CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Automated car parking System:

Over the decades our country has been developed drastically, now we are in this state that we have
a lot of well contacted roads, commercial building and increasing number of automobiles. While
parking these automobiles in parking space we use the manual procedure of parking. Which most
of the cases is unplanned and lack of discipline due to this, people can park their cars anywhere
they want to, which creates a mess as people do not follow the particular cue most of the time. As
a result of this, a huge traffic jam takes place in that place. While parking in and retrieving car due
mismanagement cars can get dent by bumping with each other as there is lack of sufficient space.
This leads to arguments, fights among people which sometimes makes huge traffic jam. This is
also an economical loss as we need to repair our damaged car and also cars consumes extra fuel
while parking in or out. Traffic jam is an issue here as it kills our precious time. Due to this chaos
in parking our valuable time gets wasted. It harms the students, office going staffs and emergency
patients to a great extent.

Figure 1.1. Existing Car Parking

It also causes economical loss to commercial places like shopping malls, amusement parks as
people are more likely not to visit these places due to this parking hazard. As we are advancing
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with time, the manual car parking system in commercial spaces is creating hurdle which is causing
wastage of time and some economic losses as well. Therefore we need a solution which can
overcome these problems. Here we are introducing Automated Parking Systems as a solution of
these problems as well ascar parking system in commercial spaces is creating hurdle which is
causing wastage of time and some economical losses as well. Therefore we need a solution which
can overcome these problems. Here we are introducing Automated Car Parking Systems as a
solution of these problems as well as a replacement to the manual car parking systems at
commercial spaces. This system not only saves time and money, it can also earn money by
charging for parking spaces.

1.2. Problems with the Traditional car parking system:

Traditional or manual car parking system is everywhere in our country but this system is full of
problems.

They are:

1. We can see in many shopping malls, hospitals huge traffic jam in front of the parking. The
parking guard stops the entire vehicle and gives a payment slip, this creates traffic jam.

2. It is difficult and time consuming to find out the parking slot which costs extra fuel and wastes
time.

3. Security problem is one another problem in manual car parking, people can enter in parking
slot and there snatching, robbery can happen.

4. In manual parking system some guard needs to be appointed for the whole job, it is costly
enough.

1.3Advantages of automated vehicle system:

The advantages of automated car parking systems are:

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 1. Reducing traffic jam:

Automated vehicle system reduce the traffic jam because here we are using a card system for
paying the money, punching the card in the payment booth and one tray will place the vehicle in
required place

2. Time saving:

It is a time saving system. In manual parking system it is too hard to find out the empty space for
parking, it is very much time consuming. Sometimes it causes latein meeting or other important
works.

3. Safety in the parking:

Here no people can enter in the parking so that there is no chance of snatching, robbery, stealing,
sometimes in silent parking space peoples are being harassed. This system prevents these
problems.

4. Fuel saving:

In this system we are using an automatic tray which will take the vehicle into the parking space
and place it in required slot. This will reduce the fuel cost. Here we do not need to lighting all over
the parking space. It will on the light when it moves and where is the path and it is very much
electricity saving also.

5. Operating cost saving:

Over a period of time, the parking charge collecting cost is reduced. There is reduction in the
man-hour required as the system does not require any human interaction for the money
transaction.

1.4 Motivation and Objectives:

1.4.1. Motivation:

The motivation of the project is, we want to digitalize our daily life as well as our country. In
many countries this automated vehicle system is available and popular.

1.4.2Objectives:

The objectives are:

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1. Introducing automatic vehicle parking system in Bangladesh and get benefited by it.
2. To compare various aspects of this manual parking system with the automated parking system.
3. To find out the economic benefits of introducing automated vehicle system.

1.5 Background of our project:

Over the decades our country has been developed drastically, now we are in this state that we have
a lot of well contacted roads, commercial building and increasing number of automobiles. With
the increasing amount of roads and highways transportation has become the backbone of our day
to day life.

