Water hammer method of characteristics example solved in VB and finite differences

Water hammer example solved by the method of characteristics.
1.- Input
Input data of example 13.9 [1]
Finite Differences solution
2a.- Finite Differences Table 4a.-
2b .- Finite Differences Graphic 4b.-

Graphic from results of F. D. solution
4c.-
Visual Basic solution
3a.- Flowsheet
Flow diagram of VB code
3b.- Code_VB
Visual Basic code
3c.- Output_VB_Head
Table with output of VB program
( graphic deleted)
3d.- Output_VB_Flow
Table with output of VB program
(graphic deleted)
29.05.2016
rev.28.03.2019
cteristics.
Streeter example Annexes
Streeter output C Method of characteristics
Streeter code D Interior points
Streeter Chapter 13.5 E Initial conditions
F Reservoir boundary conditions
G Valve boundary conditions
H Valve openings
I.- Celerity
Comments
References
Notes:
To see hidden sheets:
Right click on any label
Click on Unhide…
Select a sheet
click OK
To hide a sheet:
Right click on the sheet label
Click on hide
To go to VB environment:
On main menu, click on Developer
In Controls group, click on View Code
www.piping-tools.net
Water hammer. Method of characteristics. Example solved using Visual Basic and Finite Differences.xlsm
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
Basic water hammer program
Example 13.9 from [1]
1.- Reservoir height Hres = 100 m

2.- Pipe length L= 4800 m
3.- Pipe internal diameter D= 2 m
4.- Friction factor f= 0.022 -
5.- Celerity a= 1200 m/s
6.- Number of sections N= 4 -
7.- Time interval of CVA value DCV = 5 s
8.- Maximum elapsed time Tmax = 50 s
'Matrix CVA. Product of discharge coefficient and opening area

9.- CVA(1) = 0.06 m²
10.- CVA(2) = 0.03 m²
11.- CVA(3) = 0.01 m²
12.- CVA(4) = 0.003 m²
13.- CVA(5) = 0.001 m²
14.- CVA(6) = 0.0005 m²
15.- CVA(7) = 0.0002 m²
16.- CVA(8) = 0 m²
17.- CVA(9) = 0 m²
18.- CVA(10) = 0 m²
19.- CVA(11) = 0 m²
Return to Index
After data input, press the

button to activate the calculation
routine.
Notes
- Do not insert neither rows nor columns before the input data
ranges (in yellow), since these cells are read from the VB code.
(Before means to the left, or above)
Original Streeter values - The number of sections "N" is a variable input valid only for the VB pr
of the CVA matrix The finite diferences calcualtion has a number of sections defined by th
CVoriginals number of columns used. Thus, to change the number of sections the ta
0.06 to be modified and columns needs to be added or deleted.
0.03
0.01 - To simulate an increased valve closing velocity, the initial opening
0.003 is mantained with the value
0.001 and the rest of the matrix elements are modified as
0.0005 CVA(I) = CVAoriginal(I) / Divider
0.0002 In this example, the divider value has been set to

0 Divider = 1
0 For a Divider of around 100, Joukovsky result is approximately obtained
0 sheet I.- Celerity
0
g= 9.81
29.05.2016
r data input, press the

on to activate the calculation
nor columns before the input data

se cells are read from the VB code.
N" is a variable input valid only for the VB program.

tion has a number of sections defined by the
hus, to change the number of sections the table has

needs to be added or deleted.
valve closing velocity, the initial opening

CVA(1) = 0.06
ements are modified as
value has been set to
Joukovsky result is approximately obtained. See
m/s²
Example 13.9 [1], solved by finite differences
Input data
Reservoir water level elevation Hres = 100 m
Pipe length L= 4800 m
Pipe diameter d= 2 m
Pipe friction factor f= 0.022 -
Velocity of sound wave A= 1200 m/s
Number of sections N= 4 (Note 1)
Time interval of CVA values DCV = 5 s
Maximum elapsed time Tmax = 50 s
"CVA matrix"
CVA(1) = 0.06 m²
CVA(2) = 0.03 m²
CVA(3) = 0.01 m²
CVA(4) = 0.003 m²
CVA(5) = 0.001 m²
CVA(6) = 0.0005 m²
CVA(7) = 0.0002 m²
CVA(8) = 0 m²
CVA(9) = 0 m²
CVA(10) = 0 m²
CVA(11) = 0 m²
Reservoir boundary conditions

Equations
For deduction of equations, see Annexes C to H Piezometric heigth at the reservoir
Hp,1 = Hres
Initial conditions Hp,1: Piezometric height at the reservoir,at th
Hp,1 =
Initial flow rate, at any segment (E-15)
Q0 = Sqr(Hres / (f *L/(2*g*d*Ap^2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2))) Flow rate at the reservoir (F-4
Q0 = 2.63 mⁿ/s Qp,1 = (Hp,1 - H2 + B * Q2 - _R*Abs(Q2) * Q2)
Where
Initial valve piezometric height (E-9) Qp,1: Flow rate at the reservoir, at the time "
Hv_0 = (Q0 / CV) ^ 2 / (2 * g) Hp,1: Piezometric height at the reservoir,at th
Hv_0 = 98.1105 m In this example, this height is a constant va
H2: Piezometric height at section 2, at the p
Variable R (E-21) Q2: Flow ratet at section 2, at the previous
_R = (Hres - Hv_0) / (Q0 ^ 2 * N) (Note 2)
_R = 0.068 Eq. (C) This equation is obtained when using the ap
Note 2 P
This _R value is valid only for the number of ∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9 )
A
segments "N" defined in the input of the finite When using the approximation
P
difference table.
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10 )
A
Initial piezometric height at Node "I" (E-19) the flow rate equation becomes
H(I)0 = Hres - (I - 1) * _R * Q0 ^ 2 H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = (F-4 )b
B +R⋅|Q 2|
Equations (F-4) and (F-4)b have different expressions and when evaluated
Nevertheless, the use of one or the other expression does not have an im
√
Initial conditions (T = 0) Q0=
L
H res m3
s
( E−15)
Valid for I = 1 to NS f⋅( )+

D 1
Q(I) = Q0 2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 2
2
Q0 = (Hres / (f *L/(2*g*D*Ap^2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2)))^0.5 H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q 0 ( E-19)
(E-15)
H(I)0 = Hres - (I - 1) * _R * Q0 ^ 2 (E-19)
Reservoir boundary conditions H P,1= H res (at any time t ) (E-20)

∀T Hp,1 = Hres (E-20)
Qp,1 = (Hp,1 - H2 + B * Q2) / ( B + _R*Abs(Q2) ) (F-4)b
H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q 2
This QP,1 equation makes use of the approximate equation (C-10), Q P ,1 = (F-4 )b
B +R⋅|Q 2|
as this approximation was used in [1]
P
∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10)

A
Valve boundary conditions C P =H N + B⋅QN (G−5 )

CP = HN + B * QN (G-5)
BP = B + _R * Abs(QN) (G-6)
B P =B+ R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )
QP,NS = -g * BP * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((g * BP * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 +..

..+ 2 * g * CV ^ 2 * CP) (G-4) √
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P + ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅C
2
HP,NS = CP - BP * QP,NS (G-3) HP,NS=C P −B P⋅Q P, NS
In compact form
√
QP , NS =−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+R⋅|QN|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV
H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P,NS

QP(NS) = -g * (B + _R * Abs(Q(N)) ) * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((g * (B +.. √
QP , NS =−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+R⋅|QN|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV
..+ _R * Abs(Q(N)) ) * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * g * CV ^ 2 * (H(N) + B * Q(N))) (G-7)

H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P,NS
HP(NS) = H(N) + B * Q(N) - (B + _R * Abs(Q(N)) ) (G-8)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Finite differences table

Initial conditions. For H(I)0: (E-19) and for
Elapsed Parameter for CV = Height H Reservoir Interior points:
time of interpolation Cd*A and B. C.
valve closure of CV (Interpolation) flow Q H(I): Eq. (3)
T Eq. (D) Eq. (E) QP(I): Eq. (4)
[s] K CV I= 1 I= 2
0 0.00 1 0.06 H(I)0 100 99.5276
Q(I)0 2.63 2.63
1 1.00 1 0.054 H(I) 100 99.53
Q(I) 2.63 2.63
2 2.00 1 0.048 H(I) 100 99.53
Q(I) 2.63 2.63
3 3.00 1 0.042 H(I) 100 99.53
Q(I) 2.63 2.63
4 4.00 1 0.036 H(I) 100 106.47
Q(I) 2.63 2.45
5 5.00 2 0.030 H(I) 100 114.00
Q(I) 2.28 2.26
6 6.00 2 0.026 H(I) 100 115.33
Q(I) 1.90 1.88
7 7.00 2 0.022 H(I) 100 116.75
Q(I) 1.48 1.46
8 8.00 2 0.018 H(I) 100 118.29
Q(I) 1.03 1.01
9 9.00 2 0.014 H(I) 100 116.37
Q(I) 0.54 0.61
10 10.00 3 0.010 H(I) 100 114.07
Q(I) 0.19 0.18
11 11.00 3 0.009 H(I) 100 114.90
Q(I) -0.19 -0.20
12 12.00 3 0.007 H(I) 100 110.11
Q(I) -0.58 -0.45
13 13.00 3 0.006 H(I) 100 104.18
Q(I) -0.70 -0.69
14 14.00 3 0.004 H(I) 100 97.46
Q(I) -0.79 -0.64
15 15.00 4 0.003 H(I) 100 90.62
Q(I) -0.57 -0.55
16 16.00 4 0.003 H(I) 100 88.78
Q(I) -0.31 -0.28
17 17.00 4 0.002 H(I) 100 90.01
Q(I) 0.00 -0.05
18 18.00 4 0.002 H(I) 100 91.60
Q(I) 0.20 0.22
19 19.00 4 0.001 H(I) 100 88.86
Q(I) 0.43 0.49
20 20.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 91.60
Q(I) 0.77 0.65
21 21.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 97.14
Q(I) 0.86 0.85
22 22.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 103.58
Q(I) 0.92 0.77
23 23.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 110.26
Q(I) 0.68 0.65
24 24.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100 111.73
Q(I) 0.39 0.38
25 25.00 6 0.001 H(I) 100 110.13
Q(I) 0.08 0.13
26 26.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100 108.61
Q(I) -0.13 -0.15
27 27.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100 111.34
Q(I) -0.37 -0.42
28 28.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100 108.66
Q(I) -0.71 -0.59
29 29.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100 103.13
Q(I) -0.81 -0.79
30 30.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 96.69
Q(I) -0.87 -0.72
31 31.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 90.08
Q(I) -0.64 -0.61
32 32.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 88.59
Q(I) -0.36 -0.34
33 33.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 90.16
Q(I) -0.05 -0.11
34 34.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100 91.61
Q(I) 0.15 0.16
35 35.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 88.87
Q(I) 0.38 0.43
36 36.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 91.52
Q(I) 0.72 0.60
37 37.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 97.01
Q(I) 0.81 0.79
38 38.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 103.41
Q(I) 0.87 0.72
39 39.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100 109.93
Q(I) 0.64 0.61
40 40.00 9 0.000 H(I) 100 111.37
Q(I) 0.36 0.34
Note 1
The here presented solution, (method of finite differences) requires that the
table must have a number of columns according to the selected number of
sections "N". For this reason, if the number of sections "N" has to be changed,
it would also be required a modification of the number of columns of the table.
Thus, although de number of sections is an input variable, it is not enough to
change only the value of "N". The table should also be modified
Return to Index
Help variables
Area of pipe section Valve opening
Ap = (Pi() / 4) * d ^ 2 The product of the valve opening Av and the d
Ap = 3.14159 m² Cd is CV = Cd * Av
The CV-values at the time interval DCV = 5 (s
B= A / (g * Ap) CVA-values and are given in the "CVA matrix
B= 38.950 s/m² The initial VCA-value, CVA(1) corresponds to
next CVA-value is CVA(2), and corresponds t
Index for the valve position other CV-values are given at time intervals of
NS = N+1 Annex H presents the method for the interpol
NS = 5 CV-values at time intervals of one second.
K value
Length of a section Integer value required for the determination o
DX = L/N K= Int(t / DCV) + 1
DX = 1200 m CV-value.
Linear interpolation for a time "t"
Time required for the wave to CV = Index(CVA,K,1) + ( t-(K-1)*DCV )*( Index(CVA,K+1,1)-Inde
travel through a section
DT = L / (A * N) Initial CV value: CV0
DT = 1.0 s Let CV0 = CV(1)
CV(1) = 0.06
CV0 = 0.06
servoir boundary conditions Valve boundary conditions
zometric heigth at the reservoir Flow rate at the valve

(at any time) (E-20)
Piezometric height at the reservoir,at the time "t"
100 m
√
Q P ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P + ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅
2
C P =H N +B⋅Q N (G−5 )
w rate at the reservoir (F-4) B P =B+R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )
= (Hp,1 - H2 + B * Q2 - _R*Abs(Q2) * Q2) / B
CV =( C d⋅A v ) : product of area of valve opening
Flow rate at the reservoir, at the time "t" and discharge coefficient
and discharge coefficient
Piezometric height at the reservoir,at the time "t"
is example, this height is a constant value, equal to H res Piezometric height at the valve
Piezometric height at section 2, at the previous time "t-Dt"
Flow ratet at section 2, at the previous time "t-Dt" H P,NS=( C P −B P⋅Q P , NS ) ( G −3)
equation is obtained when using the approximation Compact form of boundary conditions for the valve
|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9 )

√ 2
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+ R⋅|Q N|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|Q N|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N
en using the approximation
H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS (G−8 )
⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10 )
low rate equation becomes

H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q 2
1= (F-4 )b
B +R⋅|Q 2|
b have different expressions and when evaluated, give also different values.
one or the other expression does not have an impact on the results.
√ L
H res m3
s
( E−15) Interior points
f⋅( )+
D 1 I = 2 to I = N
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 2 CP = HI-1 + B * QI-1
2
I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q0 ( E-19) BP = B + R * Abs(QI-1)
CM = HI+1 - B * QI+1
BM = B + R * Abs(QI+1)
QP,I = (CP - CM) / (BP + BM)
HP,I = CP - BP * QP,I
,1= H res (at any time t ) (E-20 )
H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2 In compact form

