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CE-444 PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE

Samadar Salim
 Lightweight Concrete

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Definition: Concrete having a 28-day compressive strength greater
than 17 MPa and an airdried unit weight not greater than 1850
kg/m³.

lightweight aggregates or combination of lightweight and normal-”

Composition: Similar to normal concrete except that it is made with

weight aggregates. All lightweight concretes use both lightweight

coarse and lightweight fine aggregates.
Sanded lightweight concretes used natural sand instead of
lightweight fine aggregates.

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 “ Lightweight aggregates that used in structural lightweight concrete
are typically expanded shale, clay or slate materials that have been fired in a
rotary kiln to develop a porous structure.Other products such as air-cooled
blast furnace slag are also used.
There are other classes of non-structural LWC with lower density made with
other aggregate materials and higher air voids in the cement paste matrix,

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such as in cellular concrete.

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 Types of Lightweight Concrete

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1. Lightweight Aggregate CONCRETE
Porous lightweight aggregate of low specific gravity is used in this concrete.
such as pumice, scoria and most of volcanic origin and the artificial aggregate

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such as expanded blast-furnace slag, vermiculite and clinker aggregate

The lightweight aggregate concrete can be divided into two types

according to its application :
One is partially compacted lightweight aggregate concrete and the
other is the structural lightweight aggregate concrete.

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compacted lightweight aggregate concrete is mainly used for two
purposes that is for precast concrete blocks or panels and cast in-situ roofs
and walls. The main requirement for this type of concrete is that it should
have adequate strength and a low density to obtain the best thermal
insulation and a low drying shrinkage to avoid cracking

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Structural lightweight aggregate concrete is fully compacted
similar to that of the normal reinforced concrete of dense aggregate.
It can be used with steel reinforcement as to have a good bond
between the steel and the concrete. The concrete should provide
adequate protection against the corrosion of the steel

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 Pumice – is used for reinforced concrete roof slab, mainly for industrial roofs
 Foamed Slag – was the first LWA suitable for reinforced concrete.

(that was produced in large quantity in (UK)

 Sintered Pulverised – fuel ash aggregate – is being used in the UK for a
variety of structural purposes and is being marketed under the trade

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name Lytag.
 Expanded Clays and Shales – capable of achieving sufficiently high
strength for prestressed concrete

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“ 2) AERATED CONCRETE

Aerated concrete is a lightweight, cellular material consisting

of cement or lime and sand or other silicious material it does not contain
coarse aggregate.

Two methods to prepare the aerated concrete.

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The first method is to inject the gas into the mixing during its plastic
condition by means of a chemical reaction.
The second method, air is introduced either by mixing-in stable foam or
by whipping-in air, using an air-entraining agent.
Concrete of this type has the lowest density, thermal conductivity and
strength.
Aerated concrete used as a structural material usually of high-pressure
steam-cured. It is thus factory-made and available to the user in precast
units , for floors, walls and roofs. Blocks for laying in mortar or glue are
manufactured without any reinforcement. Larger units are reinforced
with steel bars to resist damage through transport, handling and 7
superimposed loads.
 AERATED CONCRETE

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3) NO-FINES CONCRETE

The term no-fines concrete generally means concrete composed

of cement and a (9-19mm) coarse aggregate only (at least 95 percent
should pass the 20mm BS sieve), and the product so formed has many

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uniformly distributed voids throughout its mass.
No-fines concrete usually used for both load bearing and non-load
bearing for external walls and partitions.
The structure of NFC makes it ideal for use as a drainage layer under
reservoir and basement floors. It can also serve as an insulating layer and as
a damp-proofing material , is NOT suitable for drainage purposes where the
water is soft or aggressive to concrete.
Although the strength of no-fines concrete is considerably lower than that
of normal-weight concrete, and increases as the cement content is
incre9ased
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The differences between the types of light weight concrete are very much related
to its aggregate grading used in the mixes

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Type Of
LightweightConcrete
Type Of Aggregate Grading of Aggregate (Range
of Particle Size)
Partially compacted Clinker May be of smaller nominal single
lightweight Foamed slag sizes of combined coarse and

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aggregate concrete
Expanded clay, fine (5mm and fines) material to
shale,slate,
produce a continues but harsh
vermiculite and perlite
grading to make a porous
Sintered pulverized-
concrete
fuelash
and pumice