Transportation has also become the backbone of our economy for its wide usage in trade and
business. So parking of these transportation or vehicles has become a matter of consideration.
While parking these vehicles in parking space we still use the very old fashioned manual procedure
of parking. Which are maintained in unplanned manner, without any discipline. Due to this people
can park their cars anywhere they want to, which creates a mess as people don’t follow
anydiscipline most of the time. While parking in and retrieving car due mismanagement cars can
get dent by bumping with each other as there is lack of sufficient space. This leads to arguments,
fights among people which sometimes create traffic jam. This is also an economical lose as we
need to repair our damaged car. Cars consume extra fuel while parking in or out. Due to this chaos
in parking our valuable time gets wasted. It harms the students, office going staffs and emergency
patients to a great extent. It also causes economical loss to commercial places like shopping malls,
amusement parks as people are more likely not to visit these places due to this parking hazard.
Automated car parking systems will provide several benefits. It will save time and fuel cost.

In manual parking system it is too hard to find out the empty space for parking, it is very much
time consuming. Sometimes it causes late in meeting or other important works. It will save fuel as
in this system an automatic tray will take the vehicle into the required slot. This will reduce the
fuel cost of searching for parking space, parking in and out. Here we do not need to lighting all
over the parking space all the time. It will only have the lights on when it moves and where is the
path and it is very much electricity saving also. It provides security from theft of vehicle and it can
earn revenue. It can introduce us to advanced digitalized systems which show us the Engineering
excellence in our country.

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Automated Guided Vehicle known as AGV technology has been introduced in automated parking
system most recently though AGVs has been used in automated warehousing for decades. The
vehicles are parked on pallets in the parking space which are collected from the parking entrance
by the AGVs driving beneath the vehicle pallet, lifting it and then parking it in the parking space.
The number of AVGs in the system is flexible and can be based around the client’s requirements.
Generally AVG systems operate on solid finished concrete floors that can move in both lengthways
and sideways directions along fixed paths and are able to rotate on the spot. This allows the vehicle
pallets to be collected by an AGV from any direction and with several AGVs operating on a floor.
It also allows for multiple, simultaneous parking and retrieval movements along multiple paths.
To move the vehicle pallets with or without an AGV, vehicle elevators are used within the system.

Figure 1.2. AVG System

1.6.2 Crane Systems:

This system is used utilizing a single mechanism that is to simultaneously perform the horizontal
and vertical movements of the vehicle to be parked or retrieved in the parking system. This
mechanism allows the vehicle platform to move to and from one parking spot to another very
quickly. The crane mechanism has a vertical elevator platform fitted and it moves horizontally on
rails, typically located on the floor and ceiling of the parking system, where vehicles to be parked
and retrieved are placed, which means that a floor-to-ceiling opening in the center of the system is
required for the crane for the crane(s) to operate.

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 Figure 1.3. Crane Systems

This mechanism can move in line with the normal direction of a vehicle or orthogonal to it
depending on the site constraints. The crane system also has two cranes running parallel to one
another should the site constraints allow it, if higher throughput or redundancy is required. The
system redundancy is potentially low but back-up motors; switches, etc. can be installed to increase
the system’s redundancy as there is typically only one mechanism for the parking and retrieval of
vehicles and turning devices can be fitted under the vertical elevator platform

1.6.3 Puzzle Systems:

Puzzle systems offer the densest form of automated parking as it utilizes around 95% of the floor
area and often used in smaller systems. A grid of pallets covers a solid floor or steel frame, and
each pallet is supported by a set of rollers and belts that are driven by motors fitted to the support
frames underneath each pallet location in a horizontal puzzle system. Until the pallet with the
required vehicle on is maneuvered to the desired location, the rollers and belts maneuver the
pallets. The frames, supported by the pallets are installed in all possible parking positions.
Typically there are two fewer pallets than support frames per floor that provides the necessary
free spaces to maneuver the pallets.

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 Figure 1.4. Puzzle System

Puzzle systems provide flexible layout options as the system configuration is highly adaptable
because a pallet can be moved in any directions. The system shape can vary greatly, such as:
rectangular or square, “T” shaped, “U” shaped, “H” shaped, etc. in puzzle systems scissor lifts are
typically used as they allow the pallets to move on and off the lift platforms in all directions. We
can also use electrical cantilevered lifts but the pallet movements on and off the lift platform are
more restricted, turning the vehicles can be done in the parking module, on an elevator or within
the parking system.

