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Abhishek Gupta
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology Management and Gramothan (SKIT)
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condensation on leaf and greenhouse surfaces. there has been a considerable evolution in the
In the mid-20th century, the advent of diesel methods to perform irrigation with the help of
and electric motors led to systems that could pump technology. The application of technology in the
groundwater out of major aquifers faster than areas of irrigation has proven to be of great help as
drainage basins could refill them. This can lead to they deliver efficiency and
permanent loss of aquifer capacity, decreased accuracy.
water quality, ground subsidence, and other
problems. 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM & WORKING
Apart from all these problems and failures,
There are two functional components in this At another port we connect Darlington amplifier
project. They are the moisture sensors and the needed for operation of relays. Relays operate at a
motor/water pump. The function of the moisture level of 12 volt and microcontroller sends and
sensor is to sense the level of moisture in the soil. receive signals at 5 volts. So to amplify that 5 volt
The motor/water pump supplies water to the plants. to 12 volt we use Darlington amplifier. It converts
5 volt signal received from microcontroller to 12
This project uses microcontroller 8051 to volt for operation of relays.
control the flow of water through motor in the
field.. Follow the schematic to connect the At last port we add moisture sensors placed in the
microcontroller to the motor driver, and the driver fields. These moisture sensors keep records of real
to the water pump. The motor can be driven by a time moisture in the fields/planter. And
12 volt battery, and current measurements show us microcontroller compares that value send by
that battery life. The microcontroller is sensors to the set value in the microcontroller. If
programmed using the KIEL software. The the prescribed value becomes more than the real
moisture sensor measures the level of moisture in time moisture in the plant then microcontroller
the soil and sends the signal to the microcontroller sends signal to relay circuit via Darlington
if watering is required. The motor/water pump amplifier and corresponding relay sends signal to
supplies water to the plants until the desired solenoids to open the valve for water and motor is
moisture level is reached. sent a signal to start by a relay.
voltage level to a high value. And for the plant 2.6. Relay Circuit:
which is sensitive to dryness and require water
timely we can set lower value of voltage difference
Relay circuit is vital part of this project as all the
between the wires of conductors in the soil.
mechanical parts of the project are done by relays.
Methods for exploiting soil dielectric Relays work as interfacing between the electronic
properties actually measure proxy variables that circuit and mechanical circuit.
more or less include a component due to the soil
electrical conductivity and are thus inherently The electromagnetic relay consists of a multi-turn
sensitive to variations in soil salinity and
coil, wound on an iron core, to form an
temperature as well as water. Measurements are
electromagnet. When the coil is energized, by
also affected by soil bulk density and the
passing current through it, the core becomes
proportion of bound and free water determined by
the soil type. Nevertheless, good accuracy and temporarily magnetized. The magnetized core
precision can be achieved under specific conditions attracts the iron armature. The armature is pivoted
and some sensor types have become widely
adopted for scientific work. Which causes it to operate one or more sets of
contacts? When the coil is de-energized the
Soil dielectric measurement is the method armature and contacts are released. The coil can be
of choice for most research studies where expertise energized from a low power source such as a
is available for calibration, installation and transistor while the contacts can switch high
interpretation, but scope for cost reduction through powers such as the mains supply. The relay can
sensor multiplexing is limited due to the possibility also be situated remotely from the control source.
of stray capacitances. A lower manufacturing cost Relays can generate a very high voltage across the
is possible through development of application coil when switched off. This can damage other
specific integrated circuits (ASICS), though this components in the circuit. To prevent this a diode
requires a high level of investment. Multiple is connected across the coil.
sensors are required to provide a depth profile and
cover a representative area, but this cost can be
minimized through use of a computer model to
extend the measurements in a predictive way. Thus,
by using the moisture sensors, the over-riding
factor will be reliable, cost-effective sensors and
electronic systems for accessing and interpreting
the data.
(although the different models all have their own [4] Automatic water level control with short
special features). messaging (SMS) notification by sanam Pudasaini.
International Journal of Scientific and Research
Some of the features that have made the
Publications, Volume 4, Issue 9, September 2014
PIC16F877A popular are:
ISSN 2250-3153
• 14 KB on chip program memory.
• 368 bytes on chip data memory (RAM). [5] Devika et al., International Journal of Advanced
• 4 register banks.
Research in Computer Science and Software
• 128 user defined software flags.
Engineering 4(10), October - 2014, pp. 449-456 ©
• 8-bit data bus
• 16-bit address bus 2014, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page | 449
• 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2014 ISSN: 2277
• 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have 128X .
more, or less).
• 3 internal and 2 external interrupts. [6] Microprocessor Architecture, Programming &
• Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area Applications, by Ramesh S. Gaonkar.
of 16 bytes.
• Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two [7] S. Garera and A. Rubin, “An Independent
8-bit ports). Audit Framework for Software Dependent Voting
• 16-bit program counter and data pointer. Systems,” in Proc. of ACM conf. Computer and
Comm. Security, pp. 256-265, 2007.
• 1 Micro second instruction cycle with 12
MHz Crystal.
[8] Ms. Sweta S. Patil, Prof. Mrs. A.V. Malvijay,
“Review for ARM based agriculture field
4. CONCLUSION monitoring system”, International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4,
Thus the “AUTOMATIC PLANT WATERING Issue 2, February 2014.
SYSTEM” has been designed and tested
successfully. It has been developed by integrated [9] A DIGITAL SOIL MOISTUR METER USING
features of all the hardware components used. THE 555 TIMER by Sam B. Onoja , Jonathan A.
Presence of every module has been reasoned out Enokela and Grace O. Published by ARPN Journal
and placed carefully, thus contributing to the best of Engineering and Applied Sciences ,VOL. 9, NO.
working of the unit. The system has been tested to 10, OCTOBER 2014, ISSN 1819-6608.
function automatically. The moisture sensors
measure the moisture level (water content) of the
different plants. If the moisture level is found to be
below the desired level, the moisture sensor sends
the signal to the microcontroller which triggers the
Water Pump to turn ON and supply the water to
respective plant. When the desired moisture level
isreached, the system halts on its own and the
Water Pump is turned OFF. Thus, the functionality
of the entire system has been tested thoroughly and
it is said to function successfully.
5. REFERENCES
[1]John B Peatmen, Design with micro controllers,
Mc-Graw Hill, USA.