Structural Foamed slag Continues grading from either

lightweight Expanded clay, shale or 20mm or 14mm down to11dust,
slate
aggregate concrete with an increased fines content
and sintered pulverized
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No-fines concrete Natural Aggregate
Blast-furnace slag
Nominal single-sized material
between 20mm and 10mm BS
sieve
Clinker
Aerated concrete Natural fine aggregate The aggregate are generally
Fine lightweight aggregate
Raw pulverized-fuel ash ”
ground down to finer powder,

passing a 75 μm BS sieves, but

Ground slag and burnt shales sometimes fine aggregate
(5mm
and fines) is also
incorporated

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“ Classification

LWC can be classifiy :

1. Low density concrete ( 0.69 to 6.89N/mm²) Compressive strength

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2. Moderate strength concrete (6.89 to 17.24N/mm²) Compressive strength

3. Structural concrete (17.24N/mm²) Compressive strength

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 “ 1. LOW DENSITY CONCRETE

These are employing chiefly for insulation purposes. With low unit
weight, seldom exceeding 800 kg/m³, heat insulation value are
high. Compressive strength are low, regarding from about 0.69 to
6.89 N/mm². ”

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2. MODERATE STRENGTH CONCRETE

The use of these concrete requires a fair degree of compressive

strength, and thus they fall about midway between the structural
and low density concrete. These are sometimes designed as ‘fill’

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concrete. Compressive strength are approximately 6.89 to 17.24
N/mm² and insulation values are intermediate.

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“ 3. STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Concrete with full structural efficiency contain aggregates which fall on

the other end of the scale and which are generally made with
expanded shale, clay, slates, slag, and fly-ash. Minimum compressive
strength is 17.24 N/mm².
Most structural LWC are capable of producing concrete with ”
compressive strength in excess of 34.47 N/mm². Since the unit weight of
structural LWC are considerably greater than those of low density
concrete, insulation efficiency is lower.

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“ Advantages of Using LWC

 Structural lightweight concrete offers design flexibility and

substantial cost savings by providing: less dead load, improved
seismic structural response, longer spans, better fire ratings, thinner

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sections, decreased story height, smaller size structural members,
less reinforcing steel, and lower foundation costs

 Reduction of dead load indicates faster building rates and lower

haulage and handling costs.

 Frame structures, considerable savings in cost can be brought by

using LWC for the construction floors, partition and external
cladding. 17
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 Most building materials such as clay bricks the haulage load is limited
not by volume but by weight. With suitable design containers much
larger volumes of LWC can haul economically.

 Important characteristics of LWC is its relatively low thermal conductivity,

a property which improves with decreasing density in recent years, The

concrete will give thermal insulation about 4 times greater than that of a

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point is illustrated
230mm clay brick by fact that a 125mm thick solid wall of aerated
wall.

 Lightweight concrete precast elements offer reduced transportation

and placement costs

 The bond between the aggregate and the matrix is stronger in the case
of LWAC than in normal concrete. 18
 Disadvantages of LWC
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Very Sensitive with water content in the mixture .

Difficult to place and finish because of porosity

and angularity of the aggregate .In some mixes
the cement mortar may separate the aggregate
and float towards the surface.
Mixing time is longer than conventional concrete
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to assure proper mixing .
 Lightweight Concrete are porous and shows
poor resistance to heavy abrasion, replacement of
lightweight fines with natural sand improves the
abrasion resistance of concrete. 19
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“ HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE

Definition: Concrete in which heavy aggregate such as magnetic

and iron are used to increase the density of the concrete and

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protection against radiation.

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 “ COMPOSITION

 For producing heavyweight concrete uses heavy natural

aggregates such as barites or magnetite or
manufactured aggregates such as iron or lead shot.
 The density achieved will depend on the type of aggregate used.
Typically using barites the density will be in the region of 3,500kg/m3,
which is 45% greater than that of normal concrete, while with
magnetite the density will be 3,900kg/m3, or 60% greater than
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normal concrete. Very heavy concretes can be achieved with iron
or lead shot as aggregate, is 5,900kg/m 3 and
8,900kg/m3 respectively.

