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© IPA, 2006 - 15th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1986
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PROCB@DINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
Fifteenth Annual Convention, October 1986
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RESERVOIR ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE PALEOZOIC-MESOZOIC SANDSTONE
OF THE SOUTHERN FLANK OF THE CENTRAL RANGE, IRIAN JAYA
ABSTRACT
The southern flank of the Central Range, Irian Jaya
is formed by over 5000 m of platform sediments, overlying
the northern margin of Australian Continental Crust. Thick,
predominantly arenaceous and argillaceous rocks of Paleo-
zoic to Mesozoic age are overlain by approximately 2000 m
of the Tertiary New Guinea Limestone Group. The
sequences have been exposed by uplift early in the orogeny
that formed the Central Range.
A petrographic study and a scanning electron micros-
cope (SEM) investigation were carried out on some selected
outcrop samples of Paleozoic to Mesozoic sandstones. The
study revealed diagenetic features which may affect reser-
voir rock potential. The use of the SEM also enabled a
study of the geometry of primary and secondary porosity
of the sandstones.
Most sandstones of the Paleozoic Aiduna Formation
are characterized by well developed quartz overgrowths,
and the pore spaces have been filled by authigenic silica
cement during the diagenetic regime stage. Micro-intergra-
nular pore textures are identified as the result of cement
dissolution. Authigenic cements, particularly carbonates,
were developed within the sandstones of the Mesozoic
Tipuma Formation and Kembelangan Group without
extensive quartz overgrowths. Nevertheless, secondary
intergranular and intracement pore textures appear to be
common. It is suggested that several sandstone horizons
in the Mesozoic sequences possibly are good reservoir rocks.
INTRODUCTION
The area of investigation is situated in the southern fall
of the western end of the Central Range which includes
part of the Waghete-Omba 1:250,000 geological sheet
areas, Irian Jaya (Fig.1). The first geological work on the
area was undertaken by the Nederlandsche Nieuw Guinea
Petroleum Maatschappij N.V. (NNGPM).
The area comprises the Arafura Platform to the south
and foreland belt complex to the north. The foreland fold
belt is believed to be closely similar in style to the Papua
Fold Belt (Jenkins, 1974), to the east in Papua New Gui-
nea. Observable outcrops which occur in a narrow belt
approximately 40 km wide, provide the major part of the
geological data.
The Arafura Platform covers all of the Arafura Sea. The
platform comprises flat-laying Middle Jurassic to Cainozoic
sediments on a block-faulted basement of Palaeozoic to
* Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung
H. Panggabean*
A. Sufni Hakim*
Triassic sediments (Pigram and Panggabean, 1983).
With exception of the Salawati and Bintuni Basins, in
the Birds Head and Birds Neck, no oil has been proven in
Irian Jaya. Most of hydrocarbon indications known to
NNGPM geologists are seepages from the Tertiary limestone
and from the Mesozoic Kembelangan Group in the Kembe-
langan area. Recent geological mapping encountered an
asphalt-like seepage south of Paniai Lake (Panggabean,
1981).
Potential reservoirs within clastic horizons of the Meso-
zoic formations, such as the Tipuma Formation, were iden-
tified by Foreman et al. (1972). Pigram and Panggabean
(1983) considered that some sandstones of the Mesozoic
Kembelangan Group (Woniwogi and Ekmai Formations)
appear to have reservoir potential.
This paper attempts to assess the characteristics and
diagenetic features of the Palaeozoic to Mesozoic sandstones
which may affect porosity and permeability in potential
reservoir rocks. This study uses petrographic and Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. The data were
obtained from outcrop samples collected during regional
geological mapping by the Geological Research and Deve-
lopment Centre of Indonesia and the Australian Bureau of
Mineral Resources (BMR) in 1980.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The geology of the study areahas been described by Visser
and Hermes (1962) resulting from the geological'work of
NNGPM. The Irian Jaya Geological Mapping Project (IJG-
MP), a collaborative project staffed jointly by GRDC and
BMR carried out systematic 1:250,000 scale geological
mapping of the area in 1980.
Stratigraphy
The distribution of stratigraphic units is shown in Fig. 2.
Outcrops are limited to the northern onshore part of the
study area; the southern part is covered by swamp and the
Arafura Sea. Total thickness of sediments exposed is
approximately 10,000 m comprising a typical platform
sequence of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic clastic sediments which
is overlain by Tertiary limestone and young Cainozoic clastic
deposits. The succession of stratigraphic units of the area is
shown in Figs. 3 and 5.
Palaeozoic Sediments
The Modio Dolomite is the oldest unit cropping out in
the area. It consists of well bedded dolostone and dolomitic
limestone with chert and pyrite nodules in places; shale,
siltstone and calcareous quartz sandstone occur near the
top. The age of the formation lies within range from the
Silurian to Early or Middle Devonian, based on the general
aspects of poorly preserved conodont fauna (Pigram and
Panggabean, 1983;Pieters et al., 1983).
The Modio Dolomite is probably unconformably over-
lain by the Early to Late Permian Aiduna Formation,
consisting of well bedded felspathic and micaceous fine
to coarse-grained lithic sandstone interbedded with car-
bonaceous shale. and siltstone, minor fossiliferous biocal-
carenite and polymict conglomerate. Coal seams up to
1.5 m occur although most are less than 30 cm thick.
Cross-bedding, load casts and ripple laminations are com-
mon. The Sormation was probably deposited in a paralic
to very shallow marine environment; it has a maximum
thickness of 2000 meters in the southern flank area.
Mesozoic Sediments
The oldest unit of the Mesozoic sediments is the Triassic
to Early Jurassic Tipuma Formation which lies confor-
mably on the Aiduna Formation. The Tipuma Formation
was first recognized as a disti~ctiveunit in the western
part of the Central Range by Lehner et al. (1955). The for-
mation consists of maroon, green, grey to white feldspathic
or tuffaceous lithic sandstone, minor red to grey micrite,
arkose and polymict conglomerate, volcanoclastic sand-
stone and tuff. The main sedimentary structures in this
unit are ripple marks and crossbedding. No fossils are
known from the formation. The Tipuma Formation was
described by Pigrarn and Panggabean (1983) as a terrestrial,
fluviatile facies because of the strong red colour of the se-
diment and lack of fossils. The maximum thickness of the
unit is 300 m.
Overlying this formation is the Kembelangan Group
subdivided by Pigram and Panggabean (1983) into four
units : Kopai Formation, Woniwogi Formation, Piniya
Mudstone and Ekmai Formation. The Kembelangan Group
rests conformably on the Tipuma Formation.
The basal unit of the Kembelangan Group is the Middle
to Late Jurassic Kopai Formation, consisting predominan-
tly of glauconitic quartz sandstone interbedded with silt-
stone and calcareous mudstone and with minor micaceous
sandstone, "greensand", conglomerate, calcarenite and cal-
cilutite. Sedimentary structures include small scale cross-
bedding, cone-incone structures, bioturbation and burrows
and ripple laminations. Ammonites, belemnites, pelecy-
pods and gastropods have been collected from this forma-
tion. The formation was probably deposited across a shal-
low marine shelf 'duririg a major transgression. The
maximum thickness of the Kopai Formation is 300 meters.
The Kopai Formation is conformably overlain by the
Late Jurassic t o Early Cretaceous Woniwogi Formatior,
comprising well bedded to massive glauconitic orthoquart-
zite (micaceous in part), with minor siltstone and thinly
bedded black calcareous mudstone near the top. The forma-
tion contains a few fossils including Hibolithes sp. and
Belemnopsis sp. The maximum thickness of the Woniwogi