1= (F-4 )b QP,I = ( HI-1 + B*QI-1 - HI+1 + B*QI+1 ) / ( B + R
B +R⋅|Q 2|
HP,I = HI-1 + B*QI-1 - ( B + R*abs( QI-1 ) ) * QP,
In reference [1],
=H N + B⋅QN (G−5 )
(D-1) -> [1], (13.6.11) a
=B+ R⋅|Q N| (G−6 ) (D-2) -> [1], (13.6.11) b
(D-3) -> [1], (13.6.13) ForC+
(D-4) -> [1], (13.6.12) a
NS)=−g⋅CV
2
√
⋅B P+ ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅C P
2
(G-4 ) (D-5) -> [1], (13.6.12) b
NS=C P −B P⋅Q P, NS (G-3 ) (D-6) -> [1], (13.6.14) ForC-
(D-7) -> [1], (13.6.15) a (Note 5)
(D-8) -> [1], (13.6.15) b (Note 5)
NS =−g⋅CV
2
√ 2
⋅( B+R⋅|QN|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N +B⋅QN )
(G-7 )
NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|Q N|)⋅Q P,NS (G−8 )
NS =−g⋅CV
2
√ 2
⋅( B+R⋅|QN|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N +B⋅QN )
(G-7 )
NS= ( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P,NS (G−8 )
Note (5). No equation number in [1]
7 8 9
table Table of Streeter res

ditions. For H(I)0: (E-19) and for Q0 (E-15)
erior points: Eqs. (D-1) to (D-8) Valve
B. C.
H(NS): Eq. (8) Elapsed time CV
QP(NS): Eq.(7) (s) 1
I= 3 I=N = 4 I=NS = 5
99.0552 98.5829 98.1105

2.632 2.63 2.63
99.06 98.58 105.14
2.63 2.63 2.45
99.06 105.59 112.77
2.63 2.45 2.26
106.03 113.18 121.07
2.45 2.26 2.05
113.59 121.45 130.06
2.26 2.05 1.82
121.83 130.41 139.84
2.05 1.82 1.57
130.76 140.16 146.84
1.82 1.58 1.40
133.63 147.14 154.25
1.40 1.40 1.21
133.13 147.70 162.03
1.04 1.04 1.01
132.36 148.02 157.80
0.64 0.65 0.78
131.27 142.47 152.18
0.22 0.38 0.55
124.19 135.44 139.90
-0.08 0.12 0.45
119.07 121.62 126.02
-0.30 -0.02 0.36
107.56 109.66 110.38
-0.38 -0.06 0.27
94.78 96.32 99.66
-0.44 -0.09 0.19
86.23 84.79 87.91
-0.35 -0.19 0.12
80.63 77.83 73.65
-0.29 -0.13 0.10
80.38 69.50 69.43
-0.07 -0.01 0.08
78.88 71.99 66.66
0.23 0.15 0.07
83.20 76.03 75.60
0.43 0.31 0.05
86.02 86.81 86.34
0.56 0.34 0.04
95.20 96.32 98.58
0.56 0.30 0.04
107.42 106.96 106.46
0.58 0.25 0.04
115.32 117.56 115.58
0.47 0.32 0.03
120.39 123.94 128.90
0.39 0.25 0.03
120.34 131.72 132.60
0.16 0.10 0.03
121.46 129.00 134.84
-0.16 -0.07 0.02
117.27 124.58 125.66
-0.37 -0.24 0.02
114.46 113.94 114.61
-0.50 -0.28 0.02
105.34 104.50 102.50
-0.50 -0.24 0.01
93.19 93.90 94.64
-0.53 -0.21 0.01
85.27 83.34 85.51
-0.43 -0.28 0.01
80.24 76.88 72.20
-0.36 -0.21 0.00
80.20 69.10 68.40
-0.13 -0.08 0.00
79.03 71.72 66.12
0.18 0.09 0.00
83.13 76.04 75.15
0.38 0.26 0.00
85.88 86.56 86.02
0.51 0.29 0.00
94.94 95.85 97.96
0.51 0.25 0.00
106.96 106.33 105.68
0.54 0.21 0.00
114.79 116.77 114.70
0.43 0.28 0.00
119.74 123.15 127.87
0.36 0.22 0.00
29.05.2016
Page 1 of 4
valve opening Av and the discharge coefficient
he time interval DCV = 5 (s) are designated as

e given in the "CVA matrix"
ue, CVA(1) corresponds to the time t = 0. The
CVA(2), and corresponds to the time t = 5. The
e given at time intervals of DCV (s).
the method for the interpolation of the
ntervals of one second.
red for the determination of the opening

(H-1)
ation for a time "t" (H-2)

K-1)*DCV )*( Index(CVA,K+1,1)-Index(CVA,K,1) ) / DCV
m²
m²
Page 2 of 4
e boundary conditions
2
B P⋅CV 2 ) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4 )
valve opening
valve opening
( G−3)
onditions for the valve

2
R⋅|Q N|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N + B⋅Q N )
(G-7 )
(G−8 )
3 of 4
(D-1)
(D-2)
(D-4)
(D-5)
(D-7)
(D-8)
HI+1 + B*QI+1 ) / ( B + R* abs(QI-1) + B + R*abs(QI+1) )

(D-9)
B + R*abs( QI-1 ) ) * QP,I (D-10)
E(15) --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 2700

E(19) --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 2900
(E-20) -> Note 5
F(4)b --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 4700
(G-3) -> [1], (13,7.3)

(G-4) -> [1], (13,7.2)
(G-5) -> Eq. (D-1) evaluaterd at (I-1)=N
(G-7) -> Note 5
(G-8) -> Note 5
Table of Streeter results

Page 4 of 4
Nodes
2 3 4 5
Hres = 100 m AR = (Pi() / 4) * D ^ 2
L= 4800 m AR = 3.14159
D= Water hammer.
2 Pressure
m vs time,
B= with ratio
A / (g * AR) x/L as parameter
180.00 f= 0.022 From- finite differences
B= table
38.950
A= 1200 m/s NS = N+1
N= 4 - N= 5
DCV = 5 s DX = L/N
Pressure [m.w.c.]
Tmax = 50 s DX = 1200
160.00
DT = L / (A * N)
CVA(1) = 0.06
Valve m² DT = 1
CVA(2) = 0.03 m² HP(1) = Hres
CVA(3) = 0.01 m² HP(1) = 100
140.00 CVA(4) = 0.003 m² CV = CVA(1)
CVA(5) = 0.001 m² CV = 0.06
CVA(6) = 0.0005 m² Q0 = / (f * L / (2 * g * D * AR ^ 2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2))) 'Eq (A) .
Sqr(Hres
CVA(7) = 0.0002 m² Q0 = 2.63199

120.00
CVA(8) = 0 m² H0 = (Q0 / CV) ^ 2 / (2 * g) 'Eq (B)
CVA(9) = 0 m² H0 = 98.11
CVA(10) = 0 m² _R = (Hres - H0) / (Q0 ^ 2 * N)
CVA(11) = 0 m² _R = 0.068190
Time t
Reservoir K= Entero(T / DCV) + 1
100.00 CV =25 INDICE(CVA,K,1)
0 5 10 15 20 30 35 40
CV =INDICE(CVA,K,1) + (T - (K - 1) * DCV) * (INDICE(CVA,K+1,1) -
80.00 Reservoir
x/L = 0. Res ervoi r x/L = 0.25 x/L = 0.5 x/Lboundary
= 0.75 x/L = 1. Val ve
conditions
Eq.(3) & /4)
T K CV 1
60.00
0 0.00 1 0.06 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.63
1 1.00 1 0.054 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.63
2 2.00 1 0.048 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.6320
3 3.00 1 0.042 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.63199
4 4.00 1 0.036 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.63199
5 5.00 2 0.030 H(I) 100
Q(I) 2.27875
6 6.00 2 0.026 H(I) 100
Q(I) 1.89528
7 7.00 2 0.022 H(I) 100
Q(I) 1.47969
8 8.00 2 0.018 H(I) 100
Q(I) 1.02816
9 9.00 2 0.014 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.53759
10 10.00 3 0.010 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.18690
11 11.00 3 0.009 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.18515
12 12.00 3 0.007 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.57837
13 13.00 3 0.006 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.70434
14 14.00 3 0.004 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.79173
15 15.00 4 0.003 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.57299
16 16.00 4 0.003 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.30987
17 17.00 4 0.002 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.00273
18 18.00 4 0.002 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.20241
19 19.00 4 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.43386
20 20.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.77394
21 21.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.86395
22 22.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.91837
23 23.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.67847
24 24.00 5 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.39086
25 25.00 6 0.001 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.07628
26 26.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.12862
27 27.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.36574
28 28.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.71056
29 29.00 6 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.80966
30 30.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.86941
31 31.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.63850
32 32.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.35933
33 33.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) -0.05279
34 34.00 7 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.14541
35 35.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.37768
36 36.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.71691
37 37.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.81249
38 38.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.86878
39 39.00 8 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.63634
40 40.00 9 0.000 H(I) 100
Q(I) 0.35818
Return to Index
/ 4) * D ^ 2 Initial conditions (T = 0)
For I = 1 To NS Water hammer. Flow rate vs time, w
tio x/L as parameterQ(I) = Q0 Eq.1) From finite differen
able Q(I) = Round(Q(I),
3.00
3)
H(I) = Hres - (I - 1) * _R * Q0 ^ 2 ... 'Eq. Eq. (2)
H(I) = Round(H(I), 3)
Next I 2.50

∀T H(1)
2.00 = Hres Eq. (3)
Flow rate Q [m³/s]
QP(1) = (HP(1) - H(2) + B * Q(2)) / (B + _R * Abs(Q(2))) Eq.(4)
Valve boundary conditions

1.50
CP = H(N) + B * Q(N) Eq. (5) 'Eq(13.6.11a) for (I - 1) = N
^ 2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2))) 'Eq (A) . BP = B + _R * Abs(Q(N)) Eq.(6)

QP(NS) = -g1.00
* BP * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((g * BP * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * g * CV ^ 2 * CP)
2 / (2 * g) 'Eq (B) Eq. 7)
HP(NS) = CP - BP * QP(NS) Eq. (8)
- H0) / (Q0 ^ 2 * N) 0.50 Valve
Valve
Time t [s]
Eq.(m)
30 35 40 45 0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25
Eq.(n)
-0.50 Valve's CP and BP values

Initial conditions Interior points Valve Eqs (5) & (6)
Reservoir
0.75 Eqs.
x/L = (1) &ve(2)
1. Val Eqs. (13.6 to 16) boundary CP =
-1.00 conditions
x/L = 0. Res ervoi r x/L = 0.25 BP x/L
= = 0.5 x/L = 0.75
Eqs. (7) & (8) Eq. (5)
2 3 N= 4 NS = 5 CP
99.5276 99.0552 -1.50
98.5829 98.1105 201.0996
2.63 2.632 2.63 2.63
99.53 99.06 98.58 105.1443 201.0996
2.63 2.63 2.63 2.4522
99.53 99.06 105.59 112.77 201.1318
2.63 2.63 2.45 2.26
99.53 106.03 113.18 121.05 201.1666
2.63 2.45 2.26 2.05
106.47 113.59 121.44 130.03 201.2611
2.45 2.26 2.05 1.82
114.00 121.82 130.40 139.79 201.3579
2.26 2.05 1.82 1.57
115.32 130.75 140.14 146.77 201.5124
1.88 1.82 1.58 1.39
116.74 133.61 147.11 154.20 201.6550
1.46 1.40 1.40 1.21
118.28 133.10 147.67 162.00 188.1870
1.01 1.04 1.04 1.01
116.36 132.35 148.01 157.77 173.4831
0.61 0.65 0.65 0.78
114.07 131.27 142.47 152.17 157.4713
0.18 0.22 0.39 0.55
114.91 124.20 135.44 139.91 139.9935
-0.20 -0.08 0.12 0.45
110.12 119.09 121.65 126.05 120.9340
-0.44 -0.30 -0.02 0.36
104.19 107.58 109.69 110.42 107.2877
-0.69 -0.38 -0.06 0.27
97.47 94.81 96.36 99.70 92.8077
-0.64 -0.44 -0.09 0.19
90.64 86.26 84.82 87.95 77.5257
-0.55 -0.35 -0.19 0.12
88.79 80.66 77.85 73.67 72.6147
-0.28 -0.29 -0.13 0.10
90.02 80.39 69.51 69.45 69.2027
-0.05 -0.07 -0.01 0.08
91.60 78.88 71.99 66.67 77.6937
0.22 0.23 0.15 0.07
88.85 83.20 76.03 75.59 87.9258
0.49 0.43 0.31 0.05
91.60 86.00 86.79 86.32 100.0897
0.65 0.56 0.34 0.04
97.14 95.18 96.28 98.55 107.8469
0.85 0.56 0.30 0.04
103.57 107.40 106.93 106.42 116.8453
0.77 0.58 0.25 0.04
110.24 115.30 117.53 115.55 130.0541
0.65 0.47 0.32 0.03
111.72 120.36 123.91 128.88 133.5730
0.38 0.39 0.25 0.03
110.12 120.33 131.71 132.58 135.7093
0.13 0.16 0.10 0.03
108.61 121.46 129.00 134.83 126.4058
-0.14 -0.16 -0.07 0.02
111.35 117.28 124.59 125.67 115.2247
-0.42 -0.37 -0.24 0.02
108.67 114.47 113.96 114.63 102.9824
-0.59 -0.50 -0.28 0.02
103.14 105.36 104.53 102.53 95.0167
-0.79 -0.50 -0.24 0.01
96.70 93.21 93.94 94.68 85.7965
-0.72 -0.53 -0.21 0.01
90.09 85.30 83.37 85.54 72.4009
-0.61 -0.43 -0.28 0.01
88.60 80.26 76.91 72.22 68.5309
-0.35 -0.36 -0.22 0.00
90.17 80.22 69.12 68.42 66.1896
-0.11 -0.13 -0.08 0.00
91.61 79.03 71.73 66.13 75.1477
0.16 0.18 0.09 0.00
88.86 83.12 76.04 75.15 86.0022
0.43 0.38 0.26 0.00
91.51 85.87 86.54 86.00 97.9314
0.60 0.51 0.29 0.00
97.00 94.92 95.82 97.93 105.6359
0.79 0.51 0.25 0.00
103.39 106.93 106.30 105.64 114.6675
0.72 0.54 0.21 0.00
109.92 114.76 116.74 114.67 127.8457
0.61 0.43 0.29 0.00
111.36 119.72 123.12 127.85 131.5789
0.34 0.36 0.22 0.00
mmer. Flow rate vs time, with ratio x/L as parameter
From finite differences table
20 25 30 35 40 Time t [s] 45
e's CP and BP values