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Barite magnetite lead shot

 MATERIAL AND MIX PROPORTION
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 Except for the heavyweight aggregates and some hydrous ores as
well as boron minerals, the same minerals and proportioning
methods are used for producing heavyweight concrete mixtures as
are used for conventional normalweight concrete. For details

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pertaining to concrete-making metarials for biological shielding, the
standard specifications should be consulted: ASTM C 637
(specification for aggregates for radiation shielding concrete) and
ASTM C 638(nomenclature of constituents of aggregates for
radiation shielding concrete).

 Because of the high denstiy of aggregate particles, segregation of

fresh concrete is one of the principal concerns in mix proportioning.
From the standpoints of high unit weight and a lower tendency for
segregation, it is desirable that both fine and coarse aggregate be
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produced from high-denstiy rocks and minerals
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 Due to the rough shape and texture of crushed aggregate particles,
heavyweight concrete mixtures tend to be harsh. To overcome this
problem it is customary to use a finer sand, a greater proportion of
sand in aggregate than conventional concrete, and cement
contents higher than 360 kg/m³.

It should be noted that to get around the problem of segregation,

sometimes other than conventional methods , such as preplaced
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aggregate concreting, may be employed. İn this method, after
filling the forms with compacted aggregate coarser than 6 mm, the
voids in the aggregate are filled by pumping in a grout mix
containing cement, fine sand, pozzolans, and other pumpability
aids.
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“ PROPERTIES OF HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE

 Heavyweight concrete can be pumped or placed by chutes

over short distances only, because of the tendency of coarse
aggregate to segregate. Concretes containing borate ores,
such as colemanite and borocalcite, may suffer from slow
setting and hardening problems because these minerals are
somewhat solube, and borate solutions are strong retarders of
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cement hydration. Unit weights of concrete containing barite,
magnetite,or ilmenite aggregate are in the range of 3450 to
3760 kg/m³ ; when hydrous and boron ores (which are not of
high denstiy) are used as partial replacement for heavyweight
aggregate, the unit weight of concrete may come down to
about 3200 to 3450 kg/m³.
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 Massive shielding walls need not be designed for more than 14 MPa
compressive strength; for structural concrete, strengths of the order of 20 to
35 MPa are sufficent and not difficult to achieve with the high cement
contents normally used. Strenght is, however, of principal concern in the
design of heavyweight concrete mixtures suitable for use in prestressed
concrete reactor vessels (PCRV).

 ”
These are pressure vessels that operate at higher stress levels and
tempratures than conventional structures, and concrete is subject to
appreciable thermal and moisture gradients. In such cases, inelastic
deformations such as creep and thermal shrinkage should be minimized
because they can cause microcracking and loss of prestres. Obviously, the
elastic modulus of aggregate and compatibility of coefficients of thermal
expansion between aggregate and cement paste should be considered to
minimize microcracking.
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 The reactor vessels are usually designed to operate with concrete
temperatures up to 71°C, but higher accidental tempratures and
some thermal cycling is expected during the service life.
Considerable strength loss can occur when concrete is subjected to
wide and frequent fluctuations in temperature; hence PCRV

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concrete is designed not only for high density but also for high
strength. In a study at the Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment
Station, using 430 to 575 kg/m³ Type I portland cement, 12 mm or 38
mm maximum magnetite or ilmenite aggregate, and an 0.30 to 0.35
water-cement ratio, heavyweight concretes (3680 kg/m³ unit
weight) were produced which gave 52 to 65 MPa compressive
strength at 7 days, and 62 to 76 MPa at 28 days.

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 The ideal property of normal and high density concrete are high modulus of
elasticity , low thermal expansion , and creep deformation

 Because of high density of concrete there will be tendency for segregation.

To avoid this pre placed aggregate method of concreting is adopted.

are effective and economic construction material for permanent shielding

purpose.
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 The high density. Concrete is used in construction of radiation shields. They

 Most of the aggregate specific gravity is more than 3.5

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 “ USES OF HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRET
 They are mainly used in the construction of radiation shields
(medical or nuclear power plants). Offshore, heavyweight

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concrete is used for ballasting for pipelines and similar structures
 It is also used for bridge counter-weight and for weighting down
underwater pipelines

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THANKS FOR
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LISTENING

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