Formation is 200 meters; it was probably deposited in a
beach and near-shore inner shelf environment.
This formation is ,conformably overlain by the Late
Cretaceous Piniya Mudstone consisting of grey to black
micaceous mudstone, glauconitic mudstone, minor muddy
glauconitic quartz sandstone and muddy siltstone. Some
fossils comprising ammoetes, Inoceramus sp, echinoderms
and arenaceous foraminifera were collected from the for-
mation. The Piniya Mudstone was probably deposited on
a shallow shelf during a marine transgression. The maxi-
mum thickness of the formation is 800 meters.
The uppermost unit of the Kembelangan Group is the
Late Cretaceous Ekmai Formation which rest conformably
on the Piniya Mudstone. The formation consists predo-
minantly of massive to thickly bedded glauconitic quartz
sandstone, minor carbonaceous sandstone, siltstone and
mudstone. A thin interbedded shale is locally green or
red. It contains a few belemnite guards and Inoceramus
fragments. The sediments were probably deposited in an
inner shallow shelf environment; the maximum thickness
of the formation is 400 meters.
Cainozoic sediments
The Cainozoic sediments include the New Guinea
Limestone Group (Waripi Formation and Yawee Limes-
tone), and the Buru Formation. The lowermost unit of
the New Guinea Limestone Group is the Late Cretaceous
to Palaeocene Waripi Formation which is a distinctive well
bedded basal unit comprising sandy calcarenite, oolite.
limestone, biocalcarenite, calcareous quartz sandstone and
siltstone with minor marl and calcilutite. The maximum
thickness of the formation is 700 meters.
The Eocene to Middle Miocene Yawee Limestone con-
sists of well bedded to massive calcarenite, biocalcarenite,
micrite, biomicrite and calcirudite with minor chalk, oolitic
calcarenite and sandy calcarenite. Sandy shale and calca-
reous sandstone are present in places. The Yawee Lime-
stone is a platform-facies limestone deposited in a shallow
shelf environment. It conformably lies on the Waripi For-
mation and its maximum thickness is approximately 1200
meters.
The Late Miocene to Pliocene Bum Formation confor-
mably overlies the Yawee Limestone. The formation con-
sists of grey to brown micaceous mudstone, calcareous
mudstone, lithic sandstone and limestone, sandy shale and
minor polyrnict conglomerate. Very low rank coal seams
up to 1.OO m thick also occur in the upper part. Mollusc
fragments and foraminifera are common. The Bum For-
mation was probably deposited in environments ranging
from shallow open marine through paralic to open marine
flood-plain. The maximum thickness is approximately 2500
meters.
TECTONICS AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Tectonics
Irian Jaya is part of the northern margin of the Austra-
lian continent which is now considered to be an active
collision margin. Pigram and Panggabean (1981 and 1984)
suggested that the Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic sequence
forming the southern half of the Irian Jaya is related to
the tectonic stage of a rift-drift sequence. Pigram et al. The Arafura Platform is predominantly unaffected by
(1982) have assumed that no&western Irian Jaya was Tertiary tectonic events. It consists of flat-laying to very
a microcontinent rifted from .Gondwana (Australia) in the gently folded Middle Mesozoic to Cainozoic sediments
early Mesozoic and later reunited with the Australian con- lying on a block faulted basement of Palaeozoic to Early
tinent by a Late Cainozoic continent-microcontinent Mesozoic sediments. The only known subsurface structure
collision. Recent workers @ow and Sukarnto, 1984a; on the Arafura Platform is the Uta Anticline which was
19841, and Dow et al., 1985) argue that Birds Head has first identified by Vinke (1958). The structure appears to
always been in its present position relative to the Australian be an asymmetric southeast-facing anticline bounded by
continent, representing a large remnant of mostly undefor- trusts on either flank.
med continental crust that protrudes into the Pacific Plate. The foreland fold belt is an east-west trending zone
In the southern flank of the Central Range region, the approximately 40 km wide. Over 30 fold structures in this
pfebreakup stage is represented by the shallow marine to zone from enechelon doubly plunging asymmetrical and
paralic sediments of the Siluro-Devonian Modio I d o m i t e box anticlines and poorly developed synclines. The struc-
and Permian Aiduna Formations. Rifting began at the Per- tures of the foreland fold belt in the southern flank are
mian-Triassic boundary producing the characteristic block remarkably similar in structural style to those in the south-
faulted basin topography. Thus the beginning of the ern Papua Fold Belt described by the Australian Petro-
breakup stage is estimated between the Aiduna and Tipuma leum Company Proprietary Ltd (1961) and Jenkins (1974).
Formations, at the end of Permian and beginning of early The cross section shown in Fig. 3, and of the geological
Triassic time. During the breakup stage, terrestrial to locally maps (Fig. 2 and Fig. 4) show that the folding expressed
marine red beds with minor acid volcanics (Tfpuma Forma- at surface is considered to result from decollement along
tion) were deposited in Triassic and Early Jurassic times. several incompetent levels (e.g. shale W s of the Aiduna
Subsequently, the start of the post-breakup stage is marked Formation, Piniya Mudstone and mudstone beds of the
by a marine transgression which is interpreted as middle Buru Formation). This decollement is possibly associated
Jurassic in age. The Kembelangan Group was deposited with moderately dipping tectonic ramps along the detached
during the post-breakup phase. By the end of the Jurassic allochthonous sheets, which ride up to form folds in which
the northern margin of the Australian continent faced the geometry changes as the displacement increases.
a newly formed open ocean connected to the Proto-Pacific The lack of marked unconfomities throughout mdst of
Ocean. This ocean was separated from the older oceans of the stratigraphic column, and the involvement of Pliocene
New Tethys in the northwest and Panthalasa in the sediments (Buru Formation) in the folding show that most
northeast by a screen of continents or microcontinents of the deformation occured during a single orogenic phase
detached from Gondwana. at about the end of Pliocene times. However, the initiation
A platform carbonate regime began in the Late Creta- of decollement in the southern flank area probably accurred
ceous and by Eocene time an extensive carbonate plat- after the deposition of the middle Miocene basal Buru For-
form was established. Carbonate sedimentation ceased by mation. Thus, southward movement of allochtonous sheets
the Middle Miocene and fine clastics were deposited. During began in the north in the Late Miocene or early Pliocene
the middle or possibly Late Miocene, earth movements times and became progressively younger southWd@o-the
commenced over the whole of the Central Range region. exposed southern margin of the foreland fold belt where
This orogeny was popularized as the Melanesian Orogeny it is still continuing at present day. In general the present
by Dow and Sukarnto (1984a and 1984b) and Dow et al. structure appears to be the result of the Pliocene orogenic
(1985) and was produced by convergence between the phase, as in the Papua New Guinea Fold Belt (Australian
Pacific and Australian Plates. Dow and Sukarnto (1984a) Petroleum Proprietary Ltd, 1961).
recognized two distinct phases of earth movements in the A major east-west trending zone called the Tarera-Aidu-
orogeny. One was an overthrusting of the continental shelf na Fault was first identified by the NNGPM geologists in
sediments to the south, forming the Central Range in the the Omba and western Waghete sheet areas (Visser and Her-
Pliocene time, and the other was a southwards underthrust- mes, 1962). The'zone is bounded by two major faults, the
ing and incipient subduction of the Pacific Plate in the northern Tarera Fault and the southern Aiduna Fault
north during the Pleistocene. (Fig. 4).
The climax of convergence between the Pacific and Like the Sorong Fault Zone in the Birds Head area, the