rvoir
H(N) + B * Q(N) Piezometric heigts H [m]
x/L = 0.5 B + _Rx/L
* Abs(Q(N))
= 0.75 x/L = 1. Val ve x/L=0.
x/L = 0. Res ervoi r Reservoir x/L=0.25 x/L = 0.5
Eq. (6) Nodes
BP T 1 2 3
39.13 0 100 99.53 99.06
1 100 99.53 99.06
39.1298 2 100 99.53 99.06
3 100 99.53 106.03
39.1298 4 100 106.47 113.59
5 100 114.00 121.82
39.1298 6 100 115.32 130.75
7 100 116.74 133.61
39.1298 8 100 118.28 133.10
9 100 116.36 132.35
39.1298 10 100 114.07 131.27
11 100 114.91 124.20
39.1057 12 100 110.12 119.09
13 100 104.19 107.58
39.0795 14 100 97.47 94.81
15 100 90.64 86.26
39.0512 16 100 88.79 80.66
17 100 90.02 80.39
39.0204 18 100 91.60 78.88
19 100 88.85 83.20
38.9869 20 100 91.60 86.00
21 100 97.14 95.18
38.9630 22 100 103.57 107.40
23 100 110.24 115.30
38.9629 24 100 111.72 120.36
25 100 110.12 120.33
38.9897 26 100 108.61 121.46
27 100 111.35 117.28
38.9983 28 100 108.67 114.47
29 100 103.14 105.36
39.0043 30 100 96.70 93.21
31 100 90.09 85.30
38.9894 32 100 88.60 80.26
33 100 90.17 80.22
38.9714 34 100 91.61 79.03
35 100 88.86 83.12
38.9505 36 100 91.51 85.87
37 100 97.00 94.92
38.9641 38 100 103.39 106.93
39 100 109.92 114.76
38.9799 40 100 111.36 119.72
39.0031
39.0092
39.0129
38.9966
38.9769
38.9555
38.9591
38.9752
38.9987
39.0055
39.0096
38.9938
38.9748
38.9539
38.9602
38.9760
38.9992
39.0057
39.0095
38.9937
29.05.2016
ic heigts H [m] Flow rates Q [m³/s]

x/l = 0.75 x/l = 1. Valve x/L=0. Reservoir 4
Nodes Nodes
4 5 T 1 2
98.58 98.11 0 2.63 2.63
98.58 105.14 1 2.63 2.63
105.59 112.77 2 2.63 2.63
113.18 121.05 3 2.63 2.63
121.44 130.03 4 2.63 2.45
130.40 139.79 5 2.28 2.26
140.14 146.77 6 1.90 1.88
147.11 154.20 7 1.48 1.46
147.67 162.00 8 1.03 1.01
148.01 157.77 9 0.54 0.61
142.47 152.17 10 0.19 0.18
135.44 139.91 11 -0.19 -0.20
121.65 126.05 12 -0.58 -0.44
109.69 110.42 13 -0.70 -0.69
96.36 99.70 14 -0.79 -0.64
84.82 87.95 15 -0.57 -0.55
77.85 73.67 16 -0.31 -0.28
69.51 69.45 17 0.00 -0.05
71.99 66.67 18 0.20 0.22
76.03 75.59 19 0.43 0.49
86.79 86.32 20 0.77 0.65
96.28 98.55 21 0.86 0.85
106.93 106.42 22 0.92 0.77
117.53 115.55 23 0.68 0.65
123.91 128.88 24 0.39 0.38
131.71 132.58 25 0.08 0.13
129.00 134.83 26 -0.13 -0.14
124.59 125.67 27 -0.37 -0.42
113.96 114.63 28 -0.71 -0.59
104.53 102.53 29 -0.81 -0.79
93.94 94.68 30 -0.87 -0.72
83.37 85.54 31 -0.64 -0.61
76.91 72.22 32 -0.36 -0.35
69.12 68.42 33 -0.05 -0.11
71.73 66.13 34 0.15 0.16
76.04 75.15 35 0.38 0.43
86.54 86.00 36 0.72 0.60
95.82 97.93 37 0.81 0.79
106.30 105.64 38 0.87 0.72
116.74 114.67 39 0.64 0.61
123.12 127.85 40 0.36 0.34
Flow rates Q [m³/s]
3 2 x/l = 1. Valve
Nodes
3 4 5
2.63 2.63 2.63
2.63 2.63 2.45
2.63 2.45 2.26
2.45 2.26 2.05
2.26 2.05 1.82
2.05 1.82 1.57
1.82 1.58 1.39
1.40 1.40 1.21
1.04 1.04 1.01
0.65 0.65 0.78
0.22 0.39 0.55
-0.08 0.12 0.45
-0.30 -0.02 0.36
-0.38 -0.06 0.27
-0.44 -0.09 0.19
-0.35 -0.19 0.12
-0.29 -0.13 0.10
-0.07 -0.01 0.08
0.23 0.15 0.07
0.43 0.31 0.05
0.56 0.34 0.04
0.56 0.30 0.04
0.58 0.25 0.04
0.47 0.32 0.03
0.39 0.25 0.03
0.16 0.10 0.03
-0.16 -0.07 0.02
-0.37 -0.24 0.02
-0.50 -0.28 0.02
-0.50 -0.24 0.01
-0.53 -0.21 0.01
-0.43 -0.28 0.01
-0.36 -0.22 0.00
-0.13 -0.08 0.00
0.18 0.09 0.00
0.38 0.26 0.00
0.51 0.29 0.00
0.51 0.25 0.00
0.54 0.21 0.00
0.43 0.29 0.00
0.36 0.22 0.00
Flowsheet from Visual Basic program
Sub Water_hammer()
Dimensioning of variables
Constants definition
1700:
'Variable definitions with values from "Input" sheet
2600:
Help variables
AR = (Pi / 4) * D ^ 2
B = A / (g * AR)
NS = N + 1
DT = L / (A * N)
2700:
Initial values
CV = CVA(1)
HP(1) = Hres
Q0 = Sqr(Hres / (f * L / (2 * g * D * AR ^ 2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2)))
T=0
Hvalve_0 = Q0 ^ 2 / (2 * g * CV0 ^ 2)
R = (Hres - Hvalve_0) / (Q0 ^ 2 * N)
2900:
For I = 1 To NS
Q(I) = Q0
H(I) = Hres - (I - 1) * R * Q0 ^ 2
Next I
Titles
3500:
Write down of data
3900:
Start of new iteration
T = T + DT
K = Int(T / DCV) + 1 'K value for interpolation of CV Integer.
If T > Tmax Then 'Program stops

Return to index
4100:
CV = CVA(K) + (T - (K - 1) * DCV) * (CVA(K + 1) - CVA(K)) / DCV
4200:
Boundary condition at the valve
nput" sheet CP = H(N) + B * Q(N)
BP = B + R * Abs(Q(N))
QP(NS) = -g * BP * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((g * BP * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * g * CV
HP(NS) = CP - BP * QP(NS)
Eq. (13.6.8a) 4600:
Eq. (13.6.2) Boundary condition at the reservoi
HP(1) = Hres
QP(1) = (HP(1) - H(2) + B * Q(2)) / (B + R * Abs(Q(2)))
4800:
Interior sections
Eq. (E-20) For I = 2 To N
Eq. (E-15) CP = H(I - 1) + B * Q(I - 1)
BP = B + R * Abs(Q(I - 1))
Eq. (E-13) CM = H(I + 1) - B * Q(I + 1)
Eq. (E-21)= Eq. (E-16)a BM = B + R * Abs(Q(I + 1))
QP(I) = (CP - CM) / (BP + BM)
HP(I) = CP - BP * QP(I)
Next I
Eq (E-19) 5200:
Calculated values are reassigned
For I = 1 To NS
H(I) = HP(I)
Q(I) = QP(I)
Next I
Row = Row + 2 Note: Variables H(I) and Q(I) are from

Eq. (H-1) GoTo 3500 Variables HP(I) and QP(I) are actual v
At the end of the step (5200) , the ca
END End Sub to form the new set of previous time
29.05.2016
A(K + 1) - CVA(K)) / DCV Eq. (H-2)
ndition at the valve

Eq. (5) and also Eq. (13.6.11a) for (I - 1) = N
Eq. (6) and also Eq. (13.6.11b) for (I - 1) = N
P * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * g * CV ^ 2 * CP)Eq. (G-7) and also (13.7.3)
Eq. (G-8) and also (13.6.13a)
ndition at the reservoir

Eq. (E-20)
/ (B + R * Abs(Q(2))) Eq.(F-4)b
Eq. (13.6.11a)
Eq. (13.6.11b)
Eq. (13.6.12a)
Eq. (13.6.12a)
Eq. 13.6.15)
Eq. (13.6.16)
alues are reassigned
Variables H(I) and Q(I) are from previous time.

les HP(I) and QP(I) are actual values.
end of the step (5200) , the calculated values are assigned
m the new set of previous time values.
Table with results of H from VBA program (Nodes 1 to 5)
Piezometric heads H, of nodes, along the tube
1 2 3 4
t 0.0 1200.0 2400.0 3600.0
0.0 100.0 99.5 99.1 98.6
1.0 100.0 99.5 99.1 98.6
2.0 100.0 99.5 99.1 105.6
3.0 100.0 99.5 106.0 113.2
4.0 100.0 106.5 113.6 121.5
5.0 100.0 114.0 121.8 130.4
6.0 100.0 115.3 130.8 140.2
7.0 100.0 116.8 133.6 147.1
8.0 100.0 118.3 133.1 147.7
9.0 100.0 116.4 132.4 148.0
10.0 100.0 114.1 131.3 142.5
11.0 100.0 114.9 124.2 135.4
12.0 100.0 110.1 119.1 121.6
13.0 100.0 104.2 107.6 109.7
14.0 100.0 97.5 94.8 96.3
15.0 100.0 90.6 86.2 84.8
16.0 100.0 88.8 80.6 77.8
17.0 100.0 90.0 80.4 69.5
18.0 100.0 91.6 78.9 72.0
19.0 100.0 88.9 83.2 76.0
20.0 100.0 91.6 86.0 86.8
21.0 100.0 97.1 95.2 96.3
22.0 100.0 103.6 107.4 107.0
23.0 100.0 110.3 115.3 117.6
24.0 100.0 111.7 120.4 123.9
25.0 100.0 110.1 120.3 131.7
26.0 100.0 108.6 121.5 129.0
27.0 100.0 111.3 117.3 124.6
28.0 100.0 108.7 114.5 113.9
29.0 100.0 103.1 105.3 104.5
30.0 100.0 96.7 93.2 93.9
31.0 100.0 90.1 85.3 83.3
32.0 100.0 88.6 80.2 76.9
33.0 100.0 90.2 80.2 69.1
34.0 100.0 91.6 79.0 71.7
35.0 100.0 88.9 83.1 76.0
36.0 100.0 91.5 85.9 86.6
37.0 100.0 97.0 94.9 95.9
38.0 100.0 103.4 107.0 106.3
39.0 100.0 109.9 114.8 116.8
40.0 100.0 111.4 119.7 123.1
41.0 100.0 109.8 119.7 130.8
42.0 100.0 108.4 120.9 128.2
43.0 100.0 111.1 116.8 123.9
44.0 100.0 108.4 114.1 113.4
45.0 100.0 103.0 105.0 104.1
46.0 100.0 96.6 93.1 93.7
47.0 100.0 90.1 85.3 83.3
48.0 100.0 88.7 80.3 76.9
49.0 100.0 90.2 80.3 69.3
50.0 100.0 91.7 79.2 71.9
gram (Nodes 1 to 5) Table with results of H and Q from [1]
tube Piezometric head H and flow rate Q, of nod
5 t (s) CV 1
4800.0
98.1
105.1
112.8
121.1
130.1
139.8
146.8
154.3
162.03
157.8
152.2
139.9
126.0
110.4
99.7
87.9
73.6
69.4
66.7
75.6
86.3
98.6
106.5
115.6
128.9
132.6
134.8
125.7
114.6
102.5
94.6
85.5
72.2
68.4
66.1
75.2
86.0
98.0
105.7
114.7
127.9
131.6
133.8
124.8
113.9
102.0
94.3
85.3
72.2
68.5
66.3
H and Q from [1] (Sheet 4a.- Streeter_Output)
and flow rate Q, of nodes, along the tube

2 3 4 5
29.05.2016
Table with results of Q from VBA program (Nodes 1 to 5)
Flows rates along the tube
1 2 3 4
t 0.00 1200.00 2400.00 3600.00
0.00 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.63
1.00 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.6320
2.00 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.4530
3.00 2.63 2.63 2.45 2.2590
4.00 2.63 2.45 2.26 2.05
5.00 2.28 2.26 2.05 1.82
6.00 1.90 1.88 1.82 1.58
7.00 1.48 1.46 1.40 1.3996
8.0000 1.03 1.01 1.04 1.0396
9.0000 0.5366 0.6061 0.6448 0.6538
10.00 0.19 0.18 0.22 0.385
11.00 -0.19 -0.20 -0.08 0.12
12.00 -0.58 -0.45 -0.30 -0.02
13.00 -0.70 -0.69 -0.38 -0.06
14.00 -0.79 -0.64 -0.44 -0.09
15.00 -0.57 -0.55 -0.35 -0.19
16.00 -0.31 -0.28 -0.29 -0.13
17.00 0.00 -0.05 -0.07 -0.00782
18.00 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.15
19.00 0.43 0.49 0.43 0.31
20.00 0.77 0.65 0.56 0.34
21.00 0.86 0.85 0.56 0.30
22.00 0.92 0.77 0.58 0.25
23.00 0.68 0.65 0.47 0.32
24.00 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.25
25.00 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.10
26.00 -0.13 -0.15 -0.16 -0.07
27.00 -0.37 -0.42 -0.37 -0.24
28.00 -0.71 -0.59 -0.50 -0.28
29.00 -0.81 -0.79 -0.50 -0.24
30.00 -0.87 -0.72 -0.53 -0.21
31.00 -0.64 -0.61 -0.43 -0.28
32.00 -0.36 -0.34 -0.36 -0.21
33.00 -0.05 -0.11 -0.13 -0.08
34.00 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.09
35.00 0.38 0.43 0.38 0.26
36.00 0.72 0.60 0.51 0.29
37.00 0.81 0.79 0.51 0.25
38.00 0.87 0.72 0.54 0.21
39.00 0.64 0.61 0.43 0.28
40.00 0.36 0.34 0.36 0.22
41.00 0.05 0.11 0.13 0.08
42.00 -0.15 -0.16 -0.18 -0.09
43.00 -0.38 -0.43 -0.38 -0.25
44.00 -0.71 -0.59 -0.51 -0.29
45.00 -0.81 -0.79 -0.51 -0.25
46.00 -0.87 -0.72 -0.54 -0.21
47.00 -0.63 -0.61 -0.43 -0.28
48.00 -0.36 -0.34 -0.36 -0.22
49.00 -0.05 -0.11 -0.13 -0.08
50.00 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.09
Return to Index Table with results of H and Q from [1]
Flows rates along the tube
5 t (s) CV 1
4800.00
2.63
2.45
2.26
2.05
1.82
1.57
1.40
1.21
1.01
0.78
0.55
0.45
0.36
0.27
0.19
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
H and Q from [1] (Sheet 4a.- Streeter_Output)
ws rates along the tube