1.6.4 RGC Systems:

Rail Guided Cart known as RGC technology operate in a similar ways to AGVs except the RGCs
are less complex and more robust than AGVs and therefore more cost effective and more reliable.
The RGCs park the vehicles on pallets in the parking modules which are collected from the parking
modules by driving beneath the vehicle pallet, lifting it then moving it out of the parking module
into the system. The number of RGCs in the system is flexible and can be based around the client’s
requirements.

1.6.5 Shuttle Systems:

The shuttle systems utilize autonomous shuttles and elevators to park and retrieve vehicles. The
number of shuttles in the system is flexible and is based around the client’s requirements. The
shuttle moves horizontally to a designated location in a shuttle lane, which is either a set of rails
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in a steel or concrete structure or recess in a solid floor. A vehicle is parked or retrieved at the
designated location by a robot, or parallel exchanger or conveyor belts, located on the shuttle by
moving the vehicle from or to the shuttle and the parking space. Generally there is a single row
vehicle either side of the shuttle lane but if needed more rows of vehicles can be added. The
retrieval process of vehicle for the second row and onwards is slower than for the first row of the
robot has longer distance to travel to retrieve the vehicle and there may be a vehicle parked in the
front of the vehicle to be retrieved, which has to be removed before the vehicle in the second row
can be retrieved. When a vehicle is required to be moved from one level of the system to another
there are two options for achieving this, one option is with vehicle elevators and the other one is
with shuttle elevators.

Figure 1.5. Shuttle Systems

A shuttle moves adjacent to a vehicle elevator and deposits the vehicle on the vehicle elevator
platform when vehicle elevators are used. A shuttle collects the vehicle from the vehicle elevator
when the vehicle elevator then moves the vehicle to the designated parking space. In this option
shuttles remain on their assigned levels, therefore at least one shuttle is required per parking level
which can make redundancy an issue if only one shuttle is used per level, so this can be costly.
When shuttle elevators are used the shuttle moves with the vehicle on to a shuttle elevator located
at either end of the shuttle lane. The shuttles are free to go to and from any level in the system
allowing for fewer shuttles than parking levels and greater redundancy, in this option. We can say
that the shuttle elevators are often the system bottlenecks and throughput is much lower than with
vehicle elevators.

1.6.6 Silo Systems:

The silo systems are cylindrical systems with a single, centrally positioned mechanism used to
park and retrieve vehicles. The central mechanism allows the vehicle platform to move to and from
one parking spot to another very quickly by moving vertically and rotating simultaneously.

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Typically they are installed underground and are most suitable where soil conditions are
particularly unfavorable.

Figure 1.6. Silo Systems

It can also be installed above ground. In silo systems typically only one vehicle can be parked or
retrieved at one time. System redundancy can be issue as issue as there is only one mechanism
for parking and retrieving vehicles.

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 CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEWOFPROJECT

2.1 Applicability of our project:

Over the decades with the development of our country we’ve reached in a situation where the
manual car parking system in commercial spaces needs to be replaced. The manual car parking
system is causing hurdle and chaos in parking space, therefore resulting in wastage of time and
some economic losses as well. Therefore introducing Automated Car Parking Systems in
commercial spaces can be replacement to the manual car parking systems at commercial spaces.
We can install this system in the places likably.

Office buildings:

It will help the staff to park their car without any hurdle and wastage of time. It will also relieve
their mind from the unnecessary parking hurdle. Also if someone is already late he wouldn’t be
late any further by having to search for the parking space and park his car. It will also provide
security to their cars from stealing.

Shopping Malls:

It will help the customers to park their car without any hurdle, which will give them time to browse
for more products. It’ll benefit both the customers and the sellers as the customer will have more
time to explore their options and the sellers have more product options to sell. It will increase the
number of customers coming in the malls. It will increase revenue as the customer has to pay for
the parking space. It will also help removing the cars which are kept all day long without shopping
purposes as they need to pay for parking their cars. As there is a time limit for the parking space

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the customers will keep that in mind and they will remove their cars on time. This will help more
customers to come to these malls each day. It will also provide security to their cars from stealing.

