5 Problem PDF

Electrostatics – Solving Problems
Electrostatics – Solving Problems
folk.uio.no/ravi/EMT2013/
1
P.Ravindran, PHY041: Electricity & Magnetism 11 January 2013: Electrostatics‐Problems
Coulomb'ss Torsion Balance
Coulomb Torsion Balance
This dial allows you to
adjust and measure the
torque in the fibre and
thus the force
restraining the charge
This scale allows you to read the
separation of the charges
2
Experiments Results
F
Line Fr‐2
3
Experiments show that an electric force has
the following properties:
(1) The force is inversely proportional to the

square of separation, r2, between the two
g particles.
charged p 1
F 2
r
( ) The
(2) h fforce iis proportionall to the
h product
d off
charge q1 and the charge q2 on the particles.
F  q1 q 2
4
(3) The force is attractive if the charges are
of opposite sign and repulsive if the charges
g
have the same sign.
q1 q 2
F
r2
5
Coulomb’s Law
The electrostatic force of a charged particle exerts on
another is proportional to the product of the charges
and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
q1 q 2
F  K
r2
6
q1 q 2
F  K
r2
• where K is the coulomb constant = 9  109

N.m2/C2.
• The above equation is called Coulomb’s law,

law
which is used to calculate the force between
electric charges.
charges In that equation F is measured in
Newton (N), q is measured in unit of coulomb (C)
and r in meter (m).
(m)
7
Permittivity constant of free space
• The constant K can be written as
1
K
4 
• where is known as the Permittivity
constant of free space.
space
• = 8.85 x 10-12 C2/N.m2
1 1
K   9  10 9
N .m 2
/ C 2
4  4  8.85  10  12
8
Example 1
Calculate the value of two equal charges if they
p one another with a force of 0.1N when
repel
situated 50cm apart in a vacuum.
S l ti
Solution q1 q 2
F  K
r2
9  10 9  q 2
0 .1 
(0.5) 2

q = 1.7x10‐6C = 1.7C
9
Example 2
One charge of 2.0 C is 1.5m away from a –3.0 C
g Determine the force they
charge. y exert on each
other.
10
Example 3
The following three charges are arranged as
shown. Determine the net force actingg on the
charge on the far right (q3 = charge 3).
11
 Step 1: Calculate the force that charge 1
exerts on charge 3...
3
 It does NOT matter that there is another charge

in between these two… ignore
g it! It will not
effect the calculations that we are doing for
tthese
ese two. Not
Notice
ce tthat
at tthee tota
total d distance
sta ce
between charge 1 and 3 is 3.1 m , since we
need to add 1.4 m and 1.7 m .
12
•The negative sign just tells us the charges are opposite, so the
force is attractive. Charge 1 is pulling charge 3 to the left, and
vice versa.
versa Do not automatically treat a negative answer as
meaning “to the left” in this formula!!! Since all I care about is
what is happening to charge 3,
3
•all
all I really need to know from this is that charge 3 feels a pull
towards the left of 4.9e-2 N.
13
• St
Step 2:
2 Calculate
C l l t the
th force
f that
th t charge
h 2 exerts
t on
charge 3...
• Same thing as above,
above only now we are dealing with two
negative charges, so the force will be repulsive.
 The positive sign tells you that the charges are either both negative or
both positive, so the force is repulsive. I know that charge 2 is pushing
charge 3 to the right with a force of 2.5e‐1
2 5e 1 N.
N
 Step 3: Add you values to find the net force.
14
M l i l Charges
Multiple Ch in
i 2 Dimensions
Di i
Q2
‐
F41 F12
Q1 +
F13 ‐ Q3
Force on charge is vector sum
of forces from all charges
Principle of +
superposition
p p Q4 F1  F12  F13  F14
15
Example
p 4
• Two equal positive charges q=2x10-6C interact
with a third charge Q=4x10-66C.
C Find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force
on Q.
Q
16
6 6
qQ ( 4  10 )( 2  10 )
FQq 1  K 2  9  10 9 2
 0 .29 N  FQq 2
r ( 0 .5)
 0 .4 
F x  F cos   0 .29    0 .23 N
 0 .5 
 0 .3 
F y   F sin    0 .29     0 .17 N
 0 .5 
F x  2  0 .23  0 .46 N
F y 0
17
Example 5
• In figure what is the q -q
resultant force on the 2 3
g
charge in the lower left
corner of the square? F13
Assume that q=110‐7 C

