See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/304494381

Performance Improvement in Lifetime and Throughput of LEACH Protocol

Article  in  Indian Journal of Science and Technology · June 2016

DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i21/94838

CITATIONS READS
7 61

2 authors:

Muhammad Nasir Khan Mohsin Jamil

University of Lahore National University of Sciences and Technology
42 PUBLICATIONS   97 CITATIONS    126 PUBLICATIONS   373 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Hybrid FSO/RF communication Network View project

Ultra wideband antenna design View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Muhammad Nasir Khan on 26 October 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(21), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i21/94838, June 2016 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Performance Improvement in Lifetime and

Throughput of LEACH Protocol
Muhammad Nasir Khan* and Mohsin Jamil
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Science and Technology
(NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; muhammad.nasir@ee.uol.edu.pk, mohsin@smme.nust.edu.pk

Abstract
Background/Objectives: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are proving themselves as vital part of technology
advancements. A WSN comprises of multiple sensor nodes and a base station as a sink node (i.e., for data communication).
We propose a modified algorithm to improve the performance and life time. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Sensor nodes
are battery powered and placed over remote locations to analyze data. Therefore, the usage of battery affects the whole
network lifetime. Communication methods between nodes and base station are based on various protocols. Among all
protocols, clustering protocols are considered the best protocol so far (lifetime and throughput performance). Lifetime
and throughput are crucial parameters of a network. Findings: In this paper, the critical parameters of a WSN protocol
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchal (LEACH) are improved using the proposed algorithm. Simulation results of
the proposed scheme for the network lifetime and throughput are compared with original LEACH protocol. We achieve
better performance as compared to the conventional technique with less computational complexity and better lifetime.
Application/Improvements: Further improvement can be achieved if use some hybrid algorithm.

Keywords: Cluster Head (CH), Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchal (LEACH), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN),
Threshold

1. Introduction
With the advancement of technologies has made the need
of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) more critical nowa-
days. A WSN system usually includes multiple numbers of
sensor nodes and sink node (i.e., Base Station (BS)). Sensor
nodes transmit the monitored data towards other nodes
until the data reaches to base station using the wireless
channel (wired might use). he resources including power,
signal-processing ability, memory and capability to com-
municate of sensor nodes are very limited. One of the key
challenges is to use the power intelligently to improve the
life of nodes. he intelligent use of power depends upon
factors like eicient design of circuitry and the protocols
used for routing deployed in WSNs. he common types
of routing are lat-based, location-based and cluster-based
routing. Amongst all cluster-based routing is known the
most efective routing for the improvement of lifetime of
WSN1. he fundamental approach in cluster-based rout-
ing is that nodes grouped together to form a cluster in
hierarchical routing. here is a Cluster Head (CH), which
performs as the leader among all nodes. he job of CH is
the gathering and accumulation of the data from its nodes
and transmits to the BS. he aggregation process is helpful
in reducing the amount of data for transmission. In this
way, it reduces the energy dissipation in communication
and achieve the purpose of energy saving of the sensor
nodes.
he sensor nodes have limited power so eicient use
of that power is based on their eicient circuitry but rout-
ing protocols play a much important role in consumption
of energy and bandwidth. Authors in2 suggested a hierar-
chical based clustering algorithm. A cluster based routing
protocol (CBRP) was presented in2,3 which states that all
data sharing nodes in a network should be disseminated