Australian Plates caused intense southwards overthursting Tarera.Aiduna Fault Zone is of considerable importance in
of the continental Palaeozoic basement and the overlying plate reconstructions of western Irian Jaya. Visser and Her-
shelf sediments along the Central Range and its southern mes (1962) and Hamilton (1979) have interpreted the Tare-
flank. ra-Aiduna Fault Zone as a left-lateral strike slip fault with
a displacement ranging from 50 to 200 km.
stmcture
The southern flank of the Central Range consists of fol- RESERVOIR ROCK POTENTIAL
ded and faulted platform sediments. As a result of recent Several potential reservoir rocks in the Palaeozoic-Meso-
mapping, three main structural provinces have been dis- zoic sequences have been reported by Pigram and Pangga-
tinguished by Pigram and Panggabean (1983). From south bean (1983) and Dow et al. (1985). They include the
to north they are Arafura Platform, foreland fold belt Tipuma Formation and Kembelangan Group (Woniwogi
and Tarera-Aiduna Fault Zone (Fig. 5). and Ekmai Formations). Foresman et al. (1972) have also
noted that sandstone horizons in the Tipuma Formation
and Ekmai Formation of the Kembelangan Group are
potential reservoir rocks since they have a good porosity
and permeability.
No oil or gas has been produced in the southern flank
of the Central Range, but oil or gas seepages are known
from the Kembelangan Group in the southern part of the
Lengguru Fold Belt (the Kembelangan seep) and from the
Waripi Formation near Tage Lake, Enarotali. These indica-
tions suggest that hydrocarbon bearing rocks may occur in
the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic sequences.
The study of reservoir rocks here will include petrogra-
phic and SEManalyses results with special emphasis on iden-
tifying the framework, cement matrix, pore texture and
diagenetic features of the sandstones.
Petrography of Sandstones
The petrography of nine selexted outcrop samples from
various Palaeozoic-Mesozoic formations (Aiduna, Tipuma
Formations and Kembelangan Group) were examined in
detail. The detrital components are quartz, chert, feldspar
and metamorphic and volcanic rock fragments. Accessory
minerals are common in several formations. Based on FoWs
classification (1980) the main sandstone groups of the
Palaeozoic-Mesozoic sequences are quartzarenite, sublitha-
renite, feldspathic litharenite and glauconite sandstone (Fig.
6).
The only sandstone sample examined from the Palaeo-
zoic Aiduna Formation is sublitharenite. The sublithare-
nite shows high compaction and tight packing; it is well
sorted with relatively uniform sized medium sand grains
(average 0.4 mm). The quartz content of the sample rniges
from 50 percent to 60 percent of the framework grains.
Other rock fragments consists of chert, mica schist and
slate, volcanic rock fragments, quartzite and feldspar;
opaque minerals, mica and apatite are minor constituents.
Approximately 10 percent of the framework consists of
silica cement with minor iron oxide and clay minerals.
Quartz overgrowths are best-developed (up to 10%)with
the original grain shape clearly defined by very thin dust-
like clay minerals. Indigeneous overgrowths usually inter-
lock with sutured or sinous contacts. More than 80 percent
of the simple quartz grains exhibit slightly undulose extinc-
tion while straight extinction quartz grains are the second
most abundant constitutent. Semicomposite and composite
quartz grains are very rare framework constituents.
The porosity and permeability examined in thin section
were determined by visual techniques following impregna-
tion of samples with a blue dye. The percentage porosity
and estimated permeability in this study is based on Levor-
sen (1967). The result shows that all original pore spaces
of this litharenite sample from the Palaeozoic Aiduna For-
mation have been filled and lined by authigenic silica and
clay cements. However, there is a little secondary intergra-
nular and intra-cement micropore texture due to dissolu-
tion of grain, cement and matrix during diagenetic events.
In general the micropores do not appear to be connected.
The estimated porosity is 5 percent to 10 percent (poor)
and permeability probably less than 10 md (poor).
Three samples analyzed by thin section from the Meso-
zoic (Triassic-Jurassic) Tipuma Formation are feldspathic
litharenite (80CP342A and 80CP522A) and sublitharenite
(80CP350A). The samples are medium-grained and have
80 percent to 95 percent framework grains and 5 percent
to 20 percent cement and matrix. Framework grains of
both feldspathic litharenites consist of quartz, chert and
other siliceous rocks, feldspar comprising albitized plagio-
clase and microcline, volcanic rock fragments, quartzite,
and other accessory minerals such as mica, epidote, sphene,
chlorite, zircon and opaque minerals. Cement and matrix
consists of hematite, silica and clay minerals. Thin hematite
coated grains are commonly found in these samples and
quartz ovegrowths are present but not prominent.
The framework grains of the sublitharenite comprise
quartz, chert, feldspar, quartzite and volcanic rock frag-
ments; accessory minerals are epidote, pyrite, magnetite
and mica.
Simple grains of quartz with straight undulose extinction
are prominent in these samples. The quartz grains range in
shape from angular to subangular and contain rare vacuoles
and microlite inclusions. Contacts between grains are
usually tangential and show mostly open packing.
Pore spaces of the three Tipurna Formation samples
examined have been partially filled by cement and matrix
comprising sparry calcite, clay and silica. The pores are
predominantly secondary intergranular pore texture types.
These pore textures are presumably the result of authige-
nic dissolution of grain and cement or replacement and
shrinkage. Intra-cement pore textures are present, probably
as the result of incomplete replacement of dissolution
cement.
The visual pore spaces in thin sections provide estimated
porosity ranging from 10 percent to 15 percent (good) and
good permeability (10-100 md). However the porosity of
the feldspathic litharenites is poorer than the sublithare-
nite sample.
The sandstones of the Kembelangan Group examined
petrographically include the Kopai Formation, Woniwogi
Formation and Ekmai Formation (Table 1). The sandstone
types of the Kopai Formation are glauconitic sandstone,
micaceous sublitharenite and quartzarenite; the Woniwogi
Formation is typically a glauconitic sublitharenite and the
Ekmai Formation is a quartzarenite (Fig. 6).
The framework grains of the glauconite sandstone of the
Kopai Formation consists of rounded green glauconite,
subangular to rounded quartz clasts and minor mica, chlo-
rite and sphene. Cement consists predominantly of siderite
and sparry calcite and minor chlorite partially filling origi-
nal pore spaces.
The micaceous sublitharenite is fine-grained and poorly
sorted, and is composed of quartz clasts, feldspar (predo-
minantly plagioclase), chert, muscovite and opaque mine-
rals (probably pyrite and hematite). Organic matter is pre-
sent as dark brown fine banded material. Cement and ma-
trix comprise occupy 5 percent to 10 percent of the rock,
comprising clay minerals, silica and carbonate filling the
original pores.
The quartzarenite of the Kopai Formation is coarse-
grained and poor to moderately sorted. The grain shape
ranges from subrounded to well rounded. Almost 90 per-
cent of the framework grains are composed of quartz clasts
and the remainder comprise quartzite, siliceous argillite
and orthoclase; mica and opaque minerals are rare. The
framework grains are cemented by sparry calcite and mi-
nor siderite and clay minerals, reducing the original poro-
sity.
One sandstone smple from the Woniwogi Formation
is medium-grained glauconitic sublitharenite composed of
quartz, feldspar, quartzite and igneous fragments, glauco-
nite, mica, sphene, tourmaline and opaque minerals. The
shape of the framework grains is mainly subangular. The
original pore spaces have been filled by sparry and micri-
tic calcite cement and clay minerals.
The quartzarenite of the Ekmai Formation is medium-
grained and moderately sorted. The framework grains are
predominantly subrounded and closely packed. Some of
the contacts between grains are tangential or sutured.
Quartz overgrowths are present but they are not well de-
veloped. More than 95 percent of the framework grains
consists of quartz, while feldspar, chert and quartzite
are minor constituents. The original pores have been par-
tially filled by predominantly authigenic clay, clay, calcite
and occasional silica cement. However secondary intergra-
nular pore textures are present providing good porosity
and permeability.
Approximately 80 percent of quartz clasts in the Kem-
belangan Group examined exhibit straight to slightly undu-
lose extinction and the remainder show strongly undulose
extinction. Generally quartz grains contain a variable num-
ber of microlite inclusions but few vacuoles.
In summary, the average porosity of the sandstones of
the Kembelangan Group ranges from 10 percent to 25
percent. The porosity is predominantly characterized by
macropores (more than 200 microns in diameter) of secon-
dary intergranular pore textures, and minor primary intra-
cement pore textures. Apart from pores produced by disso-
lution of cement and grains during effective burial, they
may have been inherited from incomplete cementation
or authigenic replacement prior to deposition.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is designed to
produce a magnified irregular surface. The main advantage
of this instrument is the large depth of focus at high mag-
nification which gives considerable perspective to the ima-
ge. The image of the sample is displayed on a TV screen
using various magnifications up to 180,000. The use of
the SEM enables the study and identification of the type,
geometry and shape of porethroat configuration, pore
filling cements, overgrowths and other authigenic minerals.
It allows estimation of the porosity and permeability of
sedimentary rocks to be made (Mirkin, et al., 1978). Such
information is used to assess the diagnetic features of re-
servoir rocks in the southern flank of the central range,
Irian Jaya.
Ten selected fresh outcrop samples of the Paleozoic
and Mesozoic sandstones from the area have been examined
(Table 1). Each sample was mounted on a brass stub. Prior
to examination with the SEM, the samples were coated
with a conductive metal (gold) in the vacuum evaporative
coater. This is necessary to obtain a clear image (Welton,
1984). The coated sample was placed in the sample cham-
ber, evacuated and then examined with a JEOL JSN35C
SEM machine. Photomicrographs of the samples were
made using an intergrated camera system at various mag-
nifications (Fig. 7).
The Paleozoic Aiduna Formation
The three sandstones samples examined from the forma-
tion include one quartzarenite and two sublitharenites. In
general, they are very compact and tightly packed, charac-
terized by well interlocked framework grains (Figs. 7A and
7C), and under low magnification pore spaces are not clear-
ly defined, Although quartz overgrowths are not clearly re-
cognized in the SEM, in thin section they are seen in almost
all samples.
Most of the remaining pore spaces have been completely
filled by authigenic cements deposited during burial and
diagenetic events. The authigenic cements are predomi-
nantly silica (Figs. 7D and 7G), kaolinite (Figs. 7B, 7G and
7H) and chlorite (Figs. 7D and 7E). The kaolinite crystals
are usually formed as "face to face" and "edge to face"
stacks defined by Timur et al. (1971), Keller (1978) and
Welton (1984). Most of the chlorite cements show an irre-
gular dense pattern which may due to advanced compac-
tion.
The type of pores is predominantly micro intracement
(the size of pore is less than 50 microns) and rare secon-
dary reduced intergranular pore textures. The micropores
appear disconnected having a maximum diameter of 50 mi-
crons. They usually occur between platelets of kaolinite
crystals. These pores provide poor porosity (5-10%) and
poor permeability (less than 10 md).
The Mesozoic Tipuma Formation
The two sandstone samples that were examined are feld-
spathic litharenite and sublitharenite. They are also tightly
packed and highly compacted and characterized by partly
well interlocked framework grains (Fig. 7F).
Authigenic cements comprising kaolinite, silica and mi-
nor calcite (Figs. 7G and 7H), have completely filled pore
sp?ces probably occurring during burial or the mesodiagenes-
is regime. The kaolinite usually forms irregular plate crystals.
Calcite crystals do not appear to be well developed because
they may have been partially dissolved. Micropores within
the cements are recogniseable (Fig. 7H) but they are not very
abundant; they are partly interconnected and range from
one to 10 microns in diameter. The micropores also occur
in the chinks of kaolinite plates and mica (Fig. 7G). The
pore types are predominantly intracement with minor inter-
granular. The estimated porosity of the Tipuma Formation
ranges from 5% to 15% and permeability (10-20 md) is
poor to fair.
The Mesozoic Kopai Formation
The glauconitic sandstone examined is moderately com-
pacted (Fig. 71) and authigenic cements have completely
filled pore spaces. The authigenic cements consists mainly
of carbonate (calcite and siderite) and vermicules hnd irre-
gularly shaped kaolinite (Figs. 75 and 7K). Some micas are
present as matrix (Fig. 75).
Intracement micropores of one to 5 microns in diameter
are present but they are not prominent. Thus the porosity
of the sample is approximately 10% and the permeability
is poor.
The Mesozoic Woniwogi Formation
In the sublitharenite of the Woniwogi Formation, pore
spaces have been partly f a e d by authigenic kaolinite and
calcite (Figs. 7L and 7M). Most of kaolinites are densely
packed and have irregular shapes. Intergranular and intra-
cement pore textures are common. The rnicropores have
a diameter ranging from 5 to 20 microns. The porosity of
the sample is approximately 15% and the permeability is
poor to fair,
The Mesozoic Ekmai Formation
Two samples from the Ekmai Formation that were
examined are both quartzarenites. Both have a well preserved
primary intergranular pore textures and minor secondary
intergranular pore textures (Figs. 7N, 7R and 7s). The
macropores are of uniform diameter (range from 200 to
500 microns) and are partially interconnected large pores
and open throats. The framework grains are usually sub-
rounded to rounded and their contacts are mostly tangential.
Some pore spaces have been fdled by authigenic ce-
ments consisting of calcite, dolomite and kaolinite (Figs.
70, 7P and 7Q). Secondary intracement pore textures are
also pronounced within the cements. The intracement pore
textures within the carbonate cements, consists essentially
of smah interconnected open microthroats which have a
maximum diameter of 10 microns (Figs. 70, 7P and 7T).
According to gieke and Hartman (1973), micropores wi-
thin calcite crystal faces may be formed by mobile water
undersaturated with respect to CaC03 during diagenetic
dissolution. The other micropores in authigenic kaolinite
cements (Fig. 7Q) appear to be disconnected. Nevertheless,
intraplate crystals possibly connect the adjacent micro-
throats. Conspicuous pore textures in the sandstones
examined indicate that they have good porosity and per-
meabilit y.
DISCUSSION
The porosity of the sandstones from the Paleozoic and
Mesozoic successions in the area was determined in thin
section and compared with the SEM analysis. The results are
summarized in Table 2. Identification of pore types in the
sandstones is important in selecting potential reservoir
rocks. A classification of porosity of sandstones is based
on the genetic and physical characteristics of pore types.
Basically, two main classifications of porosity have been
introduced for studying the reservoir rocks; they apply
to primary and secondary porosity. The term of primary
and secondary used in this study follows the nomenclature
outlined by Choquette and Pray (1970), and later modi-
fied by Hoholick et al. (1 984).
Prbary porosity comprises all pore spaces formed be-
fore and during deposition (common only in the Ekmai
Formation), whereas secondary porosity occurs if all pri-
mary pore spaces have been filled by cement and later