Assume that q=110 C 1 4
and a = 5cm 2q F14 -2q
F12
18
   
F1  F12  F13  F14
2qq
F12  K 2
a
2qq
F133  K 2
2
2a
2q 2q
F14  K
a2
19
20
21
Equilibrium
•Example
T fixed
Two fi d charges,
h 1 C and
1C d -3C
3 C are
separated by 10cm as shown in figure below
(a) where may a third charge be located so
that no force acts on it?
22
23
Example
• Two charges are located on the positive x-axis of a coordinate
system, as shown in figure below. Charge q1=2nC is 2cm
from the origin, and charge q2=-3nC is 4cm from the origin.
What is the total force exerted by these two charges on a
charge q3=5nC located at the origin?
24
(9  109 )( 2  109 )(5  109 ) 4
F31  2
 0. 56  10 N
(0.04)
(9  109 )(3  109 )(5  109 ) 4

F32  2
 3. 37  10 N
(0.02)
F3  F31  F32
 F3  0.56  104  3.37  104  2.81  104 N
25
• In figure shown, locate the point at -5qq 2q
q
which the electric field is zero? - +
a
Assume a = 50cm
-5q 2q P
V 1
S 2 E1 E2
- +
a d
aa+dd
E1 = E2
1 2q 1 5q

4  ( 0 .5  d ) 2 4  (d ) 2
d = 30cm
26
We have q =10 nC at the origin, q = 15 nC at x=4 m.
1 2
What is E at y=3 m and x=0
y
P
3
x
4
q1=10 nc q2 =15 nc
Find x and y components of electric field due to both charges and add
them up
27
ll E k / 2
Recall E =kq/r
R
y
and k=8.99 x 109 N.m2/C2
E 
Field due to q
q1
E = 1010 N.m2/C2 10 X10‐9 C/(3m)2 = 11 N/C 5
3
in the y direction. 
x
Ey= 11 N/C 4
q1=10 nc q2 =15 nc
Ex= 0
Field due to q2
E = 1010 N.m2/C2 15 X10‐9 C/(5m)2 = 6 N/C
at some angle φ
Ey= 11 + 3.6 = 14.6 N/C
Resolve into x and y components
Ex= ‐4.8 N/C
4 8 N/C
Ey=E sin f = 6 * 3/5 =18/5 = 3.6 N/C Magnitude E  E x2  E y2
Ex=E cos
=E cos f = 6
f = 6 * (‐4)/5 =‐24/5 = ‐4.8 N/C
( 4)/5 = 24/5 = 4 8 N/C
28
E
Ey= 11 + 3.6 = 14.6 N/C

Ex= -4.8 N/C
3
x
4
q1=10 nc q2 =15 nc
Using unit vector notation we can
Magnitude of electric field also write the electric field vector as:
E  E x2  E y2   
E  4.8 i  14.6 j

E 14.6  4.8  15.4N /C
2 2
φ1 = tan‐1 Ey/Ex= tan‐1 (14.6/‐4.8)= 72.8 deg
29
+q 1 +q
2
What is the electric field in the lower left

corner of the square as shown in figure? P 3
Assume that q = 1x10-7C and a = 5cm. -2q
   
E p  E 1  E 2  E3 +q 1 +q
+
2
1 q
E1 
4  a2
1 q
E2  E2x
P E3 3
4  2 a2
-2q
E2y
1 2q
E3 
4  a2 E2
E1
30
• Evaluate
E l t theth value
l off E1, E2, & E3
– E1 = 3.6x105 N/C,
1 8 x 105 N/C,
– E2 = 1.8 N/C
– E3 = 7.2 x 105 N/C
W fi d th
We find the vector E
t E2 need analysis to two components
d l i t t t
 E2x = E2 cos45
 E2y = E
E2 sin45
i 45
Ex = E3 ‐ E2cos45 = 7.2x105 ‐ 1.8x105 cos45 = 6x105N/C

Ey = ‐E1 ‐ E2sin45 = ‐3.6x105‐ 1.8 x105 sin45 = ‐ 4.8x105 N/C
E  Ex2  Ey2 = 7.7 x 105 N/C

Ey
  tan1 = ‐ 38.6o
Ex
31
Example
p
• A particle having a charge q=310-9C moves from
point a to point b along a straight line, a total
distance d=0.5m. The electric field is uniform
alongg this line, in the direction from a to b, with
magnitude E=200N/C. Determine the force on q,
the work done on it by the electric field, and the
potential difference Va-Vb.
32
The force is in the same direction as the
electric field since the charge is positive; the
magnitude of the force is given by
F =qE = 310-9  200 = 60010-9N
Th workk done
The d by
b this
thi force
f is
i
W =Fd = 60010-9  0.5 = 30010-9J
The potential difference is the work per unit
charge, which is
Va-Vb = W/q = 100V
Or
Va-Vb = Ed = 200  0.5 = 100V
33
Electric flux. ((a)) Calculate the electric flux
through the rectangle in the figure (a). The
rectangle is 10cm by 20cm and the electric
field is uniform with magnitude 200N/C.
(b) What is the flux in figure if the angle is
30 degrees?
Th electric
The l t i flux
fl is
i
 