2 3 4 5
Return
29.05.2016
Copy of output of example 13.9 from Streeter textbook [
Elapsed time CV Nodes
(s) 1 2
Return to Index
m Streeter textbook [1], page 550
3 4 5
Streeter code of examp
Basic IBM-PC code for Example 13.9 [1]
2700 HP(1) = Hres

Q0 = SQR( Hres / ( f * L / ( 2 * g * D * AR^2 ) + 1 / (2 * g * CV^2 )
2800 H0 = ( Q0 / CV )^2 / (2 * g)
R= ( Hresw - H0 ) / ( Q0^2 * N )
2900 Q(I) = Q0
H(I) = Hre - (I-1) * R * Q0^2
4700 QP(1) = ( HP(1) - H(2) + B*Q(2) ) / ( B + R*abs(Q(2)) )
Return to Index
reeter code of example 13.9 from textbook [1]
+ 1 / (2 * g * CV^2 ) ) ) (E-19) E(19) --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 2900
(E-15) E(15) --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 2700
F-4)b F(4)b --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 4700
29.05.2016
Streeter code, line 2900

Ref. 1
Return to Index
Page 1 of 9
Page 2 of 9
Page 3 of 9
(13.6.8a)
(13.6.8b)
Page 4 of 9
Page 5 of 9
Page 6 of 9
Page 7 of 9
Page 8 of 9
Page 9 of 9
C. Method of characteristics
Theory
Equations(C-1 )and (C-13) shal be simultaneously olvedtodetrmine

¿
thevaluesof prSub{size8{P} andvP}{ #ρcdotacdotleft(vrSub{size8{P} -vrSub{size8{A} right)+left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{A} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdot linevrSub{size8{A} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{A} over {2cdot } =0Eq . left(C−1 right){}#ρcdotacdot left(vrSub{size8{P} -vrSub{size8{B} right)-left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{B} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdotlinevrSub{size8{B} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{B} over {2cdot } =0Eq . left(C−13right){} {
¿
¿
Annex D shows the solution of this system.
C. Method of Characteristics [1]
The method of characteristics transforms the system of partial

differential equations (PDE), consisting of the equations of
momentum and continuity, into a system of ordinary differential
equations (ODE) subject to certain restrictions.
Using Streeter nomenclature, the momentum equation

was designated as equation L1 , equation (A-7)
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
L1= + +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0 Eq. ( L1)
∂t ρ ∂ x 2⋅d
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
L1= + +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0 Eq. ( L1)
∂t ρ ∂ x 2⋅d
and the continuity equation was designated as L2 , equation (B-9)
∂p ∂v
L2= +ρ⋅a2⋅ =0 Eq . (L 2)
∂t ∂x
L=L1+λ⋅L2 Eq.( L)
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
L1= + +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 Eq. ( L1)
∂t ρ ∂ x 2⋅d
∂p ∂v
L2= + ρ⋅a2⋅ =0 Eq. (L2)
∂t ∂x
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v| ∂ p ∂v
L= +
∂t ρ ∂ x
+g⋅sin ( θ )+
2⋅d (
+λ⋅ +ρ⋅a2⋅ =0
∂t )
∂x
∂v 1 ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v| ∂ p ∂v
+ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + +λ⋅ +λ⋅ρ⋅a2⋅ =0
∂t ρ ∂x 2⋅d ∂t ∂x
∂v 2 ∂v 1 ∂ p ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅ρ⋅a ⋅λ+ + +λ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0
∂x ∂t ρ ∂x ∂t 2⋅d
∂v 2 ∂v 1 ∂p ∂p f⋅v⋅|v|
(∂x ∂t ) (
ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t )
⋅ρ⋅a ⋅λ+ + λ⋅ ⋅ + + g⋅sin ( θ ) +
2⋅d
=0
(C-1)
The first term of equation
∂v 2 ∂v 1 ∂p ∂p f⋅v⋅|v|
(∂x ∂t ) (
⋅ρ⋅a ⋅λ+ + λ⋅ ⋅ + + g⋅sin ( θ ) +
ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t 2⋅d
=0 )
(C-1)
dv dx
is the total derivative , if λ⋅ρ⋅a 2=
dt dt
dv
Evaluation of
dt
dv ∂ v dx ∂ v
= ⋅ +
dt ∂ x dt ∂t
so, if
dx
=λ⋅ρ⋅a2
dt
dv ∂ v ∂v
= ⋅λ⋅ρ⋅a2 + ( C-2)
dt ∂ x ∂t
Equations ( C-2 ) and ( C-3 ) are both correct, Replacing the total derivatives
dx ∂v ∂ v dv
if in both cases has the same value. ⋅ρ⋅a 2⋅λ+ =
dt
∂x ∂t dt
Thus, it must be accomplish that
dx
and
=λ⋅ρ⋅a2 (C-4 ) a 1 ∂ p ∂ p dp
dt ⋅ + =
and also ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t dt
dx 1 in equation (C-1)
= (C-4 ) b
dt ρ⋅λ ∂v ∂v 1 ∂ p ∂p f⋅v
thus
2 1
( ∂x ) (
∂t )
L= ⋅ρ⋅a 2⋅λ+ + λ⋅ ⋅ + +g⋅sin ( θ ) +
ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t 2⋅d
λ⋅ρ⋅a = ( C-4) one obtains
ρ⋅λ
dv dp f⋅v⋅|v|
and +λ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0
1 dt dt 2⋅d
λ2 =
= (C-4 ) b
dt ρ⋅λ ∂v ∂v 1 ∂ p ∂p f⋅v
thus
2 1
L= (
∂x ∂t ) ( )
⋅ρ⋅a 2⋅λ+ + λ⋅ ⋅ + +g⋅sin ( θ ) +
ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t 2⋅d
λ⋅ρ⋅a = ( C-4) one obtains
ρ⋅λ
dv dp f⋅v⋅|v|
and +λ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0
1 dt dt 2⋅d
λ2 = 2 2 1
ρ ⋅a and with λ=± (C-5)
1 2 ρ⋅a
2
λ= ( )
ρ⋅a the equation for L becomes
Thus dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
L= ± ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0
1 dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
λ=± (C-5)
ρ⋅a subject to the conditions of equation ( C-5)
(C-5) --> [1], (13,6,1)
Since the equation (C-6) is only valid when the equation (C-5) is satisfied,
it is convenient to represent the solution as a graph of "x" vs "t".
It is considered the case of a system with a pipe that runs from the origin
"O", upstream, down to the discharge point.
It is denoted by "x" a point somewhere along the pipe and "t" the time
in which the dependent variables "v" and "p" are determined.
Section AP
The graphic represents two points, "A" and "B" , along the pipe, separed
by a distance 2*Dx, valid for a time "t".
Consider that the conditions are known in the point "A" (vA, pA, xA and tA);
then the equation (C-6) , with a positive slope
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
+ ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 (C + )
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
is valid throughout the AP line or an extension of it.
This line, with the "+" sign, is called the equation "C + "
The slope of the curve AP is Δt 1
=
Δx a
where "a" is the speed of a sound wave in the pipe.
Section AP
The equation (C-6), for the case of the + sign (section AP), is
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
+ ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ )+ =0 Eq . C+
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
multiplying by ρ⋅a⋅dt
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt + ⋅ ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt+ ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt=0
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
f⋅v⋅|v|
ρ⋅a⋅dv+dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt+¿ ρ⋅a⋅dt⋅ =0
2⋅d
and considering that
a⋅dt=dx
f⋅v⋅|v|
ρ⋅a⋅dv+dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt+¿ ρ⋅dx⋅ =0
2⋅d
integrating from point A to P
P P P P
f⋅v⋅|v|
∫ ρ⋅a⋅dv+ ∫ ∫dp+ g⋅sin ( θ )
⋅ ρ⋅dx+∫ 2⋅d =0 (C-8)
ρ⋅dx⋅
A A A A
An assumption has to be made to allow the Additionaly, the friction fac

P
integration of ∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx the velocity v is an unknow
A Reynolds number Re = f(
Between points A and P, the velocity will change an unknown.
from a value v A to a value v P . To be able fo perform
the integration, some assumptions need to be made. It is to be noted, that both ap
a) The velocity is assumed to have a constant value are razonable exact for the s
equal to v A . In this case, the integration becomes Both aproches are used in th
P and reference [2] uses equa
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9) (C-10), produces, naturally,
A
It is to be noted, that both ap
a) The velocity is assumed to have a constant value are razonable exact for the s
equal to v A . In this case, the integration becomes Both aproches are used in th
P and reference [2] uses equa
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9) (C-10), produces, naturally,
A
in the final result.
b) The product of the velocities is assumed to have
a value |v A|⋅v P . In this case, the integration becomes
P
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅vP (C-10)

A
Performing the integration of equation

P P P P
f⋅v⋅|v|
∫ ρ⋅a⋅dv+∫ dp+∫ g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅dx+∫ ρ⋅dx⋅2⋅d =0 (C-8)
A A A A
using the approximation of equation
P
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-
A
gives
ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v A
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) + ( p P− p A ) + ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0
2⋅d
(C-1
where has been assumed that the angle θ is constant along the tube
Section BP
Section BP
Consider that the conditions are known in the
The equation (C-6 ), for the
point "B" (vB, pB, xB and tB);
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅
then the equation (C-6) , with a negative slope − ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) +
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v| multiplying by ρ⋅a⋅dt
− ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 (C−)
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d dv 1 dp
⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt − ⋅ ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt
is valid throughout the BP line or an extension of it. dt ρ⋅a dt
This line, with the "-" sign, is called the equation "C - " ρ⋅a⋅dv−dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt
The slope of the curve BP is Δt 1
=−
Δx a
where "a" is the speed of a sound wave in the pipe. and considering that
a⋅dt=dx
ρ⋅a⋅dv−dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt
integrating from point A to
P P P
∫ ρ⋅a⋅dv−∫ dp+∫ g⋅sin ( θ )⋅

A A A
Similarly, for the section BP, performing the integration of equation

P P P P
f⋅v⋅|v|
∫ ρ⋅a⋅dv− ∫ ∫dp+ g⋅sin ( θ )
⋅ ρ⋅dx+∫ 2⋅d =0 (C-12)
ρ⋅dx⋅
B B B B
using the approximation of equation (C-9), applied to point B
P
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|vB|⋅vB (C-9)

A
gives
P
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|vB|⋅vB (C-9)

A
gives
ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v B|⋅v B
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v B ) −( p P−p B ) +ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0
2⋅d
(C-13)
where has been assumed that the angle θ is constant along the tube.
Equations(C-1 )and (C-13)shal besimultaneously olvedtodetrmine

¿
thevaluesof prSub{size8{P} andvP} { #ρcdotacdotleft(vrSub{size8{P} -vrSub{size8{A} right)+left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{A} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdotlinevrSub{size8{A} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{A} over{2cdot } =0Eq . left(C−1 right){}#ρcdotacdotleft(vrSub{size8{P} -vrSub{size8{B} right)-left(prSub{size8{P} -prSub{size8{B} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdotlinevrSub{size8{B} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{B} over{2cdot
¿
¿
The figure shows points A and B , in a x-t graphic, and the point P which contains the
For pipe applications, it is convenient to From equation (C-14 )
work in terms of piezometric height H p=γ⋅( H−z )
p where
H=z+ (m) (C-14) p: fluid pressure (Pa)
γ
N
and flow rate Q instead of p and v ()
γ :fluid specific weight 3
m
H: piezometric height (m)
z: elevation (m)
Figure 1. Free body diagram
+
Equation C section A to P
Replacing equation
pP− p A=ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A )− ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin ( θ )
(C-15)
into equation
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) + ( p P−p A ) +ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0 (C-8)
2⋅d
one obtains
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) + ( ρ⋅g⋅( H P−H A ) −ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin ( θ ) )+
A A
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) + ( p P−p A ) +ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0 (C-8)
2⋅d
one obtains
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) + ( ρ⋅g⋅( H P−H A ) −ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin ( θ ) )+
+ρ⋅g⋅sin ( θ )⋅Δx+ =0
2⋅d
ρ⋅a⋅( v P−v A ) +ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A ) + =0
2⋅d
he equation C+ from A to P is Equations for the piezometric h

a Δx⋅f⋅|Q A|⋅Q A
H P=H A− ⋅( Q p - Q A )− (C-16 ) H P=H A−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅Q A (
g⋅A p 2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p
In a similar way, the equation C− from B to P is H P =H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q B (
a Δx⋅f⋅|QB|⋅QB Note. In the deduction, the following
H P=H B+ ⋅( Q p - Q B) + (C-17 )
g⋅A 2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p integral was used
Defining
a
B= (C-17a )
g⋅A p This approximation, razonable enoug
and
f⋅Δx In equal form, the evaluation could h
R= (C-17b )
2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p
one obtains
H P=H A−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅Q A (for C+ ) (C-18) AP which is the form Streeter [1] uses
and
H P=H B+B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q B (for C− ) (C-19 ) BP H P=H A−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅Q
In these set of equations, the approximation of equation
(C-17) --> [1], (13,6,8) H P=H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q
for the use of the aproximation
with (C-9)
Return to Index
)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdotlinevrSub{size8{B} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{B} over {2cdot } =0Eq . left(C−13right){} {
The L1 and L2 equations have two unknowns: "v" and "p". These equations can be "
combined using an unknown multiplier l , as follows
L=L1+ λ⋅L 2 Eq .( L)
It will be shown that any two different real values of l generate two equations
in "v" and "p" containing all the physics of the original equations L1 and L2 and
also can replace any solution.
Similarly, the second term of equation (C-1)
∂v 2 ∂v 1 ∂p ∂ p f⋅v⋅|v|
(∂x ∂t ) (
⋅ρ⋅a ⋅λ+ + λ⋅ ⋅ + + g⋅sin ( θ ) +
ρ⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t ) 2⋅d
=0
(C-1)
dp 1 dx
is the total derivative , if =
dt ρ⋅λ dt
dp
Evaluation of
dt
dp ∂ p dx ∂ p
= ⋅ +
dt ∂ x dt ∂t
if
dx 1
=
dt ρ⋅λ
dp ∂ p 1 ∂p
= ⋅ + (C-3)
dt ∂ x ρ⋅λ ∂ t
ves That is, there were found two real, different

values for the constant l , that transformed
the two PDE in a system of two ODE subject to
the conditions of equation (C-5)
Water hammer ODE equations

dv 1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
L= ± ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 (C-6)
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
∂ p ∂p f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t )
⋅ + +g⋅sin ( θ ) +
2⋅d
=0 subject to the conditions
λ=±
1
(C-5)
ρ⋅a
| Replacing (C-5) in (C-4 )b
=0
dx 1 1
= = (e)
dt ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
∂ p ∂p f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅λ ∂ x ∂ t )
⋅ + +g⋅sin ( θ ) +
2⋅d
=0 subject to the conditions
λ=±
1
(C-5)
ρ⋅a
| Replacing (C-5) in (C-4 )b
=0
dx 1 1
= = (e)
dt ρ⋅λ 1
s
(C-5)
( )
ρ⋅ ±
ρ⋅a
dx
f⋅v⋅|v| =±a (C-7)
+ =0 (C-6) dt
2⋅d
equation ( C-5)
(e) --> [1], (13,6,1)
(C-6) --> [1], (13,6,3) (C-7) --> [1], (13,6,2)
In segment AP, the slope is In segment BP, the slope is