Hospitals:

In hospital when there are a lot of emergency cases there are a lot of a cars and ambulances coming
in the parking space. This creates jam which cause delay for the patients to receive the medical
services, which often can be fatal to them. If we install the automated system, it will take less time
to park car and the patients to reach the medical services. Also they can earn revenue for cars other
than the ambulances. It will also provide security to their cars from stealing.

Amusement Parks:

If we install automated car parking systems in amusement parks it will attract more people to come
to these places. The more the people will come the more revenue will be earned. Moreover these
amusement parks relieve us from our dull and monotonous lives, refreshes our mind. The more
people can enjoy these places due to the advanced parking facility. It again increases the revenue
as people need to pay for parking their cars. It will also provide security to their cars from stealing.

Along with these places we can use this system in educational institutes and mosques where car
parking area is available. It will help people to park their car easily without making any hurdle. It
will also provide security to their cars from stealing.

2.2 Comparison between the existing system and proposed system:

In present days we are facing many problems with the existing car parking system. As we need to
park our car manually and there is no discipline in this process it creates a huge hurdle. People can
park their cars anywhere they want to, which creates a mess as people don’t follow a particular
cue most of the time. As a result of this a huge traffic jam takes place in that place. While parking

11
in and retrieving car due mismanagement cars can get dent by bumping with each other as there is
lack of sufficient space. This

leads to arguments, fights among people which sometimes create traffic jam. This is also an
economical lose as we need to repair our damaged car. This chaos also leads to cars consuming
extra fuel.

Figure:2.1. Existing car parking systems in our country

Traffic jam is an issue here as it kills our precious time. Due to this chaos in parking our valuable
time gets wasted. For places like shopping malls or amusement parks it causes economical loss, as
due to this chaos a lot of people are unwilling to visit these places which decrease the number of
the customers in these places. Again the customers get less time to browse for options through
these places which can again lessens the opportunity to selling the products. Sometimes the
customers cannot enter in these places due to this parking chaos. This car parking hazard causes
problem for the student and office staff as they cannot reach their destination on time which
sometimes causes huge loss in their respective career. It can cause fatal damage to the patients as
it can cause delay for them to reach the medical services may be just a few floor away in the
hospital building. Moreover there is no payment system for car parking in most of the parking
spaces in our country. So by introducing the automated car parking systems we can handle the
mismanagement of parking space save time and recover losses caused by the existing system and
also earn money by charging money for car parking.

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2.3 Working principle of our project:

Our project will work as follows:

The LCD display will display the number of available slots and price. When a car will come the
operator will send instruction through arduino to open the gate. DC motor helps the gate to open
up when it gets the signal from arduino, arduino will only get the signal to DC motor using RF
module.

2.4 Pricing principle and time limit:

The pricing principle and time limit for automated car parking system is in the table given below:

Name of place Price per hour (tk) Time limit (hours)

Shopping Mall 40 3

Amusement Park 30 5

Hospitals 15 2

Office space 10 office hours

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 CHAPTER 3

3. FABRICATION WORKS ARPARKING SYSTEM EHNAIALY

Fig 3.1. Fabrication cutting welding

Fig 3.2. Fabrication pipe welding

Fig 3.3. Pipe welding

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 Fig 3.4. Fabrication motor fitting

Fig 3.5. Fabrication assembling

3.1 Rack and Pinion Gears Information

Rack and pinion gears are used to convert rotation into linear motion. The flat, toothed part is the
rack and the gear is the pinion. A piston coaxial to the rack provides hydraulic assistance force,
and an open centered rotary valve controls the assist level. A rack and pinion gears system is
composed of two gears. The normal round gear is the pinion gear and the straight or flat gear is
the rack. The rack has teeth cut into it and they mesh with the teeth of the pinion gear.

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 Fig:3.6. Rack and Pinion Gear

3.2 Rack and Pinion Gear. Image Credit Wikipedia

A ring and pinion gear is the differential's critical point of power transfer. A ring and pinion gear
set is one of the simplest performance modifications that can be performed on a vehicle. The most
common reason to change ring and pinion ratios from the original equipment is to retain power
when bigger tires are put on a vehicle. The torque can be increased by a ratio change when there
is enhanced pulling or higher take off power from a dead start. A well designed mechanism such
as the rack and pinion gears save effort and time.

