04-08-2018

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE…?
Are We Blamed for Wrong
Reasons…?  Architect
 Structural engineer
 Construction engineer
Prof Aravind Galagali  Contractor
Former Adviser to Ministry of Water Resources  Builder
Govt of Karnataka
Bengaluru  Masons, Site Workers
&  Municipalities, Development Authorities….
Dept. of Civil Engineering & Practicing Structural Engineer
BVB College of Engg & Tech., Hubli  Government
1
Tel: (0836) 2277437, 9448113737
Email1: galagali.associates@gmail.com  Public
Email2: galagali.aravind@gmail.com

4th August 2018 BIET Davanagere 4

WHAT CAN WE LEARN…?

STRUCTURAL FAILURES….
……………….CAUSES..?
Failures have not spared anybody
 Tall or Short Structure
 Bigor Small
 Heavy or Light
 Wide or Darf
 Important or Minor structure
 ……………
 ………..Great Soul Like MAHATMA GANDI…!
2

CAUSES…?

Bad quality Material

Inadequate Designing
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE…?
Improper Detailing
Bad Construction
3
Poor Maintenance
6

1
 04-08-2018

IS:456-2000
FAILURES………CAUSES….? GENERAL

 Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of

Practice
 5 Sections and 8 Annexures
 General
 Materials, Workmanship, Inspection and
Testing
 General Design Consideration
 Special Design Requirements for Structural
Members and Systems
 Structural Design – Limit State Method
7 10

IS:456-2000
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

 Section
4, Clause 26 – Requirements
governing reinforcement and detailing
ART OF DETAILING 

General
Development of stress in reinforcement
 Spacing of reinforcement
 Nominal cover to reinforcement
 Requirement of reinforcement for
structural members

11

IS:456-2000
RELEVANT IS CODES: DETAILING REQUIREMENTS GENERAL
 Reinforcement detailing as per
IS:456-2000  Steel of same type and grade to be used
 Beam, Slab, Column, Footing for main reinforcement
 Different types or grades of steel for
 RCC Detailing Handbook
main and secondary reinforcement is
SP-34
possible
 Steel bars may be arranged
 Provisions of IS:13290-1993
 Ductile detailing of structures  Singly
 Pairs in contact
 Groups of 3 or 4 bars bundled in contact
9 12

2
 04-08-2018

IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

GENERAL CONTD… DETAILING PROCEDURE
 Bundled bars must be tied together  Checklist of data required for detailing
 Bars larger than 32mm shall not be bundled, except in
columns  Clause 26.5
 Recommendations given in IS:13920-1993 must be  Area of steel: Minimum, Maximum areas
taken into account for earthquake resistant
construction  Clause 26.4
 Detailing as per IS:13920 improves ductility of a  Cover to reinforcement
building
 IS:4326-1993 must also be taken into consideration  Clause 26.3
 Spacing: Minimum/Maximum spacing

 Clause 26.2
 Development length, Curtailment, Lap
13 16

IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

MATERIALS BEAMS – THINGS TO DETAIL

 Concrete  Tension reinforcement

 Ordinary Concrete – M10, M15, M20  Compression reinforcement (optional)
 Standard Concrete – M25 to M55  Side face reinforcement (optional)
 High Strength Concrete – M60 to M80
 Transverse reinforcement for shear and torsion

 Cover to reinforcement
 Steel Reinforcement
 Spacing of bars
 Mild Steel – Grade I
 High Strength Deformed Bars – Fe415, Fe500 (Cold  Curtailment, Lap length, Development length
worked deformed bars)

14 17

IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

EXPOSURE CONDITIONS (TABLE 3, PP. 18) BEAMS – AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

 Mild, Moderate, Severe, Very severe, Extreme  Area of main steel

 Members not exposed to weather: Mild  Minimum – (0.85/fy) bd
 Maximum – 0.04 bD
 Members buried under non-aggressive sub-soil:
B = breadth, D = overall depth, d = eff. Depth
Moderate 

 Members exposed to alternate wetting and drying:

