ntroduction

Drainage is the artificial removal of water, both surface and sub-surface. Drainage is often a
major element of civil engineering and construction projects and is necessary to avoid floodingand
other damage.

Typically, effluent is conveyed by drains to sewers, and from sewers to a suitable outfall or
treatment plant. In building drainage terms, effluent can refer to the following:

Subsoil water

This is water collected from the earth to lower the subsoil’s water table.

Surface water

This is collected from surfaces such as roofs and paved areas.

Foul and soil water

This is effluent contaminated by domestic or trade waste. Foul (or waste) water relates to effluent from
sinks and basins which does not contain excreta. Soil water relates to effluent from water
closets, toilets and urinals which does.

Subsoil and surface water are considered to be clean and can be discharged into an
approved watercourse (e.g. river or lake), or soakaway without treatment. Permission is required from
the relevant authority or owner before discharging. Foul and soil water must be conveyed by sewerto
a treatment plant before being discharged into a watercourse.

Subsoil drainage

Subsoil drainage can be used to improve ground stability, to lower the moisture content of a site, to
enhance horticultural properties for landscaping and so on. It can be required to drainthe whole site or
to protect a particular part.

According to the Approved Document C of the Building Regulations, subsoil drainage should be
provided to avoid the passage of ground moisture into a building’s interior or to prevent damage being
caused to the building’s fabric.

Subsoil drainage is generally involves the use of pipes that are porous to allow subsoil water to pass
through the pipe body, or pipes that are perforated with a series of holes in the lower half to
allow subsoil water to rise into the pipe. Both types are generally laid dry jointed in a trench filled with
rubble. A pervious membrane is generally placed on top of the rubble as a filter mat, then covered with
normal backfill and topped with 150 mm of topsoil.
 This type of groundwater control is only feasible up to a depth of 1.5 m, and any further lowering of
the water table should be achieved by other methods. For more information, see Groundwater control
in urban areas.

When drainage is used to protect a building’s substructure, a cut off drain is generally installed that
intercepts the flow of water and diverts it away from the site.

Surface water drainage

Roofing

It is a requirement of Building Regulation’s Approved Document H that adequate provision is made for
rainwater to be carried from the roof of buildings. To achieve this, roofs must be designed with a
suitable fall towards either a surface water collection channel or gutter that conveys surface water to
vertical rainwater pipes, which in turn connect the discharge to the drainage system.

The type of roof covering used determines the required fall of the roof. Minimum recommended falls
are typically:

 Aluminium – 1:60.

 Lead – 1:120.

 Copper – 1:60.

 Roofing felts – 1:60.

 Mastic asphalt – 1:80.

Standards 'flat' roofs should have a designed minimum fall of 1:40, so that an actual finished fall of
1:80 is achieved, allowing some room for error in the construction.

Rainwater installation

Drainage from roofs is generally provided by internal rainwater outlets and downpipes, or by
external guttering systems or hoppers. It is recommended that there are at least two drainagepoints,
even if the roof is small, to mitigate against one of them becoming blocked.

Drainage must be arranged so as to avoid causing dampness or damage to the building. If the
rainwater pipe is fitted internally it must have leak proof joints. If external, the roofing should
prevent water being blown into the eaves by extending into and below the top of the gutter.

The discharge from a building downpipe can be:

 Directly connected to a drain discharging into a soakaway.

 Directly connected to a drain discharging into a surface water sewer.

 Indirectly connected to a drain via a trapped gully if the drain discharges into a
combined sewer.

Traditionally, domestic eaves gutters and rainwater pipes were made using cast iron,
although uPVC systems are increasingly common due to ease of installation and
low maintenancerequirements. As long as adequate size, strength and durability can be assured, they
can also be made of aluminium alloy, galvanised steel, stainless steel and so on.

Paved areas

Paved areas are generally provided with one of two forms of surface water drainage.

Yard gully collection

A paved area near a building is laid to falls of 1:60 towards a gully. The type of area being drained and
the shape of the paved area will determine the size and number of gullies. The maximum
paved area per gully should be 400 sq. m. If it is connected to a combined sewer, the yard gully
should be trapped with a minimum 50 mm water seal.

Channel connection

The paving, laid to the same falls, drains away from a building to a channel laid to falls of 1:120. The
channel is connected to the drainage system. The channel is typically:

 Half-round glazed clayware channel: Either open or with a grating cover.

 Precast concrete channel blocks: With a continuous slot down the centre of the top.

 Precast or in situ concrete box channel: With a cast iron square mesh grating.

Highway drainage

The construction of roads affects the natural surface and subsurface drainage pattern of watersheds
or hill-slopes. The provision of adequate drainage is important to prevent the accumulation of
excess water or moisture on or within road constructions that can adversely affect their material
properties, compromise overall stability and affect driver safety. Drainagemust cope with water from
the carriageways, hard shoulders, foot/cycle paths, verges, and adjacent catchment areas.

For more information, see Highway drainage.

Sustainable urban drainage systems

Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) can provide an alternative to, or addition to,
traditional drainage systems. They mimic 'natural' drainage by adopting techniques to deal
with surface water runoff locally, through collection, storage, and cleaning before allowing it to be
released slowly back into the environment.

For more information, see Sustainable urban drainage systems.