Product Selection
The Engineering360 SpecSearch database allows industrial buyers to select rack and pinion gears
by gear type, configuration, and performance specifications.

3.3 Gear Types

Rack and pinion gears are available in three variations:

 Straight teeth have the tooth axis parallel to the axis of rotation. Straight teeth that run parallel
to the axis of the gear. Load movement or transfer is manual or walk-behind.

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 Fig: 3.7. Straight Tooth.

 Helical teeth gears provide continuous engagement along the tooth length and are often quieter
and more efficient than straight tooth gears. Helical tooth gears resemble spur gears in the
plane of rotation, but include teeth that are twisted along a helical path in the axial direction.

Fig:3.8. Helical Tooth

 Roller pinion drives use bearing supported rollers that mesh with the teeth of that rack in
orderto provide minimal to no backlash.

Fig: 3.9. Roller Pinion. Image Credit

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Geared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which already had its Insight
details demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The speed
of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM .The gear
assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct combination of
gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This concept where gears
reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear reduction. This Insight
will explore all the minor and major details that make the gear head and hence the working of
geared DC motor.
3.5 External Structure
At the first sight, the external structure of a DC geared motor looks as a straight expansion over
the simple DC ones.

The lateral view of the motor shows the outer protrudes of the gear head. A nut is placed near the
shaft which helps in mounting the motor to the other parts of the assembly.

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Also, an internally threaded hole is there on the shaft to allow attachments or extensions such as
wheel to be attached to the motor.

3.6 Outer Body of Gear Head & Rear View

The outer body of the gear head is made of high density plastic but it is quite easy to open as only
screws are used to attach the outer and the inner structure. The major reason behind this could be
to lubricate gear head from time to time.
The plastic body has a threading through which nut can be easily mounted and vice versa from the
gear head.

3.7 Rear View

The rear view of the geared motor is similar to the DC motor and it has two wires soldered to it.

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3.8 Internal Structure

On opening the outer plastic casing of the gear head, gear assemblies on the top as well as on
bottom part of the gear head are visible. These gear assemblies are highly lubricated with grease
so as to avoid any sort of wear and tear due to frictional forces. Shown below is the top part of the
gear head. It is connected to rotating shaft and has one gear that allows the rotation. A strong
circular imprint shows the presence of the gear that rotates the gear at the upper portion.

Connection of the shaft with the gear is shown in the image under.

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The cap that accommodates the gear has an arc cut from its side to avoid frictional resistance forces
with the bottom gear assembly.

The bottom houses the gear mechanism which is connected to the DC motor through screws. This
mechanism rotates the gear at the top which is connected to the rotating shaft.

3.9 Bottom Gear Assembly

A closer look at the bottom gear assembly shows the structure and connection with other gears.

21
Gear assembly’s association with the motor (bottom gear assembly) can be understood with the
help of the image shown below.

The gear assembly is set up on two metallic cylinders whose working can be called as similar to
that of an axle. A total of three gears combine on these two cylinders to form the bottom gear
assembly out of which two gears share the same axle while one gear comes in between them and
takes a separate axle.

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The gears are basically in form of a small sprocket but since they are not connected by a chain,
they can be termed as duplex gears in terms of a second cog arrangement coaxially over the base.
Among the three gears, two are exactly same while the third one is bigger in terms of the number
of teeth at the upper layer of the duplex gear. The third gear is connected to the gear at the upper
portion of the gear head. The manner in which they are located near the upper part of the gear
head can be seen through the image shown below.
The combination of bottom gear assembly with the upper one can be seen down under.

3.10 Combination of Gear Assemblies

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After the gear assembly is removed, gear head’s connection to the DC motor and its gear can be
easily seen. The machine has a smaller gear in comparison to the gear head’s gear assembly.