 Spacing of Vertical Stirrups
Severe
 Maximum spacing is the least of
 Members buried under aggressive sub-soil: Very
 0.75 d
severe  300 mm
 Members in direct contact with liquid/solid  (0.87 fy Asv) / (0.4 b)

aggressive chemicals: Extreme  Asv = Number of legs x Area of each leg

15 18

3
 04-08-2018

IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

BEAMS – SIDE FACE AND COVER SLABS – SPACING AND COVER
 Side face reinforcement  Maximum Spacing – Least of
 When depth of web > 750mm
 Main steel – 3xd or 300mm
 Area = 0.1% of web area
 Distributed equally on two faces
 Distribution Steel – 5xd or 450mm
 Spacing less than smaller of 300mm or bw
 Cover to Reinforcement
 Cover to reinforcement
 Mild – 20mm, Moderate – 30mm, Severe – 45mm, Very
 Mild – 20mm
severe – 50mm, Extreme – 75mm
 Moderate – 30mm
 Severe – 45mm
 Very severe – 50mm  Reduce the cover by 5mm if
 Extreme – 75mm  Exposure is Mild
 Reduce cover by 5mm if  Bar diameter is 12mm or less,
 Grade > M35 and
 Exposure is Severe or Very severe

19 22

IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

BEAMS – SPACING OF BARS COLUMNS – DIA AND NUMBER OF BARS

 Minimum Horizontal Distance (Largest of)  Minimum Diameter – 12mm

 Largest bar diameter
 5mm + Nominal Max. size of Coarse Agg. (usually 35mm)  Minimum number of bars
 Circular columns – 6
 Minimum Vertical Distance between layers  Square or Rectangular columns – 4
(Largest of)  Spacing of columns must be less than 300mm
 15mm along periphery
 Largest bar diameter
 (2/3) of Nominal Max. size of Coarse Agg. (usually
13.33mm)

20 23

IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

SLABS – DIAMETER AND AREA COLUMNS – AREA OF MAIN STEEL

 Minimum Area  Minimum – 0.8% of cross section area

 Mild Steel – 0.15% of Total Cross Section (bD)  If cross section is larger than required to support
 High Strength Deformed Bars – 0.12% of Total the load, use the area of concrete required to resist
Cross Section the direct stress and not the actual area

 Maximum Diameter  Maximum – 6% of cross section area

 Less than – (Total Slab thickness / 8) (4% if bars have to be lapped)

21 24

4
 04-08-2018

IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

COLUMNS – LATERAL TIES FOOTINGS

 Diameter – Greatest of  Similarto Slabs

 6mm  Cover – In no case less than 50mm
 (1/4) of largest main bar  Thickness of Edge of Footing
 150mm – Footing on soils
 Pitch – Least of
 300mm above top of piles – Footing on
 Least lateral dimension of column
piles
 16 x Diameter of smallest main bar
 300mm

25 28

IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS OBSERVE THE FAILURES..

COLUMNS – LATERAL TIES ………………. WHO IS RESPONSIBLE….!

Development Length

26 29

IS:456-2000 DETAILING REQUIREMENTS ANCHORAGE LENGTH

COLUMNS – COVER

 Mild –20mm, Moderate – 30mm,

Severe – 45mm, Very severe – 50mm, Extreme
– 75mm

 Not less than

 40mm or
 Diameter of main bar

 May be 25mm if
 Least dimension is 200mm or less, and
 Bar diameter is 12mm or less
27 30

5
 04-08-2018

OBSERVE THE FAILURES..

………………. WHO IS RESPONSIBLE….!

Columns:
-Tie Shape
-Diameter & Spacing
- Lapping of main bars

31 34

COLUMNS: TIES
Purpose

•Confinement of
Concrete
•Buckling of
main bars
•Lateral Shear
during EQs

32 35

CANTILEVER BEAM
PROJECTING FROM COLUMN

CLOSED
INCORRECT
COLUMN
TIES
NOT LESS
THAN 0.5Ast NOT LESS Ld

Ld

0.25Ast
COLUMN
CORRECT Ld/3 33 36

6
 04-08-2018

COLUMN: TIE PATTERN THE EXTREME CASE OF

BUCKLING OF BARS & FRAGILE CONCRETE

37 40

COLUMN TIES SPACING DUCTILE DETAILING

OF COLUMNS:
 6mm diameter lateral
ties in the columns •Laps to be avoided at
with 90o hooks. top & bottom of
Column
 Spacing > 300 mm
-Closer spacing of ties at
Laps

