Tutorial Sheet - 3 (Load Flow Analysis)

Programme : B.Tech Electrical and Electronics Engineering Semester : FALL 2015-16

Course : Power System Analysis Code : EEE302
Faculty : Dr. G. Angeline / Dr. R. Chendur Kumaran Slot : F1

SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS USING GS, NR and FDLF METHOD

1. Find the load flow solution for the four bus system at the end of first iteration. Table 1
gives the line data and Table 2 gives the bus data of the network.

Table 1: Line Data of the four bus system

Line ( bus - bus) R (p.u.) X (p.u.) G (p.u.) B (p.u.) Y/2 (p.u.)
1-2 0.01008 0.05040 3.815629 -19.078144 0.05125
1-3 0.00744 0.03720 5.169561 -25.847809 0.03875
2-4 0.00744 0.03720 5.169561 -25.847809 0.03875
3-4 0.01272 0.06360 3.023705 -15.118528 0.06375

Table 2: Bus Data of the four bus system

Bus Pg (MW) Qg (MVar) Pd (MW) Qd (MVar) V (p.u.) Type
1 - - 50 30.99 1.00∠0o Slack
o
2 0 0 170 105.35 1.00∠0 Load (PQ) Bus
o
3 0 0 200 123.94 1.00∠0 Load (PQ) Bus
4 318 - 80 49.58 1.02∠0o Generator (PV) Bus

2. A power system consisting of three buses are connected with lines of impedances 0.04 +
j0.06 between node 1 to node 2 and 0.02 + j0.03 between nodes 2 and .
3 Bus 1
o
is a slack bus with V1 = 1.0∠0 . Bus 2 is a load bus with Pd = 5.96 and Qd = −1.46.
Bus 3 is a PV bus with Pg = 6.02 and |V3 | = 1.02. Find the state variables at all the
buses at the end of second iteration. (All the values are given in per unit).

1
3. Carry our one iteration of load flow solution for a three bus power system with the
following data
Line Data:
Z12 = j0.4; Z13 = j0.3; Z23 = j0.2
Bus Data:
Bus 1: Slack Bus, V = 1.05∠0o
Bus 2: PV Bus, |V | = 1.0 p.u, Pg = 6 p.u.
Bus 3: PQ Bus, |V | = 1.0 p.u, Pd = 4 p.u. Qd = 2 p.u.

4. Find the load flow solution for the three bus system at the end of first iteration. Table
3 gives the line data and Table 4 gives the bus data of the network.

Table 3: Line Data of the three bus system

Line ( bus - bus) Z (p.u.) Y/2 (p.u.)
1-2 0.06 + j 0.18 j0.05
1-3 0.02 + j 0.06 j0.05
2-3 0.04 + j 0.12 j0.05

Table 4: Bus Data of the four bus system

Bus Pg (p.u) Qg (p.u) Pd (p.u) Qd (p.u) V (p.u.) Type
1 - - 0.0 0.0 1.06 + j0.0 Slack
2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.04 + j 0.0 Generator (PV) Bus
3 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.25 1.00 + j 0.0 Load (PQ) Bus

5. Find the load flow solution for the three bus system at the end of first iteration. Table
5 gives the bus data of the network. Each of the three lines has a series impedance of
0.02+j0.08 p.u. and a total shunt admittance of j0.02 p.u.

Table 5: Bus Data of the four bus system

Bus Pg (p.u) Qg (p.u) Pd (p.u) Qd (p.u) V (p.u.) Type
1 - - 2.0 1.0 1.04 + j0.0 Slack
2 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 - Load (PQ) Bus
3 0.0 - 1.5 0.6 1.04 Generator (PV) Bus

2
 1. Solution Strategy for Gauss Siedel Method
1. Take the required line data and bus data.