Δt 1 Δt 1
tan (α )= = tan (α )= =−
Δx Δx −Δx Δx
Δt Δt
with with
Δx Δx
=a (C-7) =a (C-7)
Δt Δt
the slope of the segment AP is the slope of the segment BP is
Δt 1 Δt 1
= =−
Δx a Δx a
(c-8) --> [1], (13,6,4)
Additionaly, the friction factor has to be approximate as a constant, since

the velocity v is an unknow variable and therefore is also unknown the
Reynolds number Re = f( v,d,ν ). So the friction factor f=f (Re,Rrel) is
an unknown.
It is to be noted, that both approximations ,equations (C-9) and (C-10),

are razonable exact for the steady state case.
Both aproches are used in the references. Reference [1] uses equation (C-10),
and reference [2] uses equation (C-9). The use of equations (C-9) other
(C-10), produces, naturally, different results, but they are of no significance
It is to be noted, that both approximations ,equations (C-9) and (C-10),
are razonable exact for the steady state case.
Both aproches are used in the references. Reference [1] uses equation (C-10),
and reference [2] uses equation (C-9). The use of equations (C-9) other
(C-10), produces, naturally, different results, but they are of no significance
in the final result.
=0 (C-8)
(C-9 )
v A|⋅v A
=0 (C-11) --> [1], (13,6,4)
(C-11)
tant along the tube .
tion BP
equation (C-6 ), for the case of the - sign (section BP), is

1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
− ⋅ +g⋅sin ( θ ) + =0 Eq . C−
ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
tiplying by ρ⋅a⋅dt
1 dp f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt − ⋅ ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt +g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt + ⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt=0
ρ⋅a dt 2⋅d
f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅dv−dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt +¿ ρ⋅a⋅dt⋅ =0
2⋅d
considering that
=dx
f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅dv−dp+g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅a⋅dt +¿ ρ⋅dx⋅ =0
2⋅d
grating from point A to P
P P P
f⋅v⋅|v|
⋅a⋅dv−∫ dp+∫ g⋅sin ( θ )⋅ρ⋅dx +∫ ρ⋅dx⋅ =0 (C-12 )
A A A 2⋅d
on of equation
0 (C-12)
o point B
(C-13) --> [1], (13,6,5)
⋅v B
=0
(C-13)
nt along the tube.
(C-11) --> [1], (13,6,4)

rSub{size8{B} right)+ρcdotgcdot sinleft(θright)cdotΔx+{ ρcdotΔxcdotfcdotlinevrSub{size8{B} rlinecdotvrSub{size8{B} over{2cdot } =0Eq . left(C−13right){} { (C-13) --> [1], (13,6,5)
nt P which contains the solutions.

(C-14 ) The application of the piezometric and with
height to the points P and A gives z P −z A = Δz
pP =γ⋅( H P−z P ) and
re (Pa) p A =γ⋅( H A −z A ) Δz
=sin ( θ )
N and with Δx
weight 3
m () γ = ρ⋅g
pP = ρ⋅g⋅( H P−z P )
Δz= Δx⋅sin ( θ )
and replacing
height (m) pP − p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A )− ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin ( θ
m) p A = ρ⋅g⋅( H A −z A )
(
pP − p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− z P ) −ρ⋅g⋅( H A −z A )
pP − p A =ρ⋅g⋅( H P− H A )− ρ⋅g⋅( z P −z A )
dividing by ρ⋅g
ρ⋅a ρ⋅g ρ⋅Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v P
⋅( v P−v A) + ⋅( H P−H A ) + =0
ρ⋅g ρ⋅g ρ⋅g⋅2⋅d
a Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v P
⋅( v P−v A ) +( H P−H A ) + =0
g g⋅2⋅d
a Δx⋅f⋅|v A|⋅v A
H P=H A− ⋅(v P−v A ) −
g 2⋅g⋅d
and with
Qp QA Qp QA
v P= and v A= , v P−v A = -
Ap Ap Ap Ap
1
v P−v A = ⋅( Q p - Q A)
Ap
and with
Q Q Q Q
v P= p and v A= A , v P−v A = p - A
Ap Ap Ap Ap
1
v P−v A = ⋅( Q p - Q A)
Ap
H P=H A− ⋅( Q p - Q A )− (C-16) (C-16) --> [1], (13,6,7)
g⋅A p 2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p
+ for the use of the aproxim
Equation C from A to P
with (C-9)
ns for the piezometric height of interior points
−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅Q A (for C+ ) (C-18) AP

−
B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q B (for C ) (C-19 ) BP
he deduction, the following approximation for the evaluation of the
∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9)

A
oximation, razonable enough for steady state.
orm, the evaluation could have been

P
∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10)

A
he form Streeter [1] uses.
+ (C-18)b ([1]_13.6.9)
A −B⋅ Q p -
( Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅QP (for C ) (C-18) b
− (C-19)b ([1]_13.6.10)
B +B⋅ Q p -
( Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q P ( for C ) (C-19 )b
Rev. cjc. 23.10.2015
1 of 15
2 of 15
tions can be "

3 of 15
4 of 15
5 of 15
wo real, different
, that transformed
two ODE subject to
v⋅|v|
=0 (C-6)
d
d
6 of 15
he slope is
1
−
Δx
Δt
C-7)
egment BP is
7 of 15
8 of 15
9 of 15
10 of 15
11 of 15
12 of 15
13 of 15
θ)
ng
⋅g⋅( H P− H A )− ρ⋅g⋅Δx⋅sin ( θ )
(C-15)
(C-15) --> [1[, ( 13,6,6)
14 of 15
(C-16) --> [1], (13,6,7)
for the use of the aproximation
with (C-9)
15 of 15
In reference [1],
(C-4) -> [1], (13.6.1)
(C-4)a -> [1], (13.6.1)
(C-4)b -> [1], (13.6.1)
(C-6) -> [1], (13.6.3)
(C-7) -> [1], (13.6.2)
D. Interior points
D.1. Flow rate of an interior point D.2. Piezometric height of an int
Flow rate at a point P at a position The the piezometric height

I and at a time t
C −C M
a position I and at a time
QP,I= P ( D−7 ) H P , I =C P−B P⋅Q P ,I ( D−
B P+ B M
Equations (D-7) and (D-8) allow the determination of the flow rate "Q" and
of the piezometric height "H" of an interior point "P" at a position "I",
and at a time "t", if the information of the previous time is known
Flow rate at interior points, compact form

H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= ( D-9)
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|
Piezometric height at interior points, compact form

H P , I =H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −( B+R⋅|QI −1|)⋅QP , I (D-10 )
Numerical solution for the interior points
Interior points
For the numerical solution of the case of a simple pipe,

of length L the pipe is divided in N equal segments Δx .
L
Δx=
N
The requirement of equation (C-7 ), is
dx
=±a (C-7 )
dt
Δx
Δt= (C-7 )a
a
So, the lines C+ and C− are the diagonals of the rectangular
net (Fig . 1). They are stright lines with slope ± 1/ a
dx
=±a (C-7 )
dt
Δx
Δt= (C-7 )a
a
So, the lines C+ and C− are the diagonals of the rectangular
net (Fig . 1). They are stright lines with slope ± 1/ a
To apply the equations (AP) and ( BP) to solve an
internal point P with HP,I and QP,I als unknowns, one
must known the conditions at a previous time, that is:
Q I-1 , H I-1 , Q I +1 , H I +1
Naming the points A as I-1 and B as I+1 and naming

in equation
H P=H A−B⋅( Q p −Q A ) −R⋅Q P⋅|Q A| ( AP)
C P =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1
it becomes B P=B+R⋅|Q I−1|
H P,I=H I-1−B⋅( QP , I −Q I −1 )−R⋅Q P, I⋅|Q I −1| equation ( AP) becomes ( f
H P,I=H I-1−B⋅Q P , I +B⋅QI −1−R⋅Q P, I⋅|Q I −1|
H P,I=C P−B P⋅Q P , I for C +
Agrouping the known terms in this equation
H P,I=( H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 )−( B⋅QP , I +R⋅Q P , I⋅|QI −1|)
H P,I=( H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 )−Q P , I⋅( B +R⋅|Q I −1|) Similarly for ( BP)
with
C M =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1
B M =B+R⋅|Q I +1|
equation ( BP) becomes ( fo
H P,I=C M +B M⋅QP , I for C−
Flow rate at an interior point Piezometric height at an interior poin

Equating equations
The height can be found from equat
H =C −B ⋅Q for C + ( D−3)
Flow rate at an interior point Piezometric height at an interior poin
Equating equations
+ The height can be found from equat
H P,I=C P−B P⋅Q P , I for C ( D−3) H P,I=C M +B M⋅QP , I ( D−6
H P,I=C M +B M⋅Q P , I for C− ( D−6) C −C
QP , I = P M (D
B M +B P
C P−B P⋅Q P, I =C M +B M⋅Q P, I
C M +B M⋅Q P, I −C P+B P⋅Q P , I =0
Q P , I⋅( B M +B P )−C P +C M =0
Q P , I⋅( B M +B P )=C P−C M
C −C
QP , I = P M (D-7 )
B M +B P
Flow rate at interior points, compact form Piezometric he
Flow rate at an interior point P at a position Height at an in

I and at a time t I and at a tim
H P , I =C P−B P
C P−C M
QP,I= ( D−7 ) with
B P+B M C P=H I-1 +B⋅Q
with B P=B+R⋅|Q I
C P =H I-1+B⋅Q I −1 (D−1) and replacing
B P=B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2 ) H P , I =H I-1+B
C M =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1 ( D−4 )
B M =B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5 )
and replacing
H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= (D-9 )
C M =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1 ( D−4 )
B M =B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5 )
and replacing
H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= (D-9 )
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|
Return to Index
where
ometric height of an interior point C P=H I-1+B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1)
B P=B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2)
e piezometric height at a point P at C M =H I +1 −B⋅QI +1 ( D−4)
on I and at a time t B M =B+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5)
C P−B P⋅Q P , I ( D−8 ) and the values of the flow rates
QI −1 and Q I +1 and of the
piezometric heights HI-1 and
H I +1 at the previous time are known .
The constants B and R are

a
B=
g⋅A p
and
f⋅Δx
R=
2⋅g⋅d⋅A 2p
P
t+Dt
C+ C-
t Dx Dx
A B
x
I-1 I I+1
Figure 1. x - t graphic
From Annex D
H P=H A−B⋅( Q p - Q A ) -R⋅|Q A|⋅QP Eq .(AP)

and
H P=H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q P Eq .( BP)
ming
-1 +B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1 )
+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2 )
n ( AP) becomes ( for C + )
+
P −B ⋅Q
P P,I for C ( D−3 )
ly for ( BP)
I +1 −B⋅Q I +1 ( D−4 )
+R⋅|Q I +1| ( D−5 )
n ( BP) becomes ( for C− )
−
M +B ⋅Q
M P,I for C ( D−6 )
eight at an interior point Knowing the data of the previous point (I-1)
and of the posterior point ( I +1), the values of
n be found from equation C P , B P , CM and BM can be calculated.
eight at an interior point Knowing the data of the previous point (I-1)
and of the posterior point ( I +1), the values of
n be found from equation C P , B P , CM and BM can be calculated.
⋅QP , I ( D−6)
The solution of the equations (D-3 ) and (D-6) are
M
(D-7 ) C P −C M
QP,I= ( D−7 )
B P +B M
H P , I =C P−B P⋅Q P , I ( D−8 )
This procedure can be used in the calcualtion of all
interior sections.
In reference [1],
(D-1) -> [1], (13.6.11) a
(D-2) -> [1], (13.6.11) b
(D-3) -> [1], (13.6.13) ForC+
(D-4) -> [1], (13.6.12) a
(D-5) -> [1], (13.6.12) b
(D-6) -> [1], (13.6.14) ForC-
(D-7) -> [1], (13.6.15) a no equation number in [1]
(D-8) -> [1], (13.6.15) b no equation number in [1]
Height at an interior point P at a position

I and at a time t
H P , I =C P−B P⋅Q P , I ( D−8 )
with
C P=H I-1+B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1)
B P=B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2)
and replacing
H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= ( D-9)
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|

H I-1+B⋅QI −1 −H I +1 +B⋅QI +1
QP,I= ( D-9)
B+R⋅|Q I−1|+B+R⋅|Q I +1|

Rev. cjc. 25.10.2015
1 of 5
D−1)
−2)
D−4)
−5)
ates
nd
re known .
2 of 5
3 of 5
4 of 5
5 of 5
E. Initial conditions
E.1. Initial pipe pressure loss E.2. Initial piezometr
Initial pipe (only) pressure loss Initial piezometric heigh

f⋅L
ΔHp_0 = 2
2
⋅Q0 ( mwc) (E-4 ) Q20
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p H v_0 =
2⋅g⋅CV 02
E.4. Initial piezometric heigh at the nodes E.5. Reservoir piezom
Initial piezometric height at a node I Reservoir piezometric

H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19) H P,1= H res (at any
f⋅Δx
R= (C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p
E.1. Initial pipe pressure loss
Initial pipe pressure loss