*Author for correspondence

 Performance Improvement in Lifetime and Throughput of LEACH Protocol
in 2-hop cluster. his approach proposed by2 gives way to
hierarchal clustering algorithm but it is not energy ei-
cient for the WSN nodes. he clustering technique for
the eicient energy usage is suggested the eicient tech-
nique for the WSNs. In process of hierarchal clustering
when sensor nodes network is to be established, then the
process of forming clusters from nodes is begin. hen
the second step is the selection of node as a CH in each
cluster. he CH nodes have the responsibility of getting
data from other nodes, aggregate and transmit it to the
BS. According to3, the technique optimizes the bandwidth
usage and improves the lifetime of network.
According to4,5, only that node will be selected as
the CH initially who has higher energy among other
nodes. he author in6 states that any node which lies in
the network can be chosen as a CH. Weighted probabil-
ity is given to each node by protocol like Stable Election
Protocol (SEP) to become a CH6. While the node’s cur-
rent energy in selection, standards of a node to elected as
a CH in Distributed Energy Eicient Clustering Protocol
(DEEC). Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchal
Protocol (LEACH) shown in Figure 1 gives the main
criteria of selecting a CH7,8. he selection criteria of CH
can be further improved by SEP and DEEC6. Various
modiied protocols presented in9, are diferent variants of
Figure 1. LEACH protocol network.
2 Vol 9 (21) | June 2016 | www.indjst.org
LEACH. he detailed comparison of these variants can be
found in8–10.
he hierarchal clustering proves to be the most
eicient among all clustering algorithms so diferent
approaches to be implemented to improve the eiciency
of sensor nodes. InLEACH protocol8–13, new CH is elected
for each round and the cluster formation for each round
is mandatory. his approach is unnecessary usethe exces-
sive energy. In addition,even if in the previous round a
CH has not used greater amount of its energy. hen other
node with lesser energy from the network will replace it
and elected itself as a CH in next election round of cluster
formation. he eicient mechanism is needed for select-
ing cluster head. One other drawback of LEACH is that it
uses same amount of energy for all types of transmission,
which reduces the lifetime of nodes.
2. Proposed Scheme
In the previous research work12,14–17, the solution for
the consumption of energy for improving the network
lifetime because if nodes use energy with no efective
scheme then the nodes would die quickly so the network
and battery replacement would be needed frequently. To
diminish the problem of extra energy usage in selecting
Indian Journal of Science and Technology

the CH, eicient clustering approach is proposed. he
proposed scheme involves two criteria as follows;
2.1 Selection of CH
• he next cluster head should be selected only
who has high energy than the current one.
• If none have high energy or have equal energy
than threshold should be applied for selecting
cluster head.
2.2 Communication in Cluster
here are three types of communications in clustering
mechanism.
• Inter-cluster communication (communication
between clusters).
• Intra-cluster communication (communication
inside of a cluster).
• Cluster-base communication (communication
between CH and BS).
Inter cluster is communication between diferent
clusters, Intra cluster is communication between nodes
inside of a cluster and cluster-base is communication
between CH and BS. First two communications (i.e., inter
and intra-cluster communication) require less ampliica-
tion energy as compared to third one (i.e., Cluster-Base
communication). herefore, by keeping the diferent
ampliication energy levels for the inter and intra-cluster
communication with respect to third communication
type, the lifetime of sensor nodes can be improved.
3. Network Model Design
First, the mathematical model of LEACH is presented
then the proposed algorithm low diagram and simula-
tion setup is developed.
3.1 Mathematical Model
he mathematical model comprises of two parametric
equations, i.e., the threshold expression and the energy
expression for LEACH. he threshold is given by7.
ξ
=r (n) ∀n ∈ Ζ
 1 (1)
1 − ξ (θ mod 
 ξ
Vol 9 (21) | June 2016 | www.indjst.org
Muhammad Nasir Khan and Mohsin Jamil
where n denotes the total number of nodes in net-
work, � is deterministic probabilty of CH, represents the
current selection number and denotes the set of those
nodes who have not been the part of the as CH in selec-
tion. For selection of CH, we must consider the threshold
given by Equation (1). he energy consumption by the
transmitter and receiver is given by7,
E ( k=
, d ) E k + ε kd
λ (2)
t elec amp
Er ( k ) = Eelec k (3)
Where k is number of bits/sec, is idle state energy, is
the ampliication energy, d is the distance between trans-
mitter to receiver nodes and λ is the path loss exponent.
According to Equation (2) the transmitter consumes the
idle state energy, ampliication energy depending upon
size of k and λ. Whereas Equation (3) gives the receiver
energy usage depending upon idle state energy according
to size of k.
3.2 Proposed Algorithm
We propose an algorithm and the objective is to improve
the performance of the network and enhance the lifetime.
Our proposed algorithm comprised of the following algo-
rithmic steps;
• In irst round the CH is selected randomly
because all nodes have same energy.
• he CH advertises and other nodes sense it.
• he set up phase begins and cluster formation
takes place in which nodes send request CH to
join.
• Ater joining cluster CH assigns TDMA slots to
the cluster nodes and then they send their data in
assigned slot to CH.
• CH collects the data , compresses (aggregates)
and send the data to the BS.
• Now the residual energy (remaining energy ater
each round) is checked of the of current CH if it
is less than hreshold than the election process
initiates otherwise current CH continue working
as CH as long as its energy comes below thresh-
old.
4. Simulation Results
For simulation of LEACH and En-LEACH simulation
tool MATLAB 2011a is used on operating system of
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Performance Improvement in Lifetime and Throughput of LEACH Protocol

