THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

DANANG UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

The University of Danang
Danang University of Science and Technology
VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION
Final report
Topic: A weighted k-nearest neighbor model for indoor VLC
Final report
positioning

Done by : Phạm Quốc Cường

Class : K35DTCH
Instructor : Assoc. Prof. PhD. Nguyễn Văn Tuấn

Da Nang, June - 2018

 Table of contents

01 Overview of the VLC

02 Abstract of the paper

03 Weighted k-nearest neighbor model for VLC positioning

04 Simulation, results and discussion

 Part 1. Overview of VLC (1)
 The visible light communication (VLC) refers to the communication technology which utilizes
Overview
the visible light source as a signal ofairEMC
transmitter, the as a transmission medium, and the
appropriate photodiode as a signal receiving component

Applications

3
 Part 1. Overview of VLC (2)
 VLC vs RF Characteristics:

Property VLC RF
Visibility Yes No
Bandwidth Unlimited, Regulatory,
400-700 nm BW limited
EMI or RFI No High
Security More Less than VLC
Power consumption Relative low Medium
Coverage distance Short Medium
Harmless for human body No Yes

 VLC disadvantages:
1. LoS communication: requires line of sight communication
2. Short range: this technology usually works over a short distance range

4
 Part 1. Overview of VLC (3)
Ceiling
LED A

1/2  h

 FOV

Receiver

Floor

VLC models LoS channel model of LED A

hc y(t) xr(t)
x(t) LED
driver
LED PD hhcc-1-1

Transmitter Channel Receiver

VLC system diagram

 Part 2. Abstract of the paper (1)
 Recently positioning for VLC is also one of the most concerns of research community since it
allows determining the position of users during their movement in a visible light environment

 A weighted k-nearest neighbor (Wk-NN) model for positioning in VLC, which offers a better
prediction compared to existing technique applied for VLC

Current model: Proposed model:

trilateration Wk-NN
 Part 2. Abstract of the paper (2)
Trilateration
Technique measures the distances from three
transmitters to the receiver based on received signal
strengths (RSS) of three corresponding transmitters.

Trilateration

TDOA
Applied multi-lateration method based on time
difference of arrival (TDOA) by which the receiver is able
TDOA to determine the gap of distance from it to any two LEDs
VLC
in order to construct a hyperboloid. Consequently, the
Positioning
position of the receiver is recognized as the intersection
point of hyperboloids

Wk-NN

Weighted k-Nearest Neighbors (Wk-NN)

This method operates in two modes: offline and online
modes. Analyzing this method in details showing below.
Part 3. Weighted k-nearest neighbor model for VLC positioning (1)
 This approach is based on the nearest neighbors to locate the receiver consisting of
two stages: offline and online

o Offline stage, the fingerprints of all positions within the area of the network are
determined based on the RSS values measured at the receiver for each LED

Fingerprint x y LED A LED B LED C LED D

1 x1 y1 RSS11 RSS12 RSS13 RSS14
2 x2 y2 RSS21 RSS22 RSS23 RSS24
3 x3 y3 RSS31 RSS32 RSS33 RSS34
… … … … … … …
n xn yn RSSn1 RSSn2 RSSn3 RSSn4

Table 1. Lookup table obtained from offline stage

Part 3. Weighted k-nearest neighbor model for VLC positioning (2)
o Online stage: the Euclidean distances dE between off-line RSS values and on-line RSS
values measured at the receiver during its movement are calculated as follows:

𝑑𝐸 = ෍ 𝑅𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑖 − 𝑅𝑆𝑆𝑖 2

𝑖=1

 The location of the receiver (x, y) is

estimated by averaging the
coordinates of k-NN as follows:

σ𝑘𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 σ𝑘𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖
𝑥= ; 𝑦=
𝑘 𝑘

Fingerprints of the proposed k-NN model

Part 3. Weighted k-nearest neighbor model for VLC positioning (3)
The k-NN model much depends on the number of k neighbors and the method to
derive the receiver’s position based on k neighbors

Actual position
 To improve the accuracy of the of Rx
prediction, k-nearest neighbors are N1 N2
weighted based on their Euclidean
distances dE1 dE2
Estimated position
𝑑𝐸𝑖 Rx
𝑤𝑖 = 1 − 𝑘
of Rx
෍ 𝑑𝐸𝑗 dE4
𝑗=1
dE3
N4 Error N3
 The coordinates of the receiver are
computed as
Estimated position and actual position of
σ𝑘𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑥𝑖 σ𝑘𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑦𝑖 the receiver
𝑥= ; 𝑦=
σ𝑘𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 σ𝑘𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖
 Part 4. Simulation, results and discussion (1)
Parameter Value

Simulation parameters: Room

Room dimension (L  W  H) 5m  5m  3m
The transmitter
Power of a LED 10 W
No. of LEDs 4
LED position (x, y, z) (m) A (-1.25,-1.25,3)
B (1.25,-1.25,3)
C (-1.25,1.25,3)
D (1.25,1.25,3)

LED bandwidth 3 MHz

(Luxeon Rebel cool white SR-01-WC310)

Data rate 2 Mbps

The receiver
Photo-detector (PD) type OSD-15T

Field-of-view (FOV) 700

PD active area (A) 1 cm2
PD responsivity 0.3
Receiver sensitivity (used with AD8015 transimpedance amplifier) -30 dBm

Gain of optical filter (Ts()) 1

Refractive index of optical concentrator (n) 1.5
O/E conversion efficiency () 0.54 (A/W)
Absolute temperature (Tk) 300
Open-loop voltage gain (G) 10
FET transconductance (gm) 30mS
FET channel noise factor () 1.5
Fixed capacitance of photodetector per unit area () 112 pF/cm2

Background current (Ibg) 740 A

 Part 4. Simulation, results and discussion (2)

Impact of light power attenuation:

 The received power concentrates at the

middle of room at right below the LEDs,
and gradually reduces when the receiver
moves out of the center of the room,
especially at the corners and along the
edges

 The received power depends on the

distance of LED – PD and the angles of Received power distribution
irradiance/incidence
 Part 4. Simulation, results and discussion (2)

Impact of light power attenuation:

Positioning errors of (a) RSS-based trilateration (b) Wk-NN techniques without the impact of
sunlight
 Part 4. Simulation, results and discussion (3)

Impact of light power attenuation:

Histogram of positioning error of trilateration (a) and Wk-NN (b) without the impact of
sunlight
 Part 4. Simulation, results and discussion (4)
Impact of sunlight (and other visible light sources)

SNR measured at LED D (a) with and (b) without the impact of the sunlight
 Part 4. Simulation, results and discussion (5)
Impact of sunlight (and other visible light sources)

Positioning errors of (a) RSS-based trilateration and (b) Wk-NN techniques with the
impact of sunlight
 Part 4. Simulation, results and discussion (6)
Impact of sunlight (and other visible light sources)

Histogram of positioning error of (a) trilateration and (b) Wk-NN with the impact of
sunlight
 Part 4. Simulation, results and discussion (7)
Impact of the number of neighbors k

Positioning error of Wk-NN in different k values (a) without and (b) with the impact of
sunlight
 Part 4. Simulation, results and discussion (8)
Time complexity

Time complexity comparison

Thank you for your attention
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