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Abstract—This paper deals with the magnetic shielding of the disturbances in other electric and electronic apparatuses
field generated by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system at the and devices;
frequency of 20 kHz. Different shielding techniques are examined
and discussed based on the use of conductive and magnetic - time-harmonic magnetic fields induce eddy currents in
material panels. The performances of the WPT system and the metallic parts of object close to the WPT windings creating
magnetic field shielding effectiveness (SE) in presence and in heating and losses, and reducing also the efficiency of the
absence of shield panels are calculated and measured. WPT.
where H and Hi are respectively the magnetic fields in 1) The magnetic coupling between primary and secondary
presence and in absence of the shield at a point in the shielded windings is generally increased using magnetic materials that
region. H and Hi are also known as total and incident fields. can be considered as a small part of a magnetic core.
Considering a one-dimensional problem, SEH can be 2) Since the magnetic flux lines follow the path of least
approximated for conductive shields by: reluctance they are diverted from the region to be shielded into
the magnetic materials producing a shielding effect.
SEH (ω ) = A (ω ) + R (ω ) + M (ω ) (2) As described above the use of magnetic materials modifies
the values of self and mutual inductances in the equivalent
where A represents the absorption loss of the wave as it
circuit. So the compensation capacitors of the WPT system
proceeds through the shield barrier, R represents the reflection
loss caused by field reflection on the shield surface, and M without shield must be varied in presence of the magnetic
represents the additional effects of multiple reflections and shields to obtain again resonance.
transmissions. For magnetic near field sources the most III. APPLICATIONS
significant term in (2) is the absorption loss A = 20log10(et/δ),
being t the shield thickness and δ = (πfμσ)-1/2 the penetration A simple configuration of a WPT system has been realized
depth which is reported in Fig.1 copper and aluminum at the EMC laboratory of the University of L’Aquila to
materials. The shielding performances of copper and evaluate experimentally the shielding performances of simple
aluminum are good enough (e.g., δ ≈ 0.5 mm at f = 20 kHz), shield panels used to mitigate the magnetic field generated by
but there is another very relevant problem. Any conductive the WPT system. The considered WPT system is composed by
panels embedded in the magnetic field produced by the WPT the feeding circuit, the coupled coils, the compensation
system can be considered to be another windings of the same capacitors and the load. The supply is given by an electronic
WPT system in short-circuited conditions [2]. It means that circuit fed in DC with an inverter that generates a square wave
the eddy currents produced in the shield panels create a voltage source Vs at the nominal frequency f0 =20 kHz. The
magnetic field opposite to the incident one. As consequence inductive coupling is produced by two identical coaxial
the total magnetic field is reduced and therefore also the WPT stacked planar coils with 5 turns, internal coil radius Rint=70
performances are degraded due to the relevant power losses in mm, external coil radius Rest=83.5 mm, enameled copper wire
the conductive shield. In conclusion the shielding radius D=2.5 mm, distance between the stacked coils dc = 40
performances of conductive shields can be adequate to mm. The primary coil is fed by a variable voltage source Vs
mitigate the magnetic field produced by the WPT system, but whose values are adequately chosen in order to transfer the
the reflected field can affect the performances of the power power P2=30 W on the resistive load (RL=5 Ω) of the
transfer and requires a further capacitance compensation to get secondary coil. The inductive primary circuit is compensated
again the resonance condition. by a series capacitor C1 while the secondary circuit is
compensated by a parallel capacitor C2.
Better performances can be obtained using magnetic
The WPT configuration is also analyzed by a numerical
shields. The magnetic shielding consists in the use of high
software tool (COMSOL) based on the solution of the quasi
magnetic permeability material panels that provide a
static magnetic field equations. The circuital parameters of the
preferential path for the magnetic flux lines. The incident system composed by the coupled coils are extracted by the
magnetic field is not blocked as in conductive shielding, but it software tool and are also measured using the Wayne Kerr
is diverted into the magnetic material. Closed topology shields 4265 LCR meter. The coil resistances measured at f0=20 kHz
surrounding the volume to be shielded are the preferred are: R1=R2=0.038 Ω. Assuming the coils in air without any
configuration since the magnetic flux lines form closed loops, shield the measured inductances are: L1=L2=7.85 μH and
but this topology is not compatible with a WPT system due to M=2.05 μH, and the extracted values are: L1=L2=7.44 μH and
the presence of the air gap between primary and secondary M=2.02 μH. This last value M is obtained by connecting the
windings. Nevertheless the use of magnetic panels can two coils in series in phase and antiphase configurations as
improve the quality of the WPT system for two separate M=(Xph-Xaph)/4ω, being ω the angular frequency, Xph the
reasons: measured reactance in phase configuration and Xaph the
measured reactance in antiphase configuration. Using a series-
3 parallel compensation, the values for the capacitors are
obtained as C1=1/(ω02(L1−M122/L2)) and C2=1/(ω02L2) being
Penetration depth δ [mm]
Copper
Aluminum ω0=2πf0 [17]. The calculated and the measured efficiencies of
2
the considered WPT system in air with C1=9.20 μF and
C2=8.52 μF are reported in Fig. 3.
1 Several configurations of planar square shields with side
length ls=20 cm, different thickness t and different materials
0 (copper, aluminum and ferrite) are analyzed. The geometrical
1 10 100 configuration of the coil systems together with the planar
Frequency [kHz] shield is depicted in Fig. 4. The shielding panel is placed
Fig. 2. Frequency behaviour of the penetration depth for copper and parallel to the secondary coil at a variable distance ds from the
aluminium. secondary coil. The examined shield characteristics are
reported in Table I. The measured and calculated self and TABLE II. MEASURED AND CALCULATED INDUCTANCES
-0.5
150
100
y [m]
0
(a)
50
0.5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
x [m]
(a)
-0.5
15
10
y [m]
(b) 5
Fig. 4. Geometrical configuration: (a) 3D model; (b) 2D cross section.
0.5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
x [m]
TABLE I. SHIELD CONFIGURATIONS (b)
-0.5
Test case # Material
σ μr
ds t 35
[S/m] [mm] [mm] 30
1 Aluminum 3.7⋅107 1 7.5 1 25
y [m]
7 10
4 Copper 5.9⋅10 1 7.5 0.7
5
5 Ferrite 0 2400 7.5 6 0.5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
6 Aluminum 3.7⋅107 1 11.5 1 x [m]
7 Aluminum 3.7⋅10 7
1 11.5 2 (c)
8 Aluminum 3.7⋅107 1 11.5 6 Fig.5. B-map [μT] at a distance of 0.1 m from the secondary coil. (a) Without
9 Copper 5.9⋅107 1 11.5 0.7 shielding. (b) With aluminum shielding (test case # 3). (c) With magnetic
shielding (test case #5).
The maximum and average shielding effectiveness (SE) least for the shielded configurations examined in this work.
obtained by simulation for all the considered test cases in a On the contrary, a magnetic shield can improve the efficiency
cylindrical region (radius 0.3 m, height h=0.2 m) just behind of the WPT system and can also mitigate the field if it is
the shield are reported in Fig. 6. The calculated and measured adequately shaped.
magnetic flux induction B at a distance of 10 cm from the
secondary coil for the test cases #1 and #5 are shown in Finally, the shielding effectiveness cannot be considered a
Figs.7(a) and 7(b). The magnetic field has been measured by significant parameter to evaluate the shielding performances
the magnetic field meter Wandel&Golterman EFA3. of a WPT system since the presence of the shield modifies the
incident magnetic field behavior.
REFERENCES
100 Max Average
Shielding Effectiveness [dB]