(Index 0, at initial time) Initial pipe (only) pre
From Darcy-Weisbach f⋅L
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q
L 2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2
Initial pipe pressure loss
(Index 0, at initial time) Initial pipe (only) pre
From Darcy-Weisbach f⋅L
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q
L 2⋅g⋅D⋅A p2
ΔH p_0 =f⋅ ⋅H kin_p_0
D
and with the pipe initial kinematic
pressure
v 2p_0
H kin_p_0= (m ) (E-1 )
2⋅g
2
L p v
ΔH p_0 =f⋅ ⋅ 0
(mwc) (E-2 )
D 2⋅g
and with the initial pipe velocity
Q0
v p_0 = (E-3 )
Ap
2
f⋅L Q0
ΔH p_0= ⋅
2⋅g⋅D A 2p
f⋅L 2
ΔH p_0 = 2
⋅Q 0 ( mwc) (E-4)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
Since the pressure at valve exit is Initial flow rate calcula

considered the reference zero pressure, (at time t =0 )
the piezometric heigth at the valve Q0 = ( C D⋅A v ) 0⋅v v_0
inlet, at t = 0 is C D : discharge coeffici
v 2v_0 A v : valve opening are
H v_0 =K v ⋅ ( mwc) ( E-8 ) Index 0 : at time t=0
2⋅g
0
The pressure loss coefficient at

inlet, at t = 0 is C D : discharge coeffici
v 2v_0 A v : valve opening are
H v_0 =K v ⋅ ( mwc) ( E-8 ) Index 0 : at time t=0
0
2⋅g
The pressure loss coefficient at Initial velocity at the v
the valve discharge is at any time Q0
K v =1 since all pressure is lost v v_0 =
( C D⋅A v )0
at the discharge into the atmosphere.
Since it has been defined that the
valve is at an elevation z = 0,
the initial piezometric height
at the valve is
2
v v_0
H v_0 = (mwc ) ( E-9 )
2⋅g
E.3. Initial flow rate
At time t= 0 Replacing equations (

H res =ΔHp_0 + ΔH v_0 (E−14 ) into equation (E-5 ),
with 2
H res : reservoir elevation (constant ) ( )(

L Q0
H res =f⋅ ⋅
D 2⋅g⋅A2p
ΔHp_0 : pipe initial friction loss
f⋅L 2
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q (E-4 )
(
L
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p 2 0
ΔH v_0 : initial pressure loss at the valve

2
H res =Q0⋅
( ) +1
f⋅
D
2⋅g⋅A2p 2
Q20
f⋅L 2
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q (E-4 )
(
L
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p 2 0
ΔH v_0 : initial pressure loss at the valve

2
H res =Q0⋅
( ) +1
f⋅
D
2⋅g⋅A2p 2
Q20
ΔH v_0= ( E−13 ) 2 H res
2⋅g⋅CV 20 Q0 =
L
where CV 0 is the effective valve f⋅( ) +1
D
opening area at the initial time t0
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV
E.4. Initial piezometric heigh at the nodes
Initial piezometric height at the nodes. In sheet C was defin

f⋅Δx
R=
From equation 2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p
f⋅L 2 Replacing in equatio
ΔHp_0 = 2
⋅Q 0 (mwc) (E-4 )
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p f⋅Δx
ΔHp_0 = 2
⋅
since the pipe has N segments with a 2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
lenght Δx the R-value, it becom
L=N⋅Δx ΔHp_0 = R⋅N⋅Q20
f⋅( Δx⋅N ) 2 and for one segment
ΔHp_0 = 2
⋅Q0
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p ΔH p_0
f⋅Δx ΔHseg_0 =
ΔHp_0 = ⋅N⋅Q
2
(E-16 ) N
2 0
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p R⋅N⋅Q20
ΔHp_0 = ⋅Q0 and for one segment
2⋅g⋅D⋅A2p ΔH p_0
f⋅Δx ΔHseg_0 =
ΔHp_0 = ⋅N⋅Q
2
(E-16 ) N
0
2⋅g⋅D⋅A2p R⋅N⋅Q20
ΔHseg_0 =
N
ΔHseg_0 = R⋅Q20
E.5. Initial conditions ar the reservoir
Reservoir piezometric height
Since the reservoir height is constant, the piezometric

height at the node I = 1, at any time t will have the
same value which has been designed as Hres . Thus
H P,1= H res (at any time t ) ( E-20)
where the index P indicates any new point and the
index 1 indicates the reservoir node I=1
Comments
From Therefore, equati

H res =ΔHp_o + ΔH v_0 ( E−5) f⋅Δx
R= 2
ΔHp_o =H res −ΔH v_0 2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
and from and
ΔHp_0 = R⋅N⋅Q20 (E-17) H res− ΔH v_0
R=
thus N⋅Q20
R⋅N⋅Q20 =H res− ΔH v_0 are equivalent
and
H res− ΔH v_0
R= 2
(E-21)
N⋅Q0
Return to Index
E.2. Initial piezometric height at the valve inlet E.3. Initial flow rate
The initial flow rate ( time t = 0 ) is
Initial piezometric height at the valve
√
Q20 H res m3
H v_0 = ( E-13 ) Q0 = (
2⋅g⋅CV 02 L s
f⋅( ) +1
D
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02
E.5. Reservoir piezometric height

CV 0 : effective valve opening
Reservoir piezometric height, at any time area (m²) at the initial time t0
H P,1= H res (at any time t ) (E-20)
E.2. Initial piezometric height at the valve
pipe (only) pressure loss Initial kinematic pressure veloc

f⋅L 2
the valve
= 2
⋅Q 0 ( mwc) (E-4 ) 0
2⋅g⋅D⋅A
pipe (only) pressure loss Initial kinematic pressure veloc
f⋅L 2
the valve
= 2
⋅Q 0 ( mwc) (E-4 ) 0
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
H 2
v
v_0
kin¿ = (m ) (E-5 )
2⋅g
¿ V v : initial velocity at the valve
0
Pressure loss at the valve

v 2v
ΔH v= K v⋅ (mwc) (
2⋅g
Initial pressure loss at the valve

v 2v_0
ΔH v_0= K v ⋅ (mwc) (E
2⋅g 0
al flow rate calculated at the valve, Effective opening valve area CV

me t =0 ) at time t .
(C D⋅A v ) 0⋅v v_0 (E-10 ) CV t =( C⋅A v )t
discharge coefficient (also named C)
valve opening area (m²) Initial effective valve area opening
x 0 : at time t=0 CV 0 =( C⋅A v )0
Initial velocity at the valve
discharge coefficient (also named C)
valve opening area (m²) Initial effective valve area opening
x 0 : at time t=0 CV 0 =( C⋅A v )0
Initial velocity at the valve
al velocity at the valve Q0
Q0 v v_0= (E-12 )
= ( E-11 ) CV 0
( C D⋅A v )0 with
CV 0 =CVA(1)
and CVA(1), first element of the
matrix with data of the openings
in the application example 13. 6
of [ 1].
The initial flow rate ( time t = 0 ) is

acing equations ( E-4 ) and (E-9 )
√
equation (E-5 ), H res m
3
Q0= (
Q20 Q20
=f⋅ ( )(
L
⋅ 2
+
)
D 2⋅g⋅A p 2⋅g⋅CV 02
f⋅
L
( ) +1
D
s
2 2
2⋅g⋅A p 2⋅g⋅CV 0
( )
L
2
=Q0⋅
( ) +1
f⋅
D The initial flow rate ( time t = 0 ) is
2⋅g⋅A2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02 H res 3

m
Q0 = ( E−15)
( )
L
2
=Q0⋅
( ) +1
f⋅
D The initial flow rate ( time t = 0 ) is
2⋅g⋅A2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02
√
H res m
3
Q0 = ( E−15)
H res f⋅
L
( ) +1 s
D
L
f⋅ ( ) +1
D
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02
2⋅g⋅A 2p 2⋅g⋅CV 02
heet C was defined Initial piezometric height at the nodes.

f⋅Δx
(C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p At the first node (I =1)
placing in equation H (1)0 =H res
f⋅Δx 2 At the second node
p_0 = ⋅N⋅Q 0 (E-16)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
2 H (2)0 = H res - ( 1 )⋅ΔHseg_0
R-value, it becomes and at the I node
p_0 = R⋅N⋅Q 2
0 (E-17) H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅ΔHseg_0
for one segment thus the initial piezometric height at
ΔH p_0 a node I is
seg_0 = H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
N
R⋅N⋅Q20
for one segment
ΔH p_0 a node I is
seg_0 = H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
N
R⋅N⋅Q20
seg_0 = Initial piezometric height at a node I
N
= R⋅Q 2
( E−18 ) H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
seg_0 0
Reservoir piezometric height, at any time

H P,1= H res (at any time t ) (E-20 )
Therefore, equations
f⋅Δx
R= 2
(C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A p
and
H res− ΔH v_0
R= (E-21)
N⋅Q20
are equivalent
23.10.2015. rev. 24.03.219
1 of 7
( time t = 0 ) is
m3
( E−15)
s
⋅CV 02
valve opening
e initial time t0
2 of 7
ht at the valve
c pressure velocity at
he valve
c pressure velocity at
he valve
(E-5 )
city at the valve
e valve
(mwc) ( E-6 )
oss at the valve
(mwc) ( E-7 )
3 of 7
Replacing equation
Q0
v v_0= ( E-12 )
CV 0
into equation
v 2v_0
Hv_0 = ( E-9 )
2⋅g
one gets
into equation
v 2v_0
Hv_0 = ( E-9 )
2⋅g
one gets
2
Q0
H v_0 = ( E-13 )
2⋅g⋅CV 02

2
Q0
H v_0 = 2
( E-13 )
2⋅g⋅CV 0

Q20
H v_0 = ( E-13 )
2⋅g⋅CV 02
4 of 7
Nomenclature
= 0 ) is H res : Reservoir height
ΔHfr =Pipe friction loss
ΔHv =Valve pressure loss
3 H kin_v =Kinematic pressure at valve
m
( E−15) H kin_p =Kinematic pressure in pipe
s H res =ΔHfr + ΔH v
Q0 : initial flow rate ( m3 / s )
A p : pipe secction area ( m² )
ΔH: pressure loss (mwc)
f: Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient
L: pipe length (m)
d: pipe inside diameter (m)
V v : initial velocity at the valve (m/s)
0
s C D : discharge coefficient at time t

A v : valve opening area at time t
3
m I ndex
( E−15)
L: pipe length (m)
d: pipe inside diameter (m)
V v : initial velocity at the valve (m/s)
0
s C D : discharge coefficient at time t

A v : valve opening area at time t
3
m I ndex
( E−15)
s 0: initial conditions
v: valve
p: pipe
fr: friction factor
5 of 7
ght at the nodes. From sheet C

a
B= (C-17a)
1) g⋅A p
and
f⋅Δx
R= (C-17b)
2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p
ΔHseg_0
⋅ΔHseg_0
f⋅Δx
etric height at R=
2⋅g⋅D⋅A 2p
(C-17b)
⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
ght at a node I Initial piezometric height at a node I is

H ( I )0 = H res - ( I-1 )⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
⋅R⋅Q20 ( E-19)
6 of 7
e
(E-20 )
7 of 7
F. Reservoir boundary conditionsl conditions
F.1. Flow rate at the reservoir
Using approximation equation (C-9) Using approximatio
The flow rate at the reservoir is H P .1 −H 2

H P , 1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2−R⋅|Q 2|⋅Q2 Q P ,1 =
QP , 1= (F-4 ) B +R⋅
B
The flow rate at the reservoir is

Equation for the fl
H - H 2 + B⋅Q 2 −R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
Q P, 1 = P, 1 (F-4 ) boundary is
B
where the Q P,1 and H P,1 values correspond to the H P. 1 −H 2 +
Q P , 1=
calculation time and the H 2 and Q2 values correspond B+R⋅|Q2|
to the previous time . where the approxi
In this equation, the approximation of equation P
P
∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9 ) ∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A
A A
was used was used
The rectangular mesh, Figure F-0, when

applied to the case of the reservoir, located
at the upstream end of the pipe (Node 1 ),
is schematically shown in Figure F-1 .
applied to the case of the reservoir, located
at the upstream end of the pipe (Node 1 ),
is schematically shown in Figure F-1 .
The boundary condition at the point P, Figure F-0. Rectangu

node i=1 is related to the conditions characteristic equatio
of the interior point at i = 2.

The section BP has a negative slope and
−
therefore the equation for C has to be
applied in this case.
From Annex C
for a section C− the applicable equation is
H P=H B+B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|Q B|⋅Q B ( for C− ) (C-19)
H P=H B+B⋅Q p - B⋅QB +R⋅|QB|⋅Q B
H P=H B+R⋅|Q B|⋅QB - B⋅Q B+B⋅Q p
For a point P located at a node I ,
point B will be located in node I +1 .
H P ,I =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅Q I +1 - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Qp,I ( F-1)
__________ CM __________
with
point B will be located in node I +1 .
H P ,I =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅Q I +1 - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Qp,I ( F-1)
__________ CM __________
with
C M =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅QI +1 - B⋅QI +1 (F-2)
then
H P ,I =C M +B⋅Q P ,I (for C−) ( F-3)
The flow rate at the reservoir is

H P,1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2−R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
Q P,1 = (F-4)
B
where the Q P,1 and HP,1 values correspond to the
calculation time, and the H 2 and Q2 values
correspond to the previous time .
This equation was obtained using the approximation
P
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9 )
A
If the approximate equation were
P
∫ v⋅|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10 )

A
the equation for the flow rate at the reservoir
will be (developed in next page)
H P. 1−H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = (F-4)b
B+R⋅|Q2|
will be (developed in next page)
H P. 1−H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = (F-4)b
B+R⋅|Q2|

From Annex C
The case of the reservoir, located at the upstream
end of the pipe, is schematically shown in figure F-1
for a section C− , the a
The boundary condition at the point P is related the approximate equati
to the conditions of the interior point at I = 2. P
The section BP has a negative slope and therefore

∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P
A
the equation for C- has to be applied in this case.
is
H P=H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +
t
H P=H B +B⋅Q p - B⋅Q B
P
H P=H B +R⋅|QB|⋅Q P -
C-
For a point P located
point B will be locate
I=2
Dx x
H P, I =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅
1 B __________ CM
Figure F-1. Upstream end with
C M =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q
then
H P, I =C M +B⋅QP , I
Return to Index
F.2. Piezometric height at the reservoir
Using approximation equation (C-10) H P,1= H res (at any time t )

H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P ,1 = (F-4 )b where the index P indicates any new point and t
B +R⋅|Q 2|
Equation for the flow rate at the reservoir

boundary is
H P. 1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P , 1= (F-4 )b
B+R⋅|Q2|
where the approximation of equation
P
∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10)

A
was used
Figure F-0. Rectangular mesh for the solution of the
haracteristic equations [1], fig. 13.14
Reservoir
i=1
Replacing equation
C M =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅QI +1 - B⋅QI +1 (F-2)
C-19) into equation for C−
H P , I =C M +B⋅Q P ,I (for C− ) (F-3)
one obtains
H P , I =H I +1 +R⋅|QI +1|⋅Q I +1 - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Q P,I
At the boundary, I = 1 .
H P , 1= H 1+1 +R⋅|Q 1+1|⋅Q1+1 - B⋅Q1+1 +B⋅QP ,1
F-1) H P , 1= H 2 +R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2 - B⋅Q2 +B⋅Q P ,1
and
B⋅Q P,1 =H P, 1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2 −R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
H P , 1= H 1+1 +R⋅|Q 1+1|⋅Q1+1 - B⋅Q1+1 +B⋅QP ,1
F-1) H P , 1= H 2 +R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2 - B⋅Q2 +B⋅Q P ,1
and
B⋅Q P,1 =H P, 1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2 −R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
(F-2) Thus, the equation for the flow rate at the
reservoir boundary is
H P ,1 - H 2 + B⋅Q2−R⋅|Q2|⋅Q2
( F-3) QP ,1= ( F-4)
B
Reservoir piezometric height

(From Annex E)
Since the reservoir height is constant, the piezometric
height at the node I = 1, at any time t will have the
same value which has been designed as Hres . Thus
H P,1 = Hres (at any time t ) ( E-20)

where the index P indicates any new point and the
m Annex C Replacing equation
a section C− , the applicable equation when using C M =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P, I - B⋅Q I +1
approximate equation into equation for C−
H P, I =C M +B⋅Q P , I (for C− )
⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10 ) one obtains
H P, I =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P , I - B⋅QI +1 +B⋅Q P , I
At the boundary, I = 1 .
=H B +B⋅( Q p - Q B ) +R⋅|QB|⋅Q P (for C−) (C-19)b H P, 1 =H 1+1 +R⋅|Q1+1|⋅Q P ,1 - B⋅Q1+1 +B⋅Q P ,1
=H B +B⋅Q p - B⋅Q B+R⋅|Q B|⋅QP H P, 1 =H 2 +R⋅|Q2|⋅Q P ,1 - B⋅Q2 +B⋅QP ,1
=H B +R⋅|QB|⋅Q P - B⋅QB +B⋅Q p H P, 1 −H 2 + B⋅Q 2=R⋅|Q 2|⋅Q P ,1 +B⋅Q P, 1
R⋅|Q 2|⋅Q P, 1 +B⋅Q P ,1 =H P ,1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
a point P located at a node I (index P,I), Q P, 1⋅( R⋅|Q2|+B ) =H P ,1 −H 2 + B⋅Q 2
nt B will be located in node I + 1 .
Thus, the equation for the flow rate at the
I =H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P , I - B⋅Q I +1 +B⋅Q P,I (F-1)b reservoir boundary is
__________ CM __________ H P. 1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
Q P , 1=
h B+R⋅|Q2|
=H I +1 +R⋅|Q I +1|⋅Q P, I - B⋅Q I +1 (F-2)b where the approximation of equation
P
n ∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P
I =C M +B⋅Q P , I (for C− ) (F-3)b A
was use
Rev. cjc. 23.10.2015
1 of 5
ht at the reservoir
time t ) ( E-20)
cates any new point and the

servoir node I=1
2 of 5
i=1 i=2
3 of 5
-2)
F-3)
1
1
( F-4)
4 of 5
he piezometric
will have the
Hres . Thus
( E-20)
oint and the
=1
5 of 5
n
+1|⋅Q P, I - B⋅Q I +1 (F-2)b
−
C
I (for C− ) (F-3)b
I +1|⋅Q P , I - B⋅QI +1 +B⋅QP ,I
I = 1.
1+1|⋅Q P ,1 - B⋅Q 1+1 +B⋅Q P ,1
⋅Q P ,1 - B⋅Q2 +B⋅Q P ,1
=R⋅|Q 2|⋅Q P ,1 +B⋅Q P, 1
P ,1 =H P ,1 −H 2 + B⋅Q 2
H P ,1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2
for the flow rate at the

y is
B⋅Q2
(F-4)b
mation of equation
A|⋅v P (C-10)
G. Valve boundary conditions
G.1. Flow rate at the valve
√ 2
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P + ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P ( G-4 )
C P =H N + B⋅QN ( G−5 )
B P =B+ R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )

and discharge coefficient

applied to the case of the valve, located

applied to the case of the valve, located
at the downstream end of the pipe (Node N+1),
is schematically shown in Figure G-1 .
The boundary condition at the point P,

node i=N +1 is related to the conditions
of the interior point at i = N .
The section BP has a positive slope and
+
therefore the equation for C has to be
applied in this case.
Flow rate at the valve At the valve,

with
The steady state flow rate through a valve,
NS=N +1
considered as an orifice, is given by
Q0 =( C d⋅A v ) 0⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H 0
and equation
with
QP=CV⋅√ 2⋅g
Q0 : steady state flow rate becomes
( C d⋅A v ) 0 : product of area of valve opening QP . NS =CV⋅√
Q0 =( C d⋅A v ) 0⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H 0
with
QP=CV⋅√ 2⋅g
Q0 : steady state flow rate becomes
( C d⋅A v ) 0 : product of area of valve opening QP . NS =CV⋅√
and discharge coefficient. Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2
For a different valve opening,
QP=C d⋅A v⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P Equation for t
( C d⋅A v ) : product of area of valve opening H P,I=C p −B⋅
and discharge coefficient and with becomes for
CV=C d⋅A v H P,NS=( C P−B
QP=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P (G-1)
Replacing equation
HP,NS=( C P−B P⋅Q P , NS ) (G−3 )
into equation
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅H P , NS (G−2)
one has
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅( C P−B P⋅QP , NS )
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P−CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅B P⋅Q P, NS
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P−2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P⋅Q P, NS
Q2P , NS +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P⋅Q P, NS −CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P=0
_______b________ _____c______
QP , NS =CV ⋅2⋅g⋅C P−CV ⋅2⋅g⋅B P⋅Q P, NS
Q2P , NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P−2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P⋅Q P, NS
Q2P , NS +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P⋅Q P, NS −CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P=0
_______b________ _____c______
thus, with
b=2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P
and
c=−CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P
one has
Q2P , NS +b⋅Q P, NS +c=0
Piezometric heigths at the valve
Equation for the piezometric height

H P,NS=( C P−B P⋅Q P , NS ) (G−3)
and the constants are

C P =H I-1 +B⋅Q I −1 ( D−1)
B P=B+R⋅|Q I−1| ( D−2 )
with I = NS = N+1
and
I-1=N +1-1=N
C P =H N +B⋅QN (G−5 )
B =B+R⋅|Q | (G−6 )
and
I-1=N +1-1=N
C P =H N +B⋅QN (G−5 )
B P=B+R⋅|Q N| (G−6 )
Flow rate and piezometric height at the valve, compact form

From
2
√
QP ( NS )=−g⋅CV ⋅B P+ ( g⋅B P⋅CV
2 2
) 2
+CV ⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4 )
and
H P,NS=( C P−B P⋅Q P , NS ) (G−3)
with
C P=H N +B⋅QN (G−
B P =B+R⋅|Q N| (G−
CV =( C d⋅A v )
Return to Index
G.2. Piezometric height at the valve
(G-4) --> [1], (13,7,2) Piezometric height at the valve

H P,NS=( C P −B P⋅Q P , NS ) ( G−3)
Compact form of the equations of the valve boundary conditions
√ 2
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+R⋅|Q N|) + ( g⋅( B+R⋅|Q N|)⋅CV 2 ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N +B⋅Q N )
(G
H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS (G−8 )
2
√
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV ⋅( B P) + ( g⋅( BP )⋅CV 2 2
) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( C P ) (G-7 )a
H P,NS=( C P )− ( B P )⋅Q P , NS (G−8)a

Figure F-0. Rectangular mesh for the solution of the
characteristic equations [1], fig. 13.14
At the valve, I =NS

with
NS=N +1
and equation for the flow
QP=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P (G-1)
becomes
QP .NS =CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P , NS
QP=CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P (G-1)
becomes
QP .NS =CV⋅√ 2⋅g⋅H P , NS
Q2P ,NS =CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅H P , NS (G−2)
Equation for the piezometric height (C+ )

H P,I=C p −B⋅Q P,I ( D-3)
becomes for I = NS
H P,NS=( C P−B P⋅Q P , NS ) (G−3)
The solution of a second degree equation

x 2^ + b ⋅ x + c = 0
is
x = - b/2 +- (b ^ 2 / 4 - c ) 0^ .5
thus
√
1 2
x=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P+ ⋅( 2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅B P) −(−CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P)
4
and the flow rate at the valve is

2
√
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV ⋅B P+ ( g⋅B P⋅CV 22
) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4 )
√ 4
and the flow rate at the valve is

√ 2
QP ( NS)=−g⋅CV 2⋅B P+ ( g⋅B P⋅CV 2 ) +CV 2⋅2⋅g⋅C P (G-4 )
and piezometric heigth at the valve is

H P,NS=C P−B P⋅Q P , NS (G-3)
mpact form Replacing equations (G-5 ) and (G-6) into (g-4) and
one equation expressions for the flow rate and for the p
CP (G-4 ) Q P( NS )=−g⋅CV 2⋅( B+R⋅|Q N|) +
(G−3)
√ 2 2
+ ( g⋅( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅CV ) +2⋅g⋅CV 2⋅( H N +B⋅QN ) (
H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N ) −( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P, NS (G

(G−5 )
(G−6 )
Rev. cjc. 23.10.2015
1 of 6
(G-3) --> [1], (13,7,3)

(G-4) --> [1], (13,7,2)
(G-3) --> [1], (13,7,3)
2
⋅( H N +B⋅Q N )
(G-7 )
P ) (G-7 )a
(G−8)a
2 of 6
3 of 6
4of 6
g⋅C P)
CP (G-4 )
CP (G-4 )
(G-3)
5 of 6
Hpi : Height of new point "Pi"

Qpi : Flow rate of new point "Pi"
The values of the flow Qi-1 and height Hi-1
correspond to known values at the the
previous time interval, and at the neighboring
node "i-1".
The values of the flow Qi+1 and height Hi+1
correspond to known values at the the
previous time interval, and at the neighboring
node "i+1".
In reference [1],
(G-1) -> [1], (13.7.1)
(G-3) -> [1], (13,7.3)
(G-4) -> [1], (13,7.2)
6 of 6
-6) into (g-4) and (G-3), one obtains

ow rate and for the piezometric height
⋅( H N +B⋅QN ) (G-7 )
Q P, NS (G−8)
This annex does not correspond to the theory of the method of characteristics and only de
The opening CVA is given at time intervals of Interpolation

DCV = 5 s To tabulate proportional opennings
The data is given in the following matrix time lapses of 1 second, a "K para
has to be defined
CVA Matrix
t CV K= Int(T / DCV) + 1
(s) (m²)
CVA(1) = 0.060 Note. The code [1] uses the functio
CVA(2) = 0.030
CVA(3) = 0.010 For a given K value, the CV value
CVA(4) = 0.003 extrated from the CVA matrix as
CVA(5) = 0.001 CV(K) = Index(CVA,K,1)
CVA(6) = 0.0005
CVA(7) = 0.0002 For a given "DCV" interval, the va
CVA(8) = 0 is mantained in each group of DC
CVA(9) = 0 Thus, in the first interval, a value o
CVA(10) = 0 is mantained.
CVA(11) = 0 In the second interval a value of K
mantained, and so on.
DCV: Time lapse between the given closure
openings. In Streeter example, DCV = 5 (s). Between two defined CV values, th
So, at time = 0 (s), the opening is CVA(1). intermediate values must be calcu
At time = 5 (s), the opening is CVA(2) by interpolation between both extr
known values.
From sheet: 4b.- Streeter code
Linear interpolation for a time "t"

CV = Index(CVA,K,1) + ( t - (K - 1) * DCV ) * ( Index(CVA,K+1,1) - Index(CVA,K,1) ) / DCV (H-2)
CV interpolation
In this case, the data available for the interpolation
is defined by the matrix CVA.
The K-value is given by the equation
K=Int( T / DCV ) + 1 (H-1)
The interpolation equation for the data of the CVA matrix is
CV =CVA( K )+ [ T- ( K-1 )⋅DCV ]⋅ [
CVA( K +1 )-CVA (K )
DCV ]
(H-2 )
This equation is equivalent to:
1.- Determine between which elements of the CVA matrix is the
time t .
For example, the time t = 3 is found between the elements CVA(1)
for the time t = 0, and CVA(2) for the time t = 5 .
2.- Execute an interpolation for the time t = 3 between the times t = 0
and t = 5 .
time t "CVA matrix"
(s)
0 CVA(1) = 0.06 m²
5 CVA(2) = 0.03 m²
10 CVA(3) = 0.01 m²
15 CVA(4) = 0.003 m²
20 CVA(5) = 0.001 m²
25 CVA(6) = 0.0005 m²
30 CVA(7) = 0.0002 m²
35 CVA(8) = 0 m²
40 CVA(9) = 0 m²
45 CVA(10) = 0 m²
50 CVA(11) = 0 m²
Return to Index
acteristics and only develops the relationship between time and the opening of the valve in the example 13.9 Streete
Linear interpolation for a time "T"

proportional opennings for CV = Index(CVA,K,1) + ( T- (K - 1) * DCV ) * ( Index(CVA,K+1,1) -
of 1 second, a "K parameter"
Table for openning the CV
nt(T / DCV) + 1 Elapsed Calculation CV =

