Q) and efficiency values of n

(revolution of the motor), F (motor torque), P3 (unload pressure of
pump 2) in function of the flow, adjusted with valve VR-2. The
procedure to follow will be: -

1. Verify that the deposit has a sufficient level of water

(minimum 20 cm of height).

2. Verify that all the switches are disconnected.

3. opens value VR-1 and VR-2 completely.

4. Turn on the main switch of the interface.

5. Run the computer and execute program PBCC. For further

information, follow the instructions of software administration.

6. Click on the "start" button; provide the name of the file to save
the data.

7. Select the speed of the pump by adjusting the AB-1 controller.

8. The sensor indicators, on the top right of the main screen will
show the acquired values for the pressures, flow and torque. Press
the "Average" button to obtain a stable reading. Below the sensors,
you will see the quantities computed from the data: Ht, Nh, Nm
and Efficiency.

9. When the values of the sensors are stable enough acquire the
value to the table by clicking on the "Acquire" button.

10. Using the value VR-2, the flow and repeat the previous steps
until completing the range of variation of pump flows.

11. If you want to obtain more characteristic curve of the pump,

when the flow variation is completed, change the speed of the
pump and repeat steps 8 through 11.

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 Centrifugal Pump

I2. During data acquisition, you can change view between the
table and plots by sliding the switch labeled "table/plot" on the
left of het table.

13. 0nce all the desired speeds have been selected, press he "STOP"
button to Click on the "VIEW DATA" button to plot the data taken.

14. You will be prompted for the file name to load.

I5.A new window will appear showing three subplots, a column

showing the speeds used for the experiment and two rows of
buttons one for the X- axis and other for the Y-axis.

16.Select one graph to make it active (click on the radio button

below the desired graph).

17.Sclect from the X-axis row of buttons the quantity you want to
define as independent, we recommend to use flow (Q). select from
the Y-axis row of buttons the dependent variable we recommend
Ht, Nh, Nm or efficiency.

18.RePeat the previous step for the other two graphs. We

recommend to have the three plots: Nh vs Q, Nm vs Q and
efficiency (%) vs Q.

 Output power (0P) = γQH

 Input power (IP) = Tw
 Efficiency =0P/IP

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 Centrifugal Pump

1- N = 1500 r.p.m

 OP = 9810 * 8.151 * 10-5 * 5.764 = 4.608 W

 OP = 9810 * 23 * 10-5 * 5.020 = 11.326 W
 OP = 9810 * 32.64 * 10-5 * 4.532 = 14.511 W
 OP = 9810 * 49.415 * 10-5 * 5.355 = 25.958 W

 IP = 157 * 0.285 = 44.745 W

 IP = 157 * 0.298 = 46.786 W
 IP = 157 * 0.31 = 48.67 W
 IP = 157 * 0.371 = 58.247 W

 У = (4.608 / 44.745) * 100% = 10.29 %

 У = (11.326 / 46.786) * 100% = 24.2 %
 У = (14.511 / 48.67) * 100% = 29.81 %
 У = (25.958 / 58.247) * 100% = 44.56 %

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 Centrifugal Pump

2- N = 2000 r.p.m

OP = 9810 * 6.5 * 10-5 * 8.399 = 5.355 W

OP = 9810 * 26.325 * 10-5 * 5.765 = 14.888 W
OP = 9810 * 50.076 * 10-5 * 7.304 = 35.88 W
OP = 9810 * 67.96 * 10-5 * 7.339 = 49.928 W

IP = 209.333 * 0.368 = 77.034 W

IP = 209.333 * 0.403 = 84.361 W
IP = 209.333 * 0.479 = 100.27 W
IP = 209.333 * 0.539 = 112.83 W

У = (5.355 / 77.034) * 100% = 6.95 %

У = (14.888 / 84.361) * 100% = 17.64 %
У = (35.88 / 100.27) * 100% = 35.78
У = (49.928 / 112.83) * 100% = 44.25 %

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 Centrifugal Pump

3- N = 2500 r.p.m

 OP = 9810 * 11.038 * 10-5 * 13.879 = 15.028 W

 OP = 9810 * 45.665 * 10-5 * 12.811 = 57.389 W
 OP = 9810 * 66.975 * 10-5 * 11.556 = 75.925 W
 OP = 9810 * 83.011 * 10-5 * 10.445 = 85.57 W

 IP = 261.666 * 0.492 = 128.739 W

 IP = 261.666 * 0.681 = 178.194 W
 IP = 261.666 * 0.704 = 184.212 W
 IP = 261.666 * 0.753 = 197.034 W

 У = (15.028 / 128.739) * 100% = 11.67 %

 У = (57.389 / 178.194) * 100% = 32.2 %
 У = (75.925 / 184.212) * 100% = 41.21 %
 У = (85.57 / 197.034) * 100% = 43.42 %

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 Centrifugal Pump

1.IP vs Q

Chart Title
250

200

150
IP (W)

1500
2000
100 2500

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Q (lit/min)

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 Centrifugal Pump

2- OP vs Q

90

80

70

60

50
OP (W)

1500
40 2000
2500

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Q (L/min)

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 Centrifugal Pump

3- у(Theo) vs Q

50

45

40

35

30
y%

25 1500
2000
20
2500
15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Q (L/min)

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 Centrifugal Pump

4- y (theo, exp) vs Q

50

45

40

35
1500 th
30
2000 th
y%

25
2500 th
20
1500 exp
15 2000 exp

10 2500 exp

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Q (L/min)

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 Centrifugal Pump

5- H vs Q

16

14

12

10
H (m)

8 1500
2000
6
2500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Q (L/min)

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