3.11 Working of the DC Geared Motor

The DC motor works over a fair range of voltage. The higher the input voltage more is the RPM
(rotations per minute) of the motor. For example, if the motor works in the range of 6-12V, it will
have the least RPM at 6V and maximum at 12 V.
In terms of voltage, we can put the equation as:
RPM= K1 * V, where,
K1= induced voltage constant
V=voltage applied

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The working of the gears is very interesting to know. It can be explained by the principle of
conservation of angular momentum. The gear having smaller radius will cover more RPM than
the one with larger radius. However, the larger gear will give more torque to the smaller gear than
vice versa. The comparison of angular velocity between input gear (the one that transfers energy)
to output gear gives the gear ratio. When multiple gears are connected together, conservation of
energy is also followed. The direction in which the other gear rotates is always the opposite of the
gear adjacent to it.
In any DC motor, RPM and torque are inversely proportional. Hence the gear having more torque
will provide a lesser RPM and converse. In a geared DC motor, the concept of pulse width
modulation is applied. The equations detailing the working and torque transfer of gears are shown
below:

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In a geared DC motor, the gear connecting the motor and the gear head is quite small, hence it
transfers more speed to the larger teeth part of the gear head and makes it rotate. The larger part of
the gear further turns the smaller duplex part. The small duplex part receives the torque but not the
speed from its predecessor which it transfers to larger part of other gear and so on. The third gear’s
duplex part has more teeth than others and hence it transfers more torque to the gear that is
connected to the shaft.
3.12 12 Volt Power Supply

3.13 Intro: Make a Simple 12 Volt Power Supply

Have you ever needed a 12 volt power supply that can supply maximum 1 amp? But trying to
buy one from the store is a little too expensive?

Well, you can make a 12 volt power supply very cheaply and easily!

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 I needed a 12 volt power supply for my project, the SSTC (Solid State Tesla Coil), and also
made this instructable because it might be use full to someone...

3.14 Step 1: Things That You Will Need...

Things that you will need to make this power supply is...

 Pieceof veroboard
 Four 1N4001 diodes
 LM7812 regulator
 Transformer that has an output of 14v - 35v AC with an output current between 100mA to 1A,
depending how much power you will need. (I found a 16v 200mA transformer in a broken alarm
clock.)
 1000uF - 4700uF capacitor
 1uF capacitor
 Two 100nF capacitors
 Jumper wires (I used some plain wire as jumper wires)
 Heatsink (optional)

You should be able you get most (maybe all) of the parts at Radio Shack or Maplin.
Add TipAsk QuestionCommentDownload

3.15 Step 2: And the Tools..

Also you will need the tools to make this power supply...

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 Soldering iron
 Wire cutters
 Wire strippers
 A thing you can cut veroboard tracks.
 Hot glue (To hold components down and make the power supply physically strong and sturdy.)
 And some other tools that you might find helpful.

3.16. Step 3: Schematic and Others...

If you want a 5 volt power supply, just simply replace the LM7812 to a LM7805 regulator.
Datasheet for LM78XX

If you are going to pull out about 1 amp from this power supply, you will need a heatsink for the
regulator, otherwise it will generate very high temperatures and possibly burn out...
However, if you are just going to pull out a few hundred milliamps (lower than 500mA) from it,
you won't need a heatsink for the regulator, but it may get a little bit warm.

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Also, heres the schematic...
I also add in an LED to make sure the power supply is working. You can add in an LED if you
want.

3.17 Step 4: Make It!

2 More Images

Well, read the schematic and build the power supply!

If you don't know how to read schematics, you might want to look here.

Make sure you get good solder joints and no solder bridges, otherwise your power supply won't
work!

Oh, If you don't know how to solder, read this great instructable! How to solder!

3.18 Step 5: Test It!

After you had built your power supply, test it with your multimeter to make sure they are no
solder bridges.

After you tested it, put it in a plastic box or something to protect you from shocks.
But do not operate the power supply like I did, it is very dangerous because of the mains voltage

29
on the transformer, you or somebody will get badly shocked!

My power supply has 11.73v output, not too bad, I don't need it to be exactly 12v...

3.19 Step 6: Done...

You had built a cheap power supply! You can use it for whatever your needs...
But again do not operate it without any protection!

3.20 WELDING

Welding is a materials joining process which produces coalescence of materials by heating

them to suitable temperatures with or without the application of pressure or by the application
of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler material.

