–Masonry walls – mass concrete, RC walls – suitable for wall up to 6m in height,

brickwork or stonework.(< 1.5m) sometimes key is added to improve resistance to

sliding.
CRIB WALL – pre-cast concrete unit and the space Gabion walls- a basket made from galvanised steel
filled with free-draining materials. mesh filled with stone rubbles or cobbles to provide
free draining wall units.
 Braced or propped
retaining wall – trenches
Driven sheet pile- Driven sheet piles are thin interlocking steel
sheets used to construct a continuous barrier in the
ground. Interlock is typically achieved by clutching the edge of one
pile into the previous pile. Temporary retaining wall and cofferdam.
Contiguous bored piles - Piles are installed, in a sequence
determined by boring conditions. The wall is not watertight
and measures may be required to prevent fines wash-out
between the piles. Each pile is reinforced with a cage, designed
to resist bending moments and shear. Pile diameters of 350-
1200mm are offered, retaining up to 15m.
Secant bored piles - Alternate soft piles are formed using either a
slow-gain concrete or a workable grout mix. The installation
sequence is determined by ground conditions, but is normally on
a hit and miss 2 or 3 piles basis. After a sufficient initial curing
period (2-4 days) and once each alternate pile is formed, the
reinforced ‘male’ piles are installed. The male and female piles
overlap by approximately 75-100mm. The secant between hard
and soft piles ensures that water seepage is minimised and fines
wash-out is prevented. The interlocking secant wall is not
watertight; however water flow is greatly reduced. Similar pile
sizes and retained heights to contiguous piling can be offered.
Reinforced earth wall- consist of composite
material formed by cohesion less soil and flexible
metal reinforcing strips. The earth and the
reinforcement are combined through friction.
Suitable for highway and bridge grade
separations, railroads and mass transit systems,
waterfronts, airports, loading docks, industrial
facilities and commercial and residential
developments. They are also used in response
to difficult design conditions such as very high
structures, restricted space
Ground anchor - to prevent deep seated failures, as
well as a form of erosion control
Soil nailing - technique that can be used as a
remedial measure to treat unstable natural soil
slopes or as a construction technique that allows
the safe over-steepening of new or existing soil
slopes. To strengthen embankment and retaining
walls.