 E  E  A  EA cos 
So when (a) =0, we obtain
 
 E  EA cos   EA   200 N / C   0.1  0.2m 2  4.0 N  m 2 C
And when (b) =30 degrees, we obtain
30   200 N / C   0.1

 E  EA cos30 
0 1 0.2 
30  3.5N
0 2m2 cos30 3 5N  m2 C
34
To calculate the electric flux due to a point charge we consider an imaginary
closed spherical surface with the point charge in the center, this surface is called
gaussian surface. Then the flux is given by
 
   E.dA = E  dA cos  ( = 0)
q q
2 
= dA = 4 r 2
4  r 4  r 2
q
= 
Note that
h the
h net flux
fl through
h h a spherical
h i l gaussian
i surface
f i proportional
is i l to the
h charge
h
q inside the surface.
35
• Consider several closed surfaces as shown in
figure surrounding a charge Q as in the figure
below. The flux that passes through surfaces S1,
S2 and S3 all has a value q/. Therefore we
conclude that the net flux through any closed
surface is independent of the shape of the
surface.
• Consider a point charge located outside a closed

surface as shown in figure.
figure We can see that the
number of electric field lines entering the
surface equal the number leaving the surface.
Therefore the net electric flux in this case is
zero, because the surface surrounds no electric
charge.
36
• 2Q what is the flux 
In figure two equal and opposite charges of 2Q and -2Q
for the surfaces S1, S2, S3 and S4.
Solution
• For S1 the flux  = zero 2Q

• For S2 the flux  = zero S3
• For S3 the flux  = +2Q/ o S1
• For S the flux  = ‐2Q/
For S4 the flux  2Q/ o S2
-2Q S4
37
Example
• What must the magnitude of an isolated
ppositive charge
g be for the electric potential
p at
10 cm from the charge to be +100V?
1 q
V
4 r
 q  V 4  r 2  100  4  8.9  10 12  0.1  1.1  10 9 C
38
Example
q1
• What is the potential at
a q2
the center of the square
Q
Q2
shown in figure? Assume

P 1 +110-8C,
that q1= C q2=2
a
A
a
A
-210-8C, q3=+310-8C,
4 +2 10-88C,
q4=+210 C and da=
1m.
Q q4 a
A
Q q3
39
Solution
Q q1 a
A
q2
Q2
1 q 1  q 2  q3  q 4
 V   Vn 
n 4 r
P
a
A
a
A
The distance r for each charge from P is 0 71m

The distance r for each charge from P is 0.71m
q4 a
A
q3 9  10 9 (1  2  3  2)  10 8
V   500V
Q Q
0.71
40
VB-VA = WAB / qo
W AB
VB  VA   Ed
qo
q
V k
r
41
Example
Two charges of 2µC and -6µC are located at
ppositions ((0,0)
, ) m and (0,3)
( , ) m,, respectively.
p y (i)
()
Find the total electric potential due to these
charges at point (4,0)
(4 0) m
m.
(ii) How much work is required to bring a 3µC
charge from infinity to the point P?
42
-6 (0,3)
+2 (0,0) (4,0)
P
43
• Vp = V1 + V2
 q1 q 2 
V  k  
 r1 r 2 
6 6
9 2  10 6  10 
V  9  10    6.3  10 volt
3

 4 5 
44
(ii) the work required is given by
W = q3 Vp = 3  10-6  -6 3  103 = -18
6.3 9  10-
18.9
3J
Th -ve sign
The i means thath workk isi done
d by
b the
h
charge for the movement from  to P.
45
Electric Potential Energy
Electric Potential Energy
• The definition of the electric potential