Welding is used for making permanent joints. It is used in the manufacture of automobile
bodies, aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames, structural works, tanks, furniture,
boilers, general repair work and ship building.

3.21 TYPES

 Plastic Welding or Pressure Welding

The piece of metal to be joined are heated to a plastic state and forced together by external
pressure

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 (Ex) Resistance welding

 Fusion Welding or Non-Pressure Welding

The material at the joint is heated to a molten state and allowed to solidify

(Ex) Gas welding, Arc welding

3.22 Classification of welding processes:

(i). Arc welding

1. Carbon arc
2. Metal arc
3. Metal inert gas
4. Tungsten inert gas
5. Plasma arc
6. Submerged arc
7. Electro-slag

(ii). Gas Welding

1. Oxy-acetylene
2. Air-acetylene
3. Oxy-hydrogen

(iii). Resistance Welding

1. Butt
2. Spot
3. Seam
4. Projection
5. Percussion

(iv) Thermit Welding

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 (v) Solid State Welding
1. Friction
2. Ultrasonic
3. Diffusion
4. Explosive
(vi) Newer Welding
1. Electron-beam
2. Laser
(vii) Related Process
1. Oxy-acetylene cutting
2. Arc cutting
3. Hard facing
4. Brazing
5. Soldering

3.24 Arc welding methods

1. Metal arc welding

It is a process of joining two metal pieces by melting the edges by an electric arc. The
electric arc is produced between two conductors. The electrode is one conductor and the work
piece is another conductor. The electrode and the work piece are brought nearer with small air gap.
(3mm app.)

When current is passed an electric arc is produced between the electrode and the work
piece. The work piece and the electrode are melted by the arc. Both molten piece of metal become
one. Temperature of arc is about 4000°c Electrodes used in arc welding are coated with a flux.
This flux produces a gaseous shield around the molten metal. It prevents the reaction of the molten
metal with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere. The flux removes the impurities from the
molten metal and form a slag. This slag gets deposited over the weld metal. This protects the weld
seam from rapid cooling. Fig.1 shows arc welding process.

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3.25 Equipments:(Refer Fig 2)

 A welding generator (D.C.) or Transformer (A.C.)

 Two cables- one for work and one for electrode
 Electrode holder
 Electrode
 Protective shield
 Gloves
 Wire brush
 Chipping hammer
 Goggles

Fig. 1 Arc Welding

33
Fig 2 Electric Arc Welding Equipments

3.26 Advantages

 Most efficient way to join metals

 Lowest-cost joining method
 Affords lighter weight through better utilization of materials
 Joins all commercial metals
 Provides design flexibility

3.27 Limitations

1. Manually applied, therefore high labor cost.

2. Need high energy causing danger
3. Not convenient for disassembly.
4. Defects are hard to detect at joints.

34
 CHAPTER 4

COST ANALSYS

S. NO NAME COST
01 Iron pipes 1mm,1 1/2inch pipe square 1500
02 De gear motor 12 10 rpm 1000
03 Dc power Charger 12, 2 amp 200
04 threading rod 200
05 Motor cupping 6 to 8mm 150
06 Rack & pinion gear 500
07 Making charges 1900
08 Nut and bolts 50
09 Plastic toy 50
10 Clamps 100
11 Paint 100
12 Gum stick 50
13 Switch front back 100
14 Wire and tape 100
Total amount 6000/-

35
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The multi-level car parking system had successfully been designed and developed. The control
strategy for the traffic flow to the multi-level car parking system was carried out using the swath
mechanically. The help of some motor checks the availability of the vacant place on each floor.
The multi-level car parking system has achieved the anticipated performance to regulate the entry
and exit of the car to/from several floors accurately. The movement of the elevator between the
floors was continuous and smooth as requested. The number of entering and existing car from all
the three floors was controlled. The entry and exist phases of the cars depends on the availability
of the elevator and the time required for exist. The preference for the entry will be for the car that
is present at the stopping in front of an elevator at the ground floor. Meanwhile, the preference for
exist from other floors will depend firstly on the space and secondly on the time demanded for
exist.

36
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