2. Form the admittance matrix YBU S , whose element is Yij = Gij + jBij . Convert the
elements into polar form also Yij ∠θij
(0)
3. Initialize δi and |Vi |(0) and Calculate Pischd for all PQ and PV buses and Qschd
i for PQ
buses only.
Pischd = Pgi − Pdi ; Qschd
i = Qgi − Qdi (1)

4. Find the voltage at all PQ buses using eqn (2)

" N
#
1 Pischd − jQschd
i
X
Vi = − Yij Vj (2)
Yii Vi∗ j=1;j6=i

5. To find the value of Q at the PV bus use eqn (3)

" N
#
X
Qi = −Im Vi∗ Yij Vj (3)
j=1

6. Use the calculated value of Qi to find Vi at all PV buses and correct the voltage at the
PV bus.

(k)
(k) Vi
Vi,corr = |Vi | (k)
(4)
|Vi |
7. Use the available values at that instant while calculating Vi and Qi

8. Update the initial estimates with the current values of V and δ

9. To faster convergence an acceleration factor α is used to update the value of V at the

end of every iteration. Generally α = 1.6 and should not exceed 2 for convergence to
occur.
 
(k) (k−1) (k) (k−1)
Vi,acc = Vi,acc +α Vi − Vi (5)

3
 2. Solution Strategy for Newton Raphson Method
1. Take the required line data and bus data..
2. Form the admittance matrix YBU S , whose element is Yij = Gij + jBij . Convert the
elements into polar form also Yij ∠θij
(0)
3. Initialize δi and |Vi |(0) and Calculate Pischd for all PQ and PV buses and Qschd
i for PQ
buses only.
Pischd = Pgi − Pdi ; Qschd
i = Qgi − Qdi (6)
(0) (0) (0) (0)
4. Using the initial estimates calculate Pi and Qi , mismatches ∆Pi and ∆Qi using
eqns (2)-(4).

N
X
Picalc = |Vi Vn Yin |cos(θin + δn − δi ) (7)
n=1
XN
Qcalc
i =− |Vi Vn Yin |sin(θin + δn − δi ) (8)
n=1
∆Pi = Pischd − Picalc ; ∆Qi = Qschd i − Qcalc
i (9)

5. Form the partial derivative elements of the Jacobian using eqns (5)-(8).
∂Pi ∂Pi
= −|Vi Vj Yij |sin(θij + δj − δi ); = −Qcalc
i − |Vi |2 Bii (10)
∂δj ∂δi
∂Qi ∂Qi
= −|Vi Vj Yij |cos(θij + δj − δi ); = Picalc − |Vi |2 Gii (11)
∂δj ∂δi

∂Pi ∂Qi ∂Pi

|Vi | = ; |Vi | = Picalc + |Vi |2 Gii (12)
∂|Vj | ∂δj ∂|Vi |
∂Qi ∂Pi ∂Qi
|Vi | = ; |Vi | = Qcalc
i − |Vi |2 Bii (13)
∂|Vj | ∂δj ∂|Vi |

(0) ∆|Vi |(0)

6. Solve [Jacobian][Correction]=[Mismatches] to find the correction ∆δi and |Vi |(0)

7. Add the solved corrections to the initial estimates to obtain the new estimates (9).
∆|Vi |(0)
 
(1) (0) (0) (1) (0)
δi = δi + ∆δi ; |Vi | = |Vi | 1+ (14)
|Vi |(0)

8. Use the new estimates of δ and |V | and repeat the iteration till the correction is almost
0 or till the tolerance is reached. (Tolerance may be 0.01 or 0.001)

4
 3. Solution Strategy for Fast Decoupled Method
1. Read all the required line data and bus data.

2. Form the admittance matrix YBU S , whose element is Yij = Gij + jBij

3. From the YBU S extract the elements

 of the susceptance matrix B̄
−B1j · · · −B1n
where, B̄ =  ... .. 

−Bkk . 
−Bnj · · · −B1n
(0)
4. Initialize δi and |Vi |(0)

5. Calculate Pischd for all PQ and PV buses and Qschd

i for PQ buses only using eqn (1) .
∆Pi
6. Using the available estimates calculate Picalc and hence the mismatch |V |

∆P
7. Solve [B̄][∆δ] = |V |
to get the new correction values of ∆δ

8. Update the angles δ (1)

∆Q
9. Using the updated angles δ (1) calculate Qcalc
i and hence the mismatch |V |

∆Q
10. Solve [B̄][∆|V |] = |V |
to get the new correction values of ∆|V |

11. Update the voltage magnitudes |V |.

12. Return to step 6 for next iteration until all mismatches are within specified tolerances.