(H-1) time of parameter Cd*A
ode [1] uses the function "fix" Row valve closure for CV (Interpolation)
number T Eq. (H-1) Eq. (H-2)
K value, the CV value is to be [s] K CV
m the CVA matrix as 0 0.00 1 0.06
ndex(CVA,K,1) 1 1.00 1 0.054
2 2.00 1 0.048
"DCV" interval, the value of K 3 3.00 1 0.042
d in each group of DCV rows. 4 4.00 1 0.036
first interval, a value of K = 1 5 5.00 2 0.03
6 6.00 2 0.026
d interval a value of K = 2 is 7 7.00 2 0.022
and so on. 8 8.00 2 0.018
9 9.00 2 0.014
o defined CV values, the 10 10.00 3 0.01
values must be calculated 11 11.00 3 0.0086
ion between both extremes 12 12.00 3 0.0072
13 13.00 3 0.0058
14 14.00 3 0.0044
15 15.00 4 0.003
16 16.00 4 0.0026
17 17.00 4 0.0022
18 18.00 4 0.0018
19 19.00 4 0.0014
20 20.00 5 0.001
21 21.00 5 0.0009
22 22.00 5 0.0008
23 23.00 5 0.0007
24 24.00 5 0.0006
25 25.00 6 0.0005
CVA,K,1) ) / DCV (H-2) 26 26.00 6 0.00044
27 27.00 6 0.00038
28 28.00 6 0.00032
29 29.00 6 0.00026
30 30.00 7 0.0002
31 31.00 7 0.00016
32 32.00 7 0.00012
33 33.00 7 0.00008
34 34.00 7 0.00004
35 35.00 8 0.000000
36 36.00 8 0.000000
37 37.00 8 0.000000
38 38.00 8 0.000000
H-1) 39
40
39.00
40.00
8
9
0.000000
0.000000
x is 41
42
41.00
42.00
9
9
0.000000
0.000000
]
43 43.00 9 0.000000
44 44.00 9 0.000000 0.07
45 45.00 10 0.000000
46 46.00 10 0.000000 0.06
47 47.00 10 0.000000
2) 48 48.00 10 0.000000 0.05
49 49.00 10 0.000000
50 50.00 11 - 0.04
ix is the 0.03
0.02
s CVA(1)
0.01
0
he times t = 0 0.00 10.00
Rev. cjc. 23.10.2015
1 of 1
n the example 13.9 Streeter [1].
V ) * ( Index(CVA,K+1,1) - Index(CVA,K,1) ) / DCV (H-2)
Application
DCV = 5
T= 1
K= Int(T/DCV) + 1
K= 1
CVA(K) = Index( CVA,K,1 )

CVA(K) = 0.06
CVA(K) = Index( CVA,K,1 )

CVA(K) = 0.060
CVA(K+1) = Index( CVA,K+1,1 )

CVA(K+1) = 0.030
(CVA(K+1) - CVA(K) ) / DCV = -0.006
T - (K-1) =
T= 1
K= 1
T - (K-1) = 1
CV = 0.054
DCV = 5
Elapsed Calculation CV =
time of parameter Cd*A
Row valve closure for CV (Interpolation)
number T Eq. (H-1) Eq. (H-2)
[s] K CV
0 0.00 1 0.06
1 1.00 1 0.054
2 2.00 1 0.048
3 3.00 1 0.042
4 4.00 1 0.036
5 5.00 2 0.03
cv
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
6.- Celerity Operating pressure
Water hammer. Joukovsky / Michaud
From sheet "2.- F. D. Table"
Celerity, critical time, and pressures Hres = 100
developed in a "sudden" and a "not L= 4800
sudden shutoff". D= 2
f= 0.022
1.- Input data a= 1200
N= 4
Operating flowrate DCV = 5
From sheet "2.- F. D. Table", Initial flow rate Q 0 Tmax = 50
Q = Q0 = 2.6 m /s 3
Pop = Hres / g
Pop = 10.2
Pipe data
Material: Carbon Steel
dn = 78 in
sch = STD -
L= 4800 m
Steel pipe elasticity module
Et = 2,060,000 bar
Bulk modulus and density of water
K= 21,133 bar
r= 1,000 kg/m³
4.- Velocity change 6.- Total pressure developed by a

sudden shutoff
Initial velocity
vi = 0.84 m/s ptot_SS = pop + hSS
Final velocity pop = 10.2
vf = 0.00 m/s hSS = 10.1
Velocity change ptot_SS = 20.3
Dv = vf - vi m/s ptot_SS = 198.6
Dv = -0.84 m/s
7. Critical time
5.- Pressure increment due to water
hammer produced by a sudden shutoff. Maximum over- pressure or under-pressure are
obtained when the shutoff time "Dt", is less or
The pressure increment can be equal to the critical time "tc",
calculated with Joukovsky elasticity
2 L
theory, by a Sudden Shutoff "SS" tc 
hSS = (- a * Dv ) / g
a
a= 1200.0 m/s tc = 2*L/a
Dv = -0.84 m/s L= 4,800
h= 103 m a= 1200.0
hSS = 10.1 bar tc = 8.0
The resulting water hammer pressure for a closing time less then the crtitical time is
ptot_SS = 198.6 m.w.c.
To obtain a sudden closure in the routine, set in "sheet 1.- Input", the Divider-value to a high value.
For example, set Divider = 100
For this setting, the graphic form sheet 2b.- Graphic F-D. will show a maximum pressure a little
over 200 m.w.c.
From the valve opening graphic, for the setting Divider = 100, it is clear that the valve is practically
fully closed after 6 seconds.
Thus, we have a case of a sudden closure.
Valve closure progarm

From sheet "2.- F. D. Table"
Elapsed time Open area
(s) cm²
0 600
1 300
2 100
3 30
4 10
5 5
6 2
7 0
dn Schedule /Thickness
in For
1/ 2 5 t=
3/ 4 10
1 20 Bulk modulus "K" of water [bar], a
1 1/ 2 30 Temperature ºC
2 40 0
3 60 20202
4 80 Schedules http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/civil/f
5 100
6 120
8 140
10 160
12 STD
14 XS
16 XXS
18 6.35
20 7.14
22 7.92
24 8.74
26 9.53
28 10.31
30 11.13
32 11.91 Thicknesses
34 12.7
36 14.27
38 15.88
40 16.66
42 17.48
44 19.05
46 22.23
48 25.4
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
120
144
Return to Index
2.- Auxiliary variables 3.- Celerity
Pipe dimensions
di = c
m Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_dn_sch a 
m di = #VALUE! mm  K d 
m Streeter uses a diameter of 2000 mm
 1   
 E t s 
- To mantain the input data unchanged, let
m/s di = 2000 mm a : celerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
- s= Pipe_Imp_CS_Thickness_dn_sch c: speed of sound (m/s)
s s= #VALUE! mm d: inside pipe diameter (mm)
s s: minimum wall thickness (mm)
Pipe section area K: water bulk modulus (bar)
bar A= (pi()/4)*d^2 a=
d= 2.0 m c=
A= 3.1416 m2 K=
Et =
Fluid velocity d=
v= Q/A s=
Q= 2.63 m3/s a=
A= 3.1416 m2 The value of the celerity used by Streeter exa
v= 0.84 m/s a=
instead of the here calculated value.
Speed of sound in water To mantain Streeter imput data unchanged, t
c (K / r )^0.5 value used for the celerity wil be
K= 2.1E+09 Pa a=
r= 1000 kg/m³
c= 1453.7 m/s
8.- Pressure increment due to water 9. Pressure developed due to valve

veloped by a hammer produced by a Not Sudden shutoff in the time interval
Shutoff "NSS"
ptot_NSS =
For a shutoff time greater than the pop =
bar (man) critical time, the Michaud relation can hNSS =
bar be used. ptot_NSS =
bar tc ptot_NSS =
hNSS  h SS 
m.w.c. Dt
hNSS: presure increment in a Non
Sudden Shutoff
hSS : Pressure increment in a Sudden
ure or under-pressure are Shutoff (Joukovsky)
toff time "Dt", is less or tc : Critical time
Dt : Valver closing time
Valve closing time

Dt = 30.0 s
m Pressure ncrement (NSS)

m/s hNSS = hSS *( tc / Dt )
s hSS = 10.1 bar
tc = 8.0 s
Dt = 30.0 s
hNSS = 2.7 bar
2⋅L⋅Δv
hNSS =
Opened area [cm²]
g⋅Δτ
ue to a high value. Δv 2⋅L Open area as function
⋅ 700
g⋅¿ Δτ
essure a little a⋅Δv 2⋅L 600
⋅
g⋅¿ a⋅Δτ 500
a⋅Δv 400
h NSS=¿hNSS =¿ =h SS
g 300
2⋅L 200
h NSS=h SS⋅
a⋅Δτ 100
g⋅¿ Δτ
Open
a⋅Δv 2⋅L 600
⋅
g⋅¿ a⋅Δτ 500
a⋅Δv 400
alve is practically h NSS=¿hNSS =¿ =h SS
g 300
2⋅L 200
h NSS=h SS⋅
a⋅Δτ 100
2⋅L 1
h NSS=h SS⋅ ⋅ 0
0 1 2 3 4
a Δτ Elapsed time
with
2⋅L
τc=
a
1
h NSS=h SS⋅τ c⋅
Δτ
τc
h NSS=h SS⋅
Δτ
10 ªC
k modulus "K" of water [bar], at 1 atmosphere

Temperature ºC
10 20 49
21133 22064 22960
//www.mhhe.com/engcs/civil/finnemore/graphics/ch02.pdf
29.05.2016
1 of 3
c

 K d 
 1   
 E t s 
elerity (wave velocity) (m/s)
eed of sound (m/s)
ide pipe diameter (mm)
nimum wall thickness (mm)
ater bulk modulus (bar)
c / (1 + (K/Et) * (d/s) )^(0.5)
1453.7 m/s
2.1E+09 Pa
2.1E+11 Pa
2000 mm
#VALUE! mm
#VALUE! m/s
value of the celerity used by Streeter example is
1200 m/s
ad of the here calculated value.
antain Streeter imput data unchanged, the
used for the celerity wil be
1200 m/s
2 of 3
essure developed due to valve
off in the time interval Dt > tc
pop + hNSS
0.0 bar
2.7 bar
2.7 bar
26.3 m.w.c.
3 of 3
Open area as function of time

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Elapsed time [s]
Comments
The two most common cases are:
1. A tank supplying water by gravity through a pipe, with a valve at its lower end.
Required is the water hammer due to slow or fast closing of the valve.
2. Pump supplying water to a tank located at a higher elevation.

Required is the water hammer produced by a stoppage of the drive system.
The first case corresponds to the case discussed in this document, except that
it was not considered a pipe slope.
The problem has been solved in this way in order to be able to make a
comparison with the Streeter solution.
The second case is a pending issue.

Reference [1] has few information about this case
Reference [2] has information on this type of situation.
Reference [3], chapter 4, is dedicated to this thema
For the determination of the pump stopping time, see:

www.piping-tools.net / Detention time of an impulsion system.
Maximum pressure developed

To simulate a sudden closure in the routine, set in "sheet 1.- Input", the Divider-value to a
high value. For example, set Divider = 100
For this setting, the graphic form sheet "2b.- Graphic F-D". will show a maximum pressure of
198.6 mwc.
To see the mencioned application, set, for example, the Divider = 100
and run the calculation routine.
For a time t = 8 (s), the pressure at the valve(node "5") will have the value
H= 201.7 mwc
This value is in good agreement with the value obtained when calculating using Joukovsky
H= 198.6 mwc
It needs an explanation, the fact thus the frequency of the resulting wave is not constant.
Is this a contradiction?
It could be that is only a result of the mathematical application.
Also, the result when applying a dividers greater than 100 has to be analyzed.
Return to Index
1.- Reservoir, inclined pipe and valve
Hres = 100 m
f = 0.022 , a = 1200 m/s

L = 4800 m, D = 2 m
Figure 13.23_a
[1] Mecanica de Fluidos
Victor L.Streeter y E. Benjamin
Mc Graw Hill,
Octava edicion, (3era en español)
1988
[2] Fluid%20Transients%20,Wylie,Streeter.pdf
[3] Applied Hydraulic Transients M. Hanif Chaudhry
https://html1-f.scribdassets.com/4sri9g76v45ikt2c/images/3-40e82ba1e0.jpg
[4] www.piping-tools.net
Water hammer. Method of characteristics. Equations, Boundary conditions and Initial condit
Water hammer. Method of characteristics. Example solved using Visual Basic and Finite Dif
cjcruz@piping-tools.net
Carlos J. Cruz
Return to Index
e82ba1e0.jpg
y conditions and Initial conditions

ng Visual Basic and Finite Differences

Water hammer method of characteristics example solved in VB and finite differences

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Water hammer method of characteristics example solved in VB and finite differences

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Water hammer example solved by the method of characteristics.

Finite Differences solution

2a.- Finite Differences Table 4a.-

2b .- Finite Differences Graphic 4b.-

Streeter example Annexes

Streeter output C Method of characteristics

Streeter code D Interior points

Streeter Chapter 13.5 E Initial conditions

F Reservoir boundary conditions

G Valve boundary conditions

1.- Reservoir height Hres = 100 m

'Matrix CVA. Product of discharge coefficient and opening area

After data input, press the

0.0002 In this example, the divider value has been set to

r data input, press the

nor columns before the input data

N" is a variable input valid only for the VB program.

hus, to change the number of sections the table has

valve closing velocity, the initial opening

value has been set to

Joukovsky result is approximately obtained. See

Reservoir boundary conditions

Valid for I = 1 to NS f⋅( )+

Reservoir boundary conditions H P,1= H res (at any time t ) (E-20)

∫ v⋅|v| dx=Δx⋅|v A|⋅v P (C-10)

Valve boundary conditions C P =H N + B⋅QN (G−5 )

QP,NS = -g * BP * CV ^ 2 + Sqr((g * BP * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 +..

HP,NS = CP - BP * QP,NS (G-3) HP,NS=C P −B P⋅Q P, NS

H P,NS=( H N +B⋅Q N )− ( B+R⋅|QN|)⋅Q P,NS

..+ _R * Abs(Q(N)) ) * CV ^ 2) ^ 2 + 2 * g * CV ^ 2 * (H(N) + B * Q(N))) (G-7)

Finite differences table

servoir boundary conditions Valve boundary conditions

zometric heigth at the reservoir Flow rate at the valve

|v|⋅dx= Δx⋅|v A|⋅v A (C-9 )

low rate equation becomes

H P .1 −H 2 + B⋅Q2 In compact form

table Table of Streeter res

99.0552 98.5829 98.1105

valve opening Av and the discharge coefficient

he time interval DCV = 5 (s) are designated as

red for the determination of the opening

ation for a time "t" (H-2)

onditions for the valve

HI+1 + B*QI+1 ) / ( B + R* abs(QI-1) + B + R*abs(QI+1) )

E(15) --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 2700

F(4)b --> [1], sheet "4b.- Streeter code, line 4700

(G-3) -> [1], (13,7.3)

Table of Streeter results

CVA(7) = 0.0002 m² Q0 = 2.63199

Reservoir boundary conditions

QP(1) = (HP(1) - H(2) + B * Q(2)) / (B + _R * Abs(Q(2))) Eq.(4)

Valve boundary conditions

^ 2) + 1 / (2 * g * CV ^ 2))) 'Eq (A) . BP = B + _R * Abs(Q(N)) Eq.(6)

-0.50 Valve's CP and BP values

e's CP and BP values

ic heigts H [m] Flow rates Q [m³/s]

If T > Tmax Then 'Program stops

Row = Row + 2 Note: Variables H(I) and Q(I) are from

A(K + 1) - CVA(K)) / DCV Eq. (H-2)

ndition at the valve

ndition at the reservoir

alues are reassigned

HI+1 + BQI+1 ) / ( B + R abs(QI-1) + B + R*abs(QI+1) )