energy of a system of charges is the work
required to bring them from infinity to that
configuration.
fi ti
q1 q2
46
To workout the electric potential energy for a system of charges,
assume a charge q2 at infinity and at rest as shown in figure. If
q2 is moved from infinity to a distance r from another charge q1,
then the work required is given by
• W=Vq2
q1 q2
q1
V  k
r r
q 1q 2
U W  k
r12
q1q 2
U k
r
• T
To calculate
l l the h potential
i l energy for
f systems
containing more than two charges we compute
the potential energy for every pair of charges
separately and to add the results algebraically.
qi qj
U  k
rij
48
Example
-4q
• Three charges are held
fixed as shown in figure.
What is the potential
p
a a
energy? Assume that
A A
110-7C and a
qq=110 a=10cm
10cm.
+ 1q
q a
A
+ 2q
q
49
-4q
• U=U12+U13+U23
a
A a
A
+ 1q a
A
+ 2q
 (  q )( 4 q ) (  q )( 2 q) ( 4 q)( 2 q ) 
U  k   
 a a a
10q 2
U  k
a
7 2
9  10 (10)(1  10 )
9
U    9  10 3 J
0.1
50
51
Example
• Point charge of +1210-9C and -1210-9C are placed 10cm
part as shown in figure. Compute the potential at point a, b,
and c.
c
• Compute the potential energy of a point charge +410-9C if it
placed at points a,
a b,
b and c.
c
A c
10cm 10cm
qi
V   Vn  k 
n ri
Ab A a
+ 2q 1 + 2q 2
4cm 6cm 4cm
52
A c
At point a 10cm 10cm
b
A
A a
+ 2q 1 + 2q 2
4cm 6cm 4cm
 12  10 9
 12  10 9

Va  9  10 
9
   900V
 0.06 0.04 
53
At point b
A c
10cm 10cm
b
A
A a
+ 2q 1 + 2q 2
4cm 6cm 4cm
 12  10 9  12  10 9 
Vb  9  10 
9
   1930V
 0.04 0.14 
54
At point c
p A c
10
10cm 10
10cm
b
A
A a
+ 2q 1 + 2q 2
4cm 6cm 4cm
 12  10 9
 12  10 9

Vc  9  10 
9
   0V
 0.1 0.14 
55
We need to use the followingg equation
q at each
point to calculate the potential energy,
U = qV
q
At point a
Ua = qVa = 410
410-9(-900)
9( 900) = -3610-7J
3610 7J
At point b
Ub = qVb
Vb = 410-91930
410 91930 = +7710-7J
+7710 7J
At point c
Uc = qVc = 410-90 = 0
56
VB-VA = WAB / qo
W AB
VB  VA   Ed
qo
q
V k
r q1q 2
U k
r
57
Example
• In the rectangle shown in figure, q1 = -5x10-6C
and q2 = 2x10-6C calculate the work required to
move a charge q3 = 3x10-6C from B to A along
the diagonal of the rectangle
rectangle.
58
59
Course Text Book
Physics for scientists and engineering with modern physics By R A Serway
Physics for scientists and engineering with modern physics. By R. A. Serway,
Other Recommended Resources:
 Borowitz and Beiser
and Beiser “Essentials
Essentials of physics
of physics”.. Addison
Addison‐Wesley
Wesley Publishing Co., 1971.
Publishing Co., 1971.
 Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. “Physics (part two)”. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1978.
 Kubala, T.S., “Electricity 2: Devices, Circuits and Materials”, 2001
 Nelkon, M. and Parker, P. “Advanced level physics”. Heinemann Educational Books
p y
Ltd., 1982.
 Ryan, C.W., “Basic Electricity : A Self‐Teaching Guide”, 1986
 Sears, F.W., Zemansky, M.W. and Young, H.D. “University physics” Addison‐Wesley
Publishing Co 1982
Publishing Co., 1982.
 Weidner, R.T. and Sells, R.L. “Elementary physics: classical and modern”. Allyn and
Bacon, Inc., 1973.
 Valkenburgh, N.V.,
Valkenburgh, N.V., “Basic
Basic Electricity: Complete Course
Electricity: Complete Course”,, 1993
1993
60

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Electrostatics – Solving Problems

Electrostatics – Solving Problems

(1) The force is inversely proportional to the

• where K is the coulomb constant = 9  109

• The above equation is called Coulomb’s law,

 It does NOT matter that there is another charge

Assume that q=110‐7 C

(9  109 )(3  109 )(5  109 ) 4

Ey= 11 + 3.6 = 14.6 N/C

E  4.8 i  14.6 j

φ1 = tan‐1 Ey/Ex= tan‐1 (14.6/‐4.8)= 72.8 deg

What is the electric field in the lower left

Ex = E3 ‐ E2cos45 = 7.2x105 ‐ 1.8x105 cos45 = 6x105N/C

E  Ex2  Ey2 = 7.7 x 105 N/C

And when (b) =30 degrees, we obtain

30   200 N / C   0.1

• Consider a point charge located outside a closed

• For S1 the flux  = zero 2Q

 q  V 4  r 2  100  4  8.9  10 12  0.1  1.1  10 9 C

shown in figure? Assume

The distance r for each charge from P is 0 71m

• The definition of the electric potential

At point a 10cm 10cm

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