Windows 7 Ultimate 64-bit, on HP laptop running over clearly seen that total number of rounds of En-LEACH
~2.4 GHz having 2048MB RAM. he values of network is ramarkably high than LEACH. he total number of
parameter selection are given in Table 1 and are kept same rounds in which all nodes die is ~2200 for En-LEACH
for LEACH and En-LEACH.Using the above parameters and ~1600 for LEACH.
network formed is shown in Figure 2 the nodes are ran- his shows that by considering the residual energy of
nodes which saves the energy dissipating in unnecessary
election rounds and setting diferent ampliication levels
mentioned above for inter,intra and base to cluster com-
munication the lifetime of network is improved.
he throughput of the network depends upon the
whole number of packets transmit through CHs to BS
and/or sink node by network in its whole life. he Figure 4
presents the total number of packets transmit to BS using
LEACH and En-LEACH. It shows that using LEACH the
packets transmit to BS are ~14000 and using En-LEACH
are ~16000 with 2000 bits/packet. hus the throughput of
En-LEACH is higher than simple LEACH.
he reason is, as the network lifetime is improved and
Figure 2. Network formation.
network works for more number of rounds so in more
rounds nodes sent their packets to the cluster head which
Table 1. Network parameters
are further transmitted to the BS.
n, total number of nodes 100
Initial Energy of nodes 0.5 J
5. Conclusions
Eelec , idle state energy (Tx=Rx) 50nJ/bit
he LEACH protocol works by selecting CHs in each
k, no. of bits per packet 2000 round and use same energy levels for all types of com-
munications. In this paper an eicient clustering sheme
ε amp ε fs , Amplification energy for d > d o 10 pJ/bit/m2 (En-LEACH) has been proposed which takes into account
ε amp , Ampliication energy for 0.0013 pJ/bit/ the residual energy ater each round to select new clus-
m2
d<do ter head or not and set the diferent energy levels for
diferent communications. he metrices improved using
Data Aggregation Energy 5nJ/bit prosposed method are network lifetime and throughput.
Ampliication Energy (Intra Using MATLAB simulations it is shwon that En-LEACH
Cluster Comm.) ε fs1 = ε fs / 10 improves lifetime of network and throughput as com-
Ampliication Energy (Intra pared to LEACH. Furthermore this work can be extended
Cluster Comm.) ε amp1 = ε amp / 10 to analyze probabilistic model and adding other param-
eters like qualty and large scale network performance to
λ , for d>do 4
2 improve En-LEACH.
λ , for d<do
rmax, maximum number of
rounds
2500 6. Conlict of Interests
Network Area 100x100 m2 he author(s) declare(s) that there is no conlict of inter-
est regarding the publication of this paper.
domly arranged shown with blue color and sink node is
placed at (0, -100) shown with red and green circile.
he network lifetime is dependent on number of rounds. 7. References
More the number of rounds, longer is lifetime of net- 1. Estrin D, Govindan R, Heidemann J, Kumar S. Next
work. he Figure 3 below shows the lifetime of LEACH century challenges: Scalable Coordination in Wireless
and En-LEACH and by looking at Figure 3 it can be Networks. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE

4 Vol 9 (21) | June 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Muhammad Nasir Khan and Mohsin Jamil

Figure 3. Lifetime of LEACH vs En-LEACH.