processes or diagenetic events developed new openings
(predominantly in the Woniwogi, Kopai, Tipuma, Aiduna
Formations and partly in the Ekmai Formation). Thus
the secondary porosity includes dissolution of cements and
framework grains, and also gaps caused by fracture and
shrinkage. On the basis of their position, pore textures
are called intergranular when they occur between grains,
intragranular when they occui within grains, and intrace-
ment when they occur within cements. The genetic types
of pore system of secondary porosity have been outlined
elsewhere (e .g. Schmidt and McDonald, 1979a, 1979b;
Pittman, 1979; Shanmugam, 1985a, 1985b).
By definition, diagenesis is the progression of changes
from sedimentation to the realm of metamorphism, and
the secondary effects of atmospheric weathering (Larsen
and Challingar, 1979). Fairbridge (1967) has divided the
realm of diagenesis into syndiagenesis (penecontempora-
neous), anadiagenesis (during burial and orogeny) and epi-
diagenesis (post-diastrophic). A similar terminology based
on characteristics of porosity has been erected by Cho-
quette and Pray (1970) and Schmidt and McDonald (1979a,
1979b) i.e., oediagenesis (early), mesodiagenesis (middle)
and telodiagenesis (late) stages. This later terminology is
used in this study and both eodiagenesis and mesodiagenesis
have operated in forming pore systems in the Paleozoic
and Mesozoic sandstones.
The diagenesis in the sandstones examined is characte-
rised by pore filling, compaction, the presence of authigenic
cements or minerals and when accompanied by dissolution
and replacement, secondary pores form. The presence and
occurrence of authigenic cements during the diagenetic
regime are shown in Fig. 8.
Three samples from the Ekmai, Tipuma and Aiduna
Formations in Fig. 9 provide examples of diagenetic history
commencing with deposition (initial stage) and early burial
(eodiagenesis) through compaction into late or dissolution
stage (mesodiagenesis). The reduction of rock volume might
occur from eodiagenesis into mesodiagenesis stages due to
geostatic pressure and burial.
These three samples can be compared to the sample of
the Aiduna Formation where quartz overgrowths and silica
cements have occured during early to late rnesodiagenesis.
In the Woniwogi Formation they are also present but are
not well developed until late rnesodiagenesis. The Ekmai
Formation indicates that many primary pores are still pre-
served up to early mesodiagenesis. However, some secon-
dary pores are present which have probably been formed
by partial dissolution. In the Tipuma Formation, the
diagenesis was mostly normal in creating some intergranu-
lar and intracement pores, but they are not significantly
abundant.
The porosity of the Mesozoic sandstone of the Ekmai
Formation appears to have been created during eodiagene-
sis to early mesodiagenesis. This is characterized by partly
well preserved primary pores and some open secondary
intracement pores within calcite cements due to mesodia-
genesis. In contrast, the secondary porosity in the sand-
stones of the Woniwogi, Kopai, Tipuma and Aiduna forma-
tions was probaly formed during the mesodiagenesis stage.
The pores are usually characterized by dissolution rem-
nants of grains (intergranular) and partial dissolution rem-
nants of cements (intracement). The secondary porosity
within the Paleozoic sandstones of the Aiduna Formation,
however, is not well developed. This is probably because
well developed quartz overgrowths and silica cements fill
completely the secondary pore remnants so that the secon-
dary pores cannot be normally formed. The sandstone of
the Mesozoic Tipuma Formation contain abundant unstable
framework grains which are easy to dissolve and create
partial secondary intergranular porosity. Therefore, their
porosify is higher than the sandstones of the Paleozoic Ai-
duna Formation.
Four main types of secondary porosity are recognized
in the Paleozoic-Mesozoic sandstones. They include inter-
granular, intracement, fracture and shrinkage pores (Ta-
ble 2). The primary porosity of intergranular open pores
is more prominent in the Ekmai Formation while the se-
condary intracements are the second most abundant, and
secondary intergranular pores are rare, The primary pores
may have been inherited from the depositional process or
from the eodiagenesis regime. It can be seen that the Ekmai
Formation pore-filling cements are not significantly effec-
tive although some authigenic kaolinite, calcite cements
and silica cements are present. The micropores which are
prominent within calcite cements are mostly well deve-
loped as the result of dissolution.
The porosity of the succession tends to decrease with
increasing age. Porosity graphs versus succession profiles
show that the porosity path represents a moderate curve
as indicated in Fig. 8. This configuration indicates that de-
creasing porosity from younger to older succession certain-
ly coincides with an increase in the development of diage-
netic features. Thus, burial and length of burial time have
contributed to changes in porosity and permeability in the
Paleozoic-Mesozoic sandstones. In addition, grain size,
sorting, shape and packing may control and effect the for-
ming of pore spaces.
The curvature of the porosity path can illustrate the
porosity gradient, but unfortunately this study does not
examine a continuous succession from well samples. Never-
theless, it can be estimated that the porosity gradient in
the Paleozoic-Mesozoic formations is about 5 percent per
1000 meters. A number of factors controlling porosity gra-
dient may be temperature (geothermal gradient), pressure,
chemical composition of sandstones and pore-fluid chemis-
try, as has been established by Selley 1978) in the North
Sea oil-bearing basin. All of these are considered as acti-
vators in the development of diagenesis.
In summary, the porosity of the Ekmai and Woniwogi
Formations ranges from a minimum of 5 percent to a maxi-
mum of 25 percent with a mean value of approximately 15
percent. It reduces to 5 percent to 15 percent (mean of 8
percent) in the Kopai and Tipuma Formations. However,
the Tipuma Formation has a better porosity than the Ko-
pai Formation. In the Paleozoic Aiduna-Formation, the
porosity is noticeably lower, ranging from 5 percent to
10 percent with a mean value of about 7 percent.
Overall, the sandstones of the Mesozoic Ekmai orm mi-
tion may be considered to have relatively good reservoir
performance, while the sandstones of the Mesozoic M'oni-
wogi and Tipuma Formations are categorized as having
marginal to favourable reservoir potential. The sandstones
of the Paleozoic Aiduna Formation have relatively poor
to marginal reservoir characteristics.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The total thickness of sediments exposed in the southern
flank of the Central Range is approximately 10,000 me-
ters, consisting of typical platform sediments of Paleo-
zoic and Mesozoic ages which are overlain by Tertiary
carbonate platform facies and young Cainozoic clastic
deposits. Over thirty east-west trending structures form
en echelon doubly plunging asymmetrical and box anti-
clines and poorly developed synclines, and are called
the foreland fold belt. The structures are1 remarkably
similar in structural style to those in the southern Pa-
puan Fold Belt. In general, the present structures appear
to be the result of the Pliocene-Pleistocene orogenic
phase.
2. The main sandstone types examined of Paleozoic-Meso-
zoic age are quartzarenite, sublitharenite, feldspathic
litharenite and glauconite sandstone. The sandstones
of the Palaeozoic Aiduna and Mesozoic Tipuma For-
mations are generally highly compacted and tightly
packed, where the contacts between grains are usually
well interlocked with predominantly sutured contacts.
3 . Significant primary porosity occurs in the sandstones of
the Mesozoic Ekmai Formation, while the secondary
porosity is the most abundant in the Mesozoic Woni-
wogi and Tipuma, Formations and less common in the
Kopai Formation and in the Paleozoic Aiduna Forma-
tion. The sandstones of the Ekmai and Woniwogi Forma-
tions have fair to good porosity and permeabiliv, whik
the porosity of sandstones of the Tipuma Formation