- Laps not more than

50% at one location

38 41

CLASSIC CASE OF NO - TIE REGION

39

39 42

7
 04-08-2018

Failure : LAPPING OF BARS 100% INVITING

PROBLEM

43 46

44 47

45 48

8
 04-08-2018

OBSERVE THE FAILURES..

………………. !
STIRRUPS

Beams :
Stirrups & Laps

49 52

DUCTILE DETAILING OF RC BEAM ANCHORAGES OF BEAM BARS IN EXTERIOR JOINTS

50 53

LAPPING OF BARS

A FEW TIPS FOR

DETAILING OF REBARS
IN BEAMS….

51

9
 04-08-2018

NONPRISMATIC
SECTION OF BEAM

CRACK
D

D
D
INCORRECT

CLOSE RING

D
CORRECT
D
CLOSE RING

55 58

56 59

SLOPING BEAM

CRACK

Ld
Ld

CORRECT

57 60

10
 04-08-2018

HAUNCH BEAMS

CRACK CRACK HOW TO

L PROVIDE
CLOSED LOOP
INCORRECT
TIES IN JOINT
Ld Ld

CORRECT
Ld L/8 TO Ld
L/10 L/8 TO
L L/10

61 64

ANCHORAGES
OF BEAM BARS
OBSERVE THE FAILURES.. IN INTERIOR
………………. WHO IS RESPONSIBLE….!
JOINTS

Beam & Column Joints

62 65

REINFORCING THE BEAM-COLUMN JOINT

A FEW TIPS FOR

Detailing of
SLABS….

63 66

11
 04-08-2018

67 70

68 71

INAPPROPRIATE DETAILING
(Interior slab & balcony bottom bars not indicated here)

69 72

12
 04-08-2018

IDEAL REBAR DETAILING

(Interior slab & balcony bottom bars not indicated here)

REBAR DETAILING AS AT SITE

73 76

A FEW TIPS FOR

Detailing of
STAIRS….

IDEAL DETAILING AT FIXING REGION

74 77

STAIRCASE-WITH WAIST SLAB SLABLESS STAIRCASE

Dist.

INCORRECT

Alternate 1
Main bar
Extra bar
Ld(min)

Ld(min)
Main bar

Ld(min)

CORRECT

75 78

13
 04-08-2018

SLABLESS STAIRCASE

A FEW TIPS FOR

Detailing of

Special
Main bar

L=horizontal span
Components
Alternate 2
A=0.25L
79

80 83

81 84

14
 04-08-2018

A FEW TIPS FOR

Detailing of

Construction Joints

85 88

86 89

87 90

15
 04-08-2018

91 94

A FEW TIPS FOR

General Guidelines

92

OBSERVE THE FAILURES..

………………. WHO IS RESPONSIBLE….!

FloatingColumns
Arbitrary Elimination of
Columns
Weak Columns
Excessive Cantilevers

93 96

16
 04-08-2018

STRONG COLUMN – WEAK BEAMS A WORD OF CAUTION:

Civil Engineer …..mistakes

 V/s . Doctors
 V/s Lawyers
 V/s Politicians

 A word of Caution: Civil Engineers

deal in big numbers….!

97 100

RCC BUILDING
OUR MISTAKES/NEGLIGENCE
CAN BE A

"ENGINEERING DISASTER” !

98

CLOSER:TAKEHOME

CONCLUSIONS  Attention
codes
for simple guidelines of IS

 Detailing is more important

 Durability through ( 3Cs)

Cover
Compaction

Curing

102

102

17
 04-08-2018

CLOSER:TAKEHOME

Love…. whatever you do

Take pride in Profession

Be a Role Model

103

RAY OF HOPE……………….

Note: Only Pedestal is shattered……!

………Father of Nation is still standing…!
104

18