Indonesia's explosive geology

explained
Islands are ringed by a chain of fire-breathing volcanoes
By Brett Israel

Indonesia is a dangerous country to call home.

Precariously located above the grinding and mashing of several tectonic plates, and ringed by a
chain of fire-breathing volcanoes, the country's islands are located in one of the most volatile
regions in the world. The eruption of a volcano and the shaking of a tsunami-generating earthquake
this week is just one reminder of Indonesia's fiery foundation.
As the world's largest archipelago — spread across 17,500 islands — Indonesia sits between the
world's most active seismic region — the notorious Pacific Ring of Fire — and the world's second
most active region — the Alpide belt. Being sandwiched between such seismicity has meant the
islands experience some of the strongest earthquakes and most powerful volcanic eruptions known
on Earth. [Related: Why Do Some Earthquakes Cause Tsunamis But Others Don't? ]
Pacific Ring of Fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire, technically called the Circum-Pacific belt, is the world's greatest
earthquake belt, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), due to its series of fault lines
stretching 25,000 miles from Chile in the Western Hemisphere through Japan and Southeast Asia.
Earthquakes typically occur along faults, which are breaks in the rocky plates of the Earth's crust.
These faults accumulate strain over the years as two plates butt heads. Roughly 90 percent of all the
world'searthquakes, and 80 percent of the world's largest earthquakes, strike along the Ring of Fire.
About 17 percent of the world's largest earthquakes and 5-6 percent of all quakes occur along the
Alpide belt.
Indonesia feels the worst of both worlds, lying between the Pacific Ring of Fire along the northeast,
and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra down to Timor.
In 2009 alone, Indonesia had 10 earthquakes greater than a magnitude-6.0, according to the USGS.

Butting heads
Monday's 7.7-magnitudeearthquake that triggered a 10-foot tsunami, killing at least 113 people,
occurred when the Australia and Sunda plates butted heads. Called thrust faulting, one rocky plate
subducted or took a dive below the other, resulting in an earthquake.
Other large ruptures along the Sunda megathrust include the 9.1-magnitude 2004 quake and Indian
Ocean tsunami that killed approximately 230,000 people in a dozen countries. A look beneath
Indonesia would reveal lots of shifting and colliding plates. Below the country, the Eurasian Plate,
Australian Plate, Indian Plate, Sunda Plate and Pacific Plate mash together.
In fact, the plate movements are also responsible for some of the most active volcanoes. For
instance, the Indian Plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian continental plate, which has formed
the volcanic arc in western Indonesia, home to 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia that are a part of
the Ring of Fire.
The Pacific Ring of Fire is home to 452 volcanoes in total — that's 75 percent of the world's active
and dormant volcanoes.
Mountain of fire
Both of Indonesia's most active volcanoes — Kelut and Mount Merapi (meaning "mountain of fire")
— sit on Java Island.

And both have a history of explosive eruptions. Mount Merapi erupted Oct. 26, with preliminary
reports of 100 people killed, according to the USGS. Merapi is located in central Java, roughly 310
miles southeast of the capital Jakarta.
Mount Merapi last erupted in 2006, killing two, but its violent history includes more than 1,300
killed in a 1930 eruption and possibly 70 killed in a 1994 eruption.
Other colossal volcanic eruptions that have occurred in Indonesia include the eruption of Krakatau,
which reportedly generated the loudest sound ever heard in modern history when it exploded in
1883, killing 40,000 people. Krakatau is a volcanic island located between the islands of Java and
Sumatra.
The Toba supervolcano located on the island of Sumatra, which erupted 70,000 years ago, was a
global catastrophe, creating six years of volcanic winter.