is fair. The Kopai and the Paleozoic Aiduna Forma-
tions have poor to fair porosity. Porosity versus succes-
sion indicates that it decreases with increasing age be-
cause of an increase in the development of diagenetic
features. Thus, length of burial time may have contri-
buted to change the porosity and permeability of the
Paleozoic-Mesozoic sandstones.
4. Diagenetic events such as eodiagenesis and mesodiage-
nesis have promoted early loss of primary porosity and
subsequent generation of secondary porosity. During
diagenetic events, the presence of authigenic cements of
kaolinite , calcite, siderite, dolomite, chlorite, illite and
silica and quartz overgrowths are characteristic. S i c a
cements and quartz overgrowths are more prominent in
the sandstones of the Paleozoic Aiduna Formation. They
may have prevented the formation of secondary poro-
sity. Thus towards the base of the succession there is a
reduction in secondary porosity that probably reflects
both the increase in diagenetic effects with the greater
time of burial.
5. The sandstones of the Mesozoic Ekmai Formation can
be considered potentially good reservoir rocks and the
Woniwogi and Tipuma Formations may be marginally
favourable as potential reservoirs. Relatively poor t~
 marginal reservoir performance in evident in the sand- Peter and Mount Simon Sandstones in Illinois Basin",
stones of the Paleozoic Aiduna Formation and the Me- Am. Assoc. Petrol Geol. Bull., v. 68, no. 6, pp. 753-
sozoic Kopai Formation. Further detailed study on the 764.
characteristics of the Paleozoic-Mesozoic sandstones JENKINS, D.A.L., 1974, "Detachment tectonics in Western
for reservoir potential is recommended in the area, in Papua New Guinea", Geol. Sdc. of Am. Bull., v. 85, pp.
particular by deep subsurface sampling. 533-548.
KELLER, W.D., 1978, "Classification of kaolinites exampli-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT fied by their textures in scanning electron micrographs",
We are grateful to Dr. M. Untung, Director of the Geo- Caly and Clay Mn., v. 26, no. 1, pp. 1-20.
logical Research and Development Centre for his permis- KIEKE, E.M. ANDHARTMAN, D.J., 1973, "Scanning elec-
sion to publish this paper. Mr. R. Sukamto, Chief of Map- tron microscope application to formation evaluation7',
ping Division, GRDC, and Mr. N. Ratman, Head of Irian Gulf. Coast Assoc. of Geol. Soc. Trans., v. 23, pp. 60-
Jaya and Halmahera Section, GRDC, are aknowledged for 67.
their direction and encouragement of this study. The help LARSEN, G. AND CHILLINGAR, G.V., 1979, "lntroduc-
of Mr. R. Wikarno, Chief of Geology Division, GRDC tion-diagenesis of sediments and rocks", In Larsen, G.
who provided access to the SEM machine is gratefully and Chillingar, G.V. (eds.), Diagenesis in sediments and
acknowledged. The assistance of Messrs. Soediyono and sedimentary rocks, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1-29.
Wikanda with sample preparation is also acknowledged. We LEHNER, P., VAN DER SIJP, de RIJKE, F., BILLARDIE,
fell indebted to Mr. D.S. Trail and Mr. D.B. Dow, IAGMP, J. AND HERMES, J.J., 1955", Geological Survey of the
respectively for critically reading the manuscript and for Omba-Aidoena area (south coast)", Nederlandsche Niew
access to the samples. Finally, Mrs. Jane Susilarto is ack- Guinee Petroleum Maatschappij Report 26380. (unpu-
nowledged for her careful typing of the manuscript. blished).
LEVORSEN, A.I., 1967, "Geology of petroleum", W.H.
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EXPLANATION OF FIGURE 7.
A. Tightly packed and higly compacted quartzarenite of
the Aiduna Formation (Paleozoic); sample no. 80CP-
357A; quartz (Q) grains are well interlocked, pore spaces
have been completely filled by authigenic clay cements;
porosity ranges from 5% to 10%;magnification x100.
B. As for Fig. 7B, but different field, showing irregular
and partly regular face to face stacks of authigenic
kaolinite; micropores of less than one micron occur bet-
ween platelet arrangements of kaolinite crystals; magni-
fication x6000.
C. Highly compacted sublitharenite of the Aiduna Forma-
tion (Paleozoic), sample No. 80P268A, showing a quartz
grain (Q) lines by authigenic clay cements; porosity is
approximately 10%;magnification x540.
D. As for Fig. 7C, but different field, showing authigenic
chlorite (ch) and silica (Si) cements; disconnected intra-
cement micropores of 1-10 microns in diameter are vi-
sible; magnification x4000.
E. Authigenic chlorite cements within sublitharenite of the
Aiduna Formation (Paleozoic); sample No. 80P282A;
intracement micropores are rare; porosity is approxima-
tely 5% magnification x7800.
F. Tightly packed and highly compacted sublitharenite of
the Tipuma Formation (Mesozoic); sample No. 80CP-
353B; most of the pore spaces have been filled by authi-
genic clay cements; framework grains consisting of
quartz (Q) and feldspar (F) ire well interlocked; poro-
sity ranges from 10% to 1.5%; magnification x150.
G. As for Fig. 7F, but different field, showing an authigenic
kaolinite vermicule (k), silica cements and mica or mus-
covite (m); micropores are present in a chink of mica
and kaolinite plates; magnifikation x2000.
H. Authigenic clay cements consisting of silica (Si), kaoli-
nite (k) calcite (c) and mica (m) partly fill pore spaces of
feldspathic litharenite of the Mesozoic Tipuma Forma-
tion; sample No. 80CP353C; secondary micropores wi-
thin cements range from 5 to 10 microns in diameter;
magnification x 1500.
I. Moderately packed glauconitic sandstone of the Meso-
zoic Kopai Formation, showing quartz grains (Q); authi-
genic cements consisting of calcite (c) and kaolinite (k)
have partly filled pore spaces; micropores of 10-50 mi-
crons in diameter are present; porosity is approximately
10%; magnification x54.
J. As for Fig. 71, but different field, showing a quartz clast
(Q), authigenic cements of kaolinite vermicule (k) and
face to face stacks kaolinite and mica (m); micropores
of 1-5 microns in diameter are present within cements;
magnification x1800.
K. As for Fig. 75, enlargement of the area showing the au-
thigenic kaolite vermicule (k); magnification x7800.
L. The sublitharenite sample of the Mesozoic Woniwogi
Formation, showing authigenic kaolinite (k) and calcite
(c) partly filling pore spaces; mcropores of 5-20 mi-
crons in diameter occur within cements; porosity range
from 10% to1 5%;magnification x2000.
M.As for Fig. 7L, but different field, showing secondary
quartz (Q) lined by authigeneic kaolinite (k); calcite
cements may be present.
N. An open packed fine to medium-grained sublitharenite
of the Mesozoic Ekmai Formation, sample No. 80P214A,
showing uncompleted pore filling cements; major pri-
mary intergranular pore textures, rare secondary inter-
granular pore textures; macropores range from 100 to
500 microns in diameter; porosity is approximately
20-25%; magnification x54.
0 . As for Fig. 7N, but differennt field, showing autliigenic
carbonate cements comprising calcite (c), dolonlite
rhombohendra crystals (d), kaolinite (k) and illite (i);
some secondary intracement pore textures (p) ranging
from 1 to 10 microns in diameter are present; magni-
fication x2000.
P. As for Figure 7N, but different field. showing another
authigenic cement comprising kaolinite (k), calcite (c)
and well-developed dolomite rhombohedra crystals (d),
interconnected micropores within cement are clearly
defined (p); magnification x2000.
Q. As for Fig. 7N, but different field and high magnifica-
tion (x 10,000), showing face to face stacks of pseudo-
hexagonal plates or booklets of kaolinite and calcite
crystal (c); interconnected micropores of 1-5 microns
in diameter occur within kaolinite platelets.
R. An open packed quartzarenite of the Mesozoic Ekmai
Permation, smgle No. 80P35SCyshowing original po-
res betwben the framework grains of quartz (Q); inter-
c~mwtedmacropores of 50-200 microns in diameter
common; porosity ranges from 20% to 25%; magnifi-
cintion x-54.
S. As for Fig. 7Ry high magnification x200; showing
subrounded to rounded quartz (Q) grains and pore spa-
ces.
T. As for Fig. 7Ry but different field, showing a quartz
clast (Q), micropores (p) and authigenic kaolinite (k)
partly filling pore spaces; magnification ~4000.