Figure 4. hroughput of LEACH vs En-LEACH.

Vol 9 (21) | June 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
 Performance Improvement in Lifetime and Throughput of LEACH Protocol
International Conference on Mobile Computing and
Networking (MOBICOM); 1999. p. 263–70.
2. Jiang M, Li J, Tay YC. Cluster based routing protocol. inter-
net drat; 1999.
3. Arboleda LMC, Nasser N. Comparison of clustering
algorithms and protocols for wireless sensor networks.
Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer engi-
neering; 2006 May. p. 17–92.
4. Enrique JD-M, Liu M. Analysis of Energy Consumption
and Lifetime of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks.
Proc of IEEE Globecom; Taipei, Taiwan. 2002. p. 21–5.
5. Rui-Hua Z, Zhi-Ping J, Dong-Feng Y. Lifetime analysis
in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Jilin Daxue
Xuebao. 2008; 38(5):1136–40.
6. Smaragdakis G, Matta I, Bestavros A. SEP: A stable elec-
tion protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor
networks. Workshop on SANPA; 2004. p. 251–61.
7. Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H.
Energy-eicient communication protocols for wire-
less microsensor networks. In Proceedings of Hawaiian
International Conference on Systems Science; 2000 Jan.
8. Aslam M, Javaid N, Rahim A, Nazir U, Bibi A, Khan Z.A.
Survey of extended LEACH-based clustering routing
protocols for wireless sensor networks. 5th International
Symposium on Advances of High Performance Computing
and Networking (AHPCN-2012); Liverpool UK. 2012.
9. Xu J, Jin N, Lou X, Peng T, Zhou Q, Chen Y. Improvement
of LEACH protocol for WSN. 9th International Conference
on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD);
Sichuan. 2012 May 29-31. p. 2174–7.
6 Vol 9 (21) | June 2016 | www.indjst.org
View publication stats
10. Ma X, Yu X. Improvement on LEACH protocol of wire-
less sensor network. Proceedings of the 2nd International
Symposium on Computer, Communication, Control and
Automation (ISCCCA-13); 2013. 338–41.
11. Ahmed S, Sandhu MM, Amjad N, Haider A, Akbar M,
Ahmad A, Khan ZA, Qasim U, Javaid N. iMOD LEACH:
Improved MODiied LEACH protocol for wireless sensor
networks. Cosmats. 2013; 5(4):60–120.
12. Siddiqui H, Qureshi R, Aijaz S. Energy consumption and
network performance analysis of WSN using LEACH pro-
tocol. BUJICT Journal. 2015 Dec; 7(1): 19–26.
13. Barai LY, Gaikwad MA, Boke AK. A LEACH protocol for
wireless sensor network: A review. International Journal of
Computer Application. 2014; 7(1):28–31.
14. Fu C, Jiang Z, Wei W, Wei A. An energy balanced algorithm
of LEACH protocol in WSN. IJCS. 2013 Jan; 10(1):354–9.
15. Mumtaz M, Mumtaz A, Khan MN. Energy aware routing
using improved LEACH protocol. Universal Journal of
Communications and Network. 2015; 3(3):64–7.
16. Khan MN, Sheikh NM. Design and development of
onboard phase modem for S-band transponder. Journal
of New Horizons in Science and Technology. 2012 Mar;
1(1):06–11.
17. Mumtaz M, Mumtaz A, Khan MN. Energy aware rout-
ing using improved leach protocol. Universal Journal of
Communications and Network. 2015; 3(3):64–7.
18. Arvind R, Raj R, Raj R, Prakash N. Industrial automation
using wireless sensor networks.  Indian Journal of Science
and Technology. 2016; 9(8):1–8.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology