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neutral axis. If, however, one dimension of the cross section is small compared
with others, then even while the strains remain everywhere small, large displace
ments over the cross section may occur. I t is then clearly inaccurate to assume
th at the stress in the element is a linear function of its initial position. The
accurate description of the stress in the element as a function of its resultant
position after including displacements due to strain, corresponds to the intro
duction in the problem of higher terms than the first.
The present paper illustrates problems of this class. I t indicates the necessary
corrections to St. Yenant’s theory of flexure for cases in which some dimensions
of the cross section are small compared with others. The problem is not
attacked by a direct introduction of higher terms in the equations of equili
brium, but by the variational method and the general dynamical theorem th at a
position of equilibrium will be a position of minimum energy. The body is
supposed strained in the manner described by St. Venant. I t is then allowed
to undergo a system of displacements, and the system determined by the
condition th at the final potential energy is a minimum. The system of dis
placements is directed so th at the applied forces do no work, and the condition
then is that the strain energy of the body is a minimum.
I t is interesting to find th a t this treatm ent suggests a form of instability under
flexure which does not appear to have been treated before. St. Venant’s solu
tion gives a linear relation between the bending moment exerted on the beam
and the resulting curvature of its central line. The effect of second or higher
order terms will necessarily be to depress the bending moment progressively,
below the value given by St. Venant’s relation, in the manner shown in fig. 1.
ST. VENANTS
solution
Cu r v a t u r e
F ig. 1.
106 L. G. Brazier.
The solution obtained in this paper shows a point A a t which the bending
moment passes through a maximum. If the bending moment is increased above
this value the beam must collapse. That is to say th at the point A is a point
of instability. This form of instability is characterised in comparison with the
generally accepted types of instability by absence of a point of bifurcation at
which an extensional and an inextensional system of displacements under the
given load system become possible.* In this instability form there is no
inextensional system and no bifurcation point, but a progressive reduction of
the appropriate elastic rigidity through a point at which the external load
system must be a maximum. In the present paper terms only of the second
order have been introduced so that it will not in general give an exact expression
for the maximum bending moment, but it does indicate the existence of this
maximum and should give it quantitatively for sufficiently “ thin ” sections.
w0 = - err2cos 0 (1 )
2
- o r 2sin 0. ( 2)
A
w' (3)
The total displacements are
w = + w0 and V = v' + v0, (4)
and using (3) we obtain
dv dv0 _
ca r2 cos 0 (5)
dQ "
of
^ 1<N
= — car2cos 0. (6)
1
®
* Vide Basset, “ Extension and Flexure of Cylindrical and Spherical Thin Elastic Shells,”
4 Phil. Trans.,’ A, vol. 190, p. 433 (1890), and Rayleigh, * Roy. Soc. Proo.,’ vol. 45, p. 105
(1888). The justification for this assumption is essentially that the energy absorbed by
any extensional displacement (compared with a flexural displacement) is mathematically
large and therefore precluded.
108 L. G. Brazier.
The change of lateral curvature (i.e., in the plane = 0) at a point on the
cross section is
1 ld 2w', <Lv'\
^ = vAl¥ + W ’ (7>
and using (6) we obtain
_ 11 fdzv
/ , /7ai
d*A \
(8)
r2W62 ^ dQJ
The longitudinal strain at an element is proportional to the resultant distance
from the neutral axis. This is
d = (r — w) cos 0 — v sin 0. (9)
From (9) and (8) we obtain (after neglecting products and squares of small
quantities) for the total strain energy per unit length of the toroid the expres
sion
E H 2’ __________
ts idzv , dv'\2
o (1 - o 2)12r3\d& ^~ d
+ c2rt | r2— 2 r-f- r 2co cos 0^| cos2 0 — rv sin 20d0 . ( 10)
dv N
(14)
d 9 = 18COs2e-
etc.,
and
cos 20 —
1 - oc r2cos 0. (15)
Flexure o f Thin Cylindrical Shells. 109
M=_ dU
—- =_ E
—~rH 12c _— W q - a 2))
(17)
dc 2 1 7 •
form, and finally collapse occurred when a lobed deformation formed on the
compression side. In one case the lobe occurred just as the tube was passing
C a lc u la te d in sta b ility
m om en t ------—
T a n g en t fo r _
c a lc u la tio n o f E
T h e o r e tic a l c u r v e
~ fo r tu b e .
W ith n o e n d
c o n s tr a in ts
F ig. 5.
112 L. G. Brazier.
F ig . 6.
<£v
a (6_») being the coefficient
dsn ‘
VOL. CXVI.— A . I
114 Flexure of Thin Cylindrical Shells.
The second member of the equation is the known function of the independent
variable
—— —- {d sin + dp cos }. (28)
The author s acknowledgments are due to the Air Ministry for permission
to publish the results contained in this paper, to the Steel Wing Company for
the loan of fig. 6, to Dr. A. A. Griffith of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, in
whose laboratory the experimental work was carried out, and to R. V. Southwell,
F.R.S., for his detailed criticisms and advice.