No. SAMPLE No. FORMATION TYPE OF SANDSTONE

1 80 P355C*** Ekmai Formation Quartzarenite

2 80 P357A* ,y Quartzarenite
3 80 P214A** y7 Sublitharenite
4 80 HP127B** ,9 Glauconitic Sublitharenite
5 80 CP466A* Woniwogi Formation Glauconitic Sublitharenite
6 80 HP106A** yy Sublitharenite
7 80 CP222A* Kopai Formation Micaceous Sublitharenite
8 80 CP222D* y1 Quartzarenite
9 80 CP308A*** yy Glauconite SandSto~e
10 80 CP342A* Tipwna Formation Feldspathic litharenite
11 80 CP350A* yy Sublitharenite
12 80 CP353B** yy Sublitharenite
13 80 CP353C* yy Feldspathic litharenite
14 80 CP522A* yy Feldspathic litharenite
15 80 P204A* Aiduna Formation Sublitharenite
16 80 P268A** ¶, Carbonaceous Sublitharenite
17 80 P282A** 9y Micaceous Sublithamite
18 80 CP357A** yy Quartzarenite

* Thin section
** SEM
*** SEM and thin section

TABLE 1 .SAMPLES OF THE PALEOZOIC-MESOZOIC

EXAMINED IN THIN SECTION AND SCANNING
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
 mRE TEXTURE TYPE AND SIZE OF PORE CIASEIFICATION OF GENETIC CxSES OF REGIME OF DIAGSEIESIS
- Polential
- WROSITY
POROSITY PRi?rJLRY hN0 SECON- '
FORWITION PRIMARY SECONDARY IBTRA-CEMENT DARY POROSITIES. Reservoir
FRACTURE SHRINKAGE mCRO YJCM [ Rock
NUMBER INTERGRANULAR INTERGRANULAR /M?.TRiX GI,IF$NES) SECOXDRIIY 1 2
PRIMARY

E W I 80 P355C Uncompleted
POWTION 80 P357A Cement and minor
' R C A A C SP Eodiagenesis Syndiagenesisl good
80 P214A dissolution Of
80 kip1278 cement Mesodiagene- Anadiagenesie
sis

Mesadiagene- Anadiagenesis good .

WONIWOGI 60 CP46E and replacebent
A C C A A sis
FOWI/ITiON 80 LPlC6;

KOPAI 80 CP222h
FGREYiTION 80 CP222D A SP C R A SP C 1 - 100 5 .- 10 h
80 CP306A fracturing

80 CP342A
80 CPjSOA Dissolution,leaching
TIPUEIA Mesodiagene- Anadiagenesis
. argir.all;
80 CP3539 A C A R ?. C 1 - 200 shrinkage I
FCRMATION 5 - 15 A sis
60 CP353C
80 CP522A

80 P204A
j
AIMRIA ~issolution,leaching
5-10 h SP Anadiagenesis Foor
R R - SP A A R R 1-50 of cement
60 P282h
80 CP357A

t
M. = Major 1 Choquette and Pray 119701
C - Comon and Schmidt and Medonald
SP = Sparse 11979a, 1979b3 teminolaqies
R = Rare
A - Absent 2 Fairbridqe 119671 and Larsen
and Chilingar (1979)
teminologies

TABLE 2 - PORE TEXTURES AND OlAGENETlC FEATURES

OF THE SAMPLES E X A M I N E D IN T H I N
SECTION AND S.E.M.
 L E G E N D

QUATERNARY {n SYRFICIAL DEPOSITS

I YAWEE L I M E S T O N E

WAilPl FORMATION

48 UNDIVIDED NEW GblNEA

11 a
L I M E S T O N E GROUP MtSOZOC ( a TIPUMA r o a M * r o N

I AIOUNA FORMATION
( E K M A I FORMATION
PALEOZOIC 4 - uric-ntarmitr
PINlYA MUDSTONE
1 MOD10 DOLOMITE
MESOZOIC
WOEIiWOGl FORMATlON

KO.. F9RMAT8i3N FIGURE 2 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF SOUTHERN FLAtvK,

I R l A N JAYA (Waghete sheet a r e a )
 I LITHOLOGICAL I ROCK DEPOSITIONAL MAXIMUM
I A G E THICKNESS
I SECTION 1 DESCRIPTION ,ENVIRONMENT,(METERS) I
I I I
u DEPOSITS '.o..,o.~.~,:0.',-'~.0..:'.', Grovel, sand, mud, st r t , R~ver,flood p l a ~ n ,
conglomerate, b r e c c i a , l i g n i t e lake d e b r i s f l o w
. . . .
-. - . -. - Blue-grey mudstone, sandy
shale, sandstane,conglamera- 2500m
te,limestane, l i g n i t e seam

Calcarenite, biocalcarenite,
S h e l f
micrite,biomicrite,colciru - 1500m
dite,chalk,minor s a n d s t o n e M a r i n e

Biocalcarenite,oolitic cal-
carenite, sandstone

G l a u c o n i t i c , c a l c o r e o u s gu -
o r t z a r e n i t e , l i t h i c sandstone,
marine
siltstone

Calcareous, g l o u c o n i t i c m u d - ' S h a l l o w she1 f

s t o n e , s i l t s t a n e , f i n e sand-
marine
stone, m a r l , marly l i m e s t o n e
W
LZ Q Glaucanitic, p y r i t i c q u a r t z -
0 orenite, s i l t s t o n e , c a l c a r e o -
inner-shelf
us mudstone
2 LATE
'n - m
'n Glouconitic, colcoreous, quartz
Q MIDDLE arenite , siltstone,
[L -
3 ne, colcorenite,greensand ,
EARLY
conglomerate
LATE Red,green and grey mudstone,
:MIDDLE sandstone, conglomerate, m i -
F l u v i a t i l e
EARLY nor r n i c r i t i c l i m e s t o n e

'4,'. . . e. . Sandstone, carbonaceour sha-1 P o a i

and I I
,-- _ . -. - - _ le, s i l t s t o n e , b i o c o l c a r e n i t e ,
PERMIAN very shallaw 1200m
- a . , conalornerate. coal seam I I
d Q 1 . . . . - I marine I I
.F. o., :. * : . o ;
SILURIAN - Dolostone, d o l o m ~ t ~limestone,
c
? M o r i n e ?\000m
DEVONIAN DOLOMITE siltstone.
-ESIB6 -
FIGURE 3. STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN O F THE SOUTHERN FLANK, IRIAN JAYA
SOUTH NORTH
MAWAlPlRI URUMUKA AMURA
A FAULT THRUST FAULT B

Horizontal s c a l e 1 : 250000
-v = /
H

LEGEND

(__( BURU Fm

YAWEE LIMESTONE
1 NEW GUINEA
CAlNOZOlC
WARIPI Fm
L I M E S T O N E GROUP
NEW G U I N E A L I M E S T O N E
GROUP ( U N D I V I D E D ) 1 FIGURE 5. DIAGRAMMATIC CROSS S E C T I O N A - B ALONG
L I N E OF S E C T I O N SHOWN I N FIGURE 4 TO
1 SHOW T H E S T R U C T U R E OF T H E FORELAND

P I N I Y A MUDSTONE FOLD B E L T IN THE S O U T H E R N F L A N K OF

KEMBELANGAN
MESOZOIC THE CENTRAL RANGE

TIPUMA Frn

oirconforrnity 1
-
J.L.1 AIDUNA Frn
Imp
I PALAEOZOIC
MOD10 DOLOMITE i
- Unconformlty

U N N A M E D B A S E M E N T ROCKS
R S

FIGURE 7 .
 %

D I A G E N E T I C CONSTITUENT

-
I -u'
C ' 1 ;

-X
-c - a
-=Lg :a*

.. C
L -0,
o t c sO L ag 0
= a a# POROSITY
a
-0 p u0 s 4 ~
= :
C
0 -
( O/o 1
Z E
= a -uc 0
c
-u o ; i f!
g
o c t
zou
3
0
'
C
0
Y

E ; o m, ,p
c
FORMATION "
- _,,
o E ,;E' g 0 : o
.-c
U
r 9 Z E
2 0 =
+ n c P =.-
O L
u
>
O L

8 0 1 0 a L o a )
o
O r
~ m
o o LL
‘ " 0 10 20 30
I I I 1 I

EKMAl
FORMATION
..' .* ...
'
' .'
*.
a'.

,
.. - I
/
/
/

.......
' I

-
"
I .
'I' /
'0

I.'

*.: -1
I.

'....'i ...'
,.I.

* !
..'....
t

'..
.. .. '
..
.I
.. ..
I
WONlWOGl
I . .
I I I
FORMATION ...
... ...
..a
.. ...
.'I
.-.
."..
* . I

-,-
...
I .
.. ' 4

*1 .'
I I
.., .. . ..
I

I
.''
......
8.

...
-. ..'.
.'
I
I
.....
a:'

.....'*
1.

..
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...
...
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...'. *' ' I

KOPA I
..'
I..
I .
a
B e *
.*
I
0'. e2pp

........
1'.

FORMAT ION .:, I

'.. ' - 0

..
I.
..
8 * ' .*
' .. I
'. . .. .....
..a

....

-
1 . I .
I
".
I .

.I'
.... .. .* a.

'*I
.,..' .'..
I
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.
.. ..
'a. . a .

...-. ..'
...'.
*'. 1'.
' ' 8
I
....... . 1 .
* . I

..
I -0
1.
TIPUMA ' ,
.'.*:
I .

.:. ..-
..I.

..
. ..
I
.. ....
.I.
FORMATION ...
I.'
a*' . & I
I
* ,: 8.'

... .
I..

.'. ..'
* a '
...
.:* .
.I.
::: a'.

-.).
I.. ' I
' I
,.
*" I . ',
.... ..'
.a1 I

.... *. ' 1 .

....
....
"
..-
': ...
...
I * .
I t

...
I
I..
.I.

.- .
.*I ...
":
..'....
.*. I*. 1
AIDUNA
.......
I..

.:...
.I.
..I

.. * -. .
. ,
en0
... .
"

......
FOR MATION .. .. *
- 1
I
.. ..
'.I
.'.' I ...' ..
I
- - -.

FIGURE. 8 SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF DlAGENETlC E V E N T S

I N T H E SANDSTONES O F T H E PALEOZOtC M E S O Z O I C -
SEQUENCES. POROSITY IS ESTIMATED F R O M T H 1 N
S E C T I O N A N D S.E.M. EXAMINATION
I I.I n i t i a l s t a g e
2. E a r l y b u r i a l s t a g e
(early c o m ~ a c i i o n )

Predominantly
primary

z
0 W
- porosity

c '
I
EODIA G E N E S I S

3.Advanced pressure 4.Late s t a g e - p o s t b u r i a l

and c o m p o c t l o n s t a g e (dlssolutlon and replacement stage)
I-
- (L
4 q
S 3 Predominaotly
Y O primaryporo-
u, stty, mlnor
n w n d a r y poro-
sity

E A R L Y MESODIAGENESIS

I I. I n i t i a l s t a g e 2.Early buriol stage

(early compaction)

-
W
k Predominantly
Z 2 primary
W
0 ol
porosity
22 I-
E 7

I , -" -
E -A
-
E O D I A G E N E S I S
I
3.Advonced p r e s s u r e and 4.Lote stage- post b u r i a l
4 compaction stage ( d i s s o l u t l o n and r e p l a c e m e n t s t a g e )
a [L
I
3 5u Predominantly Quartz
I= 5 secondary

porosity [:-F t l d s p a r
Volcanic r o c k fragments
M E SOD1 A G E N E S I S
J:.=.I her t

I. Initial stage 2.Early burial stage Metoquartzite

( e a r l v comaactlon)
Mica schist

Muscovite

Ouartz overgrowths

C l a y m a t r i x (allogenlc
E O D I A G E N E S I S and auth igenle)
II a + 3. Advanced pressure a n d 4 . L a t e stage-post burial silica cement
1 7 ccmpaction (early d i s - (dissolution and repla -
3 solution) cement s t a g e )
E 3
[Y,V,V ~ e m a t ~ t e
a 2 Predominantly
Carbonate
secondary

I
porori ty

M E SODIAGENESIS
- Chlorite

Parea

- ES/86-
F l G U R E 9. T H E RECONSTRUCTION OF D E V E L O P M E N T OF D I A G E N E T I C
FEATURES I N T H E , AIDUNA,TIPUMA AND E K M A l FORMA-
TIONS, SHOWING THE I N I T I A L STAGE UP T O L A T E STAGE
OF O I A G E N E S I S .